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van den Hurk RS, Lagerwaard B, Terlouw NJ, Sun M, Tieleman JJ, Verstegen AX, Samanipour S, Pirok BW, Gargano AF. Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Complex Protein Digest Analysis Using Parallel Gradients. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9294-9301. [PMID: 38758734 PMCID: PMC11154668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Despite the high gain in peak capacity, online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC × LC-HRMS) has not yet been widely applied to the analysis of complex protein digests. One reason is the method's reduced sensitivity which can be linked to the high flow rates of the second separation dimension (2D). This results in higher dilution factors and the need for flow splitters to couple to ESI-MS. This study reports proof-of-principle results of the development of an RPLC × RPLC-HRMS method using parallel gradients (2D flow rate of 0.7 mL min-1) and its comparison to shifted gradient methods (2D of 1.4 mL min-1) for the analysis of complex digests using HRMS (QExactive-Plus MS). Shifted and parallel gradients resulted in high surface coverage (SC) and effective peak capacity (SC of 0.6226 and 0.7439 and effective peak capacity of 779 and 757 in 60 min). When applied to a cell line digest sample, parallel gradients allowed higher sensitivity (e.g., average MS intensity increased by a factor of 3), allowing for a higher number of identifications (e.g., about 2600 vs 3900 peptides). In addition, reducing the modulation time to 10 s significantly increased the number of MS/MS events that could be performed. When compared to a 1D-RPLC method, parallel RPLC × RPLC-HRMS methods offered a higher separation performance (FHWH from 0.12 to 0.018 min) with limited sensitivity losses resulting in an increase of analyte identifications (e.g., about 6000 vs 7000 peptides and 1500 vs 1990 proteins).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick S. van den Hurk
- Analytical
Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
| | - Bart Lagerwaard
- Analytical
Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
| | - Nathan J. Terlouw
- Analytical
Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
| | - Mingzhe Sun
- Analytical
Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
| | - Job J. Tieleman
- Analytical
Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
| | - Anniek X. Verstegen
- Analytical
Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
| | - Saer Samanipour
- Analytical
Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
| | - Bob W.J. Pirok
- Analytical
Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
| | - Andrea F.G. Gargano
- Analytical
Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
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2
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Chen T, Le Bizec B, Dervilly G. Anabolic steroids in livestock production: Background and implications for chemical food safety. Steroids 2024; 206:109420. [PMID: 38580048 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The use of steroids in livestock animals is a source of concern for consumers because of the risks associated with the presence of their residues in foodstuffs of animal origin. Technological advances such as mass spectrometry have made it possible to play a fundamental role in controlling such practices, firstly for the discovery of marker metabolites but also for the monitoring of these compounds under the regulatory framework. Current control strategies rely on the monitoring of either the parent drug or its metabolites in various matrices of interest. As some of these steroids also have an endogenous status specific strategies have to be applied for control purposes. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date knowledge of analytical strategies, whether targeted or non-targeted, and whether they focus on markers of exposure or effect in the specific context of chemical food safety regarding the use of anabolic steroids in livestock. The role of new approaches in data acquisition (e.g. ion mobility), processing and analysis, (e.g. molecular networking), is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, Nantes 44300, France
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3
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Aly AA, Górecki T. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography with reversed phase in both dimensions: A review. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1721:464824. [PMID: 38522405 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC), and in particular comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC×LC), offers increased peak capacity, resolution and selectivity compared to one-dimensional liquid chromatography. It is commonly accepted that the technique produces the best results when the separation mechanisms in the two dimensions are completely orthogonal; however, the use of similar separation mechanisms in both dimensions has been gaining popularity as it helps avoid difficulties related to mobile phase incompatibility and poor column efficiency. The remarkable advantages of using reversed phase in both dimensions (RPLC×RPLC) over other separation mechanisms made it a promising technique in the separation of complex samples. This review discusses some physical and practical considerations in method development for 2D-LC involving the use of RP in both dimensions. In addition, an extensive overview is presented of different applications that relied on RPLC×RPLC and 2D-LC with reversed phase column combinations to separate components of complex samples in different fields including food analysis, natural product analysis, environmental analysis, proteomics, lipidomics and metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alshymaa A Aly
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Menia Governorate, Arab Republic of Egypt; Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Tadeusz Górecki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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4
