Preparation and chromatographic performance of polymer-based anion exchangers for ion chromatography: A review

Separation of inorganic anions on reversed-phase C18 columns with a phosphomolybdate mobile phase

Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) is the most widely used chromatographic method. In addition to hydrophobic interactions, additional interactions such as electrostatic interactions may participate in the retention behaviour of an analyte. This makes it possible to use RP-HPLC for many types of analyte. We describe a simple method for separating inorganic anions on a C18 column, in which retention of inorganic anions is almost entirely due to electrostatic interactions. This leads to rapid separations as well as higher theoretical plate numbers. We used 2 mM phosphoric acid containing a low concentration of disodium molybdate as the mobile phase, which allows UV detection of non-UV-absorbing anions. With this method, we determined eight inorganic anions including several non-UV-absorbing anions photometrically at 220 nm. The detection limits of the examined eight inorganic anions calculated at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 were between 0.3 and 10 μM. The detector response was linear over three orders of magnitude of inorganic anion concentration. The proposed RP-HPLC/UV method was successfully applied to determine inorganic anions in some water samples.

Hybrid grafted and hyperbranched anion exchangers for ion chromatography

Novel grafted anion exchangers with covalently bonded hyperbranched functional layers were prepared and evaluated for the separation of monovalent standard inorganic anions and oxyhalides. Preparation of base coating included grafting highly polar N-vinylformamide to the ethylvinylbenzene-divinylbenzene (EVB-DVB) substrate surface in highly polar solvent (methanol) with subsequent hydrolysis of grafted amide polymer in basic media, which resulted in preparation of polymer chains with multiple primary amino groups. Those amino groups were used as attachment points for forming hyperbranched anion-exchange layers using 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether and primary mono- or diamine (methylamine or 1,3-diaminopropane, respectively). The effects of hyperbranching reaction cycles number on selectivity were evaluated which revealed that selectivity and capacity can be controlled independently for the covalently bonded stationary phases in contrast to electrostatically bonded phases. It was demonstrated that unlike for electrostatically bonded phases, the intentional increase of crosslink by using primary diamine instead of primary monoamine doesn't cause the shift of selectivity coefficients. It was also shown that crosslink distribution throughout the hyperbranched layer is an important factor determining selectivity of hyperbranched anion exchangers.

Phosphonium based anion exchange resin for enrichment of phenolic acids

The aim of this work is to investigate the efficiency of a phosphonium-based strong anion exchange sorbent for the extraction of some selected phenolic acids. The material was synthesized through chloromethylation of a porous poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) substrate with high degree of crosslinking, followed by quaternarization with tributyl phosphine. The parameters affecting the solid phase extraction of five phenolic acids, namely chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, dihydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid and rosmarinic acid were optimized. The sample pH and the type, volume and concentration of the eluting solutions were investigated. The analysis of the phenolic acids after extraction was performed using HPLC with diode array detection. Limit of detection, limit of quantitation, linear range, correlation coefficient and reproducibility for the determination of the phenolic acids were estimated. The retention of the phenolic acids on the developed phase was studied using breakthrough analysis. The experimental breakthrough curves were fitted by Boltzmann's function, and the regression parameters were utilized for the determination of the breakthrough parameters. The results obtained using the developed phase were compared with those obtained by the commercially available Oasis MAX sorbent. The proposed approach was successfully applied for the extraction and pre-concentration of rosmarinic acid from rosemary leaf (Rosmarini folium) alcoholic extract.

Factors affecting mixed-mode retention properties of cation-exchange stationary phases

Cation-exchange stationary phases were characterized in different chromatographic modes (HILIC, RPLC, IC) and applied to the separation of non-charged hydrophobic and hydrophilic analytes. The set of columns under investigation included both commercially available cation-exchangers and self-prepared PS/DVB-based columns, the latter consisting of adjustable amounts of carboxylic and sulfonic acid functional groups. The influence of cation-exchange site and polymer substrate on the multimodal properties of cation-exchangers was identified using selectivity parameters, polymer imaging and excess adsorption isotherms. Introducing weakly acidic cation-exchange functional groups to the unmodified PS/DVB-substrate effectively reduced hydrophobic interactions, whilst a low degree of sulfonation (0.09 to 0.27% w/w sulphur) mainly influenced electrostatic interactions. Silica substrate was found to be another important factor for inducing hydrophilic interactions. The presented results demonstrate that cation-exchange resins are suitable for mixed-mode applications and offer versatile selectivity.

