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Yan X, Zhao Q, Yan Z, Chen X, He P, Li S, Fang Y. Determination of Pentachlorophenol in Seafood Samples from Zhejiang Province Using Pass-Through SPE-UPLC-MS/MS: Occurrence and Human Dietary Exposure Risk. Molecules 2023; 28:6394. [PMID: 37687223 PMCID: PMC10490177 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) has attracted wide attention due to its high toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation. In this study, a sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of PCP in seafood samples was developed and validated. The samples were ultrasonic extracted with acetonitrile containing 1% acetic acid-acetonitrile and followed by using a pass-through solid-phase extraction (SPE) cleanup on Captiva EMR-Lipid cartridges. The linearity of this method ranged from 1 to 1000 μg/L, with regression coefficients of >0.99. The detection limit and quantitation limit were 0.5 μg/kg and 1.0 μg/kg, respectively. The recoveries in different types of seafood samples ranged from 86.4% to 102.5%, and the intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 3.7% to 11.2% and 2.9% to 12.1%, respectively (n = 6). Finally, the method has been successfully utilized for the screening of PCP in 760 seafood samples from Zhejiang Province. PCP was detected in 5.8% of all seafood samples, with the largest portion of detections found in shellfish, accounting for approximately 60% of the total. The average concentrations detected ranged from 1.08 to 21.49 μg/kg. The non-carcinogenic risk indices for adults and children who consume PCP ranged from 10-4 to 10-3 magnitudes. All of these indices stayed significantly below 1, implying that the health risk from PCP in marine organisms to humans is minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Yan
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Qiaoling Zhao
- Zhoushan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Zhoushan 316012, China
| | - Zhongyong Yan
- Zhejiang Marine Ecology and Environment Monitoring Center, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Xuechang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Pengfei He
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Shiyan Li
- Zhejiang Fisheries Technology Extension Center, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
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2
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Zhang W, Tang Y, Han Y, Huang L, Zhou W, Zhou C, Hu Y, Lu R, Wang F, Shi W, Liu G. Immunotoxicity of pentachlorophenol to a marine bivalve species and potential toxification mechanisms underpinning. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129681. [PMID: 36104908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous presence of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in ocean environments threatens marine organisms. However, its effects on immunity of marine invertebrates at environmentally realistic levels are still largely unknown. In this study, the immunotoxicity of PCP to a representative bivalve species was evaluated. In addition, its impacts on metabolism, energy supply, detoxification, and oxidative stress status were also analysed by physiological examination as well as comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to reveal potential mechanisms underpinning. Results illustrated that the immunity of blood clams was evidently hampered upon PCP exposure. Additionally, significant alterations in energy metabolism were detected in PCP-exposed clams. Meanwhile, the expressions of key detoxification genes and the in vivo contents (or activity) of key detoxification enzymes were markedly altered. Exposure to PCP also triggered significant elevations in intracellular ROS and MDA whereas evident suppression of haemocyte viability. The abovementioned findings were further supported by transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. Our results suggest that PCP may hamper the immunity of the blood clam by (i) constraining the cellular energy supply through disrupting metabolism; and (ii) damaging haemocytes through inducing oxidative stress. Considering the high similarity of immunity among species, many marine invertebrates may be threatened by PCP, which deserves more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Tang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Han
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lin Huang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weishang Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chaosheng Zhou
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou 325005, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou 325005, China
| | - Rongmao Lu
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou 325005, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou 325005, China
| | - Wei Shi
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guangxu Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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3
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Tölgyessy P, Nagyová S. Contribution to the determination of tributyltin in water by stir bar sorptive extraction‒thermal desorption‒gas chromatography‒tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1678:463358. [PMID: 35905681 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
An environmentally friendly method was developed to determine tributyltin (TBT) in water at the levels required by the European Union Water Framework Directive (EU WFD) using stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) in combination with thermal desorption‒gas chromatography‒triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. The main focus of the method development was on addressing some aspects of reducing blank values (minimizing the use of chemicals, glassware cleaning, pretreatment of sorptive stir bars) and optimizing the SBSE procedure variables (sample volume, polarity of sample solution, extraction time). The performance of the method was studied in terms of linearity, matrix effect, method limits and accuracy (precision and trueness) using MilliQ, tap and surface water. TBT quantification limit for the studied matrices ranged from 0.049 to 0.055 ng L‒1 and repeatability (RSD%, n = 10) and recovery at the environmental quality standard (EQS) concentration of 0.2 ng L‒1 were in the range of 6‒18% and 88‒107%, respectively, indicating good performance of the method. The matrix effect of river water (‒78%) and artificial seawater (‒83%) compared to MilliQ water showed the necessity to use a matrix-matched calibration when analysing TBT in surface water samples. The developed sample preparation was further evaluated for greenness using the recently introduced AGREEprep assessment, which revealed a much greener performance of the proposed method over the compared CEN/TS 16692 method. The method meets the requirements of the EU WFD and is suitable for monitoring, evaluation and classification of the chemical status of surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Tölgyessy
- Slovak National Water Reference Laboratory, Water Research Institute, Nábrežie arm. gen. L. Svobodu 5, Bratislava 812 49, Slovak Republic.