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Yang X, Zeng P, Wen J, Wang C, Yao L, He M. Gain deeper insights into traditional Chinese medicines using multidimensional chromatography combined with chemometric approaches. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2024; 16:27-41. [PMID: 38375051 PMCID: PMC10874776 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) possess a rich historical background, unique theoretical framework, remarkable therapeutic efficacy, and abundant resources. However, the modernization and internationalization of TCMs have faced significant obstacles due to their diverse ingredients and unknown mechanisms. To gain deeper insights into the phytochemicals and ensure the quality control of TCMs, there is an urgent need to enhance analytical techniques. Currently, two-dimensional (2D) chromatography, which incorporates two independent separation mechanisms, demonstrates superior separation capabilities compared to the traditional one-dimensional (1D) separation system when analyzing TCMs samples. Over the past decade, new techniques have been continuously developed to gain actionable insights from complex samples. This review presents the recent advancements in the application of multidimensional chromatography for the quality evaluation of TCMs, encompassing 2D-gas chromatography (GC), 2D-liquid chromatography (LC), as well as emerging three-dimensional (3D)-GC, 3D-LC, and their associated data-processing approaches. These studies highlight the promising potential of multidimensional chromatographic separation for future phytochemical analysis. Nevertheless, the increased separation capability has resulted in higher-order data sets and greater demands for data-processing tools. Considering that multidimensional chromatography is still a relatively nascent research field, further hardware enhancements and the implementation of chemometric methods are necessary to foster its robust development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Pingping Zeng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Jin Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Chuanlin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Liangyuan Yao
- Hunan Qianjin Xiangjiang Pharmaceutical Joint Stock Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412000, China
| | - Min He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
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5
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Montero L, Ayala-Cabrera JF, Bristy FF, Schmitz OJ. Multi- 2D LC × LC as a Novel and Powerful Implement for the Maximum Separation of Complex Samples. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3398-3405. [PMID: 36721361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Achieving complete information about the chemical composition of complex samples requires the use of multianalytical platforms able to maximize the acquisition of high-quality data for unequivocal identification. However, this process requires long analysis times and several instruments. Food analysis is one of the analytical fields where the analysis of very complex samples has a huge impact. One of these complex samples is vermouth, a fortified wine based on the maceration of a large number of herbs, fruits, barks, seeds, and leaves. The application of conventional or even advanced analytical techniques like comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) liquid chromatography (LC × LC) does not provide enough separation power to resolve the complete profile of this sample. In this work, a novel 2DLC strategy called multi-2D LC × LC is developed. This new setup consists of the use of two different columns with different separation properties in the second dimension (2D) that can be selected during the LC × LC analysis accordingly to the chemical nature of the compounds eluted from the first dimension (1D). The vermouth sample was analyzed using a 1D-PFP and a combination of HILIC (from 0 to 30 min) and C18 (from 30 to the end) columns in the 2D. This setup increased both the peak capacity and the orthogonality of the analysis in comparison to the use of only one of the columns in the 2D. Multi-2D LC × LC is presented as an integrated 2DLC tool that maximizes the separation capacity for very complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Montero
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141Essen, Germany.,Teaching and Research Center for Separation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141Essen, Germany
| | - Juan F Ayala-Cabrera
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141Essen, Germany.,Teaching and Research Center for Separation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141Essen, Germany
| | - Fariha F Bristy
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141Essen, Germany.,Teaching and Research Center for Separation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver J Schmitz
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141Essen, Germany.,Teaching and Research Center for Separation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141Essen, Germany
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6
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Gu X, Yang L, Tao Q, Ai J, Yan C, Zheng J, Hong L. Application of heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to the characterization of highly polar impurities in calcium gluconate injection. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463632. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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7