A benzenesulfonic acid-modified organic polymer monolithic column with reversed-phase/hydrophilic bifunctional selectivity for capillary electrochromatography

Here, a styrene-based polymer monolithic column poly(VBS-co-TAT-co-AHM) with reversed-phase/hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (RPLC/HILIC) bifunctional separation mode was successfully prepared for capillary electrochromatography by the in situ polymerization of sodium p-styrene sulfonate (VBS) with cross-linkers 3-(acryloyloxy)-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (AHM) and 1,3,5-triacryloylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (TAT). The preparation conditions of the monolith were optimized. The morphology and formation of the poly(VBS-co-TAT-co-AHM) monolith were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The separation performances of the monolith were evaluated systematically. It should be noted that the incorporation of VBS functional monomer can provide π-π interactions, hydrophilic interactions, and ion-exchange interactions. Hence, the prepared poly(VBS-co-TAT-co-AHM) monolith can achieve efficient separation of thiourea compounds, benzene series, phenol compounds, aniline compounds and sulfonamides in RPLC or HILIC separation mode. The largest theoretical plate number for N,N'-dimethylthiourea reached 1.7 × 10⁵ plates/m. In addition, the poly(VBS-co-TAT-co-AHM) monolithic column showed excellent reproducibility and stability. This novel monolithic column has great application value and potential in capillary electrochromatography (CEC).

A polyethyleneimine-functionalized polymer substrate polar stationary phase

A polyethyleneimine (PEI)-functionalized polymer substrate polar stationary phase was prepared for hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) by grafting PEI onto poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) (PS-DVB) microspheres. The phase shows a U-shape retention profile and it exhibits typical hydrophilic characteristic when the organic solvent fraction in the mobile phase is > 60%. Hydrogen bonding, anion exchange, and hydrophobic interaction are involved in the retention mechanism. Good separation and unique selectivity for acidic, basic and neutral polar analytes were achieved. It showed extremely low column bleed (comparable to that of blank) under gradient elution mode (even to 50% fraction of water) and wide pH tollerance range (at least 1-13).

Polyelectrolyte-grafted anion exchangers with hydrophilic intermediate layers for ion chromatography

The hydrophobicity of polymer-based anion exchangers is a persistent problem in suppressed anionic chromatography (SAC) due to its adverse effect on chromatographic performance. Herein we describe polyelectrolyte-grafted anion exchangers with modified hydrophilic intermediate layers. The anion exchangers were functionalized by successively grafting a linear cationic condensation polymer (LCCP), a preprepared polyelectrolyte. The carboxylic/hydroxylic intermediate layers formed during thiol-radical-mediated polymerization exert distinct effects on the phase capacity and hydrophobicity. The separation of typical inorganic anions, polarizable anions, and organic acids shows that the anion exchangers display good performance in SAC mode.

Preparation of an anion stationary phase modified by quaternary ammoniated allyl glycidyl ether

制备了一种季铵化烯丙基缩水甘油醚(allyl glycidyl ether, AGE)改性聚合物基质的阴离子固定相应用于离子色谱系统。它是利用AGE与水解的聚甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯-二乙烯基苯(poly(glycidylmethacrylate-divinylbenzene, GMA-DVB)微球表面残留双键通过表面自由基共聚,再通过N,N-二甲基乙醇胺(一种叔胺)进行开环反应制备得到的。通过考察有机叔胺类型、微球水解、单体和引发剂用量、反应温度和时间对7种阴离子分离性能的影响,优化了制备条件。采用扫描电镜、元素分析对所得阴离子固定相进行了表征。结果表明,采用预先水解的GMA-DVB微球(水解过程中微球表面丰富的环氧基团转化为羟基)相对于直接采用GMA-DVB微球有助于降低固定相的交换容量和微球自身的非离子吸附作用;通过淋洗液浓度和目标离子保留因子的拟合结果证实了该固定相保留机理为典型的离子交换作用。使用碳酸根淋洗液,在优化的色谱条件下,该固定相可在13 min内实现常见7种无机阴离子的基线分离,并表现出较高的柱效(Cl^-理论塔板数为49000块/m)。该色谱柱实用性通过分析自来水实际样品进行了验证。

