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Augustine R, Gezek M, Nikolopoulos VK, Buck PL, Bostanci NS, Camci-Unal G. Stem Cells in Bone Tissue Engineering: Progress, Promises and Challenges. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024:10.1007/s12015-024-10738-y. [PMID: 39028416 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-024-10738-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Bone defects from accidents, congenital conditions, and age-related diseases significantly impact quality of life. Recent advancements in bone tissue engineering (TE) involve biomaterial scaffolds, patient-derived cells, and bioactive agents, enabling functional bone regeneration. Stem cells, obtained from numerous sources including umbilical cord blood, adipose tissue, bone marrow, and dental pulp, hold immense potential in bone TE. Induced pluripotent stem cells and genetically modified stem cells can also be used. Proper manipulation of physical, chemical, and biological stimulation is crucial for their proliferation, maintenance, and differentiation. Stem cells contribute to osteogenesis, osteoinduction, angiogenesis, and mineralization, essential for bone regeneration. This review provides an overview of the latest developments in stem cell-based TE for repairing and regenerating defective bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Augustine
- Department of Radiology, Stanford Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Mert Gezek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
- Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | | | - Paige Lauren Buck
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
- Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Nazli Seray Bostanci
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
- Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Gulden Camci-Unal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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Fu L, Zhao Q, Li J, Zhao Z, Wang M, Sun H, Xia H. Fibroblasts Mediate Ectopic Bone Formation of Calcium Phosphate Ceramics. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072569. [PMID: 35407901 PMCID: PMC9000332 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneity of fibroblasts directly affects the outcome of tissue regeneration; however, whether bioactive ceramics regulate bone regeneration through fibroblasts is unclear. Ectopic bone formation model with biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) implantation was used to investigate the temporal and spatial distribution of fibroblasts around ceramics. The effect of BCP on L929 fibroblasts was evaluated by EdU assay, transwell assay, and qRT-PCR. Further, the effect of its conditioned medium on osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) was confirmed by ALP staining. SEM and XRD results showed that BCP contained abundant micro- and macro-pores and consisted of hydrogen-apatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) phases. Subsequently, BCP implanted into mice muscle successfully induced osteoblasts and bone formation. Fibroblasts labelled by vimentin gathered around BCP at 7 days and peaked at 14 days post implantation. In vitro, BCP inhibited proliferation of L929 fibroblast but promoted its migration. Moreover, expression of Col1a1, Bmp2, and Igf1 in L929 treated by BCP increased significantly while expression of Tgfb1 and Acta did not change. ALP staining further showed conditioned media from L929 fibroblasts treated by BCP could enhance osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. In conclusion, fibroblasts mediate ectopic bone formation of calcium phosphate ceramics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Fu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; (L.F.); (Q.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (M.W.); (H.S.)
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; (L.F.); (Q.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (M.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Jiaojiao Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; (L.F.); (Q.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (M.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Zifan Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; (L.F.); (Q.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (M.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Min Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; (L.F.); (Q.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (M.W.); (H.S.)
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Huifang Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; (L.F.); (Q.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (M.W.); (H.S.)
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Haibin Xia
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; (L.F.); (Q.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (M.W.); (H.S.)
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Correspondence:
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Billström GH, Lopes VR, Illies C, Gallinetti S, Åberg J, Engqvist H, Aparicio C, Larsson S, Linder LKB, Birgersson U. Guiding bone formation using semi-onlay calcium phosphate implants in an ovine calvarial model. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2022; 16:435-447. [PMID: 35195935 PMCID: PMC9303616 DOI: 10.1002/term.3288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The restoration of cranio‐maxillofacial deformities often requires complex reconstructive surgery in a challenging anatomical region, with abnormal soft tissue structures and bony deficits. In this proof‐of‐concept, the possibility of vertical bone augmentation was explored by suspending hemispherically shaped titanium‐reinforced porous calcium phosphate (CaP) implants (n = 12) over the frontal bone in a sheep model (n = 6). The animals were euthanized after week 13 and the specimens were subject to micro‐computed tomography (μCT) and comprehensive histological analysis. Histology showed that the space between implant and the recipient bone was filled with a higher percentage of newly formed bone (NFB) versus soft tissue with a median of 53% and 47%, respectively. Similar results were obtained from the μ‐CT analysis, with a median of 56% NFB and 44% soft tissue filling the void. Noteworthy, significantly higher bone‐implant contact was found for the CaP (78%, range 14%–94%) versus the Titanium (29%, range 0%–75%) portion of the implant exposed to the surrounding bone. The histological analysis indicates that the CaP replacement by bone is driven by macrophages over time, emphasized by material‐filled macrophages found in close vicinity to the CaP with only a small number of single osteoclasts found actively remodeling the NFB. This study shows that CaP based implants can be assembled with the help of additive manufacturing to guide vertical bone formation without decortification or administration of growth factors. Furthermore, it highlights the potential disadvantage of a seamless fit between the implant and the recipient's bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gry Hulsart Billström
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Translational Imaging, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Viviana R Lopes
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Translational Imaging, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,OssDsign, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christopher Illies
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Gallinetti
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Applied Materials Science Section, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,OssDsign, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Åberg
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Applied Materials Science Section, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,OssDsign, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Engqvist
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Applied Materials Science Section, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Conrado Aparicio
- Faculty of Odontology, International University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sune Larsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Orthopaedics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Ulrik Birgersson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgical Section, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Imaging and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.,OssDsign, Uppsala, Sweden
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4
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Pang K, Seo YK, Lee JH. Effects of the combination of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and nano-hydroxyapatite on the osseointegration of dental implants. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021; 47:454-464. [PMID: 34969019 PMCID: PMC8721409 DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2021.47.6.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to investigate the in vitro osteoinductivity of the combination of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) and the in vivo effects of implants coated with nHAp/BMP-2. Materials and Methods To evaluate the in vitro efficacy of nHAp/BMP-2 on bone formation, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) were seeded onto titanium disks coated with collagen (Col), Col/nHAp, or Col/nHAp/BMP-2. Protein levels were determined by a biochemical assay and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Stem cell differentiation was analyzed by flow cytometry. For in vivo studies with mice, Col, Col/nHAp, and Col/nHAp/BMP-2 were injected in subcutaneous pockets. Titanium implants or implants coated with Col/nHAp/BMP-2 were placed bilaterally on rabbit tibias and evaluated for 4 weeks. Results In the in vitro study, BM-MSCs on Col/nHAp/BMP-2 showed reduced levels of CD73, CD90, and CD105 and increased levels of glycosaminoglycan, osteopontin, and alkaline phosphatase activity. After 4 weeks, the Col/nHAp/BMP-2 implant showed greater bone formation than the control (P=0.07), while no differences were observed in bone implant contact and removal torque. Conclusion These results suggest that a combination of BMP-2 and an nHAp carrier would activate osseointegration on dental implant surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- KangMi Pang
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Seo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Dental Life Science Research Institute and Clinical Translational Research Center for Dental Science, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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5
