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Jung BK, Chang T, Ryoo S, Hong S, Lee J, Hong SJ, Sohn WM, Khieu V, Huy R, Chai JY. High Prevalence of Echinostoma mekongi Infection in Schoolchildren and Adults, Kandal Province, Cambodia. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:572-576. [PMID: 38407225 PMCID: PMC10902544 DOI: 10.3201/eid3003.240001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A high prevalence of Echinostoma mekongi infection (13.9%; 260/1,876) was found among schoolchildren and adults in Kandal Province, Cambodia, by fecal examination, worm expulsion, and molecular analysis of cox1 and nd1 genes. The source of infection was consumption of Pila sp. snails, a finding confirmed morphologically and molecularly.
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Caruso D, Kong L, Keo S, Yoeurn S, Seng S. Prevalence of Foodborne Trematodes in Small Indigenous Fish Species in Local Markets of Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2024; 24:141-150. [PMID: 37971494 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and mean infection intensity of zoonotic foodborne trematodes (FBT) in small indigenous species (SIS) fish hosts. Materials and Methods: A total of 8630 specimens of unknown origin were collected from the markets in Phnom Penh City. Fish were identified, weighed, and separated into 20 g subsamples for each fish species, and were examined using the artificial digestion method. A total of 10 species of FBT were detected in 11 species of fish out of the 23 species of fish in the total sample. Results: All infected FBT species were intestinal flukes. No liver flukes were found. The overall prevalence of FBT infection was 29.3% ± 5.3%, and the mean intensity was 0.85 ± 1.89 metacercariae (Mc)/g. The highest FBT prevalence was observed for Isthmiophora hortensis (10.7%) and Centrocestus formosanus (7.9%). Other species identified were Diplostomum spp., Echinochasmus japonicus, Echinostoma revolutum, Echinostoma sudanense, Haplorchis taichui, Haplorchis pumilio Heterophyes spp., and Procerovum varium. The highest mean intensity was found for Diplostomum spp. (1.75 ± 3.03 Mc/g). Trichopsis vittata was one of the main species constituting the SIS in urban markets (31.72%) and showed the highest prevalence of FBT (75.0%). In addition, T. vittata had the highest diversity of intestinal flukes compared with other fish species. Amblypharyngodon chulabhornae showed the highest mean intensity. but low diversity (only two species) and low prevalence. Conclusions: T. vittata could be considered a potential indicator for targeted monitoring of FBT intestinal flukes, but A. chulabhornae could also be considered for quantitative studies considering its high mean intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Caruso
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France, c/o Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Pehn, Cambodia
| | - Lin Kong
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement IRD-Cambodia, c/o Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Pehn, Cambodia
| | - Samnang Keo
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement IRD-Cambodia, c/o Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Pehn, Cambodia
| | - Sreyni Yoeurn
- Faculty of Fishery, Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Pehn, Cambodia
| | - Samphal Seng
- Faculty of Fishery, Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Pehn, Cambodia
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Chai JY, Jung BK. Epidemiology and Geographical Distribution of Human Trematode Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1454:443-505. [PMID: 39008273 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-60121-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Digenetic trematodes infecting humans are more than 109 species that belong to 49 genera all over the world. According to their habitat in the definitive hosts, they are classified as 6 blood flukes (Schistosoma japonicum. S. mekongi, S. malayensis, S. mansoni, S. intercalatum, and S. haematobium), 15 liver flukes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, O. felineus, Dicrocoelium dendriticum, D. hospes, Metorchis bilis, M. conjunctus, M. orientalis, Amphimerus sp., A. noverca, A. pseudofelineus, Pseudamphistomum truncatum, and P. aethiopicum), nine lung flukes (Paragonimus westermani, P. heterotremus, P. skrjabini, P. skrjabini miyazakii, P. kellicotti, P. mexicanus, P. africanus, P. uterobilateralis, and P. gondwanensis), 30 heterophyid intestinal flukes (Metagonimus yokogawai, M. takahashii, M. miyatai, M. suifunensis, M. katsuradai, M. pusillus, M. minutus, Heterophyes heterophyes, H. nocens, H. dispar, Haplorchis taichui, H. pumilio, H. yokogawai, H. vanissinus, Centrocestus formosanus, C. armatus, C. cuspidatus, C. kurokawai, Procerovum calderoni, P. varium, Pygidiopsis genata, P. summa, Stictodora fuscata, S. lari, Stellantchasmus falcatus, Heterophyopsis continua, Acanthotrema felis, Apophallus donicus, Ascocotyle longa, and Cryptocotyle lingua), 24 echinostome intestinal flukes (Echinostoma revolutum, E. cinetorchis, E. mekongi, E. paraensei, E. ilocanum, E. lindoense, E. macrorchis, E. angustitestis, E. aegyptica, Isthmiophora hortensis, I. melis, Echinochasmus japonicus, E. perfoliatus, E. lilliputanus, E. caninus, E. jiufoensis, E. fujianensis, Artyfechinostomum malayanum, A. sufrartyfex, A. oraoni, Acanthoparyphium tyosenense, Echinoparymphium recurvatum, Himasthla muehlensi, and Hypoderaeum conoideum), 23 miscellaneous intestinal flukes (Brachylaima cribbi, Caprimolgorchis molenkampi, Phaneropsolus bonnei, P. spinicirrus, Cotylurus japonicus, Fasciolopsis buski, Gastrodiscoides hominis, Fischoederius elongatus, Watsonius watsoni, Gymnophalloides seoi, Gynaecotyla squatarolae, Microphallus brevicaeca, Isoparorchis hypselobagri, Nanophyetus salmincola, N. schikobalowi, Neodiplostomum seoulense, Fibricola cratera, Plagiorchis muris, P. vespertilionis, P. harinasutai, P. javensis, P. philippinensis, and Prohemistomum vivax), one throat fluke (Clinostomum complanatum), and one pancreatic fluke (Eurytrema pancreaticum). The mode of transmission to humans includes contact with cercariae contaminated in water (schistosomes) or ingestion of raw or improperly cooked food, including fish (liver flukes, heterophyid flukes, echinostomes, and throat flukes), snails (echinostomes, brachylaimids, and gymnophallid flukes), amphibia, reptiles (neodiplostomes), aquatic vegetables (fasciolids and amphistomes), and insect larvae or adults (lecithodendriids, plagiorchiids, and pancreatic flukes). Praziquantel has been proven to be highly effective against almost all kinds of trematode infections except Fasciola spp. Epidemiological surveys and detection of human infections are required for a better understanding of the prevalence, intensity of infection, and geographical distribution of each trematode species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bong-Kwang Jung
- MediCheck Research Institute, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Saijuntha W, Sithithaworn P, Wangboon C, Andrews RH, Petney TN. Liver Flukes: Clonorchis and Opisthorchis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1454:239-284. [PMID: 39008268 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-60121-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini and O. felineus are liver flukes of human and animal pathogens occurring across much of Europe and Asia. Nevertheless, they are often underestimated compared to other, better known neglected diseases in spite of the fact that many millions of people are infected and hundreds of millions are at risk. This is possibly because of the chronic nature of the infection and disease and that it takes several decades prior to a life-threatening pathology to develop. Several studies in the past decade have provided more information on the molecular biology of the liver flukes which clearly lead to better understanding of parasite biology, systematics and population genetics. Clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis are characterized by a chronic infection that induces hepatobiliary inflammation, especially periductal fibrosis, which can be detected by ultrasonography. These chronic inflammations eventually lead to cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a usually fatal bile duct cancer that develops in some infected individuals. In Thailand alone, opisthorchiasis-associated CCA kills up to 20,000 people every year and is therefore of substantial public health importance. Its socioeconomic impacts on impoverished families and communities are considerable. To reduce hepatobiliary morbidity and CCA, the primary intervention measures focus on control and elimination of the liver fluke. Accurate diagnosis of liver fluke infections in both human and other mammalian, snail and fish intermediate hosts is important for achieving these goals. While the short-term goal of liver fluke control can be achieved by praziquantel chemotherapy, a comprehensive health education package targeting school children is believed to be more beneficial for a long-term goal/solution. It is recommended that transdisciplinary research or multisectoral control approach including one health and/or eco health intervention strategy should be applied to combat the liver flukes and hence contribute to reduction of CCA in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Department of Parasitology and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| | - Chompunoot Wangboon
- School of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Ross H Andrews
- CASCAP, Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Trevor N Petney
- CASCAP, Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Paleontology and Evolution, State Museum of Natural History, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Jung BK, Hong S, Chang T, Cho J, Ryoo S, Lee KH, Lee J, Sohn WM, Hong SJ, Khieu V, Huy R, Chai JY. High endemicity of Opisthorchis viverrini infection among people in northern Cambodia confirmed by adult worm expulsion. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9654. [PMID: 37316679 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36544-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Opisthorchis viverrini infection is an emerging disease in Cambodia, especially in central and southeastern areas. However, its status in northern areas bordering Lao PDR has been relatively unknown. The present study was performed to investigate the status of O. viverrini infection among people in Preah Vihear and Stung Treng provinces through fecal examination to detect eggs and recovery of adult flukes from some of the egg-positive cases. Fecal examinations were performed on a total of 1101 people from 10 villages in the 2 provinces using the Kato-Katz thick smear technique. For recovery of adult flukes and other helminth parasites 10 volunteers positive for eggs of Opisthorchis viverrini and/or minute intestinal flukes (Ov/MIF), in Kampong Sangkae village, Preah Vihear province, were administered a single oral dose of 40 mg/kg praziquantel plus 5-10 mg/kg of pyrantel pamoate and purged with 40-50 g magnesium salts. Adult trematodes, together with nematodes and cestodes expelled in diarrheic stools were collected under a stereomicroscope or with the naked eye. The proportion of egg-positive cases for overall liver and intestinal helminths was high but not notably different between the 2 provinces, 65.5% in Preah Vihear versus 64.7% in Stung Treng. The average proportion of Ov/MIF egg-positive cases was 59.8%. A total of 315 adult specimens of O. viverrini were recovered from the 10 volunteers (4-98 specimens per individual; mean, 32). A smaller number of Haplorchis taichui adults, an intestinal fluke, were found mixed-infected in 7 (103 specimens in total; 1-31 per individual; mean, 15) of the 10 volunteers. Adult specimens of hookworms, Enterobius vermicularis, Trichostrongylus sp., and a Taenia tapeworm strobila were recovered in some cases. Based on the results, it has been confirmed that the surveyed areas in Preah Vihear and Stung Treng provinces, Cambodia, are highly endemic areas of O. viverrini infection with a low-grade mixed infection with H. taichui.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong-Kwang Jung
