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Wesdemiotis C, Williams-Pavlantos KN, Keating AR, McGee AS, Bochenek C. Mass spectrometry of polymers: A tutorial review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:427-476. [PMID: 37070280 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ever since the inception of synthetic polymeric materials in the late 19th century, the number of studies on polymers as well as the complexity of their structures have only increased. The development and commercialization of new polymers with properties fine-tuned for specific technological, environmental, consumer, or biomedical applications requires powerful analytical techniques that permit the in-depth characterization of these materials. One such method with the ability to provide chemical composition and structure information with high sensitivity, selectivity, specificity, and speed is mass spectrometry (MS). This tutorial review presents and exemplifies the various MS techniques available for the elucidation of specific structural features in a synthetic polymer, including compositional complexity, primary structure, architecture, topology, and surface properties. Key to every MS analysis is sample conversion to gas-phase ions. This review describes the fundamentals of the most suitable ionization methods for synthetic materials and provides relevant sample preparation protocols. Most importantly, structural characterizations via one-step as well as hyphenated or multidimensional approaches are introduced and demonstrated with specific applications, including surface sensitive and imaging techniques. The aim of this tutorial review is to illustrate the capabilities of MS for the characterization of large, complex polymers and emphasize its potential as a powerful compositional and structural elucidation tool in polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Addie R Keating
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew S McGee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Calum Bochenek
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
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2
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Koelmel JP, Stelben P, Oranzi N, Kummer M, Godri D, Qi J, Rennie EE, Lin E, Weil D, Godri Pollitt KJ. PolyMatch: Novel Libraries, Algorithms, and Visualizations for Discovering Polymers and Chemical Series. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:413-420. [PMID: 38301121 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Polymers are integral components of everyday products, ranging from plastics and emulsifiers to lubricants and detergents. Characterization of these materials at the molecular level is essential to understanding their physicochemical properties and potential health impacts, considering factors such as the number of repeating units, chemical moieties, functional groups, and degree of unsaturation. This study introduces a free open-source vendor neutral software, PolyMatch, designed to annotate polysorbates, polysorbides, polyethylene glycols (PEGs), fatty acid esterified species, and related chemical species based on mass spectral and chromatographic patterns inherent in the repeating nature of chemical moieties. PolyMatch facilitates the generation of MS/MS libraries for polymeric chemical species characterization (with over 800 000 structures with associated fragment masses already built in) and covers the entire liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) data-processing workflow. PolyMatch covers peak picking, blank filtering, annotation, data visualization, and sharing of interactive data sets via an HTML link to the community. The software was applied to a Tween 80 mixture, using LC-HRMS/MS on an Agilent 6546 Q-TOF instrument with iterative exclusion for comprehensive fragmentation coverage. PolyMatch automatically assigned 86 features with high confidence at the species level, 362 based on PEG containing fragments and accurate mass matching to a simulated polymer database, and over 10 000 based on being a member of a homologous series (three or more) with CH2CH2O repeating units. The ease of use of PolyMatch and comprehensive coverage with species level assignment is expected to contribute to the advancement of materials science, health research, and product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P Koelmel
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Paul Stelben
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Nicholas Oranzi
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7011, United States
| | - Michael Kummer
- Innovative Omics Inc., Sarasota, Florida 34235, United States
| | - David Godri
- 3rd Floor Solutions, Caledon, Ontario L7E 3C8, Canada
| | - Jiarong Qi
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Emma E Rennie
- Agilent Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, California 95051, United States
| | - Elizabeth Lin
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - David Weil
- Agilent Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, California 95051, United States
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De Pra M, Ispan DA, Meding S, Müllner T, Lovejoy KS, Grosse S, Cook K, Carillo S, Steiner F, Bones J. Degradation of polysorbate investigated by a high-performance liquid chromatography multi-detector system with charged aerosol and mass detection. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1710:464405. [PMID: 37769426 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Polysorbate 80 is widely used as a formulation component in biopharmaceutical drug products. Recent studies have shown that polysorbate 80 is readily degraded either through direct or indirect means. The degradation of polysorbate 80 causes a concern for the long-term stability of biopharmaceutical drug product, as the breakdown products of polysorbate 80 have been shown to cause adverse effects, such as formation of sub-visible and visible particles and mAb aggregation. Understanding the path and extent of degradation is of a paramount importance for the formulator during formulation development. A multi-detector HPLC system using charged aerosol and mass detection was developed and optimized for the characterization of polysorbate 80 standards. The system included a post-column make-up flow, i.e. an inverse gradient, that enabled constant eluent composition at the detectors. The inverse gradient eliminated the main source of variability for the charged aerosol detector response, thereby enabling the calculation of the mass balance between polysorbate components with different degrees of esterification. Extracted ion chromatograms of the mass detector combined with their respective retention times were used to qualitatively characterize the polysorbate samples down to the individual components. The system was applied to study the degradation of several polysorbate standards which occurred by enzymatic digestion or long-term storage. The system provided detailed information on the mechanism of degradation without the need for additional orthogonal analytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ken Cook
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hemel Hempstead, UK
| | - Sara Carillo
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Mount Merrion A94×099, Ireland
| | | | - Jonathan Bones
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Mount Merrion A94×099, Ireland; School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
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4