Dendrimer-functionalized hydrothermal nanosized carbonaceous spheres as superior anion exchangers for ion chromatographic separation

Polyamidamine (PAMAM) dendrimer-functionalized hydrothermal nanosized carbonaceous spheres (HNCSs) were prepared and utilized as latexes for agglomerated anion exchange chromatography (AEC) stationary phase. The high-concentration and scalable production of monodisperse HNCSs (73-98 nm) was accomplished via the polyquaternium-7-assisted hydrothermal carbonization of fructose. The novel PAMAM-based quaternizations of HNCSs were designed by the amidation with PAMAM and epoxy-amine addition reaction with glycidol in aqueous solution. The mild functionalization condition leads to well-kept morphology of HNCSs, which forms one even latex layer on the sulfonated surface of polystyrene-divinylbenzene microbeads for the construction of AEC packing. Under isocratic elution, seven common inorganic anions and five organic acids were baseline separated in 9 min on prepared packing with efficiencies of 54,000-79,800 plates m^-1 and asymmetry factor (As) of 1.02-1.12. The obtained separation efficiency, peak symmetry, and analysis time were superior to reported or typical commercial counterparts. The quick separation of polarizable anions in 7 min and carbohydrates in 5 min could also be carried out with symmetrical peaks (As: 1.00-1.18) and high efficiencies (49,700-62,100 N/m). Favorable stability and reproducibility were proved by continuous flushing and injection. The constructed packings were further applied to the determination of thiosulfate and sulfate in water reducer, galacturonic acid in Angelica polysaccharide hydrolysate, and fluoride samples in 4 min.

The Novel Polymethacrylate Based Hydrophilic Stationary Phase for Ion Chromatography

Ion chromatography is widely used as a useful and powerful tool for the analysis of anionic and cationic components found in waters and aqueous media. The performance and selectivity of ion chromatography are based on the stationary phase column packed material. In this study, it is aimed to develop new column material with quaternary ammonium functional group based on monodisperse polymeric particles for ion chromatography and to investigate their chromatographic performance. For the analysis of inorganic anions by ion chromatography, new stationary phases macroporous monodisperse particles based on 3-chloro-2-hydroxy propylmethacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate are obtained as column packing material. 3-chloro-2-hydroxy propylmethacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate are transformed to porous monodisperse particle form by using glycidyl methacrylate as the seed latex and ethyl benzene as the porogen solvent via micro-suspension polymerization technique. Then macroporous monodisperse particles surface is functionalized by triethylamine so strong anion exchange is obtained for ion chromatography packing material. A series of stationary phases prepared from polymer particles containing different amounts of porogen solvent were tested. The results show that column packing material is successful to separate inorganic anions mixture such as F−, Cl−, NO2−, Br−, NO3− by using the carbonate and bicarbonate solutions as mobile phases.

An overview of poly (amide-amine) dendrimers functionalized chromatographic separation materials

Chromatography is one of the most important separation techniques in analytical chemistry. In which, the separation materials are the core for good separation results. Poly (amide-amine) dendrimers with regular three-dimensional structure, abundant terminal groups, controllable molecule chains, and unique cavities appear to have a positive impact on chromatographic separation materials. In the past decades, poly (amide-amine) grafted adsorbents and stationary phases have presented high grafting efficiency, controllable surface structure, good dispersion, and wide practical applications. In this review, the prepared poly (amide-amine) functionalized separation materials and their applications are systematically summarized. Functions, significance, structure-actvity relationships and benefits of poly (amide-amine) dendrimers in the proposed separation materials are discussed in detail. And we hope to provide a useful reference for the future development of chromatographic separation materials and inspire new discoveries in the study of poly (amide-amine) functionalized materials.