- MediCheck Research Institute, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul, 07649, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sooji Hong
- MediCheck Research Institute, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul, 07649, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehee Chang
- MediCheck Research Institute, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul, 07649, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeeun Cho
- MediCheck Research Institute, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul, 07649, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwan Ryoo
- MediCheck Research Institute, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul, 07649, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Hoon Lee
- MediCheck Research Institute, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul, 07649, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonggyu Lee
- MediCheck Research Institute, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul, 07649, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon-Mok Sohn
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jong Hong
- Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Virak Khieu
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Rekol Huy
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- MediCheck Research Institute, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul, 07649, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Tidman R, Kanankege KST, Bangert M, Abela-Ridder B. Global prevalence of 4 neglected foodborne trematodes targeted for control by WHO: A scoping review to highlight the gaps. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011073. [PMID: 36862635 PMCID: PMC9980766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foodborne trematodiases (FBTs) are a group of trematodes targeted for control as part of the World Health Organization (WHO) road map for neglected tropical diseases from 2021 to 2030. Disease mapping; surveillance; and capacity, awareness, and advocacy building are critical to reach the 2030 targets. This review aims to synthesise available data on FBT prevalence, risk factors, prevention, testing, and treatment. METHODS We searched the scientific literature and extracted prevalence data as well as qualitative data on the geographical and sociocultural risk factors associated with infection, preventive/protective factors, and methods and challenges of diagnostics and treatment. We also extracted WHO Global Health Observatory data representing the countries that reported FBTs during 2010 to 2019. RESULTS One hundred and fifteen studies reporting data on any of the 4 FBTs of focus (Fasciola spp., Paragonimus spp., Clonorchis sp., and Opisthorchis spp.) were included in the final selection. Opisthorchiasis was the most commonly reported and researched FBT, with recorded study prevalence ranging from 0.66% to 88.7% in Asia, and this was the highest FBT prevalence overall. The highest recorded study prevalence for clonorchiasis was 59.6%, reported in Asia. Fascioliasis was reported in all regions, with the highest prevalence of 24.77% reported in the Americas. The least data was available on paragonimiasis, with the highest reported study prevalence of 14.9% in Africa. WHO Global Health Observatory data indicated 93/224 (42%) countries reported at least 1 FBT and 26 countries are likely co-endemic to 2 or more FBTs. However, only 3 countries had conducted prevalence estimates for multiple FBTs in the published literature between 2010 to 2020. Despite differing epidemiology, there were overlapping risk factors for all FBTs in all geographical areas, including proximity to rural and agricultural environments; consumption of raw contaminated food; and limited water, hygiene, and sanitation. Mass drug administration and increased awareness and health education were commonly reported preventive factors for all FBTs. FBTs were primarily diagnosed using faecal parasitological testing. Triclabendazole was the most reported treatment for fascioliasis, while praziquantel was the primary treatment for paragonimiasis, clonorchiasis, and opisthorchiasis. Low sensitivity of diagnostic tests as well as reinfection due to continued high-risk food consumption habits were common factors. CONCLUSION This review presents an up-to-date synthesis on the quantitative and qualitative evidence available for the 4 FBTs. The data show a large gap between what is being estimated and what is being reported. Although progress has been made with control programmes in several endemic areas, sustained effort is needed to improve surveillance data on FBTs and identify endemic and high-risk areas for environmental exposures, through a One Health approach, to achieve the 2030 goals of FBT prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tidman
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (RT); (KK)
| | - Kaushi S. T. Kanankege
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RT); (KK)
| | - Mathieu Bangert
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bernadette Abela-Ridder
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Grundy-Warr C, Andrews RH, Khuntikeo N, Petney TN. RAW ATTITUDES: Socio-Cultures, Altered Landscapes, and Changing Perceptions of an Underestimated Disease. Recent Results Cancer Res 2023; 219:281-347. [PMID: 37660338 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-35166-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Raw attitudes relate to the food cultures, eating habits, and behaviours of people in relation to the consumption of raw, partially cooked, and fermented freshwater fish dishes, which puts people at risk of Ophistochis viverrini and other parasitic infections. The chapter reviews raw attitudes within the countries and across the borders of the greater Mekong region, particularly northeast Thailand, Lao PDR, Vietnam, and Cambodia. Rather than treat each nation-state as an isolated epidemiological box, the chapter explores transborder complexity in relation to multiple anthropogenic transformations to the landscapes of the region and developmental impacts upon ecosystems and life cycles. Economic projects such as multiple hydropower dams, irrigation schemes, water-diversions, roads, and aquaculture ponds have significant impacts on FTZ life-cycle dynamics. In addition, many ecological changes are transboundary ones, and there are added complications relating human mobility, altered agrarian landscapes, and significant numbers of migrant workers. The chapter also examines public health programmes and educational interventions which are altering perceptions of O. viverrini and cholangiocarcinoma over time. A key argument is the need for transdisciplinary scientific and social science strategies alongside multi-pronged health interventions, such as 'the CASCAP model'. There exist many unknowns and gaps relating to widespread anthropogenic modifications upon life cycles, upon lifestyles, livelihoods, and human behaviours, which require research projects that span socio-economic, ecological, geographical, and public health dynamics of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Grundy-Warr
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Ross H Andrews
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Narong Khuntikeo
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Trevor N Petney
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Departments of Zoology and Paleontology and Evolution, State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe, Erbprinzenstrasse 13, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Current status of human liver fluke infections in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Acta Trop 2021; 224:106133. [PMID: 34509453 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) is a trans-national region of the Mekong River basin in Southeast Asia comprising Cambodia, the People's Republic of China (specifically Yunnan Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region), Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam home to more than 340 million people or almost 4.5% of the global population. Human liver fluke infections caused by Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis have been major public health problems in this region for decades. Opisthorchiasis caused by O. viverrini is prevalent in Thailand, Lao PDR, Cambodia and central-southern Vietnam with more than 12 million people infected. Clonorchiasis caused by C. sinensis is endemic in northern Vietnam and Guangxi with estimated 3.5 -5 million infected. The infections can cause several liver and biliary diseases such as cholangitis, periductal fibrosis, gallstones, and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a fatal bile duct cancer. Key determinants of the geographical distribution differences of the two liver fluke species are snail species and geographic barriers. Main risk behaviour of the infections is the culture of eating raw fish "the raw attitude" of people in the GMS, especially the Tai/Dai/Thai/Laos ethnic groups, the major population in the GMS. Over the past 20 years, there is a big change in prevalence of the infections. Opisthorchiasis has long been endemic, particularly in northern and northeastern Thailand and Lao PDR with over 8-10 million cases estimated. However, after several rounds of national campaign against opisthorchiasis using integrated control approach in Thailand over the past three decades, the prevalence of O. viverrini infection has reduced from over 15% in 1996 to 2.2% in 2019. High prevalence of O. viverrini infection continues in Lao PDR and central Vietnam. Emerging high prevalence, up to a maximum of 47.5%, has been noted in Cambodia during the past 10 years possibly due to more studies being conducted rather than increasing prevalence. O. viverrini infection has now also been reported in Lower Myanmar in recent years. Clonorchiasis has been known in northern Vietnam and southern China for a long time. Several surveys have reported infections in Guangxi in the last 10 years, and until now liver fluke infected cases have not been reported in Yunnan. Overall, nowadays, there is a shift in high risk areas for GMS liver fluke infection from northeastern Thailand to Lao PDR, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar, and Guangxi P.R. China. Urgent systematic disease mapping and integrated liver fluke control using One Health approaches should be implemented nationwide in GMS countries.
