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Jiao D, Zhang R, Wang M, Zhang X, Ma H, Li M, Chang H. Compact photometric detector integrated with separation microchip for potential portable liquid chromatography system. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1731:465175. [PMID: 39032217 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, miniaturized analytical instruments have been developing to meet the needs of portable and rapid analysis. The key of miniaturized analytical equipment is the miniaturization and integration of functional modules. This paper aims to develop a miniaturized photometric detector and separation microfluidic chip for a liquid chromatography (LC) system. The detector uses a light-emitting diode to emit ultraviolet light, which is collimated by an internal double lens. A Z-shaped flow cell with a long optical path is designed and fabricated in the separation microfluidic chip with a three-layer structure, which provides a tubing-free connection between the separation and detection unit. Detector performance is evaluated using hemoglobin (Hb) samples, with an upper limit of detection linearity (95 %) of 0.345 AU and stray light level as low as 0.08 %. Additionally, the microchip channel can be filled with cation exchange resin and C18 particles. Finally, an ion LC system and a reversed-phase LC system were constructed based on the miniaturized photometric detector and two microchips with different packed columns, respectively, and were successfully used in the separation and detection of two metabolic markers (glycated hemoglobin or bilirubin). The results of this study are expected to facilitate the development of a portable LC system and their application in community health services and family health management of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhao Jiao
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Department of Microsystem Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Ruirong Zhang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Department of Microsystem Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Mengbo Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Department of Microsystem Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xiaorui Zhang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Department of Microsystem Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Haoquan Ma
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Department of Microsystem Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Honglong Chang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Department of Microsystem Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
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2
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Ren S, Zhang X, Zhang R, Zhang H, Jiao D, Chang H. A microchip based Z-cell absorbance detector integrating micro-lenses and slits for portable liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465099. [PMID: 38901298 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
A miniaturized microchip-based absorbance detector was developed for portable high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to test glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). The microchip integrating a Z-shaped cell, two collimating micro-lenses and two ink-filled optical slits is small in size (30 mm × 15 mm × 7 mm). The Z-shaped cell has a cross-sectional size of 500 μm × 500 μm and a physical optical path length of 2 mm. Two collimating micro-lenses were inserted in empty grooves on both sides of the cell, one micro-lens for collimating the initial light and the other for focusing the transmitted light. Optical slits on each end of the cell were used to block the stray light. Therefore, this detector indicated a low stray light level (0.011 %) and noise level (2.5 × 10-4 AU). This detector was applied for the commercial HPLC system to detect HbA1c level, and showed a low limit of detection (0.5 μg/mL) and excellent repeatability (≤ 2.03 %). The sensitivity was enhanced by 3.4 times when the optical path length was increased from 0.5 mm to 2 mm and the stray light was blocked by optical slits. The miniaturized microchip-based absorbance detector developed shows a great potential for application in portable and compact HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ren
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xiaorui Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Ruirong Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Hantian Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Dezhao Jiao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Honglong Chang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
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3
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Mikhail IE, Hemida M, Lebanov L, Astrakhantseva S, Gupta V, Hortin P, Parry JS, Macka M, Paull B. Multi-wavelength deep-ultraviolet absorbance detector based upon program-controlled pulsing light-emitting diodes. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1709:464382. [PMID: 37722175 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach for multi-wavelength ultraviolet (UV) absorbance detection has been introduced employing a single board computer (SBC) with a field programmable gate array (FPGA), Red Pitaya SBC, to generate separated micro pulses for three deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (DUV-LEDs), λmax = 235, 250, and 280 nm, along with data acquisition and processing via a custom-made program. The pulse set generation and data acquisition were synchronized using the SBC. The outputs of the three pulsing DUV-LEDs were combined and transmitted to the flow cell via a solarisation resistant trifurcated optical fiber (OF). An ultra-fast responding photodiode was connected to the optical-fiber-compatible flow cell to record the intensity of the DUV pulses. Upper limit of detector linearity (A95 %) was found to be 1917 mAU, 2189 mAU, and 1768 mAU at 235 nm, 250 nm, and 280 nm, respectively, with stray light ≤0.9 %. In addition, the effective path length (Leff) was estimated to be ≥98.0 % of the length of the used flow cell (50 mm). The new pulsed multi-LEDs absorbance detector (PMLAD) has been successfully coupled with a standard liquid chromatograph and utilized for the analysis of pharmaceuticals. Paracetamol, caffeine, and aspirin were simultaneously determined at 250, 280, and 235 nm, respectively, using the PMLAD. The absorbance ratios between the different wavelengths were applied to further confirm the identity of the studied compounds. Excellent linearity was achieved over a range of 0.1-3.2 µg/mL for paracetamol, 0.4-6.4 µg/mL for caffeine, and 0.8-12.8 µg/mL for aspirin with a regression correlation coefficient (r2) ≥ 0.99996. The quantitation limits (LOQs) were 0.10 µg/mL, 0.38 µg/mL, and 0.66 µg/mL for paracetamol, caffeine, and aspirin, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibraam E Mikhail
