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Muller HB, Scholl G, Far J, De Pauw E, Eppe G. Sliding Windows in Ion Mobility (SWIM): A New Approach to Increase the Resolving Power in Trapped Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Hyphenated with Chromatography. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17586-17594. [PMID: 37976440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the separation efficiency achieved by linear IMS instruments has increased substantially, with state-of-the-art IM technologies, such as the trapped ion mobility (TIMS), the cyclic traveling wave ion mobility (cTWIMS), and the structure for lossless ion manipulation (SLIM) platforms commonly demonstrating resolving powers in excess of 200. However, for complex sample analysis that require front end separation, the achievement of such high resolving power in TIMS is significantly hampered, since the ion mobility range must be broad enough to analyze all the classes of compounds of interest, whereas the IM analysis time must be short enough to cope with the time scale of the preseparation technique employed. In this paper, we introduce the concept of sliding windows in ion mobility (SWIM) for chromatography hyphenated TIMS applications that bypasses the need to use a wide and fixed IM range by using instead narrow and mobile ion mobility windows that adapt to the analytes' ion mobility during chromatographic separation. GC-TIMS-MS analysis of a mixture of 174 standards from several halogenated persistent organic pollutant (POP) classes, including chlorinated and brominated dioxins, biphenyls, and PBDEs, demonstrated that the average IM resolving power could be increased up to 40% when the SWIM mode was used, thereby greatly increasing the method selectivity for the analysis of complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo B Muller
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Georges Scholl
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Johann Far
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
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2
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Jo J, Son Y, Lee J, Lee D, Shin JH, Ahn YG. Gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry as a cost-effective method for the determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans in contaminated soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136286. [PMID: 36075367 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of gas chromatography (GC)-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (QqQ, MS/MS) as an alternative to the standard GC-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HR/MS) for soils contaminated with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). GC-QqQ (MS/MS) using a dynamic multiple reaction monitoring (dMRM) mode was optimized for the quantitative analysis of 17 PCDD/Fs. A comparative study between GC-QqQ (MS/MS) and GC-HR/MS was carried out to validate the results of actual field soil samples. Although GC-HR/MS has excellent sensitivity and selectivity, the validation parameters obtained by GC-QqQ (MS/MS) also met the recommended criteria of the standard method. The results for total and I-TEQ (international toxic equivalent) value of the PCDD/F concentrations of over 86.0 pg/g and 4.3 pg I-TEQ/g, respectively, in actual field soil samples showed good agreement between the two methods, falling within ±25% relative difference. In consideration of the remediation goal (100 pg I-TEQ/g), GC-QqQ (MS/MS) can be an alternative cost-effective method for use in soil remediation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmin Jo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Younggyu Son
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, 39177, South Korea; Department of Energy Engineering Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 39177, South Korea
| | - JiYi Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Dukyoung Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, 39177, South Korea; Department of Energy Engineering Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 39177, South Korea
| | - Jeoung Hwa Shin
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Yun Gyong Ahn
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, University-Industry Cooperation Building, 150, Bugahyeon-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03759, South Korea.
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Li X, Zhen Y, Wang R, Li T, Dong S, Zhang W, Cheng J, Wang P, Su X. Application of gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-(APCI)MS/MS) in determination of PCBs (mono-to deca-) and PCDD/Fs in Chinese mitten crab food webs. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:129055. [PMID: 33272672 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) are notorious persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which may bioaccumulate through food chain and play detrimental effects to organisms even at trace levels. Quantification of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in biotic samples is a great challenge. In the present study, gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source (GC-(APCI)MS/MS) was studied for the isotope-dilution analysis of PCBs (mono-to deca-) and PCDD/Fs in Chinese mitten crab food webs. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was applied for comparison. Light PCBs are compared between the two instruments for the first time. After optimization of instrument parameters, the RSDs of relative response factors of calibration curves were between 3.4% and 15.5% for PCBs and 1.7%-7.9% for PCDD/Fs. The limits of detection were between 0.021 and 0.150 pg/mL for PCBs and 0.051-0.237 pg/mL for PCDD/Fs. PCB concentrations in crab food web samples detected by GC-(APCI)MS/MS were well correlated with those detected by HRGC/HRMS. A DiCB, 3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl (PCB11), was the dominant PCB congener in aquatic food webs. Other MoCB and DiCB congeners were also widely identified; hence, low-weight PCB congeners should arouse more concern in the future. GC-(APCI)MS/MS may become an alternative instrument satisfying the PCB and PCDD/F detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhen
- Waters Corporation, Fourth Jinghai Road, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Ruiguo Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tong Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shujun Dong
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peilong Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xiaoou Su
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China.