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Bahraminasab M, Janmohammadi M, Arab S, Talebi A, Nooshabadi VT, Koohsarian P, Nourbakhsh MS. Bone Scaffolds: An Incorporation of Biomaterials, Cells, and Biofactors. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:5397-5431. [PMID: 34797061 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Large injuries to bones are still one of the most challenging musculoskeletal problems. Tissue engineering can combine stem cells, scaffold biomaterials, and biofactors to aid in resolving this complication. Therefore, this review aims to provide information on the recent advances made to utilize the potential of biomaterials for making bone scaffolds and the assisted stem cell therapy and use of biofactors for bone tissue engineering. The requirements and different types of biomaterials used for making scaffolds are reviewed. Furthermore, the importance of stem cells and biofactors (growth factors and extracellular vesicles) in bone regeneration and their use in bone scaffolds and the key findings are discussed. Lastly, some of the main obstacles in bone tissue engineering and future trends are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Bahraminasab
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 3513138111, Iran.,Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 3513138111, Iran
| | - Mahsa Janmohammadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, Semnan University, Semnan 3513119111, Iran
| | - Samaneh Arab
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 3513138111, Iran.,Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 3513138111, Iran
| | - Athar Talebi
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 3513138111, Iran
| | - Vajihe Taghdiri Nooshabadi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 3513138111, Iran.,Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 3513138111, Iran
| | - Parisa Koohsarian
- Department of Biochemistry and Hematology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 3513138111, Iran
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6
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Tejo-Otero A, Ritchie AC. Biological and mechanical evaluation of mineralized-hydrogel scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. J Biomater Appl 2021; 36:460-473. [PMID: 33596707 DOI: 10.1177/0885328221995425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan and gelatin have been extensively used in tissue engineering for a wide range of different applications, such as wound healing or bone regeneration, due to their advantages: excellent biocompatibility (promoting cell adhesion and proliferation), low price and biodegradability. Nonetheless, their main drawback is that they have poor mechanical properties, consequently restricting their use in bone tissue engineering. In previous studies, both materials were cross-linked, with added calcium minerals, which led to an improvement in both mechanical and biological properties. Therefore, this study carries out a mechanical and biological characterization of mineral-hydrogel scaffolds in order to find the best compositions. Different proportions of calcium compounds (CaCO3 and CaHPO4) are used to make up between 20% and 30% of the minerals used in a mineral-hydrogel mix. This addition of minerals enhances not only the mechanical properties, but also the biological ones. On the one hand, the higher the amount of minerals added to the composition, the better the mechanical properties obtained. Additionally, as the proportion of CaCO3 in comparison with CaHPO4 rises, the mechanical properties improve. On the other hand, both cell proliferation and mineralization are improved with the addition of calcium minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Tejo-Otero
- Bioengineering Research Group, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alastair C Ritchie
- Bioengineering Research Group, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham, UK
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7
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Pereira I, Pereira JE, Maltez L, Rodrigues A, Rodrigues C, Oliveira M, Silva DM, Caseiro AR, Prada J, Maurício AC, Santos JD, Gama M. Regeneration of critical-sized defects, in a goat model, using a dextrin-based hydrogel associated with granular synthetic bone substitute. Regen Biomater 2020; 8:rbaa036. [PMID: 33732486 PMCID: PMC7947577 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbaa036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of injectable bone substitutes (IBS) have obtained great importance in the bone regeneration field, as a strategy to reach hardly accessible defects using minimally invasive techniques and able to fit to irregular topographies. In this scenario, the association of injectable hydrogels and bone graft granules is emerging as a well-established trend. Particularly, in situ forming hydrogels have arisen as a new IBS generation. An in situ forming and injectable dextrin-based hydrogel (HG) was developed, aiming to act as a carrier of granular bone substitutes and bioactive agents. In this work, the HG was associated to a granular bone substitute (Bonelike®) and implanted in goat critical-sized calvarial defects (14 mm) for 3, 6 and 12 weeks. The results showed that HG improved the handling properties of the Bonelike® granules and did not affect its osteoconductive features, neither impairing the bone regeneration process. Human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells from the umbilical cord, extracellular matrix hydrolysates and the pro-angiogenic peptide LLKKK18 were also combined with the IBS. These bioactive agents did not enhance the new bone formation significantly under the conditions tested, according to micro-computed tomography and histological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Pereira
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
- Correspondence address. CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal. Tel: +351-253-604-418; E-mail:
| | - José Eduardo Pereira
- CECAV, Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal
| | - Luís Maltez
- CECAV, Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Rodrigues
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Catarina Rodrigues
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Dina M Silva
- Biosckin, Molecular and Cell Therapies S.A., Laboratório Criovida, TecMaia, Rua Engenheiro Frederico Ulrich 2650, Moreira da Maia 4470-605, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Caseiro
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, Porto 4051-401 Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Vasco da Gama (CIVG)/Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama (EUVG), Avenida José R. Sousa Fernandes, n.° 197 Lordemão, Coimbra 3020-210, Portugal
| | - Justina Prada
- CECAV, Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal
| | - Ana Colette Maurício
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, Porto 4051-401 Portugal
| | - José Domingos Santos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e Materiais, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, Porto 4200-495, Portugal
| | - Miguel Gama
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
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Veronesi F, Maglio M, Brogini S, Fini M. In vivo studies on osteoinduction: A systematic review on animal models, implant site, and type and postimplantation investigation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 108:1834-1866. [PMID: 32297695 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal diseases involving loss of tissue usually require management with bone grafts, among which autografts are still the gold standard. To overcome autograft disadvantages, the development of new scaffolds is constantly increasing, as well as the number of in vivo studies evaluating their osteoinductivity in ectopic sites. The aim of the present systematic review is to evaluate the last 10 years of osteoinduction in vivo studies. The review is focused on: (a) which type of animal model is most suitable for osteoinduction evaluation; (b) what are the most used types of scaffolds; (c) what kind of post-explant evaluation is most used. Through three websites (www.pubmed.com, www.webofknowledge.com and www.embase.com), 77 in vivo studies were included. Fifty-eight studies were conducted in small animal models (rodents) and 19 in animals of medium or large size (rabbits, dogs, goats, sheep, and minipigs). Despite the difficulty in establishing the most suitable animal model for osteoinductivity studies, small animals (in particular mice) are the most utilized. Intramuscular implantation is more frequent than subcutis, especially in large animals, and synthetic scaffolds (especially CaP ceramics) are preferred than natural ones, also in combination with cells and growth factors. Paraffin histology and histomorphometric evaluations are usually employed for postimplantation analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Veronesi
- IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Bologna, Italy
| | - Melania Maglio
- IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Brogini
- IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Bologna, Italy
| | - Milena Fini
- IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Bologna, Italy
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9
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Levingstone TJ, Herbaj S, Dunne NJ. Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles for Therapeutic Applications in Bone Regeneration. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1570. [PMID: 31698700 PMCID: PMC6915504 DOI: 10.3390/nano9111570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bone injuries and diseases constitute a burden both socially and economically, as the consequences of a lack of effective treatments affect both the patients' quality of life and the costs on the health systems. This impended need has led the research community's efforts to establish efficacious bone tissue engineering solutions. There has been a recent focus on the use of biomaterial-based nanoparticles for the delivery of therapeutic factors. Among the biomaterials being considered to date, calcium phosphates have emerged as one of the most promising materials for bone repair applications due to their osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity and their ability to be resorbed in the body. Calcium phosphate nanoparticles have received particular attention as non-viral vectors for gene therapy, as factors such as plasmid DNAs, microRNAs (miRNA) and silencing RNA (siRNAs) can be easily incorporated on their surface. Calcium phosphate nanoparticles loaded with therapeutic factors have also been delivered to the site of bone injury using scaffolds and hydrogels. This review provides an extensive overview of the current state-of-the-art relating to the design and synthesis of calcium phosphate nanoparticles as carriers for therapeutic factors, the mechanisms of therapeutic factors' loading and release, and their application in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya J. Levingstone
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland; (T.J.L.); (S.H.)