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Mohamed Hemida
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Leo Lebanov
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Snezhana Astrakhantseva
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Vipul Gupta
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Philip Hortin
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 74, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - John S Parry
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 74, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Mirek Macka
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123 3058/10, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Brett Paull
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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4
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Medina DAV, Cardoso AT, Borsatto JVB, Lanças FM. Open tubular liquid chromatography: Recent advances and future trends. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300373. [PMID: 37582640 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Nano-liquid chromatography (nanoLC) is gaining significant attention as a primary analytical technique across various scientific domains. Unlike conventional high-performance LC, nanoLC utilizes columns with inner diameters (i.ds.) usually ranging from 10 to 150 μm and operates at mobile phase flow rates between 10 and 1000 nl/min, offering improved chromatographic performance and detectability. Currently, most exploration of nanoLC has focused on particle-packed columns. Although open tubular LC (OTLC) can provide superior performance, optimized OTLC columns require very narrow i.ds. (< 10 μm) and demand challenging instrumentation. At the moment, these challenges have limited the success of OTLC. Nevertheless, remarkable progress has been made in developing and utilizing OTLC systems featuring narrow columns (< 2 μm). Additionally, significant efforts have been made to explore larger columns (10-75 μm i.d), demonstrating practical applicability in many situations. Due to their perceived advantages, interest in OTLC has resurged in the last two decades. This review provides an updated outlook on the latest developments in OTLC, focusing on instrumental challenges, achievements, and advancements in column technology. Moreover, it outlines selected applications that illustrate the potential of OTLC for performing targeted and untargeted studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyber Arley Vargas Medina
- Departamento de Química e Física Molecular, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Timoteo Cardoso
- Departamento de Química e Física Molecular, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Victor Basolli Borsatto
- Departamento de Química e Física Molecular, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Mauro Lanças
- Departamento de Química e Física Molecular, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Foster SW, Gates EP, Peaden PA, Calugaru SV, West WR, Lee ML, Grinias JP. Column selection considerations in compact capillary liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1701:464067. [PMID: 37216851 PMCID: PMC10259062 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen significant advances in compact, portable capillary LC instrumentation. This study explores the performances of several commercially available columns within the pressure and flow limits of both the columns and one of these compact LC instruments. The commercially available compact capillary LC system with UV-absorbance detector used in this study is typically operated using columns in the 0.15-0.3 mm internal diameter (i.d.) range. Efficiency measurements (i.e., theoretical plates, N) for six columns with i.d.s in this range and of varying lengths and pressure limits, packed with stationary phases of different particle diameters and morphologies, were made using a mixture of standard alkylphenones. Kinetic plot comparisons between columns that vary by one (or more) of these parameters are described, along with calculated kinetic performance and Knox-Saleem limits. These theoretical performance descriptions provide insight into optimal operating conditions when using capillary LC systems. Based on kinetic plot evaluation of available capillary columns in the 0.2-0.3 mm i.d. range with a conservative upper pressure limit of 330 bar packed with superficially porous particles, a 25 cm column could generate ∼47,000 plates in 7.85 min when operated at 2.4 µL/min. For comparison, more robust 0.3 mm i.d. columns (packed with fully porous particles) that can be operated at higher pressures than can be provided by the pumping system (conservative pump upper pressure limit of 570 bar), a ∼20 cm column could generate nearly 40,000 plates in 5.9 min if operated at 6 µL/min. Across all capillary LC columns measured, higher pressure limits and shorter columns can provide the best throughput when considering both speed and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Milton L Lee
- Axcend LLC, Provo, UT 84604, United States; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - James P Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States.