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Congener-specific determination of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls by polar-embedded reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461353. [PMID: 32797833 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the development of an LC-ESI-MS2 method for the sensitive determination of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) in human serum samples. Congener-specific separation was achieved by using a polar-embedded stationary phase, previously optimized for the working group, which provided better separation of isobaric compounds than the common octadecylsilane phases. MS fragmentation patterns and energies showed differences among OH-PCB congeners, mainly depending on the position of OH-group and the number of chlorine atoms in the molecule, although the most intense transitions were always those corresponding to the neutral loss of an HCl group from the quasi-molecular ion cluster. The method allowed the determination of OH-PCBs with good linearity (dynamic linear range of four orders of magnitude with R2 higher than 0.995) and precision (relative standard deviations of absolute areas lower than 10%), and with better sensitivity than other similar methods previously described in the literature. Matrix effect has been evaluated and reduced to less than 10% by the addition of isotopically labeled standards and a 10-fold dilution of the final sample extract. The low iLODs provided by the developed method (from 1.2 to 5.4 fg µL-1 for all the OH-PCBs studied, except 4'-OHCB108, whose iLOD was 61 fg µL-1) allows dilution without losses of detected peaks. Finally, the applicability of the method has been demonstrated by analyzing human serum samples belonging to an interlaboratory exercise.
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Cao G, Li K, Guo J, Lu M, Hong Y, Cai Z. Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Changes during Food Storage and Processing. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6956-6966. [PMID: 32516537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many physicochemical changes occur during food storage and processing, such as rancidity, hydrolysis, oxidation, and aging, which may alter the taste, flavor, and texture of food products and pose risks to public health. Analysis of these changes has become of great interest to many researchers. Mass spectrometry is a promising technique for the study of food and nutrition domains as a result of its excellent ability in molecular profiling, food authentication, and marker detection. In this review, we summarized recent advances in mass spectrometry techniques and their applications in food storage and processing. Furthermore, current technical challenges associated with these methodologies were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinggong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
- HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
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Domínguez I, Arrebola FJ, Martínez Vidal JL, Garrido Frenich A. Assessment of wastewater pollution by gas chromatography and high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1619:460964. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Guo W, Pan B, Sakkiah S, Yavas G, Ge W, Zou W, Tong W, Hong H. Persistent Organic Pollutants in Food: Contamination Sources, Health Effects and Detection Methods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E4361. [PMID: 31717330 PMCID: PMC6888492 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) present in foods have been a major concern for food safety due to their persistence and toxic effects. To ensure food safety and protect human health from POPs, it is critical to achieve a better understanding of POP pathways into food and develop strategies to reduce human exposure. POPs could present in food in the raw stages, transferred from the environment or artificially introduced during food preparation steps. Exposure to these pollutants may cause various health problems such as endocrine disruption, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes, birth defects, and dysfunctional immune and reproductive systems. This review describes potential sources of POP food contamination, analytical approaches to measure POP levels in food and efforts to control food contamination with POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Huixiao Hong
- U.S. Food & Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; (W.G.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (G.Y.); (W.G.); (W.Z.); (W.T.)