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Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for separation and identification of hawthorn fruits by multivariate analysis. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Pascale R, Acquavia MA, Onzo A, Cataldi TRI, Calvano CD, Bianco G. Analysis of surfactants by mass spectrometry: Coming to grips with their diversity. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021. [PMID: 34570373 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are surface-active agents widely used in numerous applications in our daily lives as personal care products, domestic, and industrial detergents. To determine complex mixtures of surfactants and their degradation products, unselective and rather insensitive methods, based on colorimetric and complexometric analyses are no longer employable. Analytical methodologies able to determine low concentration levels of surfactants and closely related compounds in complex matrices are required. The recent introduction of robust, sensitive, and selective mass spectrometry (MS) techniques has led to the rapid expansion of the surfactant research field including complex mixtures of isomers, oligomers, and homologues of surfactants as well as their chemically and biodegradation products at trace levels. In this review, emphasis is given to the state-of-the-art MS-based analysis of surfactants and their degradation products with an overview of the current research landscape from traditional methods involving hyphenate techniques (gas chromatography-MS and liquid chromatography-MS) to the most innovative approaches, based on high-resolution MS. Finally, we outline a detailed explanation on the utilization of MS for mechanistic purposes, such as the study of micelle formation in different solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria A Acquavia
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- ALMAGISI S.r.l Corso Italia, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Alberto Onzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Tommaso R I Cataldi
- Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Giuliana Bianco
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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O'Neill JM, Johnson CM, Wesdemiotis C. Multidimensional Mass Spectrometry of Multicomponent Nonionic Surfactant Blends. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12090-12095. [PMID: 34431663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and ion mobility (IM) spectrometry were interfaced with mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to characterize a complex nonionic surfactant mixture. The surfactant was composed of a glycerol core, functionalized with poly(ethylene oxide) units (PEOn) that were partially esterified by caprylic and/or capric acid. Reversed-phase UPLC classified the blend based on polarity into four groups of eluates, corresponding to compounds with zero, one, two, or three fatty acid residues. Additional separation within each eluate group was achieved according to the length of the fatty acid chains. Coeluting molecules of similar polarity were dispersed in the gas phase by their collision cross section in the IM dimension. Performed in series, UPLC and IM allowed for the separation and detection of several isomeric and isobaric blend constituents, thereby enabling their isolation for conclusive MS/MS analysis to confirm or elucidate their primary structures and architectures (overall four-dimensional, 4D, characterization).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Charles M Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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7
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Onzo A, Acquavia MA, Cataldi TRI, Ligonzo M, Coviello D, Pascale R, Martelli G, Bondoni M, Scrano L, Bianco G. Coceth sulfate characterization by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8884. [PMID: 32648966 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The anionic surfactants, among which are alkyl ether sulfates (AESs), are the most used class of surfactants in cleansing applications. The negatively charged head group of AESs is a sulfate moiety linked with a variable number of ethylene oxide units, i.e. a polyethylene glycol chain. The hydrophobic part of an AES is constituted by a linear alkyl chain of carbon atoms, generally obtained from natural fatty acids. Coconut oil fatty acids, including the sodium salts of coceth sulfate (CES) with chemical formula Cx Hy (OCH2 CH2 )n OSO3 Na, are widely used as feedstock for AESs synthesis. CES is added to many cleaning products and detergents defined as non-aggressive. Currently, no detailed structural information concerning the alkyl chain length x and, more importantly, the degree of ethoxylation n has been reported. METHODS A commercial standard solution of CES was characterized by tandem mass spectrometry, employing direct injection into the electrospray ionization (ESI) source of a a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. RESULTS Two series of oligomeric species, characterized by a C12 and C14 alkyl chains, i.e. [C12 H25 (OCH2 CH2 )nOSO3 ]- and [C14 H29 (OCH2 CH2 )n OSO3 ]- with n ranging from 0 to 7, were successfully identified. The interpretation of these data was very useful for CES identification in three commercial dishwasher cleaning products. CONCLUSIONS Direct injection MS/MS analysis of CES revealed a well-defined molecular weight distribution and allowed the alkyl chain composition and the number of ethylene oxide units to be to identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Onzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza, 85100, Italy
| | - Maria A Acquavia
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza, 85100, Italy
- ALMAGISI s.r.l, Corso Italia, 27, Bolzano, 39100, Italy
| | - Tommaso R I Cataldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona 4, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Mattia Ligonzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza, 85100, Italy
| | - Donatella Coviello
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza, 85100, Italy
| | - Raffaella Pascale
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza, 85100, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Martelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza, 85100, Italy
| | | | - Laura Scrano
- Dipartimento delle Culture Europee e del Mediterraneo: Arch, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Ambiente, Patrimoni Culturali, Via Lanera, 20, Matera, 75100, Italy
| | - Giuliana Bianco
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza, 85100, Italy
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Penfield KW, Rumbelow S. Challenges in polysorbate characterization by mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8709. [PMID: 31943438 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polysorbates are used in a variety of applications over a wide range of markets. Simple in concept, these products are complex in actual composition. Mass spectrometry and related techniques have been effectively used to characterize these products, from the major components to the minor residual production byproducts and degradation species. In this paper we review the use of MALDI-MS, LC/MS, GC/MS, and SFC/MS in the analysis of these materials. The wealth of information provided by MALDI is presented, using Polysorbate 60 as an example. Limitations are described, with the impact of matrix selection and cationization agent demonstrated. Furthermore, unique challenges of MALDI analysis of Polysorbate 80 are shown. Polysorbates have been extensively analyzed, especially by the biopharmaceutical industry, to better understand the impact of various grades of purity and manufacture on the stability of formulations. Using Polysorbate 80 as an example, we illustrate some of the more advanced techniques used to more fully characterize these complex molecules using high-resolution LC/MS and LC/MS/MS. Finally, the use of other techniques (such as GC/MS and SFC/MS) is briefly reviewed.