- Centre for Medical Engineering Research, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Stokes Building, Collins Avenue, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Simona Herbaj
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland; (T.J.L.); (S.H.)
- Centre for Medical Engineering Research, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Stokes Building, Collins Avenue, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Nicholas J. Dunne
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland; (T.J.L.); (S.H.)
- Centre for Medical Engineering Research, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Stokes Building, Collins Avenue, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 9, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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10
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Synthetic Blocks for Bone Regeneration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174221. [PMID: 31466409 PMCID: PMC6747264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review is aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of synthetic block materials for bone augmentation in preclinical in vivo studies. An electronic search was performed on Pubmed, Scopus, EMBASE. Articles selected underwent risk-of-bias assessment. The outcomes were: new bone formation and residual graft with histomorphometry, radiographic bone density, soft tissue parameters, complications. Meta-analysis was performed to compare new bone formation in test (synthetic blocks) vs. control group (autogenous blocks or spontaneous healing). The search yielded 214 articles. After screening, 39 studies were included, all performed on animal models: rabbits (n = 18 studies), dogs (n = 4), rats (n = 7), minipigs (n = 4), goats (n = 4), and sheep (n = 2). The meta-analysis on rabbit studies showed significantly higher new bone formation for synthetic blocks with respect to autogenous blocks both at four-week (mean difference (MD): 5.91%, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.04, 10.79%, p = 0.02) and at eight-week healing (MD: 4.44%, 95% CI: 0.71, 8.17%, p = 0.02). Other animal models evidenced a trend for better outcomes with synthetic blocks, though only based on qualitative analysis. Synthetic blocks may represent a viable resource in bone regenerative surgery for achieving new bone formation. Differences in the animal models, the design of included studies, and the bone defects treated should be considered when generalizing the results. Clinical studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of synthetic blocks in bone augmentation procedures.
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Fahmy-Garcia S, Mumcuoglu D, de Miguel L, Dieleman V, Witte-Bouma J, van der Eerden BCJ, van Driel M, Eglin D, Verhaar JAN, Kluijtmans SGJM, van Osch GJVM, Farrell E. Novel In Situ Gelling Hydrogels Loaded with Recombinant Collagen Peptide Microspheres as a Slow-Release System Induce Ectopic Bone Formation. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800507. [PMID: 30230271 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
New solutions for large bone defect repair are needed. Here, in situ gelling slow release systems for bone induction are assessed. Collagen-I based Recombinant Peptide (RCP) microspheres (MSs) are produced and used as a carrier for bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2). The RCP-MSs are dispersed in three hydrogels: high mannuronate (SLM) alginate, high guluronate (SLG) alginate, and thermoresponsive hyaluronan derivative (HApN). HApN+RCP-MS forms a gel structure at 32 ºC or above, while SLM+RCP-MS and SLG+RCP-MS respond to shear stress displaying thixotropic behavior. Alginate formulations show sustained release of BMP-2, while there is minimal release from HApN. These formulations are injected subcutaneously in rats. SLM+RCP-MS and SLG+RCP-MS loaded with BMP-2 induce ectopic bone formation as revealed by X-ray tomography and histology, whereas HApN+RCP-MS do not. Vascularization occurs within all the formulations studied and is significantly higher in SLG+MS and HApN+RCP-MS than in SLM+RCP-MS. Inflammation (based on macrophage subset staining) decreases over time in both alginate groups, but increases in the HApN+RCP-MS condition. It is shown that a balance between inflammatory cell infiltration, BMP-2 release, and vascularization, achieved in the SLG+RCP-MS alginate condition, is optimal for the induction of de novo bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shorouk Fahmy-Garcia
- Department of Orthopedics; Erasmus MC; Wytemaweg 80 3015CN Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine; Erasmus MC; Wytemaweg 80 3015CN Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Didem Mumcuoglu
- Department of Orthopedics; Erasmus MC; Wytemaweg 80 3015CN Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Fujifilm Manufacturing Europe B.V.; Oudenstaart 1 5047TK Tilburg The Netherlands
| | - Laura de Miguel
- Fujifilm Manufacturing Europe B.V.; Oudenstaart 1 5047TK Tilburg The Netherlands
| | - Veerle Dieleman
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Special Dental Care and Orthodontics; Erasmus MC; Wytemaweg 80 3015CN Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Witte-Bouma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Special Dental Care and Orthodontics; Erasmus MC; Wytemaweg 80 3015CN Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Marjolein van Driel
- Department of Internal Medicine; Erasmus MC; Wytemaweg 80 3015CN Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - David Eglin
- AO Research Institute Davos; Clavadelerstrasse 8 7270 Davos Switzerland
| | - Jan A. N. Verhaar
- Department of Orthopedics; Erasmus MC; Wytemaweg 80 3015CN Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Gerjo J. V. M. van Osch
- Department of Orthopedics; Erasmus MC; Wytemaweg 80 3015CN Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery; Erasmus MC; Wytemaweg 80 3015CN Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Eric Farrell
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Special Dental Care and Orthodontics; Erasmus MC; Wytemaweg 80 3015CN Rotterdam The Netherlands
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Kim HD, Amirthalingam S, Kim SL, Lee SS, Rangasamy J, Hwang NS. Biomimetic Materials and Fabrication Approaches for Bone Tissue Engineering. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 29171714 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Various strategies have been explored to overcome critically sized bone defects via bone tissue engineering approaches that incorporate biomimetic scaffolds. Biomimetic scaffolds may provide a novel platform for phenotypically stable tissue formation and stem cell differentiation. In recent years, osteoinductive and inorganic biomimetic scaffold materials have been optimized to offer an osteo-friendly microenvironment for the osteogenic commitment of stem cells. Furthermore, scaffold structures with a microarchitecture design similar to native bone tissue are necessary for successful bone tissue regeneration. For this reason, various methods for fabricating 3D porous structures have been developed. Innovative techniques, such as 3D printing methods, are currently being utilized for optimal host stem cell infiltration, vascularization, nutrient transfer, and stem cell differentiation. In this progress report, biomimetic materials and fabrication approaches that are currently being utilized for biomimetic scaffold design are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan D. Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; The Institute of Chemical Processes; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Republic of Korea
| | | | - Seunghyun L. Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghun S. Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Jayakumar Rangasamy
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine; Amrita University; Kochi 682041 India
| | - Nathaniel S. Hwang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; The Institute of Chemical Processes; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Republic of Korea
- The BioMax Institute of Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Republic of Korea
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13