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QUICK: Quality and Usability Investigation and Control Kit for Mass Spectrometric Data from Detection of Persistent Organic Pollutants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16214203. [PMID: 31671576 PMCID: PMC6862152 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) cause a significant public and environmental health concern due to their toxicity, long-range transportability, persistence, and bioaccumulation. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has a program to monitor POPs in human and animal foods at ultra-trace levels, using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Stringent quality control procedures are practiced within this program, ensuring the reliability and accuracy of these POP results. Due to the complexity of this program's quality control (QC), the decision-making process for data usability was very time-consuming, upward of three analyst hours for a batch of six extracts. We significantly reduced this time by developing a software kit, written in Python, to evaluate instrument and sample QC, along with data usability. A diverse set of 45 samples were tested using our software, QUICK (Quality and Usability Investigation and Control Kit), that resulted in equivalent results provided by a human reviewer. The software improved the efficiency of the analytical process by reducing the need for user intervention, while simultaneously recognizing a 95% decrease in data reduction time, from 3 hours to 10 minutes.
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Kwon YS, Choi SG, Lee SM, Kim JH, Seo JS. Gas chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry analysis of dioxins in soil. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2019.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Sang Kwon
- Environmental Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 52834, Korea
| | - Sung-Gil Choi
- Environmental Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 52834, Korea
| | - Seung-Min Lee
- Environmental Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 52834, Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Kim
- Environmental Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 52834, Korea
| | - Jong-Su Seo
- Environmental Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 52834, Korea
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Franchina FA, Lazzari E, Scholl G, Focant JF. Assessment of a New GC-MS/MS System for the Confirmatory Measurement of PCDD/Fs and (N)DL-PCBs in Food under EU Regulation. Foods 2019; 8:foods8080302. [PMID: 31374850 PMCID: PMC6722952 DOI: 10.3390/foods8080302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychloro-dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like (DL), and non dioxin-like (NDL) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are currently regulated in food and feed within the European territory (EU 2017/644-771). The confirmatory methods of analysis for checking compliance with maximum levels (MLs) for these involve either the historically-established GC-magnetic sector high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) and, more recently, GC-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry operating in tandem mode (GC-QQQMS/MS). In this study, the performance of a novel triple quadrupole GC-QQQMS/MS system equipped with a programable temperature vaporization (PTV) injector was evaluated for the analysis of regulated PCDD/Fs and PCBs in food and feed. The MS analyzer was equipped with a titanium ionization chamber and a new short collision cell capable to accumulate and eject ions by means of very narrow pulses that allow to minimize the noise and to adapt accumulation times for sensitive multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The analytical capability of the system was confronted by the strict requirements (selectivity, reproducibility, linearity, quant/qual MRM transitions, accuracy, robustness) set by the EU Regulation for a range of standards, quality control (QC) and food/feed samples. In this respect, the approach showed high precision (1.9–15% relative standard deviation (RSD) at low pg/µL) and accuracy (>80%, except for one hexa-CDD). The quantitative results were also compared to the most used GC-HRMS. In this case, comparable results in terms of single congener concentration basis and total toxic equivalent (TEQ) basis for PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs were obtained for the QC samples analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Antonio Franchina
- Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences, University of Liege, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Eliane Lazzari
- Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences, University of Liege, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90040-060 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - George Scholl
- Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences, University of Liege, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Focant
- Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences, University of Liege, B-4000 Liege, Belgium.
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Non-targeted Screening in Environmental Monitoring Programs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1140:731-741. [PMID: 31347081 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15950-4_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Contaminant monitoring programs have been tasked with understanding the fate and transport of toxic chemicals in the environment. Mass spectrometry based methods have traditionally been developed to maximize sensitivity and accuracy of a select set of target compounds. As mass spectrometry methods have advanced, so has the breadth of questions proposed by environmental chemists. Incorporating these methods in chemical monitoring programs provides large data sets to explore the effects of complex mixtures on environmental systems.