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Renai L, Del Bubba M, Samanipour S, Stafford R, Gargano AF. Development of a comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatographic mass spectrometric method for the non-targeted identification of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in aqueous film-forming foams. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1232:340485. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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da Silva MC, Rocha DG, Pereira MDPM, Lana MAG, Assis DCSD, Faria AF. In Vivo Administration of Stanozolol in Cattle: Depletion and Stability Studies Using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4749-4754. [PMID: 35380851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An in vivo study was performed in order to evaluate the depletion time of stanozolol and its main metabolites using naturally incurred urine sample collected after the administration of intramuscular injections in 12 steers. A stability study was also carried out to investigate the influence of the storage period and the freeze-thaw cycles. A fast parent drug metabolization was observed, because within 6 h after drug administration, the signal of the metabolite 16β-hydroxystanozolol was predominant. After the second drug administration, a detection window of 17 days was obtained. The stability was studied using ANOVA, in which a storage condition of -20 °C proved stable during 240 days, which was also confirmed after 5 freeze-thaw cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C da Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Diego G Rocha
- Federal Laboratory of Animal and Plant Health and Inspection of Minas Gerais, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply of Brazil, Av. Rômulo Joviano, s/no, Olaria, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais 33250-220, Brazil
| | - Marianna de P M Pereira
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Mary Ane G Lana
- Federal Laboratory of Animal and Plant Health and Inspection of Minas Gerais, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply of Brazil, Av. Rômulo Joviano, s/no, Olaria, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais 33250-220, Brazil
| | - Débora C S de Assis
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Adriana F Faria
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
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9
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Liang L, Duan W, Zhao C, Zhang Y, Sun B. Recent Development of Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography in Food Analysis. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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10
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Interest of HRMS systems in analytical toxicology: Focus on doping products. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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11
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Online pressurized liquid extraction enables directly chemical analysis of herbal medicines: A mini review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 205:114332. [PMID: 34455204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extraction is responsible for transferring components from solid materials into solvent. Tedious extraction procedures are usually involved in liquid chromatography-based chemical analysis of herbal medicines (HMs), resulting in extensive consumptions of organic solvents, time, energy, and materials, as well as the significant chemical degradation risks for those labile compounds. Fortunately, an emerging online pressurized liquid extraction (OLE, also known as online liquid extraction) technique has been developed for the achievement of directly chemical analysis for solid matrices in recent years, and in a short period, this versatile technique has been widely applied for the chemical analysis of HMs. In the present mini-review, we aim to briefly summarize the principles, the instrumentation, along with the application progress of this robust and flexible extraction technique in the latest six years, and the emerging challenges and future prospects are discussed as well. Special attention is paid onto the hyphenation of the versatile OLE module with LC-MS instrument. The described information is expected to introduce a promising OLE approach and to provide the guidance for the achievement of directly chemical analysis of, but not limited to, HMs.
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12
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Chapel S, Heinisch S. Strategies to circumvent the solvent strength mismatch problem in online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:7-26. [PMID: 34525266 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
On-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography is a powerful technique for the separation of highly complex samples. Due to the addition of the second dimension of separation, impressive peak capacities can be obtained within a reasonable analysis time compared to one-dimensional liquid chromatography. In online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography, the separation power is maximized by selecting two separation dimensions as orthogonal as possible, which most often requires the combination of different mobile phases and stationary phases. The online transfer of a given solvent from the first dimension to the second dimension may cause severe injection effects in the second dimension, mostly due to solvent strength mismatch. Those injection effects may include peak broadening, peak distortion, peak splitting or breakthrough phenomenon. They are often found to reduce significantly the peak capacity and the peak intensity. To overcome such effects, arising specifically in online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography, different methods have been developed over the years. In this review, we focused on the most recently reported ones. A critical discussion, supported by a theoretical approach, gives an overview of their advantages and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Chapel
- Université de Lyon, Institut des sciences analytiques, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sabine Heinisch
- Université de Lyon, Institut des sciences analytiques, Villeurbanne, France
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13