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Gibbs D, Black C, Hulsart-Billstrom G, Shi P, Scarpa E, Oreffo R, Dawson J. Bone induction at physiological doses of BMP through localization by clay nanoparticle gels. Biomaterials 2016; 99:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kissling S, Seidenstuecker M, Pilz IH, Suedkamp NP, Mayr HO, Bernstein A. Sustained release of rhBMP-2 from microporous tricalciumphosphate using hydrogels as a carrier. BMC Biotechnol 2016; 16:44. [PMID: 27206764 PMCID: PMC4874020 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-016-0275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tissue engineering and bone substitutes are subjects of intensive ongoing research. If the healing of bone fractures is delayed, osteoinductive materials that induce mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to form bone are necessary. The use of Bone Morphogenetic Protein - 2 is a common means to enhance effectiveness and accelerate the healing process. A delivery system that maintains and releases BMP biological activity in controlled fashion at the surgical site while preventing systemic diffusion (and thereby the risk of undesirable effects by controlling the amount of protein implanted) is essential. In this study, we aimed to test a cylindrical TCP-scaffold (porosity ~ 40 %, mean pore size 5 μm, high interconnectivity) in comparison to BMP-2. Recombinant human BMP-2 was dissolved in different hydrogels as a carrier, namely gelatin and alginate cross-linked with CaCl2-solution, or a solution of GDL and CaCO3. FITC-labeled Protein A was used as a model substance for rhBMP-2 in the pre-trials. For loading, the samples were put in a flow chamber and sealed with silicone rings. Using a directional vacuum, the samples were loaded with the alginate-BMP-2-mixture and the loading success monitored by observing changes in a fluorescent dye (FITC labeled Protein A) under a fluorescence microscope. A fluorescence reader and ELISA were employed to measure the release. Efficacy was determined in cell culture experiments (MG63 cells) via Live-Dead-Assay, FACS, WST-1-Assay, pNPP alkaline phosphatase assay and confocal microscopy. For statistical analysis, we calculated the mean and standard deviation and carried out an analysis of variance. Results Directional vacuum makes it possible to load nearly 100 % of the interconnected micropores with alginate mixed with rhBMP-2. Using alginate hardened with CaCl2 as a carrier, BMP-2's release can be decelerated significantly longer than with other hydrogels - eg, for over 28 days. The effects on osteoblast-like cells were an increase of the growth rate and expression of alkaline phosphatase while triggering no toxic effect. Conclusion The rhBMP-2-loaded microporous TCP scaffolds possess proliferative and osteoinductive potential. Alginate helps to lower the local growth factor dose below the cytotoxic limit, and allows the release period to be lengthened by at least 28 days. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-016-0275-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Kissling
- Center for Surgery, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str.55, D-79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Seidenstuecker
- Center for Surgery, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str.55, D-79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo H Pilz
- Center for Surgery, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str.55, D-79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Norbert P Suedkamp
- Center for Surgery, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str.55, D-79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hermann O Mayr
- Center for Surgery, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str.55, D-79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anke Bernstein
- Center for Surgery, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str.55, D-79106, Freiburg, Germany
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Gorodzha S, Douglas TEL, Samal SK, Detsch R, Cholewa-Kowalska K, Braeckmans K, Boccaccini AR, Skirtach AG, Weinhardt V, Baumbach T, Surmeneva MA, Surmenev RA. High-resolution synchrotron X-ray analysis of bioglass-enriched hydrogels. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:1194-201. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Gorodzha
- Department of Experimental Physics; National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University; Russia
| | | | - Sangram K. Samal
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University; Belgium
| | - Rainer Detsch
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; Cauerstr. 6 Erlangen 91058 Germany
| | - Katarzyna Cholewa-Kowalska
- Department of Glass Technology and Amorphous Coatings; AGH University of Science and Technology; Krakow Poland
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University; Belgium
| | - Aldo R. Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; Cauerstr. 6 Erlangen 91058 Germany
| | - Andre G. Skirtach
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology; Coupure Links 653, Ghent University; Belgium
| | - Venera Weinhardt
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Tilo Baumbach
- Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Maria A. Surmeneva
- Department of Experimental Physics; National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University; Russia
| | - Roman A. Surmenev
- Department of Experimental Physics; National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University; Russia
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB; Stuttgart Germany
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16
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Hassan MN, Mahmoud MM, El-Fattah AA, Kandil S. Microwave-assisted preparation of Nano-hydroxyapatite for bone substitutes. CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL 2016; 42:3725-3744. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Bone Regeneration Using Bone Morphogenetic Proteins and Various Biomaterial Carriers. MATERIALS 2015; 8:1778-1816. [PMID: 28788032 PMCID: PMC5507058 DOI: 10.3390/ma8041778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Trauma and disease frequently result in fractures or critical sized bone defects and their management at times necessitates bone grafting. The process of bone healing or regeneration involves intricate network of molecules including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). BMPs belong to a larger superfamily of proteins and are very promising and intensively studied for in the enhancement of bone healing. More than 20 types of BMPs have been identified but only a subset of BMPs can induce de novo bone formation. Many research groups have shown that BMPs can induce differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and stem cells into osteogenic cells which are capable of producing bone. This review introduces BMPs and discusses current advances in preclinical and clinical application of utilizing various biomaterial carriers for local delivery of BMPs to enhance bone regeneration.
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18
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Development of thermosensitive hydrogels of chitosan, sodium and magnesium glycerophosphate for bone regeneration applications. J Funct Biomater 2015; 6:192-203. [PMID: 25859630 PMCID: PMC4493507 DOI: 10.3390/jfb6020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermosensitive injectable hydrogels based on chitosan neutralized with sodium beta-glycerophosphate (Na-β-GP) have been studied as biomaterials for drug delivery and tissue regeneration. Magnesium (Mg) has been reported to stimulate adhesion and proliferation of bone forming cells. With the aim of improving the suitability of the aforementioned chitosan hydrogels as materials for bone regeneration, Mg was incorporated by partial substitution of Na-β-GP with magnesium glycerophosphate (Mg-GP). Chitosan/Na-β-GP and chitosan/Na-β-GP/Mg-GP hydrogels were also loaded with the enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP) which induces hydrogel mineralization. Hydrogels were characterized physicochemically with respect to mineralizability and gelation kinetics, and biologically with respect to cytocompatibility and cell adhesion. Substitution of Na-β-GP with Mg-GP did not negatively influence mineralizability. Cell biological testing showed that both chitosan/Na-β-GP and chitosan/Na-β-GP/Mg-GP hydrogels were cytocompatible towards MG63 osteoblast-like cells. Hence, chitosan/Na-β-GP/Mg-GP hydrogels can be used as an alternative to chitosan/Na-β-GP hydrogels for bone regeneration applications. However the incorporation of Mg in the hydrogels during hydrogel formation did not bring any appreciable physicochemical or biological benefit.