| | - Slávka Nagyová
- Slovak National Water Reference Laboratory, Water Research Institute, Nábrežie arm. gen. L. Svobodu 5, Bratislava 812 49, Slovak Republic
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4
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de Barros MR, Winiarski JP, de Matos Morawski F, Marim RG, Chaves ES, Blacha-Grzechnik A, Jost CL. A high-performance electrochemical sensor based on a mesoporous silica/titania material and cobalt(II) phthalocyanine for sensitive pentachlorophenol determination. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:269. [PMID: 35788785 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05360-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of a novel titania/silica hybrid xerogel subsequently modified with 4-methylpyridine (4-Pic), named TiSi4Pic+Cl- is reported. The physicochemical, structural and thermal properties of TiSi4Pic+Cl- were characterized using several techniques. Anchoring cobalt(II) phthalocyanine (CoTsPc) in TiSi4Pic+Cl- showed greater electroanalytical sensitivity over other sensors built with these materials. A novel electroanalytical method was developed to quantify the noxious biocide pentachlorophenol (PCP) for environmental monitoring. The peak current intensity increased linearly with the analyte concentration in the range between 0.99 and 4.21 μmol L-1, based on the oxidation process (at + 0.81 V, vs. Ag/AgCl) of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The estimated limit of detection (LOD) was 29 nmol L-1. Recovery tests in environmental samples showed a PCP concentration of 2.05 ± 0.03 μmol L-1 (n = 3). The method was statistically validated by comparing the PCP concentrations with those obtained by molecular absorption spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). At a 95% confidence level, no difference between the results was found, therefore confirming the excellent accuracy of the proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Reginato de Barros
- ampere - Laboratório de Plataformas Eletroquímicas - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - Departamento de Química, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Winiarski
- ampere - Laboratório de Plataformas Eletroquímicas - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - Departamento de Química, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Franciele de Matos Morawski
- ampere - Laboratório de Plataformas Eletroquímicas - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - Departamento de Química, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Renan Guilherme Marim
- LEMA- Laboratório de Espectrometria Atômica E de Massa - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - Departamento de Química, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Sidinei Chaves
- LEMA- Laboratório de Espectrometria Atômica E de Massa - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - Departamento de Química, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Agata Blacha-Grzechnik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Cristiane Luisa Jost
- ampere - Laboratório de Plataformas Eletroquímicas - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - Departamento de Química, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
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5
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Kraševec I, Nemeček N, Lozar Štamcar M, Kralj Cigić I, Prosen H. Non-Destructive Detection of Pentachlorophenol Residues in Historical Wooden Objects. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13071052. [PMID: 33801630 PMCID: PMC8036368 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wood is a natural polymeric material that is an important constituent of many heritage collections. Because of its susceptibility to biodegradation, it is often chemically treated with substances that can be harmful to human health. One of the most widely used wood preservatives was pentachlorophenol (PCP), which is still present in museum objects today, although its use has been restricted for about forty years. The development of non-destructive methods for its determination, suitable for the analysis of valuable objects, is therefore of great importance. In this work, two non-destructive solid-phase microextraction (SPME) methods were developed and optimized, using either headspace or contact mode. They were compared with a destructive solvent extraction method and found to be suitable for quantification in the range of 7.5 to 75 mg PCP/kg wood at room temperature. The developed semi-quantitative methods were applied in the wooden furniture depot of National Museum of Slovenia. PCP was detected inside two furniture objects using headspace mode. The pesticide lindane was also detected in one object. The indoor air of the depot with furniture was also sampled with HS SPME, and traces of PCP were found. According to the results, SPME methods are suitable for the detection of PCP residues in museum objects and in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Kraševec
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (I.K.); (H.P.)
| | - Nataša Nemeček
- National Museum of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.N.); (M.L.Š.)
| | | | - Irena Kralj Cigić
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (I.K.); (H.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-479-8549
| | - Helena Prosen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (I.K.); (H.P.)