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Bruce-Vanderpuije P, Megson D, Jobst K, Jones GR, Reiner E, Sandau CD, Clarke E, Adu-Kumi S, Gardella JA. Background levels of dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dlPCBs), polychlorinated, polybrominated and mixed halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs & PXDD/Fs) in sera of pregnant women in Accra, Ghana. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 673:631-642. [PMID: 30999104 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure data on dioxins and dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) in Ghana are limited. Based on health risks associated with dioxins and DLCs, the impact of maternal body burdens on foetal exposure is significant. This is the first study that assesses polychlorinated, polybrominated and mixed halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs and PXDD/Fs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dlPCBs) in sera of primiparous Ghanaians. Our sample selection includes 34 participants from two municipalities (Accra and Tema), and explores contributions from environmental and dietary exposures using questionnaire data. Sample preparation involved C18 solid phase extraction, purification with acidified silica and lipid removal cartridges, and detection with gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The calculated average toxic equivalent concentration was 5.3 pg TEQ/g lw, with contributions from dlPCBs (1.25 pg TEQ/g lw), PCDD/Fs (3.10 pg TEQ/g lw), PBDD/Fs (0.49 pg TEQ/g lw) and PXDD/Fs (0.50 pg TEQ/g lw). The calculated total TEQ concentration was lower than background TEQ concentrations reported in sera of pregnant women globally. Positive correlations were obtained for total dioxins and DLC concentrations with age and Body Mass Index (BMI). Dietary intake of seafood and dairy products had a strong influence on PCDD/F and dlPCB concentrations. Statistically significant differences were observed for dioxins and DLCs in participants from Accra (in close proximity to Agbogbloshie e-waste site) and Tema. Given the significant TEQ contribution of PBDD/Fs and PXDD/Fs (~20%), it is essential to explore these classes of dioxins and DLCs in future biomonitoring studies as they may pose health risks, and add extra diagnostic information in source exposure investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pennante Bruce-Vanderpuije
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; CSIR Water Research Institute, P. O. Box AH 38, Achimota, Accra, Ghana
| | - David Megson
- School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom; Chemistry Matters Inc., Suite 405, 104-1240 Kensington Road NW, Calgary, AB T2N 3P7, Canada
| | - Karl Jobst
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Laboratory Services Branch, Toronto, ON M9P 3V6, Canada
| | | | - Eric Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Laboratory Services Branch, Toronto, ON M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Court D Sandau
- Chemistry Matters Inc., Suite 405, 104-1240 Kensington Road NW, Calgary, AB T2N 3P7, Canada; Mount Royal University, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, AB T3E 6K6, Canada
| | - Edith Clarke
- Occupational and Environmental Health Unit, Ministry of Health/Ghana Health Service, Ghana
| | - Sam Adu-Kumi
- Environmental Protection Agency, P. O. Box MB 326, Ministries Post Office, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph A Gardella
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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Hayward DG, Archer JC, Andrews S, Fairchild RD, Gentry J, Jenkins R, McLain M, Nasini U, Shojaee S. Application of a High-Resolution Quadrupole/Orbital Trapping Mass Spectrometer Coupled to a Gas Chromatograph for the Determination of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Cow's and Human Milk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11823-11829. [PMID: 30350972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A quadrupole/orbital trapping mass spectrometer or Q-Exactive (QE) interfaced with a gas chromatograph (GC) was optimized for measuring polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins, dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in foods. Figures of merit include (1) an instrument detection limit (IDL) for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (TCDD) of 9 femtograms (fg), (2) quantitative mass resolution from PCDD interferences (e.g., PCBs, methoxy-PCBs DDTs, polychlorodibenzylphenyl ethers, polychloroxanthenes, methyl-polychlorodibenzofuran, and polychlorodibenzothiophenes), and (3) mass accuracy <1 ppm at the IDL. The QE measured the concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in whole cow's milk with no known source of contamination (e.g., TCDD 33 fg/g fat). A National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) unfortified human milk standard reference material (SRM) 1953 was measured determining 27 PCDD/F and PCB congeners with an average difference of 7.6% from the certified results. The QE-GC is a benchtop instrument, easy to service, easy to operate, and requires no lock masses, mass preselection, or chemical ionization conditions. The QE-GC demonstrated that it can be an alternative to the double focusing magnetic sector instruments (sector) for the high-resolution measurement of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Hayward
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5001 Campus Drive, HFS-706 , College Park , Maryland 20740 , United States
| | - Jeffery C Archer
- U. S Food and Drug Administration , 3900 NCTR Drive . Jefferson Arkansas 72079 , United States
| | - Sue Andrews
- U. S Food and Drug Administration , 3900 NCTR Drive . Jefferson Arkansas 72079 , United States
| | - Russell D Fairchild