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Kyllönen L, D’Este M, Alini M, Eglin D. Local drug delivery for enhancing fracture healing in osteoporotic bone. Acta Biomater 2015; 11:412-34. [PMID: 25218339 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fragility fractures can cause significant morbidity and mortality in patients with osteoporosis and inflict a considerable medical and socioeconomic burden. Moreover, treatment of an osteoporotic fracture is challenging due to the decreased strength of the surrounding bone and suboptimal healing capacity, predisposing both to fixation failure and non-union. Whereas a systemic osteoporosis treatment acts slowly, local release of osteogenic agents in osteoporotic fracture would act rapidly to increase bone strength and quality, as well as to reduce the bone healing period and prevent development of a problematic non-union. The identification of agents with potential to stimulate bone formation and improve implant fixation strength in osteoporotic bone has raised hope for the fast augmentation of osteoporotic fractures. Stimulation of bone formation by local delivery of growth factors is an approach already in clinical use for the treatment of non-unions, and could be utilized for osteoporotic fractures as well. Small molecules have also gained ground as stable and inexpensive compounds to enhance bone formation and tackle osteoporosis. The aim of this paper is to present the state of the art on local drug delivery in osteoporotic fractures. Advantages, disadvantages and underlying molecular mechanisms of different active species for local bone healing in osteoporotic bone are discussed. This review also identifies promising new candidate molecules and innovative approaches for the local drug delivery in osteoporotic bone.
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20
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Gibbs DMR, Black CRM, Dawson JI, Oreffo ROC. A review of hydrogel use in fracture healing and bone regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 10:187-98. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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21
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Liporace FA, Breitbart EA, Yoon RS, Doyle E, Paglia DN, Lin S. The effect of locally delivered recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 with hydroxyapatite/tri-calcium phosphate on the biomechanical properties of bone in diabetes-related osteoporosis. J Orthop Traumatol 2014; 16:151-9. [PMID: 25421865 PMCID: PMC4441641 DOI: 10.1007/s10195-014-0327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) is particularly effective in improving osteogenesis in patients with diminished bone healing capabilities, such as individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) who have impaired bone healing capabilities and increased risk of developing osteoporosis. This study measured the effects of rhBMP-2 treatment on osteogenesis by observing the dose-dependent effect of localized delivery of rhBMP-2 on biomechanical parameters of bone using a hydroxyapatite/tri-calcium phosphate (HA/TCP) carrier in a T1DM-related osteoporosis animal model. Materials and methods Two different doses of rhBMP-2 (LD low dose, HD high dose) with a HA/TCP carrier were injected into the femoral intramedullary canal of rats with T1DM-related osteoporosis. Two more diabetic rat groups were injected with saline alone and with HA/TCP carrier alone. Radiographs and micro-computed tomography were utilized for qualitative assessment of bone mineral density (BMD). Biomechanical testing occurred at 4- and 8-week time points; parameters tested included torque to failure, torsional rigidity, shear stress, and shear modulus. Results At the 4-week time point, the LD and HD groups both exhibited significantly higher BMD than controls; at the 8-week time point, the HD group exhibited significantly higher BMD than controls. Biomechanical testing revealed dose-dependent, higher trends in all parameters tested at the 4- and 8-week time points, with minimal significant differences. Conclusions Groups treated with rhBMP-2 demonstrated improved bone mineral density at both 4 and 8 weeks compared to control saline groups, in addition to strong trends towards improvement of intrinsic and extrinsic biomechanical properties when compared to control groups. Data revealed trends toward dose-dependent increases in peak torque, torsional rigidity, shear stress, and shear modulus 4 weeks after rhBMP-2 treatment. Level of evidence Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Liporace
- Division of Orthopaedic Trauma, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, 301 E 17th Street, Suite 1402, New York, NY, 10003, USA,
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Wang G, Qiu J, Zheng L, Ren N, Li J, Liu H, Miao J. Sustained delivery of BMP-2 enhanced osteoblastic differentiation of BMSCs based on surface hydroxyapatite nanostructure in chitosan–HAp scaffold. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2014; 25:1813-27. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2014.951244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kunert-Keil C, Botzenhart U, Gedrange T, Gredes T. Interrelationship between bone substitution materials and skeletal muscle tissue. Ann Anat 2014; 199:73-8. [PMID: 25159858 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bone density and quantity are primary conditions for the insertion and stability of dental implants. In cases of a lack of adequate maxillary or mandibulary bone, bone augmentation will be necessary. The use of synthetic bioactive bone substitution materials is of increasing importance as alternatives to autogenously bone grafts. It is well known that bone can influence muscle function and muscle function can influence bone structures. Muscles have a considerable potential of adaptation and muscle tissue surrounding an inserted implant or bone surrogate can integrate changes in mechanical load of the muscle and hereupon induce signaling cascades with protein synthesis and arrangement of the cytoskeleton. The Musculus latissimus dorsi is very often used for the analyses of the in vivo biocompatibility of newly designed biomaterials. Beside macroscopically and histologically examination, biocompatibility can be assessed by analyses of the biomaterial influence of gene expression. This review discusses changes in the fiber type distribution, myosin heavy chain isoform composition, histological appearance and vascularization of the skeletal muscle after implantation of bone substitution materials. Especially, the effects of bone surrogates should be described at the molecular-biological and cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Kunert-Keil
- Department of Orthodontics, Carl Gustav Carus Campus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, Haus 28, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ute Botzenhart
- Department of Orthodontics, Carl Gustav Carus Campus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, Haus 28, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tomasz Gedrange
- Department of Orthodontics, Carl Gustav Carus Campus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, Haus 28, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tomasz Gredes
