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Silva E, Xavier A, Silva E, Barbosa Júnior W, Rocha A, Freitas V, Oliveira P, Aguiar-Santos AM, Bonfim C, Medeiros Z. Evaluation of lymphatic filariasis in endemic area of Brazil where mass drug administration is not required. Pathog Glob Health 2019; 113:143-148. [PMID: 31138026 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2019.1623546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass drug administration (MDA) is the main counter-transmission strategy of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis. In endemic countries, there are areas where MDA is not required. However, there is no standard approach in these areas, and studies are important to evaluate the epidemiological status. This study aimed to investigate lymphatic filariasis and strategies developed for its control in an area where MDA is not required. Together with the 2018 morbidity evaluation, a survey was conducted using point-of-care immunochromatographic test-AD12 tests for diagnostic screening in an area where MDA is not required. The methodology also included desk research based on Health Department reports of the control activities for lymphatic filariasis during 2003-2016. Among the 934 cases investigated in 2018, there was a 0.64% prevalence of circulating filarial antigen positive, comprising five adults and one 2-year-old child. Six patients aged 39-63 years had filarial disease. Fourteen surveys have already been conducted as control activities, and since 2009, there have been no positive cases. This study showed that the prevalence of antigenemia decreased from 2.97% in 2003 to 0.64% in 2018. Moreover, the transmission of filariasis infection was under control in this area. Our study provides insights into the surveillance phase by identifying areas of low transmission and where MDA is not required. Although we have not identified cases of filarial infection, there is a need to provide services that will provide assist those already affected with morbidity and help reduce and prevent disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellyda Silva
- a Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia em Saúde , Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) , Recife , Pernambuco , Brasil
| | - Amanda Xavier
- b Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde , Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE) , Recife , Pernambuco , Brasil
| | - Elis Silva
- a Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia em Saúde , Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) , Recife , Pernambuco , Brasil
| | - Walter Barbosa Júnior
- a Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia em Saúde , Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) , Recife , Pernambuco , Brasil
| | - Abraham Rocha
- c Serviço de Referencia Nacional em Filarioses, Departamento de Parasitologia , Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) , Recife , Pernambuco , Brasil.,d Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de Pernambuco , Laboratório do Hospital Otávio de Freitas , Recife , Pernambuco , Brazil
| | - Vania Freitas
- e Secretária Municipal de Saúde de Jaboatão dos Guararapes , Diretoria de Vigilância em Saúde , Jaboatão dos Guararapes , Pernambuco , Brazil
| | - Paula Oliveira
- c Serviço de Referencia Nacional em Filarioses, Departamento de Parasitologia , Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) , Recife , Pernambuco , Brasil
| | - Ana Maria Aguiar-Santos
- c Serviço de Referencia Nacional em Filarioses, Departamento de Parasitologia , Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) , Recife , Pernambuco , Brasil
| | - Cristine Bonfim
- f Diretoria de Pesquisas Sociais, Núcleo de Estudos em Estatísticas Sociais , Fundação Joaquim Nabuco (FUNDAJ) , Recife , Pernambuco , Brasil.,g Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE) , Recife , Pernambuco , Brasil
| | - Zulma Medeiros
- a Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia em Saúde , Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) , Recife , Pernambuco , Brasil.,b Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde , Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE) , Recife , Pernambuco , Brasil.,c Serviço de Referencia Nacional em Filarioses, Departamento de Parasitologia , Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) , Recife , Pernambuco , Brasil
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Srividya A, Subramanian S, Jambulingam P, Vijayakumar B, Dinesh Raja J. Mapping and monitoring for a lymphatic filariasis elimination program: a systematic review. Res Rep Trop Med 2019; 10:43-90. [PMID: 31239804 PMCID: PMC6554002 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s134186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is targeted for elimination by the year 2020. The Global Programme for Elimination of LF (GPELF) aims to achieve elimination by interrupting transmission through annual mass drug administration (MDA) of albendazole with ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine. The program has successfully eliminated the disease in 11 of the 72 endemic countries, putting in enormous efforts on systematic planning and implementation of the strategy. Mapping areas endemic for LF is a pre-requisite for implementing MDA, monitoring and evaluation are the components of programme implementation. This review was undertaken to assess how the mapping and impact monitoring activities have evolved to become more robust over the years and steered the LF elimination programme towards its goal. The findings showed that the WHO recommended mapping strategy aided 17 countries to delimit, plan and implement MDA in only those areas endemic for LF thereby saving resources. Availability of serological tools for detecting infection in humans (antigen/antibody assays) and molecular xenomonitoring (MX) in vectors greatly facilitated programme monitoring and evaluation in endemic countries. Results of this review are discussed on how these existing mapping and monitoring procedures can be used for re-mapping of unsurveyed and uncertain areas to ensure there is no resurgence during post-MDA surveillance. Further the appropriateness of the tests (Microfilaria (Mf)/antigenemia (Ag)/antibody(Ab) surveys in humans or MX of vectors for infection) used currently for post-MDA surveillance and their role in the development of a monitoring and evaluation strategy for the recently WHO recommended triple drug regimen in MDA for accelerated LF elimination are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adinarayanan Srividya