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Sohn WM, Choi SH, Jung BK, Hong S, Ryoo S, Chang T, Lee KH, Na BK, Hong SJ, Khieu V, Chai JY. Prevalence and Intensity of Opisthorchis viverrini Metacercarial Infection in Fish from Phnom Penh, Takeo, and Kandal Provinces, Cambodia. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 59:531-536. [PMID: 34724775 PMCID: PMC8561056 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2021.59.5.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence and intensity of Opisthorchis viverrini metacercariae (OvMc) were investigated in fish from 3 southern administrative regions along the Mekong River in Cambodia, i.e., Phnom Penh, Takeo, and Kandal Provinces from 2017 to 2020. A total of 295 freshwater fish (24 species) were transported to our laboratory with ice and examined using the artificial digestion method. In Phnom Penh, among 4 fish species positive for OvMc, 9 (23.7%) of 38 specimens examined were infected, and their intensity of infection averaged 4.3 metacercariae per infected fish. In Takeo Province, among 10 fish species positive for OvMc, 24 (38.1%) out of 63 fish examined were infected, and their intensity of infection was av. 14.4 metacercariae per infected fish. In particular, all of 3 Osteochilus schlegelii fish examined were infected, and their infection intensity was high, 34.7 metacercariae per fish. In Kandal Province, among 6 fish species positive for OvMc, 46 (90.2%) out of 51 specimens examined were infected, and their infection intensity was 24.0 metacercaraie per infected fish. All fish of Systomus orphoides (n=17), Barbonymus altus (n=14), and Rasbora aurotaenia (n=2) were infected, and their intensity of infection averaged 37.7, 21.6, and 18.5 metacercariae per fish, respectively. Metacercariae of Haplochis yokogawai, Haplorchis taichui, and Centrocestus formosanus were detected in fish from Takeo and Kandal Provinces. From these results, it has been confirmed that a variety of fish species from Phnom Penh, Takeo, and Kandal Provinces are commonly infected with OvMc, and preventive measures to avoid human O. viverrini infection should be performed in Cambodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon-Mok Sohn
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Choi
- Society of Korean Naturalist, Institute of Ecology and Conservation, Yangpyeong 12563, Korea
| | - Bong-Kwang Jung
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Sooji Hong
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Seungwan Ryoo
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Taehee Chang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Keon Hoon Lee
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Byoung-Kuk Na
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Sung-Jong Hong
- Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Virak Khieu
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea.,Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Cech G, Sándor D, Molnár K, Varga Á, Caffara M, Fioravanti ML, Buchmann K, Székely C. Digenean trematodes in Hungarian freshwater aquacultures. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2020; 22:e00101. [PMID: 33364471 PMCID: PMC7750318 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2020.e00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Occurrence of metacercariae of potentially zoonotic trematodes (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) in the musculature of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L. 1758) was monitored in four Hungarian aquacultures. Four geographically distinct fish farms (located in the Northwestern, Southwestern, Northeastern and Southeastern parts of Hungary) were selected for the investigation. From each farm, a total of 258 one-summer-old fingerlings were sampled and examined in the years 2016 and 2017. In addition, in 2017, we examined 60 market size specimens (30 two-summers and 30 three-summers) sampled from the most infected aquaculture in the Northeastern part of Hungary. The fish were euthanized and decapitated whereafter their musculature (fillets) was digested in a pepsin solution to isolate metacercariae from the tissue whereafter morphological and molecular analyses (PCR and sequencing of ITS region) were performed. Opisthorchiid metacercariae were not recovered but in one of the farms numerous metacercariae were detected in the musculature of carp. They were identified as cyathocotylid trematodes based on their morphological characteristics and by sequencing the ITS region. The infection levels proved to be remarkably different among the four fish farms. Carps from the Northeastern farm were infected by large numbers of cyathocotylid metacercariae, while 8 Posthodiplostomum cuticola metacercariae were detected in the Northwestern aquaculture. In the other two farms (Southwestern and Southeastern) no infection was recorded. The infected farm is located close to a protected natural wetland habitat populated by a rich fauna of aquatic birds (potential final hosts) and snails (first intermediate host) which may create a higher risk of infection in the neighbouring fish farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Cech
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Diána Sándor
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary.,Eötvös Loránd University, Doctoral School of Biology Program of Zootaxonomy, Animal Ecology and Hydrobiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Molnár
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Varga
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Monica Caffara
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Universita` di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Fioravanti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Universita` di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Csaba Székely
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
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11
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Liver fluke infections by Amphimerus sp. (Digenea: Opisthorchiidae) in definitive and fish intermediate hosts in Manabí province, Ecuador. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008286. [PMID: 32598382 PMCID: PMC7351216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphimerus sp. is a fluke that dwells in the biliary tracts of vertebrate definitive hosts including humans, domestic, and wild mammals in Latin America. Opisthorchiid liver infections are rarely studied in the Americas confirming its status as a neglected tropical disease. In Ecuador, small trematode eggs were reported in human cases from the province of Manabí in 1949, and recently, Amphimerus sp. adults were recovered from human and reservoir hosts in the province of Esmeraldas. Due to the lack of research on the infectious sources of Amphimerus sp. in the continent, we have developed a series of epidemiological studies with parasitological and molecular techniques to elucidate the endemicity of opisthorchiid fluke infections. We developed a cross-sectional study in three communities at Pedro Pablo Gómez parish in the province of Manabí, Ecuador. We examined a total of 176 fecal samples to detect opisthorchiid eggs, and four fish species to find opisthorchiid metacercariae. To study adult worms, we treated and purged seven patients in a family and dissected the livers of a dog and a cat infected. We observed morphological features of adults and metacercariae and used polymerase chain reaction with restricted fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and DNA sequencing of a section of the ITS2 gene for identification. Small trematode eggs were detected in 63 (35.8%) out of 176 fecal samples of residents in the three study sites. Adult opisthorchiid flukes were recovered from human patients, a dog and a cat, and they were morphologically and molecularly identified as Amphimerus sp. Opisthorchiid metacercariae were also identified molecularly as Amphimerus sp. in four fish species, i.e., Rhoadsia altipinna, Bryconamericus bucay, Andinoacara rivulatus, and Piabucina aureoguttata. Metacercariae of the heterophyid Haplorchis pumilio were also found in the four fish species examined. This is the first study to confirm the current endemicity of Amphimerus sp. in Pedro Pablo Gómez, Manabí, Ecuador. The adult worms isolated here shared morphological characteristics with previous Amphimerus sp. descriptions and were molecularly similar to Amphimerus sp. described in the province of Esmeraldas. Moreover, this study is the first to document four fish species as infection sources of Amphimerus sp. detected via a molecular protocol targeting the metacercariae of the parasite. Fish species identified here should be targeted for public health campaigns to avoid further human liver-fluke infections by Amphimerus sp. or potential intestinal-fluke infections by H. pumilio or others. Among neglected tropical diseases, foodborne trematodiases rank among the least studied, especially in the Americas. In Ecuador, a parasite of the genus Amphimerus, family Opisthorchiidae, has been found in the biliary ducts of humans, cats, and dogs, in the northern province of Esmeraldas. Reports as old as 1949 document opisthorchiid infections in the coastal province of Manabí. Given a lack of studies elucidating the infective larval stage of these flukes in Ecuador, we decided to conduct parasitological and molecular experiments to characterize the presence of these human liver infections in the area. We found adult Amphimerus sp. flukes in humans and other domestic animals, and its metacercariae in four edible freshwater fish species: Rhoadsia altipinna, Bryconamericus bucay, Andinoacara rivulatus, and Piabucina aureoguttata. Moreover, we found a prevalence of 35.8% of small trematode eggs in humans. Finally, we also found the metacercariae of the intestinal fluke Haplorchis pumilio in all fish species examined. Our findings confirm the area of Pedro Pablo Gómez as an endemic region for opisthorchiid liver infections due to Amphimerus sp., and expand the human differential diagnosis of small trematode eggs to liver and intestinal flukes. Consumption of undercooked freshwater fish of the species identified here could lead to Amphimerus sp. infections. Surveillance in other areas known for raw fish consumption would likely unveil new cases of foodborne trematodiases in Ecuador and other regions.