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Charles L, Chendo C, Poyer S. Ion mobility spectrometry - Mass spectrometry coupling for synthetic polymers. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8624. [PMID: 31658387 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review covers applications of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) hyphenated to mass spectrometry (MS) in the field of synthetic polymers. MS has become an essential technique in polymer science, but increasingly complex samples produced to provide desirable macroscopic properties of high-performance materials often require separation of species prior to their mass analysis. Similar to liquid chromatography, the IMS dimension introduces shape selectivity but enables separation at a much faster rate (milliseconds vs minutes). As a post-ionization technique, IMS can be hyphenated to MS to perform a double separation dimension of gas-phase ions, first as a function on their mobility (determined by their charge state and collision cross section, CCS), then as a function of their m/z ratio. Implemented with a variety of ionization techniques, such coupling permits the spectral complexity to be reduced, to enhance the dynamic range of detection, or to achieve separation of isobaric ions prior to their activation in MS/MS experiments. Coupling IMS to MS also provides valuable information regarding the 3D structure of polymer ions in the gas phase and regarding how to address the question of how charges are distributed within the structure. Moreover, the ability of IMS to separate multiply charged species generated by electrospray ionization yields typical IMS-MS 2D maps that permit the conformational dynamics of synthetic polymer chains to be described as a function of their length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Charles
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, 13397, Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Christophe Chendo
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, 13397, Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Salomé Poyer
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, 13397, Marseille Cedex 20, France
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Rizzarelli P, Rapisarda M, Valenti G. Mass spectrometry in bioresorbable polymer development, degradation and drug-release tracking. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8697. [PMID: 31834664 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A detailed characterization of polymeric matrices and appropriate degradation monitoring techniques are required to sustain the development of new materials as well as to enlarge the applications of the old ones. In fact, polymer analysis is essential for the clarification of the intrinsic relationship between structure and properties that ascertains the industrial applications in diverse fields. In bioresorbable and biodegradable polymers, the role of analytical methods is dual since it is pointed both at the polymeric matrices and at degradation tracking. The structural architectures, the mechanical and morphological properties, and the degradation rate, are of outstanding importance for a specific application. In some cases, the complexity of the polymer structure, the processes of decomposition or the low concentration of the degradation products need the concurrent use of different complementary analytical techniques to give detailed information of the reactions taking place. Several analytical methods are used in bioresorbable polymer development and degradation tracking. Among them, mass spectrometry (MS) plays an essential role and it is used to refine polymer syntheses, for its high sensitivity, to highlight degradation mechanism by detecting compounds present in trace amounts, or to track the degradation product profile and to study drug release. In fact, elucidation of reaction mechanisms and polymer structure, attesting to the purity and detecting defects as well as residual catalysts, in biodegradable and bioresorbable polymers, requires sensitive analytical characterization methods that are essential in providing an assurance of safety, efficacy and quality. This review aims to provide an overview of the MS strategies used to support research and development of resorbable polymers as well as to investigate their degradation mechanisms. It is focused on the most significant studies concerning synthetic bioresorbable matrices (polylactide, polyglycolide and their copolymers, polyhydroxybutyrate, etc.), published in the last ten years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rizzarelli
- Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gaifami 18, Catania, 95126, Italy
| | - Marco Rapisarda
- Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gaifami 18, Catania, 95126, Italy
| | - Graziella Valenti
- Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gaifami 18, Catania, 95126, Italy
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Pan J, Tang Y, Shen Z, Du Z. Development of supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry method for characterization of a nonionic surfactant and comparison with liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry method. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4499. [PMID: 31919971 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (SFC-MS) method and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method were developed for the separation and characterization of poly (ethylene oxide) methyl glucose sesquistearate (PEO-Glu-sesquistearate). The products of PEO-Glu-sesquistearate are composed of complex oligomers. The relationship between molecular structure of these oligomers and chromatographic retention behavior in both SFC and LC were discussed and compared. As compared with LC, hydrophobic moieties of compounds favor the fast elution in SFC. The different series can be better separated by LC, while the homologues compounds in same series can be better separated by SFC, and SFC-MS provided more comprehensive structural information. Different series such as PEO-distearate, PEO-stearate, PEO, PEO-Glu-tetrastearate, PEO-Glu-tristearate, PEO-Glu-distearate, PEO-Glu-stearate, and PEO-Glu were identified by MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinheng Pan
- College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yan Tang
- College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhengchao Shen
- College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhenxia Du