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Operations Research, ICMR - Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - Swaminathan Subramanian
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Operations Research, ICMR - Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - Purushothaman Jambulingam
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Operations Research, ICMR - Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - Balakrishnan Vijayakumar
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Operations Research, ICMR - Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - Jeyapal Dinesh Raja
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Operations Research, ICMR - Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
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Kwan JL, Seitz AE, Fried M, Lee KL, Metenou S, Morrison R, Kabyemela E, Nutman TB, Prevots DR, Duffy PE. Seroepidemiology of helminths and the association with severe malaria among infants and young children in Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006345. [PMID: 29579050 PMCID: PMC5886694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The disease burden of Wuchereria bancrofti and Plasmodium falciparum malaria is high, particularly in Africa, and co-infection is common. However, the effects of filarial infection on the risk of severe malaria are unknown. We used the remaining serum samples from a large cohort study in Muheza, Tanzania to describe vector-borne filarial sero-reactivity among young children and to identify associations between exposure to filarial parasites and subsequent severe malaria infections. We identified positive filarial antibody responses (as well as positive antibody responses to Strongyloides stercoralis) among infants as young as six months. In addition, we found a significant association between filarial seropositivity at six months of age and subsequent severe malaria. Specifically, infants who developed severe malaria by one year of age were 3.9 times more likely (OR = 3.9, 95% CI: 1.2, 13.0) to have been seropositive for filarial antigen at six months of age compared with infants who did not develop severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Kwan
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Amy E. Seitz
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Michal Fried
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, DIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Kun-Lin Lee
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, DIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Simon Metenou
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, DIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Robert Morrison
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Edward Kabyemela
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, DIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - D. Rebecca Prevots
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Patrick E. Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, DIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
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Menezes HSG, Chalegre KDDM, Romão TP, Oliveira CMF, de-Melo-Neto OP, Silva-Filha MHNL. A new allele conferring resistance to Lysinibacillus sphaericus is detected in low frequency in Culex quinquefasciatus field populations. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:70. [PMID: 26846600 PMCID: PMC4743420 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Cqm1 α-glucosidase of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae acts as the midgut receptor for the binary toxin of the biolarvicide Lysinibacillus sphaericus. Mutations within the cqm1 gene can code for aberrant polypeptides that can no longer be properly expressed or bind to the toxin, leading to insect resistance. The cqm1REC and cqm1REC-2 alleles were identified in a laboratory selected colony and both displayed mutations that lead to equivalent phenotypes of refractoriness to L. sphaericus. cqm1REC was first identified as the major resistance allele in this colony but it was subsequently replaced by cqm1REC-2, suggesting the better adaptive features of the second allele. The major aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of cqm1REC-2 and track its origin in field populations where cqm1REC was previously identified. Methods The screening of the cqm1REC-2 allele was based on more than 2000 C. quinquefasciatus larvae from five localities in the city of Recife, Brazil and used a multiplex PCR assay that is also able to identify cqm1REC. Full-length sequencing of the cqm1REC-2 and selected cqm1 samples was performed to identify further polymorphisms between these alleles. Results The cqm1REC-2 allele was found in field samples, specifically in two heterozygous individuals from a single locality with an overall frequency and distribution much lower than that observed for cqm1REC. The full-length sequences from these two cqm1REC-2 copies were almost identical to the cqm1REC-2 derived from the resistant colony but displayed more than 30 SNPs when compared with cqm1 and cqm1REC. The cqm1REC and cqm1REC-2 resistant alleles were found to be associated with two distinct sets of wild-type cqm1 variants found in field populations. Conclusions The cqm1REC-2 allele occurs in populations in Recife and was probably already present in the samples used to establish the laboratory resistant colony. The data generated indicates that cqm1REC-2 can be selected in field populations, although its low frequency and distribution in Recife suggest that cqm1REC-2 presents a lower risk of selection compared to cqm1REC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1347-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tatiany Patrícia Romão
- Department of Entomology, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães-FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE, 50740-465, Brazil.