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McIlvin MR, Saito MA. Online Nanoflow Two-Dimension Comprehensive Active Modulation Reversed Phase-Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Metaproteomics of Environmental and Microbiome Samples. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:4589-4597. [PMID: 34384028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metaproteomics is a powerful analytical approach that can assess the functional capabilities deployed by microbial communities in both environmental and biomedical microbiome settings. Yet, the mass spectra resulting from these mixed biological communities are challenging to obtain due to the high number of low intensity peak features. The use of multiple dimensions of chromatographic separation prior to mass spectrometry analyses has been applied to proteomics previously but can require increased sampling handling and instrument time. Here, we demonstrate an automated online comprehensive active modulation two-dimensional liquid chromatography method for metaproteome sample analysis. A high pH PLRP-S column was used in the first dimension followed by low pH separation in the second dimension using dual modulating C18 traps and a C18 column. This method increased the number of unique peptides found in ocean metaproteome samples by more than 50% when compared to a one-dimension separation while using the same amount of sample and instrument time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R McIlvin
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02563, United States
| | - Mak A Saito
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02563, United States
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14
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Collins SL, Koo I, Peters JM, Smith PB, Patterson AD. Current Challenges and Recent Developments in Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2021; 14:467-487. [PMID: 34314226 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091620-015205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) has advanced the study of metabolism in living systems by allowing many metabolites to be measured in a single experiment. Although improvements in mass detector sensitivity have facilitated the detection of greater numbers of analytes, compound identification strategies, feature reduction software, and data sharing have not kept up with the influx of MS data. Here, we discuss the ongoing challenges with MS-based metabolomics, including de novo metabolite identification from mass spectra, differentiation of metabolites from environmental contamination, chromatographic separation of isomers, and incomplete MS databases. Because of their popularity and sensitive detection of small molecules, this review focuses on the challenges of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based methods. We then highlight important instrumentational, experimental, and computational tools that have been created to address these challenges and how they have enabled the advancement of metabolomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Collins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Imhoi Koo
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA;
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA;
| | - Philip B Smith
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA;
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15
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da Silva MC, Borgati TF, Rocha DG, Lana MAG, Faria AF. A Quantitative and Confirmatory Method Employing Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Hybrid High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and QuEChERS for the Determination of Thirty-Seven Growth Promoter Residues in Bovine Urine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7990-7996. [PMID: 34227807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, 37 growth promoters were quantitatively determined in bovine urine using a QuEChERS approach with acetonitrile, NaCl, and MgSO4:PSA for sample extraction. The analytes were separated and detected by liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid high-resolution mass spectrometry. The method was validated in accordance with the Decision 657/2002/EC guidelines, in which recoveries fell within the range 84-113%, relative standard varied between 2 and 32%, and detection limit between 0.1 and 2.5 μg L-1. An adequate performance was evidenced during a proficiency test evaluation, and the developed method has been applied to routine analysis of growth promoters in Brazil. A highlight is the easiness of sample extraction combined with a quantitative determination of forbidden drugs using high-resolution mass spectrometry, which enables retrospective analysis in a surveillance perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C da Silva
- Department of Chemistry - Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Thiago F Borgati
- Laboratory of Residues and Contaminants in Food of the Agricultural Defense Federal Laboratory of Minas Gerais. Av. Rômulo Joviano, Pedro Leopoldo 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Diego G Rocha
- Laboratory of Residues and Contaminants in Food of the Agricultural Defense Federal Laboratory of Minas Gerais. Av. Rômulo Joviano, Pedro Leopoldo 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Mary Ane G Lana
- Laboratory of Residues and Contaminants in Food of the Agricultural Defense Federal Laboratory of Minas Gerais. Av. Rômulo Joviano, Pedro Leopoldo 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Adriana F Faria
- Department of Chemistry - Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
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16
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Jiafeng Y, Decheng S, Xiaoyong L, Yang L, Guangyu L, Min BS. Multiresidue determination of 19 anabolic steroids in animal oil using enhanced matrix removal lipid cleanup and ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:2374-2383. [PMID: 34027940 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00437a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A method for sensitive analysis of 19 anabolic steroids (AS) in animal oil using enhanced matrix removal lipid (EMR-Lipid) cleanup and ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was developed. Oil samples were extracted with 20 mL of acetonitrile aqueous solution and purified using EMR-Lipid cartridges. The eluent was evaporated to dryness under nitrogen and analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS using 0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid-water solutions as the mobile phase via gradient elution. The method effectively removed unwanted matrix co-extractives better than other extraction cleanup techniques while still delivering acceptable recovery results for most of the AS. The established quantification method showed AS recovery in the range of 72.9-110.7% with good precision (relative standard deviation < 15%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiafeng
- Liaoning Provincial Inspection and Testing Certification Center, Shenyang 110016, China
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17
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Hand RA, Bassindale T, Turner N, Morgan G. Application of comprehensive 2D chromatography in the anti-doping field: Sample identification and quantification. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1178:122584. [PMID: 34224963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anti-doping analysis requires an exceptional level of accuracy and precision given the stakes that are at play. Current methods rely on the application of chromatographic techniques linked with mass spectrometry to provide this. However, despite the effectiveness of these techniques in achieving good selectivity and specificity, some issues still exist. In order to reach the minimum required performance level as set by WADA, labs commonly use selective monitoring by quadrupole mass spectrometry. This can be potentially fooled through the use of masking agents or by moving the peaks, as often only a small portion of the spectrum is used for analysis. Further issues exist in the inability to detect new or modified compounds, or to reanalyse samples/spectra. One technique that could overcome these problems is that of comprehensive 2D chromatography. Here a second separation column is employed to generate greater separative power. Compared to conventional separation, GCxGC allows for a greater peak capacity (i.e., number of peaks that can be resolved within a given time) and greater separation of coeluting compounds, which makes the technique promising for the complex task required in anti-doping. When combined with Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry this technique demonstrates vast potential allowing for full mass range datasets to be obtained for retroactive analysis. Similarly, LCxLC provides improvements in resolving power compared to its 1D counterpart and can be used both online as part of the analysis or offline solely as a purification step. In this review we summarise the work in this field so far, how comprehensive chromatography has been applied to anti-doping studies, and discuss the future application for this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Hand
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE2 9BH, UK
| | - Thomas Bassindale
- Department of Biosciences and Chemistry, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
| | - Nicholas Turner
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE2 9BH, UK
| | - Geraint Morgan
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK.
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18
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Liu S, Li Z, Yu B, Wang S, Shen Y, Cong H. Recent advances on protein separation and purification methods. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 284:102254. [PMID: 32942182 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein, as the material basis of vita, is the crucial undertaker of life activities, which constitutes the framework and main substance of human tissues and organs, and takes part in various forms of life activities in organisms. Separating proteins from biomaterials and studying their structures and functions are of great significance for understanding the law of life activities and clarifying the essence of life phenomena. Therefore, scientists have proposed the new concept of proteomics, in which protein separation technology plays a momentous role. It has been diffusely used in the food industry, agricultural biological research, drug development, disease mechanism, plant stress mechanism, and marine environment research. In this paper, combined with the recent research situation, the progress of protein separation technology was reviewed from the aspects of extraction, precipitation, membrane separation, chromatography, electrophoresis, molecular imprinting, microfluidic chip and so on.
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19
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The use of UHPLC, IMS, and HRMS in multiresidue analytical methods: A critical review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1158:122369. [PMID: 33091675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Residue chemists who analyse pesticides in vegetables or veterinary drugs in animal-based food are currently facing a situation where there is a requirement to detect more and more compounds at lower and lower concentrations. Conventional tandem quadrupole instruments provide sufficient sensitivity, but speed and selectivity appear as future limitations. This will become an even larger issue when there is a need to not only detect active compounds but also their degradation products and metabolites. This will likely lead to a situation in which the conventional targeted approach must be expanded or augmented by a certain non-targeted strategy. High-resolution mass spectrometry provides such capabilities, but it frequently requires an additional degree of selectivity for the unequivocal confirmation of analytes present at trace levels in highly complex and variable food matrices. The hyphenation of ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography with ion mobility and high-resolution mass spectrometry provides analytical chemists with a new tool for performing such a demanding multiresidue analysis. The objective of this paper is to investigate the benefits of the added ion mobility dimension as well as to critically discuss the current limitations of this commercially available technology.