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Sohn WM, Jung BK, Hong SJ, Lee KH, Park JB, Kim HS, Cho S, Htoon TT, Tin HH, Chai JY. Low-Grade Endemicity of Opisthorchiasis, Yangon, Myanmar. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:1435-1437. [PMID: 31211941 PMCID: PMC6590760 DOI: 10.3201/eid2507.190495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed an epidemiologic survey of opisthorchiasis in Yangon, Myanmar. The fecal egg-positive rate of residents was 0.7%, and we recovered an adult fluke after chemotherapy and purging of an egg-positive resident. We detected Opisthorchis viverrini metacercariae in freshwater fish. We found the Yangon area to have low-grade endemicity of opisthorchiasis.
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13
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Chai JY, Lee SH, Rim HJ, Sohn WM, Phommasack B. Infection status with zoonotic trematode metacercariae in fish from Lao PDR. Acta Trop 2019; 199:105100. [PMID: 31404522 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the infection status with fishborne zoonotic trematode (FZT) metacercariae were reviewed with our data, which obtained from the fish survey in 8 administrative localities, i.e., Vientiane Municipality, Luang Prabang, Xieng Khouang, Vientiane, Khammuane, Savannakhet, Saravane and Champasak Provinces of Lao PDR (Laos) in 10 times. Total 1046 freshwater fishes (69 species) were examined with the artificial digestion method from 2002 to 2011. Total 6 species of zoonotic trematode, i.e., Opisthorchis viverrini, Haplorchis taichui, Haplorchis yokogawai, Haplorchis pumilio, Centrocestus formosanus and Procerovum varium, metacercariae were detected in fishes from Laos. The metacercariae of O. viverrini were detected in 284 (37.9%) out of 749 fishes (26 spp.), and their average density was 297 per fish infected. The prevalences of 4 heterophyid species, i.e., H. taichui, H. yokogawai, H. pumilio and C. formosanus, metacercariae were 45.4% (out of 941 fishes in 46 spp. examined), 45.1% (811 fishes in 35 spp.), 8.8% (457 fishes in 11 spp.) and 18.1% (475 fishes in 13 spp.), their average densities were 291, 218, 4 and 15 per fish infected respectively. The endemicities of O. viverrini metacercariae were much higher in fishes from Savannakhet Province and Vientiane Municipality (2002). Those of H. taichui metacercariae were much higher in fishes from Khammuane and Luang Prabang (2011) Provinces. By the present study, it was confirmed that some species of FZT metacercariae are highly prevalent in fishes from Laos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yil Chai
- Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07653, Republic of Korea; Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Hyung Lee
- Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07653, Republic of Korea; Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Jong Rim
- Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07653, Republic of Korea; Department of Parasitology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon-Mok Sohn
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bounlay Phommasack
- Department of Hygiene and Prevention, Ministry of Public Health, Vientiane, Lao Democratic People's Republic
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Khieu V, Fürst T, Miyamoto K, Yong TS, Chai JY, Huy R, Muth S, Odermatt P. Is Opisthorchis viverrini Emerging in Cambodia? ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 103:31-73. [PMID: 30878058 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Opisthorchis viverrini infection is widely prevalent in Southeast Asia. In Cambodia information on this helminth infection is scare. Recent reports suggest that O. viverrini is an emerging public health problem. We aimed to synthesize all information in relation to the infection, epidemiology, and morbidity of O. viverrini in Cambodia; from published as well as thus far unpublished sources. First reports on O. viverrini date back to 1995. In 2006 an O. viverrini initiative was launched by the national helminth control program. Since then O. viverrini has been reported in all - except two - provinces. Villages with high prevalences (>20%) were found in provinces from Preah Vihear to Takeo. The infection has a highly focal distribution. In many villages no infections were detected. O. viverrini infection was also reported in cats, dogs and intermediate hosts. No report on morbidity associated with O. viverrini was found. The current evidence suggests that O. viverrini infection remains underreported in Cambodia. It is likely that the transmission will further increase in the future with potentially serious consequences for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virak Khieu
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Thomas Fürst
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kazuko Miyamoto
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine & Center for International Education and Exchange, Yamanashi University, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Tai-Soon Yong
- Department of Environmental Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Rekol Huy
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sinuon Muth
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Peter Odermatt
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Chai JY, Jung BK. Epidemiology of Trematode Infections: An Update. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1154:359-409. [PMID: 31297768 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-18616-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Digenetic trematodes infecting humans are more than 91 species which belong to 46 genera all over the world. According to their habitat in definitive hosts, they are classified as blood flukes (Schistosoma japonicum. S. mekongi, S. mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. intercalatum), liver flukes (Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, O. felineus, Metorchis conjunctus, M. bilis, M. orientalis, Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Dicrocoelium dendriticum, and D. hospes), lung flukes (Paragonimus westermani, P. heterotremus, P. skrjabini, P. miyazakii, P. kellicoti, P. mexicanus, P. africanus, and P. uterobilateralis), throat fluke (Clinostomum complanatum), pancreatic fluke (Eurytrema pancreaticum), and intestinal flukes (Metagonimus yokogawai, M. miyatai, M. takahashii, Heterophyes nocens, H. heterophyes, Haplorchis taichui, H. pumilio, H. yokogawai, Centrocestus formosanus, Echinostoma revolutum, E. ilocanum, Isthmiophora hortensis, Echinochasmus japonicus, E. lilliputanus, Artyfechinostomum malayanum, A. sufrartyfex, A. oraoni, Fasciolopsis buski, Gymnophalloides seoi, Neodiplostomum seoulense, Caprimolgorchis molenkampi, Phaneropsolus bonnei, and Plagiorchis muris). The mode of transmission to humans includes contact with cercariae contaminated in water (schistosomes) and ingestion of raw or improperly cooked fish (liver and throat flukes, heterophyids, and echinostomes), snails (echinostomes and gymnophallids), amphibia, reptiles (neodiplostomes), aquatic vegetables (amphistomes), or insect larvae or adults (plagiorchiids, lecithodendriids, and pancreatic fluke). Praziquantel has been proved to be highly effective against most species of trematode infections except fascioliasis. Epidemiological surveys and detection of human infections are required for better understanding of the geographical distribution and endemicity of each trematode species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yil Chai
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bong-Kwang Jung
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Saijuntha W, Sithithaworn P, Kiatsopit N, Andrews RH, Petney TN. Liver Flukes: Clonorchis and Opisthorchis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1154:139-180. [PMID: 31297762 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-18616-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, and O. felineus are liver flukes of human and animal pathogens occurring across much of Europe and Asia. Nevertheless, they are often underestimated compared to other, better known neglected diseases in spite of the fact that many millions of people are infected and hundreds of millions are at risk. This is possibly because of the chronic nature of the infection and disease and that it takes several decades prior to a life-threatening pathology to develop. Several studies in the past decade have provided more information on the molecular biology of the liver flukes which clearly lead to better understanding of parasite biology, systematics, and population genetics. Clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis are characterized by a chronic infection that induces hepatobiliary inflammation, especially periductal fibrosis, which can be detected by ultrasonography. These chronic inflammations eventually lead to cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a usually fatal bile duct cancer that develops in some infected individuals. In Thailand alone, opisthorchiasis-associated CCA kills up to 20,000 people every year and is therefore of substantial public health importance. Its socioeconomic impacts on impoverished families and communities are considerable. To reduce hepatobiliary morbidity and CCA, the primary intervention measures focus on control and elimination of the liver fluke. Accurate diagnosis of liver fluke infections in both human and other mammalian, snail and fish intermediate hosts, are important for achieving these goals. While the short-term goal of liver fluke control can be achieved by praziquantel chemotherapy, a comprehensive health education package targeting school children is believed to be more beneficial for a long-term goal/solution. It is recommended that a transdisciplinary research or multisectoral control approach including one health and/or eco health intervention strategy should be applied to combat the liver flukes, and hence contribute to reduction of cholangiocarcinoma in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weerachai Saijuntha
- Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| | - Nadda Kiatsopit
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Ross H Andrews
- CASCAP, Faculty of Medicine, Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Trevor N Petney
- CASCAP, Faculty of Medicine, Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Paleontology and Evolution, State Museum of Natural History, Karlsruhe, Germany
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17
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Sanpool O, Aung WPP, Rodpai R, Maleewong W, Intapan PM. Human liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini (Trematoda, Opisthorchiidae) in Central Myanmar: New records of adults and metacercariae identified by morphology and molecular analysis. Acta Trop 2018; 185:149-155. [PMID: 29772216 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Opisthorchis-like metacercariae were found in cyprinoid fish, Puntius brevis, bought from markets in the Bago region, Central Myanmar. Adult worms recovered from experimentally-infected hamsters resembled Opisthorchis viverrini. DNA was extracted from adults and metacercariae. A portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) regions were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction and then sequenced. The sequences confirmed that the flukes were O. viverrini. In phylogenetic analyses, sequences of O. viverrini, including our new sequences, clustered in a group with high bootstrap support for ITS2 (80%) and the cox1 gene (99%). Interestingly, ITS2 and cox1 sequences of O. viverrini and O. lobatus were very similar, raising a question about the identity of the latter. This is the first report of O. viverrini in cyprinoid fish in Central Myanmar, and only the second report of the species in Myanmar. It is an urgent warning against consuming raw or semi-cooked freshwater fish dishes. Development of an effective food-safety strategy should be provided for the prevention and control of opisthorchiasis and other foodborne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oranuch Sanpool
- Department of Parasitology, and Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Win Pa Pa Aung
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine 2, Yangon, Ministry of Health and Sport, Myanmar
| | - Rutchanee Rodpai
- Department of Parasitology, and Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Department of Parasitology, and Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Pewpan M Intapan
- Department of Parasitology, and Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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18
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Kaewpitoon SJ, Sangwalee W, Kujapun J, Norkaew J, Chuatanam J, Ponphimai S, Chavengkun W, Padchasuwan N, Meererksom T, Tongtawee T, Matrakool L, Panpimanmas S, Wakkhuwatapong P, Kaewpitoon N. Active screening of gastrointestinal helminth infection in migrant workers in Thailand. J Int Med Res 2018; 46:4560-4568. [PMID: 30084317 PMCID: PMC6259399 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518786911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to detect gastrointestinal helminth infection in migrant workers in Thailand. Methods A cross-sectional survey study was conducted in 403 migrant workers in the factories of Nakhon Ratchasima Province, northeastern Thailand during October 2016 to June 2017. Gastrointestinal helminth infections were detected by the formalin ether acetate concentration technique and microscopy. The data were analyzed using the χ2-test and logistic regression. Results The rate of gastrointestinal helminth infection was 24.07%. The most common species involved in infection was Opisthorchis viverrini (11.91%), followed by hookworm (5.46%), Trichuris trichiura (5.21%), Strongyloides stercoralis (0.5%), Ascaris lumbricoides (0.5%), and Taenia spp. (0.5%). The majority of infections were found in men aged ≥40 years, married participants, uneducated participants, laborers, those who worked for 1 year, and those who had an income of 9000 to 12,000 THB. Conclusions Gastrointestinal helminth infection is still found in migrant workers. Therefore, active surveillance is required in this large group for investigating and eradicating this type of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya J Kaewpitoon
- 1 Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.,2 Family Medicine and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Wararat Sangwalee
- 1 Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.,3 Faculty of Public Health, Vongchavalitkul University, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Jirawoot Kujapun
- 1 Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.,4 Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Roi-Et Rajabhat University, Roi-Et, Thailand
| | - Jun Norkaew
- 1 Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.,3 Faculty of Public Health, Vongchavalitkul University, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Jirayut Chuatanam
- 1 Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.,3 Faculty of Public Health, Vongchavalitkul University, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Sukanya Ponphimai
- 1 Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Wasugree Chavengkun
- 1 Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.,3 Faculty of Public Health, Vongchavalitkul University, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Natnapa Padchasuwan
- 1 Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.,5 Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Thirayu Meererksom
- 1 Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Taweesak Tongtawee
- 1 Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Likit Matrakool
- 1 Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Sukij Panpimanmas
- 1 Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Parichart Wakkhuwatapong
- 1 Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Natthawut Kaewpitoon
- 1 Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
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Khuntikeo N, Titapun A, Loilome W, Yongvanit P, Thinkhamrop B, Chamadol N, Boonmars T, Nethanomsak T, Andrews RH, Petney TN, Sithithaworn P. Current Perspectives on Opisthorchiasis Control and Cholangiocarcinoma Detection in Southeast Asia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:117. [PMID: 29765958 PMCID: PMC5938629 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to bile duct cancer or cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) in the western world, opisthorchiasis-associated CCA in Southeast Asia is an aggressive cancer with high mortality rates. It is known to cause a significant health burden in the opisthorchiasis region in Thailand and possibly throughout mainland Southeast. To reduce this health burden, a comprehensive prevention and control program for opisthorchiasis, as well as CCA, is required. In this review, our aim is to provide a brief update of the current situation regarding the natural history of opisthorchiasis and health burden of CCA in Southeast Asia. A comprehensive approach to tackling these issues being implemented in Thailand under the “Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program” is described. This comprehensive program consists of a three stage prevention and patient care program. The primary prevention component involves opisthorchiasis screening using a new and sensitive urine assay. The secondary prevention component involves screening for CCA and periductal fibrosis, with suspected CCA patients following the protocol for confirmation and appropriate treatment. Due to the eco-epidemiology of opisthorchiasis-induced CCA, the anticipated impacts and outcomes of the program include short-, medium-, and the long-term goals for the reduction of CCA incidence. To achieve long-term sustainable impacts, concerted efforts to raise social awareness and participating action by general public, non-government organizations, and government agencies are necessary. The strategic plans developed for this program can be expanded for use in other endemic areas as well as being a model for use in other chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narong Khuntikeo
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Attapol Titapun
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Watcharin Loilome
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Puangrat Yongvanit
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Foundation, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Bandit Thinkhamrop
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Nittaya Chamadol
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Thidarat Boonmars
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Teerachai Nethanomsak
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Curriculum and Instruction Program, Faculty of Education, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Ross H Andrews
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor N Petney
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Ecology and Parasitology, Institute of Zoology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Petney TN, Andrews RH, Saijuntha W, Tesana S, Prasopdee S, Kiatsopit N, Sithithaworn P. Taxonomy, Ecology and Population Genetics of Opisthorchis viverrini and Its Intermediate Hosts. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2018; 101:1-39. [PMID: 29907251 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There have been considerable advances in our understanding of the systematics and ecology of Opisthorchis viverrini; however, this new knowledge has not only clarified but also complicated the situation. We now know that what was once considered to be a single species is, in fact, a species complex, with the individual species being confined to specific wetland areas. There is also a strong genetic association between the members of the O. viverrini species complex and their Bithynia snail intermediate hosts. Although this does not negate data collected before the recognition of this situation, it does lead to the caveat that regional and temporal variations in data collected may be related to the species examined. The advances in ecology have generally been spatially limited and have led, in part, to contradictory results that may well be related to nonrecognition of the species studied. It may also be related to natural temporal and spatial variation related, for example, to habitat characteristics. To understand the variation present, it will be necessary to conduct long-term (several years at least) sampling projects after defining the genetic characteristics of O. viverrini sensu lato and its Bithynia snail intermediate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor N Petney
- Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Institute of Zoology 1: Ecology and Parasitology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany; State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ross H Andrews
- Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Weerachai Saijuntha
- Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Smarn Tesana
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sattrachai Prasopdee
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nadda Kiatsopit
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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21
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Suwannatrai A, Saichua P, Haswell M. Epidemiology of Opisthorchis viverrini Infection. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2018; 101:41-67. [PMID: 29907255 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Opisthorchiasis in the Lower Mekong Subregion is a parasitic disease caused by the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini. This parasite has a well-documented distribution in Thailand, Lao PDR, Cambodia, Myanmar and Southern Vietnam. In this chapter, we describe the current knowledge of the epidemiology of O. viverrini infection, highlighting advances in control efforts made in the last four decades in Thailand and identifying ongoing gaps in our epidemiological knowledge which need to be filled to support efforts to permanently overcome the heavy morbidity and mortality burden caused by these parasites within their endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apiporn Suwannatrai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Prasert Saichua
- Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Melissa Haswell
- Faculty of Health, School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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22
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Boonmekam D, Namchote S, Matsuda H, Kirinoki M, Miyamoto K, Sinuon M, Krailas D. Morphological and molecular identification of the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini in the first intermediate host Bithynia snails and its prevalence in Kampong Cham Province, Cambodia. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:319-323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Aung WPP, Htoon TT, Tin HH, Thinn KK, Sanpool O, Jongthawin J, Sadaow L, Phosuk I, Rodpai R, Intapan PM, Maleewong W. First report and molecular identification of Opisthorchis viverrini infection in human communities from Lower Myanmar. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177130. [PMID: 28472153 PMCID: PMC5417708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Opisthorchis viverrini is endemic in the South East Asian region, especially in Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Vietnam and Thailand, but there have been no previous records from Myanmar. During stool surveys of rural populations in three regions of Lower Myanmar, Opisthorchis-like eggs were found in 34 out of 364 (9.3%) participants by stool microscopy after using the modified formalin-ether concentration technique. DNA was extracted from these positive stool samples and a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction and then sequenced. DNA sequences, successfully obtained from 18 of 34 positive samples (Bago Region, n = 13; Mon State, n = 3; Yangon Region, n = 2), confirmed that the eggs were of O. viverrini. Sequences showed 99.7% identity with O. viverrini mitochondrial cox1 (GenBank accession no. JF739555) but 95%, 88.7%, 82.6% and 81.4% identities with those of Opisthorchis lobatus from Lao People's Democratic Republic (GenBank accession nos. HQ328539-HQ328541), Metorchis orientalis from China (KT239342), Clonorchis sinensis from China (JF729303) and Opisthorchis felineus from Russia (EU921260), respectively. When alignement with other Opisthorchiidae trematodes, 81% similarity with Metorchis bilis from Czech Republic (GenBank accession nos. KT740966, KT740969, KT740970) and Slovakia (GenBank accession nos. KT740971-KT740973), 84.6% similarity with Metorchis xanthosomus from Czech Republic (GenBank accession no. KT740974), 78.6% similarity with M. xanthosomus from Poland (GenBank accession no. KT740968) and 82.2% similarity with Euamphimerus pancreaticus from Czech Republic (GenBank accession no. KT740975) were revealed. This study demonstrated, for the first time, O. viverrini from rural people in Myanmar using molecular methods and is an urgent call for surveillance and control activities against opisthorchiasis in Myanmar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Pa Pa Aung
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine 2, Ministry of Health and Sport, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Thi Thi Htoon
- Department of Parasitology, National Health Laboratory, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Htay Htay Tin
- Department of Parasitology, National Health Laboratory, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Kyi Kyi Thinn
- International Relation Division, University of Medicine 1, Ministry of Health and Sport, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Oranuch Sanpool
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Jurairat Jongthawin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand
| | - Lakkhana Sadaow
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Issarapong Phosuk
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Rutchanee Rodpai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Pewpan M. Intapan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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24
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Saiyachak K, Tongsotsang S, Saenrueang T, Moore MA, Promthet S. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Opisthorchis viverrini Infection in Khammouane Province, Lao PDR. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 17:1589-93. [PMID: 27039810 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.3.1589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Opisthorchis viverrini (OV) liver flukes are common parasites found in central and southern Laos and constitute a major public health problem in the country. Laos people continue to have the habit of extensively consuming raw or half-cooked fish which are intermediate hosts. This study aimed to study the prevalence and factors associated with OV infection in the population of Thakek district, Khammouane Province. This cross-sectional analytic study covered 237 subjects who filled out structured questionnaires. Fecal examination for OV infection was performed by Kato's thick smear method. Data analysis was carried out using STATA Version 10.0. Multiple logistic regression was applied. The results showed that the infection rate of OV was 54.8 %. Factors associated with OV infections were gender, a habit of defecation in fields and raw fish (goi bplaa dip) consumption. Opisthorchiasis and associated cholangiocarcinoma development thus appear to remain as important concerns in Laos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khamphanavanh Saiyachak
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand E-mail :
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25
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Chai JY, Sohn WM, Na BK, Jeoung HG, Sinuon M, Socheat D. Stellantchasmus falcatus (Digenea: Heterophyidae) in Cambodia: Discovery of Metacercariae in Mullets and Recovery of Adult Flukes in an Experimental Hamster. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2016; 54:537-41. [PMID: 27658608 PMCID: PMC5040078 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2016.54.4.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Stellantchasmus falcatus (Digenea: Heterophyidae) is first reported from Cambodia through recovery of the metacercariae from mullet fish and adult flukes from an experimentally infected hamster. We purchased 7 mullets, Chelon macrolepis, in a local market of Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and each of them was examined by the artificial digestion method on May 2010. The metacercariae of S. falcatus were detected in all mullets (100%) examined, and their average density was 177 per fish. They were elliptical, 220×168 μm in average size. They were orally infected to an hamster to obtain adult flukes. Adults recovered at day 10 post infection were observed with a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). They were small, 450×237 μm in average size, had a small oral sucker (41×50 μm), subglobular pharynx (29×21 μm), slender esophagus (57 μm), long and thick-walled expulsor (119×32 μm), spherical ovary (58×69 μm), and 2 ovoid testes (right: 117×74 μm; left: 114×63 μm). Eggs were small, yellow, and 23×12 μm in average size. In SEM observations, tegumental spines were densely distributed on the whole tegument, and single small type I sensory papillae were distributed around the lip of oral sucker. The small ventral sucker was dextrally located and had 8 type I sensory papillae on the left margin. It has been first confirmed in the present study that the mullet, C. macrolepis, is playing the role of a second intermediate host of S. falcatus in Cambodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07653, Korea