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Brandão E, Bonfim C, Alves A, Oliveira C, Montenegro CE, Costa T, Maciel A, Medeiros Z. Lymphatic filariasis among children and adolescents: spatial identification via socio-environmental indicators to define priority areas for elimination. Int Health 2015; 7:324-31. [PMID: 26311756 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihv053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The occurrence of lymphatic filariasis (LF) and its transmission dynamics among children and adolescents are still not clearly elucidated. The aim of this study was to describe the spatial distribution of microfilaremia and its relationship with socio-environmental variables, thereby identifying areas at greater risk of transmission. METHODS An ecological study was conducted, in which the analysis unit was formed by districts of the municipality of Jaboatão dos Guararapes in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The data source was a parasitological survey. Inadequate sewage disposal, number of people in the household and income of between 0.5 and 1 minimum salary were used to construct the socio-environmental indicator. The districts were then grouped according to the indicator into three risk strata, using the k-means clustering technique. RESULTS In the study, 96/8670 (1.1%) of the population were found to present microfilaremia. The high-risk stratum had a mean prevalence rate of 1.9% and a risk of 2.56 (p<0.05), in relation to the low-risk stratum. The middle stratum grouped the households that presented an intermediate risk of transmission, with a prevalence rate of 1.92%. CONCLUSIONS The indicator used is a promising tool that enables the precise measurement of the relationship between social deprivation and the prevalence of filarial infection among children. Thus, it can be used to plan control and elimination actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Brandão
- Parasitology Department, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Pernambuco, Brazil Postgraduate Course on Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Cristine Bonfim
- Social Research Department, Joaquin Nabuco Foundation, Pernambuco, Brazil Postgraduate Programme Integrated Graduate in Public Health, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ayla Alves
- Postgraduate Course on Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil Faculty Agreste of Pernambuco, Caruaruense Association of University Education, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Eduardo Montenegro
- Parasitology Department, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Tadeu Costa
- Economy Department, Centre for Applied Social Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Amélia Maciel
- Postgraduate Course on Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Zulma Medeiros
- Parasitology Department, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Pernambuco, Brazil Pathology Department, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a disabling and disfiguring disease resulting from a mosquito-borne parasitic infection. It is a major public health problem in many countries with a warm climate. Research and control activities have mainly focused on LF in rural areas where it also has its major impact. However, with rapid and unplanned growth of cities in the developing world, there is a need also to consider LF transmission and control in urban settings. Here, we review currently available knowledge on urban LF and the environmental and socio-economic basis for its occurrence. Among the three parasite species causing LF in humans, only Wuchereria bancrofti has been documented to have a significant potential for urban transmission. This is primarily because one of its vectors, Culex quinquefasciatus, thrives and proliferates excessively in crowded city areas with poor sanitary, sewerage and drainage facilities. For this reason, urban LF also often shows a marked focality in distribution, with most cases clustered in areas inhabited by the less privileged city populations. More knowledge on urban LF is needed, in particular on its socio-economic and human behavioural context, on the potential for transmission in regions where other LF vector species predominate, and on rapid methods for identification and mapping of risk areas, to provide a strong evidence base for its control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E. Simonsen
- DBL–Centre for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 57, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Fontes G, Leite AB, Vasconcelos de Lima AR, Freitas H, Ehrenberg JP, da Rocha EMM. Lymphatic filariasis in Brazil: epidemiological situation and outlook for elimination. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:272. [PMID: 23181663 PMCID: PMC3545725 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the World Health Assembly's (Resolution WHA 50.29, 1997) call for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis by the year 2020, most of the endemic countries identified have established programmes to meet this objective. In 1997, a National Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Plan was drawn up by the Ministry of Health of Brazil, creating local programs for the elimination of Bancroftian filariasis in areas with active transmission. Based on a comprehensive bibliographic search for available studies and reports of filariasis epidemiology in Brazil, current status of this parasitic infection and the outlook for its elimination in the country were analysed. From 1951 to 1958 a nationwide epidemiological study conducted in Brazil confirmed autochthonous transmission of Bancroftian filariasis in 11 cities of the country. Control measures led to a decline in parasite rates, and in the 1980s only the cities of Belém in the Amazonian region (Northern region) and Recife (Northeastern region) were considered to be endemic. In the 1990s, foci of active transmission of LF were also described in the cities of Maceió, Olinda, Jaboatão dos Guararapes, and Paulista, all in the Northeastern coast of Brazil. Data provide evidence for the absence of microfilaremic subjects and infected mosquitoes in Belém, Salvador and Maceió in the past few years, attesting to the effectiveness of the measures adopted in these cities. Currently, lymphatic filariasis is a public health problem in Brazil only in four cities of the metropolitan Recife region (Northeastern coast). Efforts are being concentrated in these areas, with a view to eliminating the disease in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Fontes
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste, Rua Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, 35501-296, Brazil
| | | | | | - Helen Freitas
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde do Ministério da Saúde, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - John Patrick Ehrenberg
- World Health Organization (WHO – WPRO), Western Pacific Regional Office, Manila, Philippines
| | - Eliana Maria Mauricio da Rocha
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste, Rua Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, 35501-296, Brazil
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