- U. S Food and Drug Administration , 3900 NCTR Drive . Jefferson Arkansas 72079 , United States
| | - James Gentry
- U. S Food and Drug Administration , 3900 NCTR Drive . Jefferson Arkansas 72079 , United States
| | - Roy Jenkins
- U. S Food and Drug Administration , 3900 NCTR Drive . Jefferson Arkansas 72079 , United States
| | - Michelle McLain
- U. S Food and Drug Administration , 3900 NCTR Drive . Jefferson Arkansas 72079 , United States
| | - Udaya Nasini
- U. S Food and Drug Administration , 3900 NCTR Drive . Jefferson Arkansas 72079 , United States
| | - Sina Shojaee
- U. S Food and Drug Administration , 3900 NCTR Drive . Jefferson Arkansas 72079 , United States
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Domínguez I, Arrebola FJ, Gavara R, Martínez Vidal JL, Frenich AG. Automated and simultaneous determination of priority substances and polychlorinated biphenyls in wastewater using headspace solid phase microextraction and high resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1002:39-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rjabova J, Viksna A, Zacs D. Development and optimization of gas chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry based method for the sensitive determination of Dechlorane plus and related norbornene-based flame retardants in food of animal origin. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 191:597-606. [PMID: 29078185 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method has been developed for the trace determination of 10 dechlorane-related compounds (DRCs) in food products by gas chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). The highest sensitivity of this instrumental analysis method was achieved by selection of the GC column type, optimization of the heated zones within the instrument, and adjusting the electron impact energy. The efficiency of solid phase extraction as clean-up procedure was also optimized. Two different types of cartridges - neutral silica gel and Florisil®, as well as seven organic solvents or their mixtures - n-hexane, cyclohexane, acetone, toluene, n-hexane/ethyl acetate, n-hexane/acetone, and n-hexane/dichloromethane - were evaluated. The analytical method was characterized as selective, precise, accurate, and linear over the concentration ranges from 1.00 to 100 pg μL-1 for DRCs. Ultra-trace level sensitivity was achieved with the instrumental limits of quantification (i-LOQs) varying from ∼0.01 pg to ∼ 1 pg and method limits of quantification (m-LOQs) by the analysis of 10 g of sample varying from ∼0.04 to ∼ 5 pg g-1. The developed method was successfully applied for the analysis of food samples and the analyses revealed the presence of majority of selected DRCs, with the Dechlorane Plus (DP) isomers occurring to a greater extent, pointing to the highest levels in cod liver and other fish products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jekaterina Rjabova
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment ''BIOR'', Lejupes Street 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia; University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia.
| | - Arturs Viksna
- University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Dzintars Zacs
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment ''BIOR'', Lejupes Street 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
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16
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Romero-Romero S, Herrero L, Fernández M, Gómara B, Acuña JL. Biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants in a deep-sea, temperate food web. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 605-606:589-597. [PMID: 28672247 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs) were measured in a temperate, deep-sea ecosystem, the Avilés submarine Canyon (AC; Cantabrian Sea, Southern Bay of Biscay). There was an increase of contaminant concentration with the trophic level of the organisms, as calculated from stable nitrogen isotope data (δ15N). Such biomagnification was only significant for the pelagic food web and its magnitude was highly dependent on the type of top predators included in the analysis. The trophic magnification factor (TMF) for PCB-153 in the pelagic food web (spanning four trophic levels) was 6.2 or 2.2, depending on whether homeotherm top predators (cetaceans and seabirds) were included or not in the analysis, respectively. Since body size is significantly correlated with δ15N, it can be used as a proxy to estimate trophic magnification, what can potentially lead to a simple and convenient method to calculate the TMF. In spite of their lower biomagnification, deep-sea fishes showed higher concentrations than their shallower counterparts, although those differences were not significant. In summary, the AC fauna exhibits contaminant levels comparable or lower than those reported in other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Romero-Romero
- Área de Ecología, Dpto. de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, Catedrático Rodrigo Uría s/n, 33071 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Laura Herrero
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Fernández
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Gómara
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Acuña
- Área de Ecología, Dpto. de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, Catedrático Rodrigo Uría s/n, 33071 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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17