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6
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John RV, Devasia T, Adigal SS, Lukose J, Kartha VB, Chidangil S. Serum protein profile study of myocardial infarction using a LED induced fluorescence based HPLC system. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1217:123616. [PMID: 36796215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the major health conditions for high mortality and morbidity in humans. Delay in the diagnosis of CVDs effect patients long and short-term health condition. In -house assembled UV-light emitting diode (LED) based fluorescence detector for high -performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (HPLC-LED-IF) system is used to record serum chromatograms of three categories of samples namely, before medicated- myocardial infarction (B-MI), after medicated- MI (A-MI), and normal. The sensitivity and performance of HPLC-LED-IF system is estimated using commercial serum proteins. Statistical analysis tools like, descriptive statistics, principal component analysis (PCA), and Match/ No Match test were applied to visualize the variation in three groups of samples. Statistical analysis of the protein profile data showed fairly good discrimination among the three categories. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve also supported the reliability of the method to diagnose MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena V John
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Tom Devasia
- Department of Cardiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Sphurti S Adigal
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Jijo Lukose
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - V B Kartha
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Santhosh Chidangil
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India.
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7
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An improved design of the fused silica capillary flow cell for absorbance detection in microcolumn liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1238:340637. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Davis JJ, Foster SW, Grinias JP. Low-cost and open-source strategies for chemical separations. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1638:461820. [PMID: 33453654 PMCID: PMC7870555 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a trend toward utilizing open access resources for laboratory research has begun. Open-source design strategies for scientific hardware rely upon the use of widely available parts, especially those that can be directly printed using additive manufacturing techniques and electronic components that can be connected to low-cost microcontrollers. Open-source software eliminates the need for expensive commercial licenses and provides the opportunity to design programs for specific needs. In this review, the impact of the "open-source movement" within the field of chemical separations is described, primarily through a comprehensive look at research in this area over the past five years. Topics that are covered include general laboratory equipment, sample preparation techniques, separations-based analysis, detection strategies, electronic system control, and software for data processing. Remaining hurdles and possible opportunities for further adoption of open-source approaches in the context of these separations-related topics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Davis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - Samuel W Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - James P Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States.
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9
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Fernandes GM, Silva WR, Barreto DN, Lamarca RS, Lima Gomes PCF, Flávio da S Petruci J, Batista AD. Novel approaches for colorimetric measurements in analytical chemistry - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1135:187-203. [PMID: 33070854 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Colorimetric techniques have been developed and used in routine analyses for over a century and apparently all their potentialities have been exhaustively explored. However, colorimetric techniques have gained high visibility in the last two decades mainly because of the development of the miniaturization concept, for example, paper-based analytical devices that mostly employ colorimetric reactions, and by the advances and popularity of image capture instruments. The impressive increase in the use of these devices was followed by the development and enhancement of different modes of color detection to meet the demands of making qualitative, semi-quantitative, and fully quantitative analyses of multiple analytes. Cameras, scanners, and smartphones are now being used for this purpose and have become suitable alternatives for different approaches to colorimetric analysis; this, in addition to advancements in miniaturized devices. On the other hand, recent developments in optoelectronics technologies have launched more powerful, more stable and cheaper light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which once again have become an interesting tool for the design of portable and miniaturized devices based on colored reactions. Here, we present a critical review of recent developments and challenges of colorimetric detection in modern analytical chemistry in the last five years, and present thoughts and insights towards future perspectives in the area to improve the use of colorimetric detection in different application approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Martins Fernandes
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Weida R Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Diandra Nunes Barreto
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafaela S Lamarca
- National Institute for Alternative Technologies for Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactive Materials (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-060, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Clairmont F Lima Gomes
- National Institute for Alternative Technologies for Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactive Materials (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-060, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - João Flávio da S Petruci
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Alex D Batista
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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10