- Department of Orthodontics, Carl Gustav Carus Campus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, Haus 28, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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Stenfelt S, Hulsart-Billström G, Gedda L, Bergman K, Hilborn J, Larsson S, Bowden T. Pre-incubation of chemically crosslinked hyaluronan-based hydrogels, loaded with BMP-2 and hydroxyapatite, and its effect on ectopic bone formation. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2014; 25:1013-1023. [PMID: 24477873 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-014-5147-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of pre-incubation of hyaluronan hydrogels, for different lengths of time after the initiation of chemical crosslinking and prior to injection, were explored both by investigating the in vitro BMP-2 release kinetics from the hydrogel and by studying the ectopic bone formation in rats. From the curing profile, obtained from rheological analysis, appropriate pre-incubation times (1 min, 5 h and 3 days) were selected, to prepare slightly, moderately and fully cured hydrogels. Comparable release profiles were observed for all three test groups in vitro. Furthermore, radiography, pQCT and histology of the explanted grafts showed cancellous bone formation in all groups after 5 weeks in vivo. However, longer pre-incubation times gave rise to an increase in bone volume, but a decrease in bone density. Moreover, the 5 h and the 3 days grafts appeared to be more ordered and resistant to deformation from the surrounding tissue than the 1 min grafts. The observed variations in mechanical and biological properties could potentially be used to adapt the treatment for a specific indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Stenfelt
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 751 21, Uppsala, Sweden
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Visser R, Arrabal PM, Santos-Ruiz L, Fernandez-Barranco R, Becerra J, Cifuentes M. A Collagen-Targeted Biomimetic RGD Peptide to Promote Osteogenesis. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:34-44. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rick Visser
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, (CIBER-BBN), Malaga, Spain
- Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Parque Tecnologico de Andalucia, Malaga, Spain
| | - Pilar M. Arrabal
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, (CIBER-BBN), Malaga, Spain
- Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Parque Tecnologico de Andalucia, Malaga, Spain
| | - Leonor Santos-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, (CIBER-BBN), Malaga, Spain
- Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Parque Tecnologico de Andalucia, Malaga, Spain
| | - Raul Fernandez-Barranco
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Parque Tecnologico de Andalucia, Malaga, Spain
| | - Jose Becerra
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, (CIBER-BBN), Malaga, Spain
- Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Parque Tecnologico de Andalucia, Malaga, Spain
| | - Manuel Cifuentes
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, (CIBER-BBN), Malaga, Spain
- Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Parque Tecnologico de Andalucia, Malaga, Spain
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26
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Li Z, Wen T, Su Y, Wei X, He C, Wang D. Hollow hydroxyapatite spheres fabrication with three-dimensional hydrogel template. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce42517g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Flower-like porous hollow HAp spheres were obtained by diffusion of phosphate ions into PAAm hydrogels containing calcium ions by both an electrophoresis approach and an ion diffusion method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Tao Wen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Yunlan Su
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Changcheng He
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Dujin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190, PR China
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27
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Hunt JA, Chen R, van Veen T, Bryan N. Hydrogels for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:5319-5338. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00775a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Injectable hydrogels have become an incredibly prolific area of research in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, because of their high water content, mechanical similarity to natural tissues, and ease of surgical implantation, hydrogels are at the forefront of biomedical scaffold and drug carrier design.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Hunt
- Clinical Engineering
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool, UK
| | - Rui Chen
- Clinical Engineering
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool, UK
| | - Theun van Veen
- Clinical Engineering
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool, UK
| | - Nicholas Bryan
- Clinical Engineering
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool, UK
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28
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Rossi F, Santoro M, Perale G. Polymeric scaffolds as stem cell carriers in bone repair. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 9:1093-119. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering; 'Giulio Natta' Politecnico di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Marco Santoro
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Rice University; Houston TX USA
| | - Giuseppe Perale
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering; 'Giulio Natta' Politecnico di Milano; Milan Italy
- Department of Innovative Technologies; University of Southern Switzerland; Manno Switzerland
- Swiss Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Taverne Switzerland
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29
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The influence of collagen and hyaluronan matrices on the delivery and bioactivity of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and ectopic bone formation. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:9098-106. [PMID: 23871940 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is known to enhance fracture healing when delivered via a bovine collagen sponge. However, collagen rapidly releases BMP-2 with a high burst phase that is followed by a low sustained phase. As a result, supra-physiological doses of BMP-2 are often required to successfully treat bone defects. High BMP-2 dosing can introduce serious side effects that include edema, bone overgrowth, cyst-like bone formation and significant inflammation. As the release behavior of BMP-2 carriers significantly affects the efficacy of fracture healing, we sought to compare the influence of two BMP-2 delivery matrices with contrasting release profiles on BMP-2 bioactivity and ectopic bone formation. We compared a thiol-modified hyaluronan (Glycosil™) hydrogel that exhibits a low burst followed by a sustained release of BMP-2 to a collagen sponge for the delivery of three different doses of BMP-2, the bioactivities of released BMP-2 and ectopic bone formation. Analysis of bone formation by micro-computed tomography revealed that low burst followed by sustained release of BMP-2 from a hyaluronan hydrogel induced up to 456% more bone compared to a BMP-2 dose-matched collagen sponge that has a high burst and sustained release. This study demonstrates that BMP-2 released with a low burst followed by a sustained release of BMP-2 is more desirable for bone formation. This highlights the therapeutic potential of hydrogels, particularly hyaluronan-based, for the delivery of BMP-2 for the treatment of bone defects and may help abrogate the adverse clinical effects associated with high dose growth factor use.