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Domínguez I, Arrebola F, Romero-González R, Nieto-García A, Martínez Vidal J, Garrido Frenich A. Solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled to magnetic sector high resolution mass spectrometry for the ultra-trace determination of contaminants in surface water. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1518:15-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Rivera-Austrui J, Martínez K, Ábalos M, Sales C, Portoles T, Beltran J, Sauló J, Aristizábal BH, Abad E. Analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in stack gas emissions by gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1513:245-249. [PMID: 28735712 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A gas chromatography coupled to triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-(QqQ)MS/MS) including a soft-ionization through an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source based method was compared with the high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) standard reference method EN1948, for the analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) in stack gas emissions. The stack emission samples were collected, both, by manual method sampling (from 6 to 8h) and by long-term sampling systems (sampling time of several weeks). This work presents the first comparison of GC-(QqQ)MS/MS with APCI source with the European Standard EN1948 technique for stack gas emissions. Sample concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 596pg I-TEQ/Nm3. Comparative results in all investigated samples showed relative errors that were within ±15%. These results make GC-(QqQ)MS/MS with APCI suitable for the quantitative analysis of dioxins in the studied samples and create a real alternative tool to the reference sector GC-HRMS instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rivera-Austrui
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, E08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - K Martínez
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, E08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Ábalos
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, E08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Sales
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - T Portoles
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - J Beltran
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - J Sauló
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, E08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - B H Aristizábal
- Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Research Group, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Manizales, Colombia
| | - E Abad
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, E08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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19
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García-Bermejo Á, Herrero L, González MJ, Gómara B. Occurrence and Estimated Dietary Intake of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in Functional Foods Enriched with Omega-3 from Spain. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3396-3405. [PMID: 28391684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, and dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) contents of six functional foods enriched with omega-3 were characterized. All the samples analyzed showed concentration levels below the maximal levels established by Regulation EC 1259/201120. PCB concentrations were higher than those of PCDD/Fs; oil supplements were the most contaminated samples [1.8 pg of WHO-TEQ/g of lipid weight (lw)] followed by chicken eggs (1.3 pg of WHO-TEQ/g of lw), cow's milk (0.23 pg of WHO-TEQ/g of lw), biscuits (0.15 pg of WHO-TEQ/g of lw), soy milks (0.11 pg of WHO-TEQ/g of lw), and soy lecithin (0.049 pg of WHO-TEQ/g of lw). The most abundant non-dl-PCBs were PCBs 52 and 101 in cow's milk, soy products, and biscuits, while in chicken eggs and oil supplements, they were PCBs 153 and 138. PCBs 118 and 105 were the most frequent dl-PCBs in all samples. Only oil supplements presented quantifiable concentrations for almost all PCDD/Fs, OCDD and OCDF being the most abundant. The estimated daily intake was 2.7 pg of WHO-TEQ/day for chicken eggs, 0.91 pg of WHO-TEQ/day for cow's milk, 0.45 pg of WHO-TEQ/day for soy milks, and 0.44 pg of WHO-TEQ/day for biscuits. For oil supplements, it was more variable, but always higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel García-Bermejo
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry (IQOG-CSIC) , Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Herrero
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry (IQOG-CSIC) , Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-José González
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry (IQOG-CSIC) , Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Gómara
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry (IQOG-CSIC) , Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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20
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Determination of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in food and feed using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Sci China Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-016-9017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Analysis of brominated flame retardants and their derivatives by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization using gas chromatography coupled to tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. Talanta 2017; 162:618-624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Ten Dam G, Pussente IC, Scholl G, Eppe G, Schaechtele A, van Leeuwen S. The performance of atmospheric pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry compared to gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of polychlorinated dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls in food and feed samples. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1477:76-90. [PMID: 27894695 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) has been added in European Union (EU) legislation as an alternative to magnetic sector high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for the analysis of dioxins and dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCB) in food and feed. In this study the performance of APGC-MS/MS compared to GC-HRMS is investigated and compared with EU legislation. The study includes the legislative parameters, relative intermediate precision standard deviation (SRw,rel), trueness, sensitivity, linear range and ion ratio tolerance. In addition, over 200 real samples of large variety and spanning several orders of magnitude in concentration were analyzed by both techniques and the selectivity was evaluated by comparing chromatograms. The SRw,rel and trueness were evaluated using (in-house) reference samples and fulfill to EU legislation, though the SRw,rel was better with GC-HRMS. The sensitivity was considerably better than of GC-HRMS while the linear range was similar. Ion ratios were mostly within the tolerable range of ±15%. A (temporary unresolved) systematic deviation in ion ratio was observed for several congeners, yet this did not lead to exceeding of the maximum ion ratio limits. The APGC-MS/MS results for the non-dioxin-like-PCBs (ndl-PCBs) were negatively biased, particularly for PCB138 and 153 in contaminated samples. The selectivity of APGC-MS/MS was lower for several matrices. Particularly for contaminated samples, interfering peaks were observed in the APGC chromatograms of the native compounds (dioxins) and labeled internal standards (PCBs). These can lead to biased results and ultimately to false positive samples. It was concluded that the determination of dioxins and PCBs using APGC-MS/MS meets the requirements set by the European Commission. However, due to generally better selectivity and SRw,rel, GC-HRMS is the preferred method for monitoring purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Ten Dam
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 230, NL-6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Georges Scholl
- Center for Analytical Research and Technology (CART), University of Liège, 11 Allée du six AoÛt, Quartier Agora, Belgium
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- Center for Analytical Research and Technology (CART), University of Liège, 11 Allée du six AoÛt, Quartier Agora, Belgium
| | - Alexander Schaechtele
- EU Reference Laboratory (EU-RL) for Dioxins and PCBs in Feed and Food, State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary Analysis of Food, Bissierstrasse 5, 79114 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan van Leeuwen
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 230, NL-6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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23
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García-Bermejo Á, Mohr S, Herrero L, González MJ, Gómara B. Applicability of Gas Chromatography (GC) Coupled to Triple-Quadrupole (QqQ) Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) for Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) and Emerging Brominated Flame Retardant (BFR) Determinations in Functional Foods Enriched in Omega-3. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7265-7274. [PMID: 27600263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the optimization, characterization, and applicability of gas chromatography coupled to triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-QqQ(MS/MS)) for the determination of 14 polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and 2 emerging brominated flame retardants, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), in functional food samples. The method showed satisfactory precision and linearity with instrumental limits of detection (iLODs) ranging from 0.12 to 7.1 pg, for tri- to octa-BDEs and BTBPE, and equal to 51 and 20 pg for BDE-209 and DBDPE, respectively. The highest ΣBFR concentrations were found in fish oil supplements (924 pg/g fresh weight, fw), followed by biscuits (90 pg/g fw), vegetable oil supplements (46 pg/g fw), chicken eggs (45 pg/g fw), cow's milk (7.7 pg/g fw), and soy products (1.6 pg/g fw). BDE-47, BDE-99, and DBDPE were the most abundant compounds. Foodstuffs enriched with omega-3 presented concentrations similar to or even lower than those of conventional foods commercialized in Spain since 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel García-Bermejo
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry IQOG-CSIC , Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Mohr
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry IQOG-CSIC , Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Marı́ (UFSM) , Av. Roraima 1000, Prédio 42, Sala 3135, 97105-900, Santa Marı́, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura Herrero
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry IQOG-CSIC , Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-José González
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry IQOG-CSIC , Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Gómara
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry IQOG-CSIC , Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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24
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Portolés T, Sales C, Abalos M, Sauló J, Abad E. Evaluation of the capabilities of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls in complex-matrix food samples. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 937:96-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Geng D, Jogsten IE, Dunstan J, Hagberg J, Wang T, Ruzzin J, Rabasa-Lhoret R, van Bavel B. Gas chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/mass spectrometry for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in human serum. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1453:88-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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26