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Hemida M, Coates LJ, Lam S, Gupta V, Macka M, Wirth HJ, Gooley AA, Haddad PR, Paull B. Miniature Multiwavelength Deep UV-LED-Based Absorption Detection System for Capillary LC. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13688-13693. [PMID: 32985176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A new miniature deep UV absorbance detector has been developed using low-cost and high-performance LEDs, which can be operated in both scanning (230 to 300 nm) and individual wavelength (240, 255, and 275 nm) detection modes. The detector is mostly composed of off-the-shelf components, such as LEDs, trifurcated fiber optic assembly, a capillary Z-type flow cell, and photodiodes. It has been characterized for use with a standard capillary LC system and was benchmarked against a standard variable wavelength capillary LC detector. The detector shows very low levels of stray light (<0.4%), utilization of up to 99.0% of the effective path length of the flow cell, a wide dynamic range (0.5 to 200 μg/mL for sulfamethazine, carbamazepine, and flavone), and low noise levels (at 300 μAU level). The detector was applied within a miniaturized LC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hemida
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.,Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Lewellwyn Joseph Coates
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.,Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.,Trajan Scientific and Medical, 7 Argent Place, Ringwood, Victoria 3134, Australia
| | - Shing Lam
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.,Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Vipul Gupta
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Mirek Macka
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wirth
- Trajan Scientific and Medical, 7 Argent Place, Ringwood, Victoria 3134, Australia
| | - Andrew A Gooley
- Trajan Scientific and Medical, 7 Argent Place, Ringwood, Victoria 3134, Australia
| | - Paul R Haddad
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.,Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Brett Paull
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.,Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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11
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Ultraviolet absorbance detector based on a high output power 235 nm surface mounted device-type light-emitting diode. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1631:461540. [PMID: 32980801 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A new miniaturised capillary flow-through deep-UV absorbance detector has been developed using a microscale surface mounted device- type light-emitting diode (LED) (Crystal IS OPTAN 3535-series), emitting at 235 nm and with a half-height band width of 12 nm, and a high-sensitivity Z-shaped flow-cell. Compared with a previously reported TO-39 ball lens LEDs emitting at 235 nm, the new generation LED produced a 20-fold higher optical output and delivered up to 35 times increase in external quantum efficiency (EQE). The Z-cell was based on a reflective rectangular optical path with cross-sectional dimensions of 100 × 100 µm and a physical optical pathlength of 1.2 mm. Inclusion of UV transparent fused-silica ball lenses, between the SMD and the Z-cell, improved light transmission by a factor of 9 and improved the detector signal-to-noise ratio by a factor of 2.2, at the same input current. The detector was housed within an Al-housing fitted with a cooling fan and demonstrated excellent linearity with stray light down to 0.06%, and an effective pathlength of 1.1 mm (92% of nominal pathlength). The resultant detector was fitted successfully into a briefcase-sized portable capillary HPLC system, and practically demonstrated with the detection of a mixture of 13 test compounds at the sub-mg L-1 level in <5 min using gradient elution.
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12
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Aydoğan C, Rigano F, Krčmová LK, Chung DS, Macka M, Mondello L. Miniaturized LC in Molecular Omics. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11485-11497. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cemil Aydoğan
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Bingöl University, Bingöl 12000,Turkey
- Department of Food Engineering, Bingöl University, Bingöl 12000,Turkey
| | - Francesca Rigano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina I-98168, Italy
| | - Lenka Kujovská Krčmová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital, Sokolská 581, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Doo Soo Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Mirek Macka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00Brno, Czech Republic
- School of Natural Sciences and Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina I-98168, Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina I-98168, Italy
- Department of Sciences and Technologies for Human and Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome I-00128, Italy
- BeSep s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina I-98168, Italy
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13
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Vargas Medina DA, Maciel EVS, de Toffoli AL, Lanças FM. Miniaturization of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Coates LJ, Lam SC, Gooley AA, Haddad PR, Paull B, Wirth HJ. Modular, cost-effective, and portable capillary gradient liquid chromatography system for on-site analysis. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461374. [PMID: 32797852 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the development of a compact, modular, cost-effective separation system configured to address a specific separation problem. The principles of the separation are based on gradient capillary liquid chromatography where the system consists of precision stepper motor-driven portable syringe pumps with interchangeable glass syringes (100 µL to 1000 µL). Excellent flow-rate precision of < 1% RSD was achieved with typical flow-rates ranging from 1 µL/min to 100 µL/min, which was ideal for capillary columns. A variable external loop volume and electrically actuated miniature injection valve was used for sample introduction. Detection was based upon a commercial Z-type UV absorbance flow-cell housed within a custom-built cooling enclosure (40 mm x 40 mm) which also contained a UV-LED light-source and a photodiode. System and chromatographic performance was evaluated using linear gradient elution, with day to day repeatability of <1.5% RSD (n = 6) for peak area, and < 0.4% RSD (n = 6) for retention time, for the separation of a 5 component mixture using a 50 mm X 530 µm ID C18 3 µm particle capillary column. The system can run any commercial or in-house packed columns from 50 mm to 100 mm length with IDs ranging from 200 to 700 µm. The developed portable system was operated using custom-built windows-based chromatography software, complete with data acquisition and system control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewellwyn J Coates