- College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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Groeneveld G, Pirok BWJ, Schoenmakers PJ. Perspectives on the future of multi-dimensional platforms. Faraday Discuss 2020; 218:72-100. [PMID: 31140485 DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00233a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) formats have emerged to help address separation problems that are too complex for conventional one-dimensional LC. There are a number of obstacles to the proliferation of 2D-LC that are gradually being removed. Reliable commercial instrumentation has become available and data analysis software is being improved. Detector-sensitivity and phase-system compatibility issues can largely be solved by using active-modulation strategies. The remaining challenge, developing good and fast 2D-LC methods within a reasonable time, may be solved with smart algorithms. The technology platform that has been developed for 2D-LC also creates a number of other possibilities. Between the two separation stages, all kinds of physical (e.g. dissolution) or chemical (e.g. enzymatic or light-induced degradation) processes can be made to take place, allowing a wide variety of experiments to be performed within a single, efficient and automated analysis. All these developments are discussed in this paper and a number of critical issues are identified. A practical example, the characterization of polysorbates by high-resolution comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography in combination with high-resolution mass spectrometry, is described as a culmination of recent developments in 2D-LC and as an illustration of the current state of the art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino Groeneveld
- University of Amsterdam, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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13
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Dufour A, Thiébaut D, Ligiero L, Loriau M, Vial J. Chromatographic behavior and characterization of polydisperse surfactants using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography hyphenated to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1614:460731. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Wang Z, Wang Y, Tie C, Zhang J. A fast strategy for profiling and identifying pharmaceutic excipient polysorbates by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1609:460450. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Choyke S, Ferguson PL. Molecular characterization of nonionic surfactant components of the Corexit® 9500 oil spill dispersant by high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1683-1694. [PMID: 31245872 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Approximately 7 million liters of Corexit® dispersants were applied during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill to facilitate the dispersion of crude oil. At the time of application, the exact chemical composition of Corexit® was relatively unknown. Characterization of Corexit® 9500 was performed using high-resolution mass spectrometry to further understand the complexity of the nonionic surfactant components of this mixture. METHODS Corexit®9500 was analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to a high resolution Orbitrap Fusion Lumos mass spectrometer operated in positive electrospray ionization mode and a charged aerosol detector. Chromatographic conditions were optimized to efficiently separate isobaric and isomeric compounds. Polyethoxylated nonionic surfactants in Corexit® 9500 were identified using the following criteria: accurate mass (<3 ppm), retention time, and homologue series; in addition, interpretation of high-resolution tandem mass spectra was used to annotate tentative component structures. RESULTS More than 2000 polysorbate nonionic surfactants in 87 homologue series were detected. Polysorbate surfactants were characterized by the type of molecular basis group (sorbitan, isosorbide, or fatty acid), degree of esterification (n = 0-4), ester chain length (C6-C24), and ester saturation, in addition to polydispersion by ethoxylation. Isomeric compounds were differentiated by LC/HRMS/MS analysis with product ion assignment. Results from the charged aerosol detector showed that the diesters (23.9 ± 0.78%) were the most abundant component in Corexit® 9500 followed by dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DOSS) (19.2 ± 1.5%), triesters (17.3 ± 1.5%), and monoesters (15.7 ± 2.3%). CONCLUSIONS Our analytical approach facilitated the characterization of polysorbate surfactants within Corexit® 9500 and allowed a systematic study to differentiate isomeric and isobaric compounds, when standards were not available. The characterized composition of Corexit® 9500 will facilitate future studies to determine the chemical and biological transformation kinetics and byproducts of Corexit® 9500 under environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Choyke
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 140 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708-0187, USA
| | - P Lee Ferguson
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, 121 Hudson Hall, Box 90287, Durham, NC, 27708-0187, USA
- Environmental Chemistry, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 121 Hudson Hall, Box 90287, Durham, NC, 27708-0187, USA
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Characterization and analysis of non-ionic surfactants by supercritical fluid chromatography combined with ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:2759-2765. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01777-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2013-2014. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:353-491. [PMID: 29687922 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review is the eighth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2014. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly- saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:353-491, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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18
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Larrañeta E, Barturen L, Ervine M, Donnelly RF. Hydrogels based on poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic acid) and Tween 85 for sustained delivery of hydrophobic drugs. Int J Pharm 2018; 538:147-158. [PMID: 29353081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels based on poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic acid) and Tween 85 were prepared for hydrophobic drug delivery. The hydrogels were synthesized following a simple procedure carried out in solid state. The process did not require the use of any solvent and, as it is based on an esterification reaction, no toxic by-products were obtained. The resulting hydrogels contained Tween 85 inside the structure and due to the amphiphilic nature of this compound, hydrophobic domains within the hydrogel structure were formed. The obtained hydrogels showed good swelling capacities ranging from 100% to 600%. The esterification reaction that took place between poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic acid) and Tween 85 was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. Hydrogels were loaded with a hydrophobic drug model, Curcumin (CUR), showing that the hydrogels were able to retain up to 36 mg of CUR per g of hydrogel. Additionally, the synthesized hydrogels provided in vitro sustained CUR release over periods of up to 30 days. Finally, and due to the mucoadhesive nature of the prepared materials, one of the hydrogels was tested in vitro as an oral drug delivery system. For this purpose, the selected material was milled into microparticles (45-90 µm diameter). The release of CUR from the microparticles was evaluated under simulated gastric and intestinal conditions. The microparticles were able to release their cargos in 7 h. However, further work is required to optimize this system for oral drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eneko Larrañeta