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30
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Qian G, Dong Y, Yang W, Wang M. Injectable calcium phosphate cement and fibrin sealant recombined human bone morphogenetic protein-2 composite in vertebroplasty: an animal study. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2013. [PMID: 23198937 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2012.2443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is currently the most commonly-used material, but it may induce adjacent vertebral fracture due to low degradation and high strength. Our study evaluated the feasibility of injectable calcium phosphate cement (ICPC) and fibrin sealant (FS) as an injectable compound carrier of human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in New Zealand rabbits for vertebroplasty. Results showed ICPC/FS/rhBMP-2 composites induced alkaline phosphatase most effectively at 2 and 4 weeks after implantation. Histological examination confirmed that new bone and vessels developed at 4 weeks in the ICPC/FS/rhBMP-2 group. At 8 weeks, parts of the ICPC/FS/rhBMP-2 cement degraded with mature bone tissues and neovascularization. New bone was observed by MicroCT to form early and massively, and the ossification was almost synchronous with the material degradation. In the PMMA Group, however, no new bone formation or material degradation was found. The stiffness and tension of vertebral bodies implanted with ICPC/FS/rhBMP-2 were weaker than those of normal vertebral bodies as well as vertebral bodies implanted with PMMA at 4 weeks (p<0.05). At 8 weeks, the stiffness and tension of vertebral bodies implanted with ICPC/FS/rhBMP-2 became strong; no significant difference was noted in the stiffness and tension, compared with normal vertebral bodies (p>0.05), while they were significantly lower, compared with vertebral bodies implanted with PMMA (p<0.05). It is concluded that, with good characteristics of osteoinductivity, the bone substitution is synchronous with material degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fifth Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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31
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Hulsart-Billström G, Yuen PK, Marsell R, Hilborn J, Larsson S, Ossipov D. Bisphosphonate-Linked Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel Sequesters and Enzymatically Releases Active Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 for Induction of Osteogenic Differentiation. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3055-63. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400639e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gry Hulsart-Billström
- Department
of Surgical Sciences, Orthopedics, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, SE 751 85, Sweden
| | - Pik Kwan Yuen
- Department
of Surgical Sciences, Orthopedics, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, SE 751 85, Sweden
| | - Richard Marsell
- Department
of Surgical Sciences, Orthopedics, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, SE 751 85, Sweden
| | - Jöns Hilborn
- Science
for Life
Laboratory, Division of Polymer Chemistry, Department
of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE 751 21, Sweden
| | - Sune Larsson
- Department
of Surgical Sciences, Orthopedics, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, SE 751 85, Sweden
| | - Dmitri Ossipov
- Science
for Life
Laboratory, Division of Polymer Chemistry, Department
of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE 751 21, Sweden
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32
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Hulsart-Billström G, Piskounova S, Gedda L, Andersson BM, Bergman K, Hilborn J, Larsson S, Bowden T. Morphological differences in BMP-2-induced ectopic bone between solid and crushed hyaluronan hydrogel templates. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2013; 24:1201-9. [PMID: 23392969 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-013-4877-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The possibility to affect bone formation by using crushed versus solid hydrogels as carriers for bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) was studied. Hydrogels, based on chemical crosslinking between hyaluronic acid and poly(vinyl alcohol) derivatives, were loaded with BMP-2 and hydroxyapatite. Crushed and solid forms of the gels were analyzed both in vitro via a release study using ¹²⁵I radioactive labeling of BMP-2, and in vivo in a subcutaneous ectopic bone model in rats. Dramatically different morphologies were observed for the ectopic bone formed in vivo in the two types of gels, even though virtually identical release profiles were observed in vitro. Solid hydrogels induced formation of a dense bone shell around non-degraded hydrogel, while crushed hydrogels demonstrated a uniform bone formation throughout the entire sample. These results suggest that by crushing the hydrogel, the construct's three-dimensional network becomes disrupted. This could expose unreacted functional groups, making the fragment's surfaces reactive and enable limited chemical fusion between the crushed hydrogel fragments, leading to similar in vitro release profiles. However, in vivo these interactions could be broken by enzymatic activity, creating a macroporous structure that allows easier cell infiltration, thus, facilitating bone formation.
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33
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Martínez-Álvarez C, González-Meli B, Berenguer-Froehner B, Paradas-Lara I, López-Gordillo Y, Rodríguez-Bobada C, González P, Chamorro M, Arias P, Hilborn J, Casado-Gómez I, Martínez-Sanz E. Injection and adhesion palatoplasty: a preliminary study in a canine model. J Surg Res 2013; 183:654-62. [PMID: 23541812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Raising mucoperiosteal flaps in traditional palatoplasty impairs mid-facial growth. Hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels have been successfully tested for minimally invasive craniofacial bone generation in vivo as carriers of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). We aimed to develop a novel flapless technique for cleft palate repair by injecting a BMP-2 containing hydrogel. MATERIAL AND METHODS Dog pups with congenital cleft palate were either non-treated (n=4) or treated with two-flap palatoplasty (n=6) or with the proposed injection/adhesion technique (n=5). The experimental approach was to inject a hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel containing hydroxyapatite and BMP-2 subperiosteally at the cleft palate margins of pups aged six weeks. At week ten, a thin strip of the medial edge mucosa was removed and the margins were closed directly. Occlusal photographs and computed tomography (CT) scans were obtained up to week 20. RESULTS Four weeks after the gel injection the cleft palate margins had reached the midline and engineered bone had enlarged the palatal bones. Removal of the medial edge mucosa and suturing allowed complete closure of the cleft. Compared to traditional palatoplasty, the injection/adhesion technique was easier, and the post-surgical recovery was faster. CT on week 20 revealed some overlapping or "bending" of palatal shelves in the two-flap repair group, which was not observed in the experimental nor control groups. CONCLUSION A minimally invasive technique for cleft palate repair upon injectable scaffolds in a dog model of congenital cleft palate is feasible. Results suggest better growth of palatal bones. This represents an attractive clinical alternative to traditional palatoplasty for cleft palate patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepción Martínez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana I, Facultad de Medicina, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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34
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D'Este M, Eglin D. Hydrogels in calcium phosphate moldable and injectable bone substitutes: Sticky excipients or advanced 3-D carriers? Acta Biomater 2013. [PMID: 23201020 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The combination of hydrogels and calcium phosphate particles is emerging as a well-established trend for bone substitutes. Besides acting as binders for the inorganic phase, hydrogels within these hybrid materials can modulate cell colonization physically and biologically. The influence of hydrogels on the healing process can also be exploited through their capability to deliver drugs and cells for tissue engineering approaches. The aim of this review is to collect some recent progress in this field, with an emphasis on design aspects and possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D'Este
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, Davos, Switzerland.
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35
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Li Z, Su Y, Xie B, Wang H, Wen T, He C, Shen H, Wu D, Wang D. A tough hydrogel–hydroxyapatite bone-like composite fabricated in situ by the electrophoresis approach. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:1755-1764. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb00246b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Billström GH, Blom AW, Larsson S, Beswick AD. Application of scaffolds for bone regeneration strategies: current trends and future directions. Injury 2013; 44 Suppl 1:S28-33. [PMID: 23351866 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1383(13)70007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Scaffolds are extensively used in surgery to replace missing bone and to achieve bony union and fusion. An ideal scaffold should not only maintain, induce, and restore biological functions where cells, extracellular matrix, and growth factors are needed, but also have the right properties with respect to degradation, cell binding, cellular uptake, non-immunogenicity, mechanical strength, and flexibility. Here we examine both the basic science behind the development of scaffolds and comprehensively and systematically review the clinical applications.