| | - Woon-Mok Sohn
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Byoung-Kuk Na
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Hoo-Gn Jeoung
- Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07653, Korea
| | - Muth Sinuon
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Duong Socheat
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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26
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Chassagne F, Rojas Rojas T, Bertani S, Bourdy G, Eav S, Ruiz E, Pineau P, Deharo E. A 13-Year Retrospective Study on Primary Liver Cancer in Cambodia: A Strikingly High Hepatitis C Occurrence among Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cases. Oncology 2016; 91:106-16. [PMID: 27250992 DOI: 10.1159/000446398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the main type of primary liver cancer (PLC) worldwide, but cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) may be predominant in some specific regions of Southeast Asia. The aim of the present study was to delineate a pattern of Cambodian PLC patients attending the Calmette Hospital in the Cambodian capital Phnom Penh. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 553 medical charts diagnosing PLCs from January 2003 to May 2015 were obtained from both the Oncology and Hepato-Gastroenterology Departments of the Calmette Hospital. RESULTS HCC was the predominant type of PLC recorded, with 511 cases (92.4%), whereas CCA represented merely 7.6% (42 cases) of the overall series. Hepatitis B virus (HBV; 44.3%) and hepatitis C virus (HCV; 43%) infection rates were similar among the HCC patients, while small subsets of CCA patients were infected with HBV (15.4%) or HCV (11.5%). Most HCC (84%) and CCA (73.8%) patients received palliative treatment only. CONCLUSION The present study indicates that HCC is the main form of primary hepatic neoplasm among PLC patients attending a hospital in Cambodia. HBV and HCV infections represented equivalent burdens and major contributing factors to HCC. Therefore, the implementation of prevention programs for these infectious agents should become a priority for health policy makers in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Chassagne
- IRD, UPS, UMR 152 PHARMA-DEV, Facultx00E9; des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Universitx00E9; de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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27
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Krailas D, Veeravechsukij N, Chuanprasit C, Boonmekam D, Namchote S. Prevalence of fish-borne trematodes of the family Heterophyidae at Pasak Cholasid Reservoir, Thailand. Acta Trop 2016; 156:79-86. [PMID: 26796861 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of fish-borne trematodes was investigated in various species of freshwater fish at Pasak Cholasid Reservoir in Thailand. The samples were collected from fish markets around the reservoir between June 2011 and May 2012. A total of 789 fish samples were classified into 25 species. The metacercariae (i.e., the larval stage of trematodes) were examined from 4 parts of the fish body, and evaluated using the compression method. Ten species from two families of the fish collected were found to have trematodes of various infection rates. Among the Cyprinidae there were 9 species: Barbonymus altus (100%; 14/14), Barbonymus schwanenfeldii (88.71%; 55/62), Cyclocheilichthys enoplos (49.53%; 53/107), Hampala dispar (66.67%; 6/9), Henicorhynchus siamensis (23.36%; 25/107), Hypsibarbus wetmorei (85.29%; 58/68), Labiobarbus siamensis (77.78%; 56/72), Osteochilus hasseltii (16.28%; 7/43), and Puntioplites proctozysron (53.97%; 34/63). Among the Eleotridae, only one species Oxyeleotris marmorata was found with an infection rate of 20% (2/10). Based on morphological features and corroborated by molecular genetic data, the fish trematodes were found to represent two species of the Heterophyidae, viz. Haplorchis pumilio and Centrocestus formosanus. Thus, it is evident that freshwater fish from the Pasak Cholasid Reservoir exhibit heterophyid trematode infections.
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Inpankaew T, Murrell KD, Pinyopanuwat N, Chhoun C, Khov K, Sem T, Sorn S, Muth S, Dalsgaard A. A survey for potentially zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs and pigs in Cambodia. Acta Parasitol 2015; 60:601-4. [PMID: 26408577 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2015-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There is little information available on parasites of zoonotic significance in Cambodia. In 2011, in an effort to obtain data on potentially zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites in domestic animals, 50 dogs and 30 pigs residing in 38 households located in Ang Svay Check village, Takeo province, Cambodia were examined for parasites from faecal samples. The samples were processed using the formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique (FECT). Hookworms were the most common zoonotic parasite found in dogs (80.0%) followed by Echinostomes (18.0%). While, in pigs, Fasciolopsis buski was the most common zoonotic parasite (30.0%) followed by Ascaris suum (13.3%). This study provides baseline data on gastrointestinal parasites in dogs and pigs from Cambodia and underscores the importance of domestic animals as reservoir hosts for human parasites for Cambodian veterinary and public health agencies. Follow-up studies are required to further taxonomically characterize these dog and pig parasites and to determine their role in human parasites in this community.
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29
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Eom KS, Park HS, Lee D, Sohn WM, Yong TS, Chai JY, Min DY, Rim HJ, Insisiengmay B, Phommasack B. Infection Status of Zoonotic Trematode Metacercariae in Fishes from Vientiane Municipality and Champasak Province in Lao PDR. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2015; 53:447-53. [PMID: 26323843 PMCID: PMC4566499 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2015.53.4.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The infection status of fishborne zoonotic trematode (FZT) metacercariae was investigated in fishes from 2 localities of Lao PDR. Total 157 freshwater fishes (17 species) were collected in local markets of Vientiane Municipality and Champasak Province in December 2010 and July 2011, and each fish was examined by the artificial digestion method. Total 6 species of FZT metacercariae, i.e., Opisthorchis viverrini, Haplorchis taichui, Haplorchis yokogawai, Haplorchis pumilio, Centrocestus formosanus, and Procerovum varium, were detected in fishes from Vientiane Municipality. The metacercariae of O. viverrini were detected in 50 (49.5%) out of 101 fishes (6 species), and their average number was 154 per fish infected. The remaining 5 species of heterophyid metacercariae were detected in 36.8%, 65.8%, 9.4%, 23.9%, and 5.1% fishes examined, and their average densities were 12, 1,038, 4, 15, and 13 per infected fish, respectively. In fishes from Champasak Province, 3 species of FZT metacercariae, i.e., O. viverrini, H. taichui, and H. yokogawai, were detected. Only 2 O. viverrini metacercariae were found in only 1 Barbonymus schwanefeldi. The metacercariae of H. taichui and H. yokogawai were detected in 60.0% and 50.0% of fishes examined, and their average densities were 47 and 28 per fish infected. By the present study, it has been confirmed that several species of FZT metacercariae are prevalent in fishes from Vientiane Municipality, with P. varium being a new member of FZT in Lao PDR. In comparison, FZT metacercariae are less prevalent in fishes from Champasak Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keeseon S Eom
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Han-Sol Park
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Dongmin Lee
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Woon-Mok Sohn
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-751, Korea
| | - Tai-Soon Yong
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Duk-Young Min
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University College of Medicine, Daejeon 301-746, Korea
| | - Han-Jong Rim
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | | | - Bounlay Phommasack
- Department of Hygiene and Prevention, Ministry of Public Health, Vientiane, Lao PDR
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30
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Reprint of "An overview of freshwater snails in Asia with main focus on Vietnam". Acta Trop 2015; 141:372-84. [PMID: 25446169 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater snails have received much attention for their role as intermediate hosts for trematodes causing disease in people and animals such as schistosomiasis and various food-borne trematodes. While effective medical treatment exists for some of these diseases there is need for preventive measures to reduce transmission, e.g. control of intermediate hosts because transmission patterns are often complicated due to presence of reservoir final hosts. In order to implement control measures against the intermediate host snails with minimal impact on the freshwater ecosystems and their biodiversity, a profound knowledge on transmission patterns of the trematodes is required and this is partly related to distribution, habitat preferences, and seasonal variation in density of the intermediate host species. Identification of snail species can be problematic on the basis of morphological and anatomical characters alone as some species show morphological plasticity and similarly morphological differentiation of cercariae found in snails may be difficult and this could lead to biased perceptions of intermediate host spectra and transmission patterns. In this paper, we give an overview of the snail families and their medical and veterinary importance in Asia but with main focus on Vietnam.