- ARC Centre for Portable Analytical Technologies (ASTech), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7000, Tasmania, Australia; Trajan Scientific and Medical, 7 Argent Place, Ringwood, Victoria 3134, Australia
| | - Shing C Lam
- ARC Centre for Portable Analytical Technologies (ASTech), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7000, Tasmania, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7000, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Andrew A Gooley
- ARC Centre for Portable Analytical Technologies (ASTech), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7000, Tasmania, Australia; Trajan Scientific and Medical, 7 Argent Place, Ringwood, Victoria 3134, Australia
| | - Paul R Haddad
- ARC Centre for Portable Analytical Technologies (ASTech), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7000, Tasmania, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7000, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Brett Paull
- ARC Centre for Portable Analytical Technologies (ASTech), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7000, Tasmania, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7000, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wirth
- ARC Centre for Portable Analytical Technologies (ASTech), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7000, Tasmania, Australia; Trajan Scientific and Medical, 7 Argent Place, Ringwood, Victoria 3134, Australia.
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15
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Šesták J, Planeta J, Kahle V. Compact optical detector utilizing light emitting diodes, 50 nL L-shaped silica capillary cell and CCD spectrometer for simultaneous multi-wavelength monitoring of absorbance and fluorescence in microcolumn liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1112:80-91. [PMID: 32334686 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Optical detection setup utilizing light emitting diodes (LEDs), 50 nL L-shaped silica capillary detection cell (L-cell), and low-cost CCD spectrometer is described in this work. Experimental configuration can be equipped with two different LEDs for absorbance measurement and other two LEDs for fluorescence excitation. This setup is capable of simultaneous multi-wavelength monitoring of absorbance and fluorescence when light produced by the individual LEDs and light emitted by the fluorescent analytes is resolved in the spectrum outputted by the CCD spectrometer. Effective optical path of the 0.25 μm I. D. L-cell is 1 mm. Absorbance baseline noise is 1 mAU due to use of low-cost and relatively noisy CCD spectrometer and LED drivers. Nevertheless, the setup can detect adenosine 5'-monophosphate down to micromolar concentration. Performance of fluorescence monitoring allows detection of 5·10-10 M fluorescein when 23 mW 470 nm LED is used for excitation. The dynamic range of absorbance and fluorescence measurement is 867:1 and 1622:1, respectively. Separation of test mixture (alkylbenzenes and polyaromatic hydrocarbons) demonstrate the effective use of the detector for simultaneous absorbance and fluorescence detection with 0.2 × 150 mm packed capillary column. The benefits of the setup are relative simplicity, compact design and the fact that it can be operated without any optical filters, slits, and extremely precise positioning of the optical elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Šesták
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Josef Planeta
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladislav Kahle
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, Brno, Czech Republic
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16
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Miniaturized liquid chromatography focusing on analytical columns and mass spectrometry: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1103:11-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Lam SC, Coates LJ, Hemida M, Gupta V, Haddad PR, Macka M, Paull B. Miniature and fully portable gradient capillary liquid chromatograph. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1101:199-210. [PMID: 32029112 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A robust, portable and miniature battery powered gradient capillary liquid chromatograph (total weight ∼2.7 kg, without battery ∼2.0 kg), with integrated microfluidic injection, column heating and high sensitivity low-UV absorbance detection is presented. The portable capillary chromatograph, was applied with a packed reversed-phase capillary column (100 mm × 300 μm I.D., 5 μm ODS), housed within an integrated capillary column heater controlled by a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) chip module. The system delivered retention time and peak area relative standard deviation in isocratic mode of <0.7% (n = 10) and <3.3% (n = 10), respectively, and <0.1% (n = 10) and <2.3% (n = 10) respectively, for gradient elution mode. Detection was based upon a 255 nm light-emitting diode (LED) using one of two commercial capillary flow-cell options, namely a high sensitivity 12 nL Agilent capillary z-cell (HSDC) and a 45 nL Thermo Fisher Scientific UZ-View™ flow cell (UZFC). The HSDC, housed within a 3D printed detector arrangement, gave an effective pathlength of 1.01 mm (84% of nominal pathlength) and stray light of only 0.2%. Limits of detection for four test small molecule pharmaceuticals ranged from 65 to 101 μg L-1 based upon a 316 nL injection volume, with separation efficiencies of between 18,000 and 29,700 N m-1, with sub-4 min run times. The portable capillary LC system was successfully coupled to a small footprint portable mass spectrometer (Microsaic 4500 MiD) to demonstrate compatibility and 'point-of-need' miniaturised LC-MS capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing Chung Lam
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Lewellwyn Joseph Coates
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia; Trajan Scientific and Medical, Ringwood, Victoria, 3134, Australia
| | - Mohamed Hemida
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Vipul Gupta
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Paul R Haddad
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Mirek Macka
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Brett Paull
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.