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Lin Y, Feng C, Xu Q, Lu D, Qiu X, Jin Y, Wang G, Wang D, She J, Zhou Z. A validated method for rapid determination of dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human milk: focus on utility of tandem solid phase extraction (SPE) cleanup. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4897-906. [PMID: 27178547 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9576-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An improved method based on tandem solid phase extraction (SPE) cleanup and gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) has been validated for a rapid determination of dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), marker polychlorinated biphenyls (M-PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) using a large volume (50 mL) of human milk. This method was well validated for the measurement of these analytes in human milk from the general population with low limits of detection (LODs, 0.004-0.12 ng/g lipid), satisfactory accuracy (75-120 % of recoveries), and precision [less than 10 % of relative standard deviations (RSDs)]. To comprehensively evaluate the performance of this method, a good, presently validated and routinely used method based on an automated sample clean-up system (ASCS, based on the commercial acid multilayer silica, basic alumina, and carbon columns) was used in parallel for comparison. Compared with the ASCS method, this method presented comparable specificity. Additionally, this method, in contrast to ASCS method, highly reduced consumption of solvents (40 mL versus 500 mL), which results in much lower background in the procedural blank, reduced time, and enhanced sample pretreatment throughput. This method was also applied in a pilot study to measure a batch of human milk samples with satisfactory results. Graphical Abstract Characteristics of the application of tandem SPE cleanup for determination of PCDD/Fs, DL-PCBs,M-PCBs and PBDEs in human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjie Lin
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Chao Feng
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Dasheng Lu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai, 200336, China.
- School of Public Health/MOE Key Lab for Public Health/Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, 130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xinlei Qiu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Yu'e Jin
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Guoquan Wang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Dongli Wang
- California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, CA, 94804, USA
| | - Jianwen She
- California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, CA, 94804, USA
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- School of Public Health/MOE Key Lab for Public Health/Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, 130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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27
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Ábalos M, Cojocariu CI, Silcock P, Roberts D, Pemberthy DM, Sauló J, Abad E. Meeting the European Commission performance criteria for the use of triple quadrupole GC-MS/MS as a confirmatory method for PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in food and feed samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:3511-25. [PMID: 26922340 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, European Union (EU) legislation required the use of high-resolution gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC-HRMS) based on magnetic sector analyzers as a standard approach for confirmatory analysis of dioxins (PCDDs) and furans (PCDFs) in feed and food. However, recent technological advances in MS instruments enabled other alternative analytical techniques to meet the same analytical criteria as those requested for HRGC-HRMS. In this sense, triple quadrupoles (GC-MS/MS) can be a realistic alternative for the analysis of dioxins. In this work, the performance of GC-MS/MS technology was evaluated against the criteria demanded by the EU for confirmatory analysis of dioxins and PCBs in food and feed. Thus, the study comprises a number of parameters including chromatographic separation, limit of quantification, linearity, repeatability, and ion ratio precision. Analyses of solvent standards as well as sample extracts (inter-calibration extracts and certified reference materials) were also considered within the scope of this study. Additionally, direct comparisons of the results obtained by GC-MS/MS with those from GC-HRMS were made. The results of this work suggested that GC-MS/MS was highly sensitive and selective for confirmatory analysis of PCDD/Fs and related compounds in food and feed samples and meets all the criteria requested by the European Commission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Ábalos
- Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristian I Cojocariu
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Tudor Road, Manor Park, Runcorn, Cheshire, WA7 1TA, UK
| | - Paul Silcock
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Tudor Road, Manor Park, Runcorn, Cheshire, WA7 1TA, UK
| | - Dominic Roberts
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Tudor Road, Manor Park, Runcorn, Cheshire, WA7 1TA, UK
| | - Diana M Pemberthy
- Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental Catalysis Group, University of Antioquia, street 70 No. 52-2, 050001, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jordi Sauló
- Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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