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Yong TS, Chai JY, Sohn WM, Eom KS, Jeoung HG, Hoang EH, Yoon CH, Jung BK, Lee SH, Sinuon M, Socheat D. Prevalence of intestinal helminths among inhabitants of Cambodia (2006-2011). THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 52:661-6. [PMID: 25548418 PMCID: PMC4277029 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.6.661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the status of intestinal helminthic infections in Cambodia, epidemiological surveys were carried out on a national scale, including 19 provinces. A total of 32,201 fecal samples were collected from schoolchildren and adults between 2006 and 2011 and examined once by the Kato-Katz thick smear technique. The overall egg positive rate of intestinal helminths was 26.2%. The prevalence of hookworms was the highest (9.6%), followed by that of Opisthorchis viverrini/minute intestinal flukes (Ov/MIF) (5.7%), Ascaris lumbricoides (4.6%), and Trichuris trichiura (4.1%). Other types of parasites detected were Enterobius vermicularis (1.1%), Taenia spp. (0.4%), and Hymenolepis spp. (0.2%). The northwestern regions such as the Siem Reap, Oddar Meanchey, and Banteay Meanchey Provinces showed higher prevalences (17.4-22.3%) of hookworms than the other localities. The southwestern areas, including Koh Kong and Preah Sihanouk Provinces showed higher prevalences of A. lumbricoides (17.5-19.2%) and T. trichiura (6.1-21.0%). Meanwhile, the central and southern areas, in particular, Takeo and Kampong Cham Provinces, showed high prevalences of Ov/MIF (23.8-24.0%). The results indicate that a considerably high prevalence of intestinal helminths has been revealed in Cambodia, and thus sustained national parasite control projects are necessary to reduce morbidity due to parasitic infections in Cambodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Soon Yong
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Arthropods of Medical Importance Bank, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Woon-Mok Sohn
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-751, Korea
| | - Keeseon S Eom
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Hoo-Gn Jeoung
- Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 157-916, Korea
| | - Eui-Hyug Hoang
- Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 157-916, Korea
| | - Cheong-Ha Yoon
- Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 157-916, Korea
| | - Bong-Kwang Jung
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Soon-Hyung Lee
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Muth Sinuon
- Center for Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Duong Socheat
- Center for Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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Madsen H, Hung N. An overview of freshwater snails in Asia with main focus on Vietnam. Acta Trop 2014; 140:105-17. [PMID: 25149356 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater snails have received much attention for their role as intermediate hosts for trematodes causing disease in people and animals such as schistosomiasis and various food-borne trematodes. While effective medical treatment exists for some of these diseases there is need for preventive measures to reduce transmission, e.g. control of intermediate hosts because transmission patterns are often complicated due to presence of reservoir final hosts. In order to implement control measures against the intermediate host snails with minimal impact on the freshwater ecosystems and their biodiversity, a profound knowledge on transmission patterns of the trematodes is required and this is partly related to distribution, habitat preferences, and seasonal variation in density of the intermediate host species. Identification of snail species can be problematic on the basis of morphological and anatomical characters alone as some species show morphological plasticity and similarly morphological differentiation of cercariae found in snails may be difficult and this could lead to biased perceptions of intermediate host spectra and transmission patterns. In this paper, we give an overview of the snail families and their medical and veterinary importance in Asia but with main focus on Vietnam.
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Duangsong R, Promthet S, Thaewnongiew K. Development of a community-based approach to opisthorchiasis control. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:7039-43. [PMID: 24377646 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.11.7039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrrini (OV), is the major cause of the high incidence of cholangiocarcinoma in North-eastern Thailand. The prevalence of OV infection remains high in various parts of the country, especially in wetland rural areas where a large proportion of the community work in agriculture and continue the traditional practice of eating raw or uncooked cyprinoid fish products. The national control program seems to have had little impact in many of these areas, and it has been difficult to make precise assessments of the overall effectiveness of the program. Therefore there is a need for a community-based approach to prevent infection with the parasite, ideally involving as many players as possible. Here we document an attempt to assess the best means to prevention on the basis of a community intervention in three villages in north-east Thailand, with participation of representatives of Health Promotion Hospitals of the Ministry of Public Health with dedicated staff, but also school teachers, independent government sponsored village health volunteers, and housewives responsible for cooking and diet selection. An action plan was followed, allowing detailed discussions of practical proposals, their introduction and then repeated reflection and further proposals at the individual village level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujira Duangsong
- Department of Health Education, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen Province, Thailand E-mail :
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Miyamoto K, Kirinoki M, Matsuda H, Hayashi N, Chigusa Y, Sinuon M, Chuor CM, Kitikoon V. Field survey focused on Opisthorchis viverrini infection in five provinces of Cambodia. Parasitol Int 2014; 63:366-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Chai JY, Sohn WM, Na BK, Yong TS, Eom KS, Yoon CH, Hoang EH, Jeoung HG, Socheat D. Zoonotic trematode metacercariae in fish from Phnom Penh and Pursat, Cambodia. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 52:35-40. [PMID: 24623879 PMCID: PMC3948991 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A survey was performed to investigate the infection status of freshwater fish with zoonotic trematode metacercariae in Phnom Penh and Pursat Province, Cambodia. All collected fish with ice were transferred to our laboratory and examined using the artificial digestion method. In fish from Phnom Penh, 2 kinds of metacercariae (Opisthorchis viverrini and Haplorchis yokogawai) were detected. O. viverrini metacercariae were positive in 37 (50.0%) of 74 fish in 11 species (average no. metacercariae/fish, 18.6). H. yokogawai metacercariae were detected in 23 (57.5%) of 40 fish in 5 species (average no. metacercariae/fish, 21.0). In fish from Pursat Province, 5 kinds of metacercariae (O. viverrini, H. yokogawai, Haplorchis pumilio, Centrocestus formosanus, and Procerovum sp.) were detected; O. viverrini metacercariae (n=3) in 2 fish species (Henicorhynchus lineatus and Puntioplites falcifer), H. yokogawai metacercariae (n=51) in 1 species (P. falcifer), H. pumilio metacercariae (n=476) in 2 species (H. lineatus and Pristolepis fasciata), C. formosanus metacercariae (n=1) in 1 species (H. lineatus), and Procerovum sp. metacercariae (n=63) in 1 species (Anabas testudineus). From the above results, it has been confirmed that various freshwater fish play the role of a second intermediate host for zoonotic trematodes (O. viverrini, H. yokogawai, H. pumilio, C. formosanus, and Procerovum sp.) in Cambodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Woon-Mok Sohn
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-751, Korea
| | - Byoung-Kuk Na
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-751, Korea
| | - Tai-Soon Yong
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Keeseon S Eom
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 360-763, Korea
| | - Cheong-Ha Yoon
- Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 157-704, Korea
| | - Eui-Hyug Hoang
- Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 157-704, Korea
| | - Hoo-Gn Jeoung
- Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 157-704, Korea
| | - Duong Socheat
- National Malaria Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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Epidemiology of trematode infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 766:241-92. [PMID: 24903368 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0915-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Saijuntha W, Sithithaworn P, Kaitsopit N, Andrews RH, Petney TN. Liver flukes: Clonorchis and Opisthorchis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 766:153-99. [PMID: 24903366 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0915-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weerachai Saijuntha
- Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand,
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Pinlaor S, Onsurathum S, Boonmars T, Pinlaor P, Hongsrichan N, Chaidee A, Haonon O, Limviroj W, Tesana S, Kaewkes S, Sithithaworn P. Distribution and abundance of Opisthorchis viverrini metacercariae in cyprinid fish in Northeastern Thailand. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2013; 51:703-10. [PMID: 24516277 PMCID: PMC3916461 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To increase public health awareness for prevention of opisthorchiasis caused by eating raw freshwater fish, the distribution and abundance of Opisthorchis viverrini metacercariae (OV MC) was investigated in freshwater fish obtained from 20 provinces in northeastern Thailand between April 2011 and February 2012. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 12,890 fish consisting of 13 species randomly caught from 26 rivers, 10 dams, and 38 ponds/lakes. Fish, were collected in each of the rainy and winter seasons from each province. Fish were identified, counted, weighed, and digested using pepsin-HCl. Samples were examined for OV MC by a sedimentation method, and metacercariae were identified under a stereomicroscope. OV MC were found in 6 species of fish; i.e., Cyclocheilichthys armatus, Puntius orphoides, Hampala dispar, Henicorhynchus siamensis, Osteochilus hasselti, and Puntioplites proctozysron from localities in 13 provinces. Among the sites where OV MC-infected fish were found, 70.0% were dams, 23.7% were ponds/lakes, and 7.7% were rivers. The mean intensity of OV MC ranged from 0.01 to 6.5 cysts per fish (or 1.3-287.5 cysts per kg of fish). A high mean intensity of OV MC per fish (>3 cysts) was found in 5 provinces: Amnat Charoen (6.5 cysts), Nakhon Phanom (4.3), Mukdahan (4.1), Khon Kaen, (3.5) and Si Sa Ket (3.4). In conclusion, OV MC are prevalent in natural cyprinid fish, with the infection rate varying according to fish species and habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somchai Pinlaor
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sudarat Onsurathum
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Thidarut Boonmars
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Porntip Pinlaor
- Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Nuttanan Hongsrichan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Apisit Chaidee
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Ornuma Haonon
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Wutipong Limviroj
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Smarn Tesana
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sasithorn Kaewkes
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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