Sustainable hydrophilic ultrasmall carbonaceous spheres modified by click reaction for high-performance polymeric ion chromatographic stationary phase

Novel poly(ethylvinylbenzene-divinylbenzene) (EVB-DVB) agglomerated with ultrasmall carbonaceous spheres (UCSs) anion-exchange packings for ion chromatography (IC) were constructed. Hydrophilic UCSs with mean sizes of 62-98 nm were synthesized in quantity by the polydiallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride aided hydrothermal carbonization of fructose. The green strategy based on the thiol-ene click reaction with cysteamine in aqueous system was first designed for the hyperbranched polyquaternary amine (HPA) grafting of UCSs with negligible damage on their monodispersity. The HPA modified UCSs were evenly distributed on sulfonated EVB-DVB substrate to form one uniform layer of functional nanospheres without observable coagulum. Seven typical anions (F^-, Cl^-, NO₂^-, Br^-, NO₃^-, SO₄^2- and PO₄^3-) were baseline separated on constructed packing in 5 min with high efficiencies in the range of 44,800-71,100 plates m ^- 1. The rapid separation of polarizable anions, small organic acids and saccharides could be also accomplished under isocratic elution with competitive peak symmetry and efficiency. Good reproducibility was demonstrated by consecutive injection. Thiosulfate in water reducer was further detected on prepared packing in 4 min with detection limit of 0.04 mg L ^- 1 (S/N = 3) and good repeatability.

Mixed-acidic cation-exchange material for the separation of underivatized amino acids

Mixed-acidic cation-exchange (MCX) columns with both strongly (SCX) and weakly (WCX) acidic functional groups were developed for the separation of standard amino acids. The resins were prepared by carboxylation of highly crosslinked monodisperse poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) copolymer particles with performic acid and subsequent sulfonation with sulfuric acid. The degree of functionalization was varied independently for each processing step and controlled by measuring pH dependent retention of the obtained resins. A series of mixed-acidic resins with different SCX/WCX-ratios was chromatographically characterized by variation of formic acid and acetonitrile concentration in the aqueous eluent. The overall cation-exchange capacity was varied from 33 to 68 µmol/mL. The comparison with two commercial columns (Metrohm Metrosep C6, WCX and Hamilton PRP X-200, SCX) revealed the additive character of the different functional group properties within MCX columns and a unique selectivity which can be adjusted by both eluent composition and SCX/WCX-ratio of the resin. The retention window between neutral and basic amino acids was altered by varying the amount of sulfonic acid groups attached to the polymer. Orthogonality plots demonstrated constant selectivity for neutral amino acids. Correlating the retention data with log P data demonstrated the influence of non-ionic hydrophobic and π-π-interactions for the separation of amino acids on PS/DVB-based cation-exchangers. An isocratic IC-ESI-MS method was developed to separate and quantitate 20 underivatized standard amino acids within 30 min. Limits of detection were between 4 and 64 nmol L^-1 and a high linearity of calibration curves was obtained for all analytes. The method was validated by comparing a certified reference standard with external calibration data.

Methoxy terminated poly dimethylsiloxane bonded stationary phase for reversed-phase liquid chromatography

In this work, a methoxy terminated poly dimethylsiloxane modified silica gel material was proposed as a novel stationary phase for reversed-phase liquid chromatography. With 5 μm silica gel as matrix, methoxy terminated poly dimethylsiloxane polymer was grafted by one step chemical bonding reaction. The obtained stationary phase was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and element analysis. To our knowledge, this is the novel methoxy terminated poly dimethylsiloxane bonded stationary phase with good separation efficiency (42107-46988 plates/m for benzene homologues) and high stability (RSD is 0.08-5.09%). Comparing to other traditional columns of the same type, the proposed stationary phase has a wider polarity separation scale and shorter analysis time. In addition to the rapid separation of hydrophobic compound, such column also exhibited great potential in the separation of hydrophilic analytes.

A review of the design of packing materials for ion chromatography

The development of ion chromatography has made remarkable progress in the past few decades, and it is now widely used for the analysis of common ions and organic compounds. Ion chromatography has many advantages, such as fast, high sensitivity, good selectivity and support for simultaneous analysis of multiple ionic compounds. In order to meet the high requirements of material analysis, new packing materials for ion chromatography with higher sensitivity and selectivity have been developed. In this paper, a lot of knowledge of ion chromatography is reviewed, and the development of ion chromatographic packings in recent years, especially in the last five years, is summarized.