- School of Pharmacy, Queens University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Laura Barturen
- School of Pharmacy, Queens University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Michael Ervine
- School of Pharmacy, Queens University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queens University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
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Cai Z, Liu W, Fu J, O'Reilly SE, Zhao D. Effects of oil dispersants on photodegradation of parent and alkylated anthracene in seawater. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:272-280. [PMID: 28601016 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated effects of three model oil dispersants on photodegradation of two model PAHs (anthracene and 9,10-dimethyanthracene (9,10-DMA)) under simulated sunlight. All three dispersants, i.e. Corexit EC9500A, Corexit EC9527A and SPC 1000, promoted the photolysis rate of 9,10-DMA, following the order of Corexit EC9500A > Corexit EC9527A > SPC 1000. The photodegradation rate was well interpreted by a two-stage, first-order kinetic law with a faster initial photolysis rate in the presence of the dispersants. Span 80, Tween 85 and kerosene were found as the key dispersant components, of which Span 80 and Tween 85 promoted the photodegradation by boosting absorbance of solar irradiation while kerosene by dispersing more PAHs in the upper layer of the water column. Dissolved oxygen (DO) inhibited photolysis of anthracene regardless of dispersant resulting from quenching the excited states of the PAH, while DO facilitated photolysis of 9,10-DMA due to the formation singlet oxygen (1O2) radicals in the presence of oil dispersants. The other ROS, i.e. •O2- and •OH, played a negligible role on the photodegradation of anthracene and 9,10-DMA. Fluorescence analysis showed that more anthracene was associated with dispersant than 9,10-DMA, which favored the direct transfer of energy to anthracene, while energy is more likely transferred to oxygen to form 1O2 in the case of 9,10-DMA. Direct photolysis dominated the photodegradation of anthracene and 9,10-DMA. Both direct ionization of anthracene and the electron transfer from excited 9,10-DMA to oxygen can lead to formation of the corresponding PAH radical cations. Overall, the oil dispersants accelerated the photolysis rates of the PAHs without altering the degradation pathway. The findings are useful for understanding photochemical weathering of dispersed oil components in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqing Cai
- Environmental Engineering Program, 238 Harbert Engineering Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Wen Liu
- Environmental Engineering Program, 238 Harbert Engineering Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jie Fu
- Environmental Engineering Program, 238 Harbert Engineering Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - S E O'Reilly
- Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, GOM Region, Office of Environment, New Orleans, LA 70123, USA
| | - Dongye Zhao
- Environmental Engineering Program, 238 Harbert Engineering Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Loos M, Singer H. Nontargeted homologue series extraction from hyphenated high resolution mass spectrometry data. J Cheminform 2017; 9:12. [PMID: 28286574 PMCID: PMC5323340 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-017-0197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large proportion of polar anthropogenic compounds routinely released into the environment comprises homologue series, i.e., sets of chemicals differing in a repeating chemical unit. Using analytical techniques such as liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), these compounds are readily measurable as signal sets with characteristic differences in mass and typically retention time. However, and despite such distinct characteristics, no computational approach for the direct, simultaneous and untargeted detection of all such signal sets comprising both LC and HRMS information has to date been presented. RESULTS A fast two-staged approach has been developed to extract LC-HRMS signal patterns which can be indicative of homologous analytes. In a first stage, a k-d tree representation of picked LC-HRMS peaks is used to extract all feasible 3-tuples of peaks with restrictions in, e.g., mass defect differences. A second stage then recombines these 3-tuples to larger series tuples while ensuring smooth changes in their retention time characteristics. This unsupervised approach was evaluated for ten effluent samples from Swiss sewage treatment plants (STPs), in both positive and negative electrospray-ionization. CONCLUSIONS Beside recovering all continuous series of previously identified homologues, substantial fractions of nontargeted peaks could subsequently be assigned into very diverse peak series, although assignments were often not unique. The latter ambiguities were resolved by a self-organizing map technique and revealed both distinctive series meshing and rivaling combinatorial solutions in the presence of isobaric or gapped series peaks. When comparing STPs, several ubiquitous yet partially low-frequent series mass differences emerged and may prioritize future identification efforts. The presented algorithm is freely available as part of the R package nontarget and as a user-friendly web-interface at www.envihomolog.eawag.ch.Graphical AbstractSearch for systematic series indicative of homologous compounds is based on a partitioned representation of LC-HRMS signal characteristics. This nontargeted search first extracts series triplets in a nearest-neighbour walk and then recombines them to larger ones. For illustration, the two dimensions involving mass defect characteristics are represented by one only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Loos
- Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, 8092 Switzerland
| | - Heinz Singer
- Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Fu J, Gong Y, Cai Z, O'Reilly SE, Zhao D. Mechanistic investigation into sunlight-facilitated photodegradation of pyrene in seawater with oil dispersants. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 114:751-758. [PMID: 27823828 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of 3 model oil dispersants (Corexit EC9500A, Corexit EC9527A and SPC 1000) on photodegradation of pyrene under simulated sunlight. Both Corexit dispersants enhanced photodegradation of pyrene, while SPC1000 slightly inhibited the reaction. Span 80 and Tween 85 were the key ingredients causing the effects, though the underlying mechanisms differed. Span 80 enriches pyrene in the upper layer of water column, whereas Tween 85 induces a photosensitization process. Two reactive oxygen species, 1O2 and O2-, were found responsible for pyrene photodegradation, though the presence of EC9500A suppressed the 1O2 pathway. In terms of photodegradation products, EC9500A enhanced generation of polyaromatic intermediates, i.e., phenaleno[1,9-cd][1,2]dioxine, 1-hydroxypyrene, and 1,8-pyrenequinone, but did not alter the classical photodegradation pathway. The Corexit dispersants were more prone to photochemical decomposition, with multiple by-products detected. The information aids in our understanding of the effects of dispersants on photochemical weathering of oil compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States; Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yanyan Gong
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Zhengqing Cai
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - S E O'Reilly
- U.S. Department of the Interior, Gulf of Mexico OCS, Office of Environment, New Orleans, LA 70123, United States
| | - Dongye Zhao
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
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Wesdemiotis C. Multidimensional Mass Spectrometry of Synthetic Polymers and Advanced Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:1452-1464. [PMID: 27712048 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Multidimensional mass spectrometry interfaces a suitable ionization technique and mass analysis (MS) with fragmentation by tandem mass spectrometry (MS2 ) and an orthogonal online separation method. Separation choices include liquid chromatography (LC) and ion-mobility spectrometry (IMS), in which separation takes place pre-ionization in the solution state or post-ionization in the gas phase, respectively. The MS step provides elemental composition information, while MS2 exploits differences in the bond stabilities of a polymer, yielding connectivity and sequence information. LC conditions can be tuned to separate by polarity, end-group functionality, or hydrodynamic volume, whereas IMS adds selectivity by macromolecular shape and architecture. This Minireview discusses how selected combinations of the MS, MS2 , LC, and IMS dimensions can be applied, together with the appropriate ionization method, to determine the constituents, structures, end groups, sequences, and architectures of a wide variety of homo- and copolymeric materials, including multicomponent blends, supramolecular assemblies, novel hybrid materials, and large cross-linked or nonionizable polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
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23
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Wesdemiotis C. Mehrdimensionale Massenspektrometrie von synthetischen Polymeren und modernen Materialien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
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24
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Sun H, Yang R, Wang J, Yang X, Tu J, Xie L, Li C, Lao Q, Sun C. Component-based biocompatibility and safety evaluation of polysorbate 80. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27242h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Components in polysorbate 80 are separated and classified into nine groups, which are investigated on their purity, safety and biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Nature Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Rui Yang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control
- Beijing 100050
- China
| | - Jue Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control
- Beijing 100050
- China
| | - Xia Yang
- Yuncheng University
- Yuncheng 044000
- China
| | - Jiasheng Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Nature Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Langui Xie
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control
- Beijing 100050
- China
| | - Chunqi Li
- Hunter Biotechnology, Inc
- Transfarland
- Xiaoshan Economic & Technology
- Hangzhou 311231
- China
| | - Qiaocong Lao
- Hunter Biotechnology, Inc
- Transfarland
- Xiaoshan Economic & Technology
- Hangzhou 311231
- China
| | - Chunmeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Nature Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
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Pan J, Ji Y, Du Z, Zhang J. Rapid characterization of commercial polysorbate 80 by ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography combined with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1465:190-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Hammami N, Jarroux N, Robitzer M, Majdoub M, Habas JP. Optimized Synthesis According to One-Step Process of a Biobased Thermoplastic Polyacetal Derived from Isosorbide. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E294. [PMID: 30974571 PMCID: PMC6431881 DOI: 10.3390/polym8080294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes both the synthesis and characterization of a biobased and non-aromatic polyacetal produced from the reaction between isosorbide and methylene chloride. The reaction was conducted in an aprotic dipolar and harmless solvent using a one-step, fast and economical procedure. The chemical composition of this polymer was investigated using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopies. The molecular weights were examined by size exclusion chromatography and MALDI-TOF spectrometry. The synthesis conditions (concentration, mixing speed, solvent nature, stoichiometry, addition mode of one reactan) were found to strongly influence both polymer architecture and reaction yield. Under moderated stirring conditions, the polyacetal was characterized by a larger amount of macro-cycles. Inversely, under higher intensity mixing and with an excess of methylene chloride, it was mainly composed of linear chains. In this latter case, the polymeric material presented an amorphous morphology with a glass transition temperature (Tg) close to 55 °C. Its degradation temperature was evaluated to be close to 215 °C using thermogravimetry according to multi-ramp methodology. The chemical approach and the physicochemical properties are valuable in comparison with that characteristic of other isosorbide-based polyacetals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Hammami
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, CC 1702, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France.
