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Zheng T, Liu JH, Zhu TY, Li B, Li JS, Gu YY, Nie J, Xiong T, Lu FG. Novel insights into the glucose metabolic alterations of freshwater snails: a pathway to molluscicide innovation and snail control strategies. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:257. [PMID: 38940835 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
As ecosystem disruptors and intermediate hosts for various parasites, freshwater snails have significant socioeconomic impacts on human health, livestock production, and aquaculture. Although traditional molluscicides have been widely used to mitigate these effects, their environmental impact has encouraged research into alternative, biologically based strategies to create safer, more effective molluscicides and diminish the susceptibility of snails to parasites. This review focuses on alterations in glucose metabolism in snails under the multifaceted stressors of parasitic infections, drug exposure, and environmental changes and proposes a novel approach for snail management. Key enzymes within the glycolytic pathway, such as hexokinase and pyruvate kinase; tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle; and electron transport chains, such as succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase, are innovative targets for molluscicide development. These targets can affect both snails and parasites and provide an important direction for parasitic disease prevention research. For the first time, this review summarises the reverse TCA cycle and alternative oxidase pathway, which are unique metabolic bypasses in invertebrates that have emerged as suitable targets for the formulation of low-toxicity molluscicides. Additionally, it highlights the importance of other metabolic pathways, including lactate, alanine, glycogenolysis, and pentose phosphate pathways, in snail energy supply, antioxidant stress responses, and drug evasion mechanisms. By analysing the alterations in key metabolic enzymes and their products in stressed snails, this review deepens our understanding of glucose metabolic alterations in snails and provides valuable insights for identifying new pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jia Hao Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Yao Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jia Shan Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yun Yang Gu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Nie
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tao Xiong
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Fang Guo Lu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Machado CV, Mentz MB, Hartke S, Zancan DM. Occurrence of Cruzia tentaculata Larvae in the Land Snail Megalobulimus abbreviatus-Influence of Natural Parasite Load on Snail Physiology. Zoolog Sci 2023; 40:475-485. [PMID: 38064375 DOI: 10.2108/zs230047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The nematode Cruzia tentaculata is reported here for the first time in the land snail Megalobulimus abbreviatus in southern Brazil. The snails were infected with a high prevalence of larvae up to the L3 stage (68.6%). Cysts were located mainly in the mantle (pulmonary cavity) and the nerve ring. No other helminths were identified in the collected snails. Some physiological aspects were compared between snails infected with L3 larvae and non-infected snails and among infected animals with different parasite loads. No differences were found in hemolymph protein, glucose, or urea content between L3-infected and non-infected snails, nor among animals with different parasite loads. Discontinuous lesions in the rectum associated with the presence of encapsulated larvae were visible in animals with high parasite loads and were more frequent in adult animals. All analyses were carried out during the breeding season; however, the albumen glands of mature snails had a smaller volume in those with higher parasite loads. Ovotestis weight was also significantly negatively correlated with parasite load. Snail reproductive capacity could, therefore, be partially impaired but only for individuals with higher parasite loads. Considering only the measured parameters, natural infection by C. tentaculata does not appear to affect intermediary metabolism of M. abbreviatus. A greater number of larvae and greater severity of tissue injuries are more frequently observed in older snails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clivia Valle Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Marcia B Mentz
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Parasitologia e Imunologia, ICBS, UFRGS, Brazil
| | - Sara Hartke
- Departamento de Fisiologia, ICBS, UFRGS, Brazil
| | - Denise M Zancan
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil,
- Departamento de Fisiologia, ICBS, UFRGS, Brazil
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Tunholi VM, do Carmo Sperandio N, Tunholi-Alves VM, Altoé LSC, do Couto-Chambarelli MCM, Amaral LS, de Oliveira Monteiro CM, Martins IVF. Alterations in the metabolism of Pseudosuccinea columella (Mollusca: Gastropoda) caused by Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88 (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae). Mol Biochem Parasitol 2023; 256:111599. [PMID: 38000496 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2023.111599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The gastropod Pseudosuccinea columella participates in the dissemination of Fasciola hepatica in the environment, acting as the main intermediate host of this parasite in Brazil. The present study sought to elucidate the possible pathogenic effects of the entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Heterorhabditis bacteriophora on P. columella, by evaluating the influence of infection on alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), as well as the concentrations of total protein, uric acid, and urea in the snail's hemolymph. For this, the snails were exposed to EPNs for 24 and 48 h, and for each exposure time, 20 snails were dissected after 7, 14 and 21 days for hemolymph collection. The primary findings suggest a significant proteolysis alongside elevated levels of uric acid and urea in P. columella infected individuals. These findings reveal that H. bacteriophora HP88 infection induced serious changes in the snail's metabolism, triggering important deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Menezes Tunholi
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia, Parasitologia e Patologia da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Curso de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Natânia do Carmo Sperandio
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, ES, Brazil; Curso de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Menezes Tunholi-Alves
- Universidade Estácio de Sá. Bolsista do Programa Pesquisa e Produtividade da (UNESA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Curso de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Lorena Souza Castro Altoé
- Grupo de Biologia Computacional e de Sistemas, Núcleo de Genética Humana e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, Brazil; Curso de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil.
| | - Melissa Carvalho Machado do Couto-Chambarelli
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil; Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências, Departamento de Parasitologia Animal (DPA), Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ludimila Santos Amaral
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, ES, Brazil; Curso de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Caio Márcio de Oliveira Monteiro
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia, Parasitologia e Patologia da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Curso de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Isabella Vilhena Freire Martins
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, ES, Brazil; Curso de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
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