Prospects of using hyperbranched stationary phase based on poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) in mixed-mode chromatography

Evaluation of the chromatographic properties of covalently bonded hyperbranched stationary phase based on poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) (PS-DVB) and containing zwitterionic fragments in the structure of functional layer was conducted in suppressed ion chromatography (IC), reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP HPLC), and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) modes. Besides the possibility of resolving 20 inorganic anions and organic acids using KOH eluent in suppressed IC, prepared resin provided the separation of alkylbenzenes in RP HPLC, water-soluble vitamins, amino acids, and sugars in HILIC mode. Trends in the retention of hydrophobic and polar analytes on the prepared stationary phase indicated the dominating effect of analyte nature on the retention mechanism and proved satisfactory hydrophilization of PS-DVB surface with hyperbranched functional layer for retaining polar compounds. The obtained results revealed good prospects of using hydrophobic PS-DVB substrate for preparing stationary phases for mixed-mode chromatography.

Preparation and application of PGMA-DVB microspheres via surface-modification with quaternary and phenylboronic acid moiety

Porous cross-linked poly (glycidyl methacrylate-divinylbenzene) (PGMA-DVB) particles (7.42 ± 0.24 μm in diameter) were prepared by an improved two-step seed swelling polymerization method. The PGMA-DVB particles were further modified with poly (allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and 4-(bromomethyl) phenylboronic acid (BPA), which were used as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) filler for nucleotides separation. The liquid chromatographic column packing materials successfully achieved complete separation of nucleotides mixture or deoxynucleotides mixture based on non-polar adsorption, hydrogen bonding interaction and electrostatic adsorption. Reckoning on the chemical structure of BPA, nucleotides and deoxynucleotides with same base group were also separated. The column packing materials were durable after over 100 time running or 7 days. It presents a kind of new notion for the separation of nucleotides by HPLC.

Emerging biomaterials for downstream manufacturing of therapeutic proteins

Downstream processing is considered one of the most challenging phases of industrial manufacturing of therapeutic proteins, accounting for a large portion of the total production costs. The growing demand for therapeutic proteins in the biopharmaceutical market in addition to a significant rise in upstream titers have placed an increasing burden on the downstream purification process, which is often limited by high cost and insufficient capacities. To achieve efficient production and reduced costs, a variety of biomaterials have been exploited to improve the current techniques and also to develop superior alternatives. In this work, we discuss the significance of utilizing traditional biomaterials in downstream processing and review the recent progress in the development of new biomaterials for use in protein separation and purification. Several representative methods will be highlighted and discussed in detail, including affinity chromatography, non-affinity chromatography, membrane separations, magnetic separations, and precipitation/phase separations. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Nowadays, downstream processing of therapeutic proteins is facing great challenges created by the rapid increase of the market size and upstream titers, starving for significant improvements or innovations in current downstream unit operations. Biomaterials have been widely used in downstream manufacturing of proteins and efforts have been continuously devoted to developing more advanced biomaterials for the implementation of more efficient and economical purification methods. This review covers recent advances in the development and application of biomaterials specifically exploited for various chromatographic and non-chromatographic techniques, highlighting several promising alternative strategies.

Influencing the selectivity of grafted anion exchangers utilizing the solubility of the radical initiator during the graft process

A previously published radical graft-functionalization method for the synthesis of high performance anion exchangers was further investigated to control the capacity and selectivity of the exchangers. Using a hydrophobic radical initiator instead of a hydrophilic one diminished the influence of rivaling homopolymerization of monomer during the functionalization step. Instead of only generating monomer radicals in free solution the radicals are ideally generated on top of the PS/DVB surface. However, in both cases the selectivity factors of polarizable anions bromide and nitrate in relation to chloride increased strongly with increasing capacity of the exchanger. Higher exchanger capacities could lead to coelution of bromide and/or nitrate with other analytes such as sulfate or phosphate when using the eluent as proposed in this work. By variation of the organic solvent used for functionalization it was possible to remove both the rivaling homopolymerization and the strong influence of the capacity on the selectivity. With increasing solubility of the hydrophobic radical initiator in the organic solvent the influence of the homopolymerization and the influence on the selectivity factor of bromide and nitrate decreased. Additionally, a change of bromate selectivity factor could be observed. The bromate signal is shifted closer towards the chloride signal. However, with increasing solubility of the radical initiator in the organic solvent the observed capacity of the exchangers decreases linearly, resulting in higher amounts of monomer needed for functionalization.