- Laboratoire des Interfaces et Matériaux Avancés, Université de Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Nathalie Jarroux
- Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, UMR 8587, Université d'Evry-Val d'Essonne, 91025 Evry, France.
| | - Mike Robitzer
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, CC 1702, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Mustapha Majdoub
- Laboratoire des Interfaces et Matériaux Avancés, Université de Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Jean-Pierre Habas
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, CC 1702, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France.
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Shi C, Gerişlioğlu S, Wesdemiotis C. Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography Interfaced with Mass Spectrometry and Orthogonal Ion Mobility Separation for the Microstructure Characterization of Amphiphilic Block Copolymers. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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28
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A collision cross section and exact ion mass database of the formulation constituents polyethylene glycol 400 and polysorbate 80. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-016-0195-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Katzenmeyer BC, Hague SF, Wesdemiotis C. Multidimensional Mass Spectrometry Coupled with Separation by Polarity or Shape for the Characterization of Sugar-Based Nonionic Surfactants. Anal Chem 2015; 88:851-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C. Katzenmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Shayna F. Hague
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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30
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A new technique for determining critical micelle concentrations of surfactants and oil dispersants via UV absorbance of pyrene. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Liu X, Cool LR, Lin K, Kasko AM, Wesdemiotis C. Tandem mass spectrometry and ion mobility mass spectrometry for the analysis of molecular sequence and architecture of hyperbranched glycopolymers. Analyst 2015; 140:1182-91. [PMID: 25519163 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01599a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Multidimensional mass spectrometry techniques, combining matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) or electrospray ionization (ESI) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS(2)), multistage mass spectrometry (MS(n)) or ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS), have been employed to gain precise structural insight on the compositions, sequences and architectures of small oligomers of a hyperbranched glycopolymer, prepared by atom transfer radical copolymerization of an acrylate monomer (A) and an acrylate inimer (B), both carrying mannose ester pendants. The MS data confirmed the incorporation of multiple inimer repeat units, which ultimately lead to the hyperbranched material. The various possible structures of n-mers with the same composition were subsequently elucidated based on MS(2) and MS(n) studies. The characteristic elimination of bromomethane molecule provided definitive information about the comonomer connectivity in the copolymeric AB2 trimer and A2B2 tetramer, identifying as present only one of the three possible trimeric isomers (viz. sequence BBA) and only two of the six possible tetrameric isomers (viz. sequences BBA2 and BABA). Complementary IM-MS studies confirmed that only one of the tetrameric structures is formed. Comparison of the experimentally determined collision cross-section of the detected isomer with those predicted by molecular simulations for the two possible sequences ascertained BBA2 as the predominant tetrameric architecture. The multidimensional MS approaches presented provide connectivity information at the atomic level without requiring high product purity (due to the dispersive nature of MS) and, hence, should be particularly useful for the microstructure characterization of novel glycopolymers and other types of complex copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3601, USA.
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32
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Guo K, Guo Z, Ludlow JM, Xie T, Liao S, Newkome GR, Wesdemiotis C. Characterization of Metallosupramolecular Polymers by Top-Down Multidimensional Mass Spectrometry Methods. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 36:1539-52. [PMID: 26248126 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Top-down multidimensional mass spectrometry, interfacing electrospray ionization (ESI) with ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS), and energy resolved (gradient) tandem mass spectrometry (gMS(2) ) are employed to characterize the stoichiometries, architectures, and intrinsic stabilities of coordinatively bound supramolecular polymers containing terpyridine functionalized ligands. As a soft ionization method, ESI prevents or minimizes unwanted assembly destruction. The IM dimension affords separation of the supramolecular ions by charge and collision cross-section (a function of size and shape). The mobility separated ions are subsequently identified by their mass-to-charge-ratios and isotope patterns in the orthogonal MS dimension. Finally, the gMS(2) dimension reveals bond breaking proclivities and disintegration pathways of the assemblies. The described methodology does not require high sample purity due to the dispersive nature of the IM and MS steps. Its utility is demonstrated with the comprehensive analysis of bisterpyridine-based metallomacrocycle mixtures and a tristerpyridine based complex with 3-D nanosphere-like architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Guo
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Zaihong Guo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - James M Ludlow
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Tingzheng Xie
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Shengyun Liao
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - George R Newkome
- Departments of Chemistry and Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Departments of Chemistry and Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
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33