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20
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Jobst KJ, Arora A, Pollitt KG, Sled JG. Dried blood spots for the identification of bio-accumulating organic compounds: current challenges and future perspectives. CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & HEALTH 2020; 15:66-73. [PMID: 33073071 PMCID: PMC7560987 DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The exposome is a concept that underlines the critical relationship between health and environmental exposures, including environmental toxicants. Currently, most environmental exposures that contribute to the exposome have not been characterized. Dried-blood spots (DBS) offer a cost-effective, reliable approach to characterize the blood exposome, which consists of diverse endogenous and exogenous chemicals, including persistent and bioaccumulating organic compounds. Current challenges involve prioritizing the identification by state-of-the-art mass spectrometry of likely up to tens of thousands of compounds present in blood; characterizing substances that represent a mixture of myriad constituent compounds; and detecting trace level contaminants, especially in quantity-limited matrices like DBS. This contribution reviews recent trends in DBS analysis of chemical pollutants and highlights the need for continued research in analytical chemistry to advance the field of exposomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J. Jobst
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 283 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's A1B 3X7 Canada
| | - Anmol Arora
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, 06520 USA
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Krystal Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, 06520 USA
| | - John G. Sled
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto M5T 3H7, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada
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21
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Groeneveld G, Pirok BWJ, Schoenmakers PJ. Perspectives on the future of multi-dimensional platforms. Faraday Discuss 2020; 218:72-100. [PMID: 31140485 DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00233a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) formats have emerged to help address separation problems that are too complex for conventional one-dimensional LC. There are a number of obstacles to the proliferation of 2D-LC that are gradually being removed. Reliable commercial instrumentation has become available and data analysis software is being improved. Detector-sensitivity and phase-system compatibility issues can largely be solved by using active-modulation strategies. The remaining challenge, developing good and fast 2D-LC methods within a reasonable time, may be solved with smart algorithms. The technology platform that has been developed for 2D-LC also creates a number of other possibilities. Between the two separation stages, all kinds of physical (e.g. dissolution) or chemical (e.g. enzymatic or light-induced degradation) processes can be made to take place, allowing a wide variety of experiments to be performed within a single, efficient and automated analysis. All these developments are discussed in this paper and a number of critical issues are identified. A practical example, the characterization of polysorbates by high-resolution comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography in combination with high-resolution mass spectrometry, is described as a culmination of recent developments in 2D-LC and as an illustration of the current state of the art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino Groeneveld
- University of Amsterdam, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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22
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Nardiello D, Melfi MT, Pignatelli C, Centonze D. Enhancing online protein isolation as intact species from soy flour samples by actively modulated two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 179:112976. [PMID: 31757574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an enhanced fully automated approach is described for the protein isolation from soy flour samples by two-dimensional liquid chromatography with active modulation interface. The use of two multi-port switching valves is proposed to on-line connect the first to the second dimension column, thus overcoming the problems associated with the re-mixing effects and incompatibility of eluent composition and pH. A 5-cm long C4 analytical column installed in the interface device allows to focus the proteins coming from the first column (size exclusion chromatography), before their selective elution in the second column (reversed-phase). A trap washing step was included in the total workflow, as a desalting step to remove buffer residues from the eluent of the first column and to enhance the chromatographic performances of the second column. The experimental conditions were optimized by analyses of mixed standard solutions of bovine serum albumin, glucose oxidase, immunoglobulin A, thyroglobulin and myoglobin. Then, the optimized 2D-LC method was applied to the protein analysis in extracts of soy flour, known worldwide as one of the major food allergen sources, with the final aim to recovery sufficient protein amounts for the molecular characterization and the assessment of the pattern of allergenic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Nardiello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli, 25 - 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Maria Teresa Melfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli, 25 - 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Carla Pignatelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli, 25 - 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli, 25 - 71122 Foggia, Italy
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23
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Advances in the Analysis of Veterinary Drug Residues in Food Matrices by Capillary Electrophoresis Techniques. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244617. [PMID: 31861089 PMCID: PMC6943715 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last years, the European Commission has adopted restrictive directives on food quality and safety in order to protect animal and human health. Veterinary drugs represent an important risk and the need to have sensitive and fast analytical techniques to detect and quantify them has become mandatory. Over the years, the availability of different modes, interfaces, and formats has improved the versatility, sensitivity, and speed of capillary electrophoresis (CE) techniques. Thus, CE represents a powerful tool for the analysis of a large variety of food matrices and food-related molecules with important applications in food quality and safety. This review focuses the attention of CE applications over the last decade on the detection of different classes of drugs (used as additives in animal food or present as contaminants in food products) with a potential risk for animal and human health. In addition, considering that the different sample preparation procedures have strongly contributed to CE sensitivity and versatility, the most advanced sample pre-concentration techniques are discussed here.