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6
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Tunç M, Ay Ü, Can SZ, Bingöl D, Ün İ. Quantification of tributyltin in seawater using triple isotope dilution gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry achieving high accuracy and complying with European Water Framework Directive limits. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1637:461847. [PMID: 33412289 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A triple isotope dilution GC-ICPMS method for the determination of tributyltin (TBT) was developed and validated to meet the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) requirements. The validation procedure involved the evaluation of trueness, precision (repeatability, intermediate precision), limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ), stability, measurement uncertainty and traceability studies. The method is one of the most sensitive methods published to date with good accuracy, 103% average recovery in the range with %RSDs of 2.8-6.7%. A LOD value of 0.015 ng L-1 for the TBT cation was achieved with a sample volume of 12 mL seawater. TBT was derivatized using 20 µL sodium tetraethylborate solution (0.05% NaBEt4) to make volatile for GC-ICPMS. Measurement uncertainty was in the range of 4.8-13% which was achieved through dissolution of tributyltinchloride (TBTCl) in 1-propanol, a low-volatility solvent combined with the use of a triple isotope dilution (ID) calibration technique. Isotope dilution calibration was performed by adding 117Sn isotopically enriched TBT to the seawater samples. The stability test results showed that TBT concentration was stable for three months in seawater samples after passing through a 0.2 µm filter and stored in amber glass bottles at 4°C. The response surface methodology (RSM) approach was successfully implemented to provide optimal conditions for large volume injection (LVI) to obtain the maximum analytical signal. The key variables selected in the experimental design were evaporation time, evaporation temperature, carrier flow, and injection speed. This method was applied to seawater samples collected from the Bay of Izmit, Kocaeli, Turkey, where TBT pollution has not been measured yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Tunç
- TUBITAK Ulusal Metroloji Enstitüsü, Gebze, Kocaeli 41470, Turkey.
| | - Ümit Ay
- Kocaeli University, Department of Chemistry, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Süleyman Z Can
- TUBITAK Ulusal Metroloji Enstitüsü, Gebze, Kocaeli 41470, Turkey.
| | - Deniz Bingöl
- Kocaeli University, Department of Chemistry, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - İlker Ün
- TUBITAK Ulusal Metroloji Enstitüsü, Gebze, Kocaeli 41470, Turkey.
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7
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Tu XT, Zhou HX, Wang ST, Guo F, Rao Z, Zhan N, Zhu S, Jia J, Yang HB, Chen LY. Fully automated identification and quantification of five polar pesticides in groundwater by isotope dilution-online solid phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 56:e4650. [PMID: 33043550 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A fully automated method for identification and quantification of five polar pesticides in groundwater by isotope dilution-online solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry was developed. After one step of filtration, an aliquot of a 7.5-ml water sample was automatedly preconcentrated and purified on a turbulent Cyclone SPE column. The analytes were eluted in backflush mode, then separated on an analytical column and acquired by full MS/dd-MS2 scan in negative and positive ions mode. The major parameters for sample loading, cleanup, and elution were optimized in detail. Preconcentration and ionization efficiency were highly improved by using 0.1% acid solution in the mobile phase. The method provided good linearity of calibration coefficients (R2 > 0.995), sensitive method limits of detection (0.5-10.0 ng/L), accurate mass spectra (within 5 ppm error), satisfactory matrix spiking recoveries (98.4% to 109%), and high precision (intraday/interday relative standard deviations 1.57-8.90%). The method was successfully applied to analyze large batch groundwater of National Groundwater Monitoring Project and suspect screening of potential pesticides in groundwater. The study provided a practical alternative for a simple, robust, sensitive, and accurate identification and qualification of five polar pesticides in groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Ting Tu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Guizhou Academy of Testing and Analysis, Guizhou Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550000, China
| | - Han-Xiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Shu-Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Feng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Zhu Rao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Nan Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Shuai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Hong-Bo Yang
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Guizhou Academy of Testing and Analysis, Guizhou Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550000, China
| | - Ling-Yu Chen
- Guizhou Academy of Testing and Analysis, Guizhou Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550000, China
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8
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Karimi-Maleh H, Karimi F, Rezapour M, Bijad M, Farsi M, Beheshti A, Shahidi SA. Carbon Paste Modified Electrode as Powerful Sensor Approach Determination of Food Contaminants, Drug Ingredients, and Environmental Pollutants: A Review. CURR ANAL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411014666181026100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Application of electrochemical sensors for analysis of food, biological and
water polluting compounds helps to speed up their analysis in the real samples. Electrochemical sensors
with low cost, fast response and portable ability are a better choice compared to traditional
methods for analysis of electro-active compounds such as HPLC. Therefore, in recent years, many
analytical scientists have suggested this type of analytical method for analysis of food, biological
compounds and water pollutants.