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Zhang F, Guo S, Zhang M, Zhang Z, Guo Y. Characterizing ion mobility and collision cross section of fatty acids using electrospray ion mobility mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:906-913. [PMID: 26349645 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the ion mobility (IM) and the collision cross section (CCS) of fatty acids (FAs) using electrospray IM MS. The IM analysis of 18 FA ions showed intriguing differences among the saturated FAs, monounsaturated FAs, multi-unsaturated FAs, and cis-isomer/trans-isomer with respect to the aliphatic tail chains. The length of aliphatic tail chain present in the ion structures had a strong influence on the differentiation of drift, while the number of double bond showed a weaker influence. The tiny drift differences between cis-isomer and trans-isomer were also observed. In the CCS measurements, two internal standards were involved in the mobility calibration and accuracy estimation. It insured our empirical CCS values were of high experimental precision (±0.35% or better) and accuracy (±0.25% or better). Moreover, the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) - mobility plots obtained by ion mobility spectrometry with mass spectrometry analysis of FAs - was used to investigate the structural relationship between the molecules. Each series of FAs sharing a similar structure was aligned in the linear plot. Finally, the developed procedure was applied to the determination of FAs in rat adipose tissues, and it allowed the presence of 13 FAs to be confirmed with their exact masses and CCS values. These studies reveal the direct relationship between the behaviors in IM and the molecular structures and thus may provide further validations to the FA identification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Su Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Manyu Zhang
- Agilent Technologies Co. Ltd. (China), No. 1350 North Sichuan Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zhixu Zhang
- Agilent Technologies Co. Ltd. (China), No. 1350 North Sichuan Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yinlong Guo
- National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Khongphow C, Theerakul J, Puttamat S, Singkhonrat J. Characterisation of poly(glycerol-succinate) oligomers as bio-based non-ionic surfactants by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Tang X, Huston KJ, Larson RG. Molecular dynamics simulations of structure-property relationships of Tween 80 surfactants in water and at interfaces. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:12907-18. [PMID: 25365212 DOI: 10.1021/jp507499k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We build a united atom model for Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan oleates), based on the GROMOS53A6(OXY+D) force field, and apply it to two stereoisomers, three constitutional isomers, and three structures with one, two, and three tails, to represent components in the Tween 80 commercial mixture. In a preassembled micelle containing 60 molecules, the distribution of Tween tail and ethylene oxide head groups is found to be insensitive to stereoisomerization but sensitive to changes in relative lengths of the four polyoxyethylene head groups. At the air-water and oil-water interfaces, the interfacial tension is significantly lower for the constitutional isomer with a shorter W headgroup, which attaches the tail to the sorbitan ring, and for Tween 80 isomers with more than one tail group. The results indicate the possible scope for improvement in the design of polyoxyethylene sorbitan oleates with improved surface tension reduction or better spreading at the oil-water interface. We also report surfactant component distribution profiles within preassembled micelles and at interfaces that can be used for validating coarse-grained surfactant models needed for simulation of self-assembly of Tween 80 surfactant mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Tang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Li Y, Hewitt D, Lentz YK, Ji JA, Zhang TY, Zhang K. Characterization and stability study of polysorbate 20 in therapeutic monoclonal antibody formulation by multidimensional ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-charged aerosol detection-mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:5150-7. [PMID: 24749737 DOI: 10.1021/ac5009628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polysorbate 20 is a nonionic surfactant commonly used in the formulation of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to prevent protein denaturation and aggregation. It is critical to understand the molecular heterogeneity and stability of polysorbate 20 in mAb formulations as polysorbate can gradually degrade in aqueous solution over time by multiple pathways losing surfactant functions and leading to protein aggregation. The molecular heterogeneity of polysorbate and the interference from proteins and the excipient in the formulation matrix make it a challenge to study polysorbate in protein formulations. In this work, the characterization and stability study of polysorbate 20 in the presence of mAb formulation sample matrix is first reported using two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2DLC) coupled with charged aerosol detection (CAD) and mass spectrometry (MS) detection. A mixed-mode column that has both anion-exchange and reversed-phase properties was used in the first dimension to separate protein and polysorbate in the formulation sample, while polysorbate 20 esters were trapped online and then analyzed using an reversed-phase ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (RP-UHPLC) column in the second dimension to further separate the ester species. The MS served as the third dimension to further resolve as well as to identify the polysorbate ester subspecies. Another 2DLC method using a cation-exchange column in the first dimension and the same RP-UHPLC method in the second dimension was developed to analyze the degradation products of polysorbate 20. Stability samples of a protein drug product were studied using these two 2DLC-CAD-MS methods to separate, identify, and quantify the multiple ester species in polysorbate 20 and also to monitor the change of their corresponding degradants. We found different polysorbate esters degrade at different rates, and importantly, the degradation rates for some esters are different in the protein formulation compared to a placebo that has no protein. The multidimensional UHPLC-CAD-MS approach provides insights into the heterogeneous stability behaviors of polysorbate 20 subspecies in real-time stability samples of a mAb formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Protein Analytical Chemistry, and §Late Stage Pharmaceutical and Process Development, Genentech , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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