Column Characterization and Selection Systems in Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) is the most popular chromatographic mode, accounting for more than 90% of all separations. HPLC itself owes its immense popularity to it being relatively simple and inexpensive, with the equipment being reliable and easy to operate. Due to extensive automation, it can be run virtually unattended with multiple samples at various separation conditions, even by relatively low-skilled personnel. Currently, there are >600 RP-HPLC columns available to end users for purchase, some of which exhibit very large differences in selectivity and production quality. Often, two similar RP-HPLC columns are not equally suitable for the requisite separation, and to date, there is no universal RP-HPLC column covering a variety of analytes. This forces analytical laboratories to keep a multitude of diverse columns. Therefore, column selection is a crucial segment of RP-HPLC method development, especially since sample complexity is constantly increasing. Rationally choosing an appropriate column is complicated. In addition to the differences in the primary intermolecular interactions with analytes of the dispersive (London) type, individual columns can also exhibit a unique character owing to specific polar, hydrogen bond, and electron pair donor-acceptor interactions. They can also vary depending on the type of packing, amount and type of residual silanols, "end-capping", bonding density of ligands, and pore size, among others. Consequently, the chromatographic performance of RP-HPLC systems is often considerably altered depending on the selected column. Although a wide spectrum of knowledge is available on this important subject, there is still a lack of a comprehensive review for an objective comparison and/or selection of chromatographic columns. We aim for this review to be a comprehensive, authoritative, critical, and easily readable monograph of the most relevant publications regarding column selection and characterization in RP-HPLC covering the past four decades. Future perspectives, which involve the integration of state-of-the-art molecular simulations (molecular dynamics or Monte Carlo) with minimal experiments, aimed at nearly "experiment-free" column selection methodology, are proposed.

Synthesis of dendrimer functionalized adsorbents for rapid removal of glyphosate from aqueous solution

Protonated PAMAM grafted adsorbents for rapid removal of glyphosate.

Nanogold hybrid silica gel and its 1-octadecanethiol self-assembled modified composite as a stationary phase for liquid chromatography

Au nanoparticle-hybridized silica (Au@sil) spheres were synthesized in one step as a liquid chromatographic stationary phase for the first time.

Fabrication of graphene oxide polymer composite particles with grafted poly(amidoamine) dendrimers and their application in ion chromatography

Graphene oxide polymer composite particles with grafted PAMAM dendrimers and their application in ion chromatography.

Determination of Inorganic Cations and Anions in Chitooligosaccharides by Ion Chromatography with Conductivity Detection

Chitooligosaccharides (COSs) are a promising drug candidate and food ingredient because they are innately biocompatible, non-toxic, and non-allergenic to living tissues. Therefore, the impurities in COSs must be clearly elucidated and precisely determined. As for COSs, most analytical methods focus on the determination of the average degrees of polymerization (DPs) and deacetylation (DD), as well as separation and analysis of the single COSs with different DPs. However, little is known about the concentrations of inorganic cations and anions in COSs. In the present study, an efficient and sensitive ion chromatography coupled with conductivity detection (IC-CD) for the determination of inorganic cations Na⁺, NH₄⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, and chloride, acetate and lactate anions was developed. Detection limits were 0.01-0.05 μM for cations and 0.5-0.6 μM for anions. The linear range was 0.001-0.8 mM. The optimized analysis was carried out on IonPac CS12A and IonPac AS12A analytical column for cations and anions, respectively, using isocratic elution with 20 mM methanesulfonic acid and 4 mM sodium hydroxide aqueous solution as the mobile phase at a 1.0 mL/min flow rate. Quality parameters, including precision and accuracy, were fully validated and found to be satisfactory. The fully validated IC-CD method was readily applied for the quantification of various cations and anions in commercial COS technical concentrate.