Objective:
Due to low cost, easy modification and low non-faradic current, the carbon paste electrode
is a suitable choice as a working electrode in the electrochemical and especially voltammetric analysis.
On the other hand, modification of carbon paste electrode can improve the quality of the sensor
for the analysis of electroactive compounds at nanomolar level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Karimi-Maleh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Karimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, Iran
| | - Morteza Rezapour
- IP Department, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), P.O. Box 14665-137, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majede Bijad
- Department of Food Science, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farsi
- Department of Food Science, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
| | - Aliasghar Beheshti
- Department of Water Resources Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed-Ahmad Shahidi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
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9
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Ye Z, Sirés I, Zhang H, Huang YH. Mineralization of pentachlorophenol by ferrioxalate-assisted solar photo-Fenton process at mild pH. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 217:475-482. [PMID: 30439659 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the use of ferrioxalate complexes to assist solar photo-Fenton treatment of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in aqueous medium at mild pH, which inhibits the precipitation of iron hydroxides and allows working at a low iron dosage. The experimental parameters were optimized by assessing the effect of initial concentrations of H2O2 (0-2.5 mM) and Fe(II) (2-10 mg/L), pH (3.0-9.0) and iron/oxalic acid molar ratios (1:0-1:13.5) on total organic carbon (TOC) removal. Ferrioxalate-assisted solar photo-Fenton achieved 97.5% mineralization in 120 min, clearly outperforming conventional Fenton and solar photo-Fenton. The presence of photosensitive ferrioxalate complexes accounted for the enhancement, as a result of Fe(II) regeneration that accelerated the hydroxyl radical (OH) production. The time course of H2O2 and Fe(II) concentrations was evaluated under different iron/oxalic acid ratios. The five carboxylic acids determined by ion-exclusion HPLC and the eight aromatic by-products identified by GC-MS allowed the proposal of a degradation pathway that included hydroxylation, dechlorination and dimerization steps. Complete chloride ion release was achieved after 90 min of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Ye
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Sirés
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Yao-Hui Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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10
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Yu S, Yan Y, Zhai H, Gu X, Liu Y. Determination of dihalobenzoquinones in water using gas chromatography coupled with an electronic capture detector. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 215:57-61. [PMID: 30312917 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dihalobenzoquinones are a group of disinfection byproducts with high potential toxicity and thus currently receiving increased attention. A determination method of 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ) and 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DBBQ) was developed upon using liquid-liquid extraction and a gas chromatography with an electronic capture detector (LLE-GC-ECD). The optimized extraction condition was as the following: volume ratio of formic acid to water 0.005%, Na2SO4 dosage 200 g L-1, methyl-tert-butyl ether (MtBE)/water volume ratio 1/10, and extraction with MtBE for once. With the dosed concentrations of 0.5-5.0 μg L-1, the recovery rates of 2,6-DCBQ and 2,6-DBBQ were 81%-88% and 73%-96%. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) of the LLE-GC-ECD method were 2.4 and 2.7 ng L-1 in 1-L water for 2,6-DCBQ and 2,6-DBBQ. In six local tap waters, 2,6-DCBQ was detected in the range of <LOQ-20.5 ng L-1 and no 2,6-DBBQ was detected. The method is recommended for low-cost and rapid determination of 2,6-DCBQ and 2,6-DBBQ in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yuwei Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Hongyan Zhai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Xin Gu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
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