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24
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Gritti F, Gilar M, Hill J. Mismatch between sample diluent and eluent: Maintaining integrity of gradient peaks using in silico approaches. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1608:460414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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25
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Wozniak B, Matraszek-Zuchowska I, Klopot A, Posyniak A. Fast analysis of 19 anabolic steroids in bovine tissues by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:3319-3329. [PMID: 31483092 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For the detection of 19 steroid hormones in bovine muscle, a fast and sensitive liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method was developed using both positive and negative ionization mode. Chromatographic separation on Poroshell 120-EC C18 column was achieved in less than 10 min using isocratic elution of mobile phase of acetonitrile/methanol/water. The compounds were extracted from muscle tissue using ethyl acetate and quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe technique. The purification of the obtained extract was performed by dispersive solid-phase extraction with sorbents C18, primary secondary amine and magnesium sulphate. The method was validated in accordance with the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. For all steroids tested good recoveries were obtained (from 51.2 to 121.4%) in the concentration range from decision limits until 5 µg/kg. The values of decision limits and the detection capabilities for individual compounds were in the range 0.10-0.48 and 0.17-0.95 µg/kg, respectively. The method was characterized by satisfactory linearity for most compounds (correlation coefficients > 0.99) and the reproducibility was lower than 35%. The elaborated procedure has met the criteria for confirmatory methods and is currently used in the official control of hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Wozniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | | | - Alicja Klopot
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Andrzej Posyniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
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26
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Genangeli M, Caprioli G, Cortese M, Laus F, Petrelli R, Ricciutelli M, Sagratini G, Sartori S, Vittori S. Simultaneous quantitation of 9 anabolic and natural steroidal hormones in equine urine by UHPLC-MS/MS triple quadrupole. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1117:36-40. [PMID: 30991204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A new fast and easy analytical procedure for the simultaneous detection and quantification of 9 anabolic steroids (deslorelin, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, stanozolol, boldenone, nandrolone, dexamethasone isonicotinate and altrenogest) in horse urine for doping control have been developed by using the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry technique (UHPLC-MS/MS). A total amount of 400 μl of sample was evaporated, restored and injected in the UHPLC-MS/MS. The proposed method was fully validated showing a recovery higher than 89.12% and a coefficient of variation lower than 6.02%. The correlation coefficients range of the analyzed compound's calibration curves was 0.9955-0.9997, and the limits of detection and quantification were in the range of 0.1 and 0.25 μg/l, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manuela Cortese
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
| | - Fulvio Laus
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Sauro Vittori
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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27
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Pirok BWJ, Stoll DR, Schoenmakers PJ. Recent Developments in Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: Fundamental Improvements for Practical Applications. Anal Chem 2018; 91:240-263. [PMID: 30380827 PMCID: PMC6322149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bob W J Pirok
- University of Amsterdam , van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,TI-COAST , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Dwight R Stoll
- Department of Chemistry , Gustavus Adolphus College , Saint Peter , Minnesota 56082 , United States
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- University of Amsterdam , van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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