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18
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Kaplitz AS, Kresge GA, Selover B, Horvat L, Franklin EG, Godinho JM, Grinias KM, Foster SW, Davis JJ, Grinias JP. High-Throughput and Ultrafast Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2019; 92:67-84. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Kaplitz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Glenn A. Kresge
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Benjamin Selover
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Leah Horvat
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | | | - Justin M. Godinho
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware 19810, United States
| | - Kaitlin M. Grinias
- Analytical Platforms & Platform Modernization, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Samuel W. Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Joshua J. Davis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - James P. Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
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19
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Šesták J, Planeta J, Kahle V. Nanolitre-scale cell based on L-shaped silica capillary and optical fibre for absorption photometric detection in capillary liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1073:99-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Murray E, Roche P, Harrington K, McCaul M, Moore B, Morrin A, Diamond D, Paull B. Low cost 235 nm ultra-violet light-emitting diode-based absorbance detector for application in a portable ion chromatography system for nitrite and nitrate monitoring. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:8-14. [PMID: 31151694 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A low cost, UV absorbance detector incorporating a 235 nm light emitting diode (LED) for portable ion chromatography has been designed and fabricated to achieve rapid, selective detection of nitrite and nitrate in natural waters. The optical cell was fabricated through micromilling and solvent vapour bonding of two layers of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The cell was fitted within a 3D printed housing and the LED and photodiode were aligned using 3D printed holders. Isocratic separation and selective detection of nitrite and nitrate was achieved in under 2.5 min using the 235 nm LED based detector and custom electronics. The design of the new detector assembly allowed for effective and sustained operation of the deep UV LED source at a low current (<10 mA), maintaining consistent and low LED temperatures during operation, eliminating the need for a heat sink. The detector cell was produced at a fraction of the cost of commercial optical cells and demonstrated very low stray light (0.01%). For retention time and peak area repeatability, RSD values ranged from 0.75 to 1.10 % and 3.06-4.19 %, respectively. Broad dynamic linear ranges were obtained for nitrite and nitrate, with limits of detection at ppb levels. The analytical performance of the IC set up with optical cell was compared to that of an ISO-accredited IC through the analysis of five various water samples. Relative errors not exceeding 6.86% were obtained for all samples. The detector was also coupled to a low pressure, low cost syringe pump to assess the potential for use within a portable analytical system. RSD values for retention time and peak area using this simple configuration were <1.15% and <3.57% respectively, highlighting repeatability values comparable to those in which a commercial HPLC pump was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin Murray
- Research & Development, T.E. Laboratories Ltd. (TelLab), Tullow, Carlow, Ireland; Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Patrick Roche
- Research & Development, T.E. Laboratories Ltd. (TelLab), Tullow, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Kevin Harrington
- Research & Development, T.E. Laboratories Ltd. (TelLab), Tullow, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Margaret McCaul
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Breda Moore
- Research & Development, T.E. Laboratories Ltd. (TelLab), Tullow, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Aoife Morrin
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Dermot Diamond
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Brett Paull
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart 7001, Australia; ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart 7001, Australia.
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