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37
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Berts I, Gerelli Y, Hilborn J, Rennie AR. Structure of polymer and particle aggregates in hydrogel composites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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38
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Hulsart-Billström G, Bergman K, Andersson B, Hilborn J, Larsson S, Jonsson KB. A uni-cortical femoral defect model in the rat: evaluation using injectable hyaluronan hydrogel as a carrier for bone morphogenetic protein-2. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 9:799-807. [PMID: 23225778 DOI: 10.1002/term.1655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The development of biomaterial for bone regeneration requires animal models that are reliable and designed to mimic clinically relevant situations. We have previously investigated hydrogels comprised of modified hyaluronic acid and polyvinyl alcohol in models of ectopic bone formation. This hydrogel induces bone regeneration when loaded with bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). To allow further optimization of hydrogels, we developed a new, femoral, non-critical-sized cortical defect model. In the rat femur, we drilled standardized, elongated unilateral cortical defects that did not require stabilization and that could be created bilaterally to allow paired comparisons of biomaterials. After optimizing the defect size, subsequent stress fractures occurred in only 8% and the defect healed partially over the 40 day study period. In a time-course experiment, we treated bone defects with the previously studied hyaluronan hydrogel loaded with 10 µg hydroxyapatite and 6 µg BMP-2. The shape of the defect allowed controlled containment of the material within the defect. The defect in the right leg was left untreated, while the left defect was filled with 40 µl of the BMP hydrogel. As determined by pQCT analysis, the treated defects had a higher bone mineral content, bone area and bone density than control defects. The relative difference was greatest between the groups at 10 and 20 days and diminished as the defect healed in the untreated legs. We conclude that this animal model allows facile and rapid screening of biomaterials for bone regeneration in cortical femoral defects without requiring external fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gry Hulsart-Billström
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Unit of Orthopaedics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Bergman
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Brittmarie Andersson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Unit of Orthopaedics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jöns Hilborn
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sune Larsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Unit of Orthopaedics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kenneth B Jonsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Unit of Orthopaedics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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39
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Martínez-Sanz E, Varghese OP, Kisiel M, Engstrand T, Reich KM, Bohner M, Jonsson KB, Kohler T, Müller R, Ossipov DA, Hilborn J. Minimally invasive mandibular bone augmentation using injectable hydrogels. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 6 Suppl 3:s15-23. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Oommen P. Varghese
- Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory; Uppsala University; Sweden
| | - Marta Kisiel
- Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory; Uppsala University; Sweden
| | | | | | - Marc Bohner
- Department of Basic and Applied Research; RMS Foundation; Bettlach; Switzerland
| | - Kenneth B. Jonsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Unit of Orthopaedic Surgery; Uppsala University; Sweden
| | | | - Ralph Müller
- Institute for Biomechanics; ETH Zürich; Switzerland
| | - Dmitri A. Ossipov
- Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory; Uppsala University; Sweden
| | - Jöns Hilborn
- Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory; Uppsala University; Sweden
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40
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Bhakta G, Rai B, Lim ZXH, Hui JH, Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ, Nurcombe V, Prestwich GD, Cool SM. Hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels functionalized with heparin that support controlled release of bioactive BMP-2. Biomaterials 2012; 33:6113-22. [PMID: 22687758 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is a potent osteoinductive factor, yet its clinical use is limited by a short biological half-life, rapid local clearance and propensity for side effects. Heparin (HP), a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) that avidly binds BMP-2, has inherent biological properties that may circumvent these limitations. Here, we compared hyaluronan-based hydrogels formulated to include heparin (Heprasil™) with similar gels without heparin (Glycosil™) for their ability to deliver bioactive BMP-2 in vitro and in vivo. The osteogenic activity of BMP-2 released from the hydrogels was evaluated by monitoring alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and SMAD 1/5/8 phosphorylation in mesenchymal precursor cells. The osteoinductive ability of these hydrogels was determined in a rat ectopic bone model by 2D radiography, 3D μ-CT and histological analyses at 8 weeks post-implantation. Both hydrogels sustain the release of BMP-2. Importantly, the inclusion of a small amount of heparin (0.3% w/w) attenuated release of BMP-2 and sustained its osteogenic activity for up to 28 days. In contrast, hydrogels lacking heparin released more BMP-2 initially but were unable to maintain BMP-2 activity at later time points. Ectopic bone-forming assays using transplanted hydrogels emphasized the therapeutic importance of the initial burst of BMP-2 rather than its long-term osteogenic activity. Thus, tuning the burst release phase of BMP-2 from hydrogels may be advantageous for optimal bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajadhar Bhakta
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
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41
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The influence of genetic factors on the osteoinductive potential of calcium phosphate ceramics in mice. Biomaterials 2012; 33:5696-705. [PMID: 22594974 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics in healing large bone defects is, in general, not as high as that of autologous bone grafting. Recently, we reported that CaP ceramics with osteoinductive properties were as efficient in healing an ilium defect of a sheep as autologous bone graft was, which makes this subclass of CaP ceramics a powerful alternative for bone regeneration. Although osteoinduction by CaP ceramics has been shown in several large animal models it is sporadically reported in mice. Because the lack of a robust mouse model has delayed understanding of the mechanism, we screened mice from 11 different inbred mouse strains for their responsiveness to subcutaneous implantation of osteoinductive tricalcium phosphate (TCP). In only two strains (FVB and 129S2) the ceramic induced bone formation, and in particularly, in FVB mice, bone was found in all the tested mice. We also demonstrated that other CaP ceramics induced bone formation at the same magnitude as that observed in other animal models. Furthermore, VEGF did not significantly increase TCP induced bone formation. The mouse model here described can accelerate research of osteoinductive mechanisms triggered by CaP ceramics and potentially the development of therapies for bone regeneration.
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42
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La WG, Kwon SH, Lee TJ, Yang HS, Park J, Kim BS. The Effect of the Delivery Carrier on the Quality of Bone Formed via Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2. Artif Organs 2012; 36:642-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2011.01420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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Hu Y, Cai K, Luo Z, Zhang Y, Li L, Lai M, Hou Y, Huang Y, Li J, Ding X, Zhang B, Sung KLP. Regulation of the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and osteogenesis in vivo by microenvironmental modification of titanium alloy surfaces. Biomaterials 2012; 33:3515-28. [PMID: 22333987 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To mimic the extracellular microenvironment of bone, a bioactive multilayered structure of gelatin/chitosan pair, containing bone morphogenetic protein 2(BMP2) and fibronectin (FN), was constructed onto Ti6Al4V surface via a layer-by-layer assembly technique. The successful fabrication of multilayered structure was confirmed by contact angle measurement, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), respectively. Bioactive BMP2 released in a sustained manner along with the degradation of multilayered structure. MSCs grown onto the multilayer coated TC4 substrates displayed significantly higher (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05) production levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), mineralization and genes expressions of runt related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), osterix, osteocalcin (OC), osteopontin (OPN), ALP and collagen type Ⅰ(ColⅠ) compared to the controls after culture for 7 days and 21 days, respectively. More importantly, MicroCT analysis and histological observations demonstrated that the multilayer coated Ti6Al4V implants in vivo promoted the bone density and new bone formation around them after implantation for 4 weeks and 12 weeks, respectively. The results indicated that Ti6Al4V coated with biofunctional multilayers was beneficial for osteogenesis and integration of implant/bone. The study therefore presents an alternative to fabricate bio-functionalized Ti6Al4V-based implants for potential application in orthopedics field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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44
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Visser R, Arrabal PM, Santos-Ruiz L, Becerra J, Cifuentes M. Basic fibroblast growth factor enhances the osteogenic differentiation induced by bone morphogenetic protein-6 in vitro and in vivo. Cytokine 2012; 58:27-33. [PMID: 22261233 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Some members of the bone morphogenetic protein subfamily (BMP-2 and -7) are currently used in orthopedic surgery for several applications. Although their use is considered safe at short term, the high doses of growth factors needed make these treatments expensive and their safety uncertain at long term. BMP-6 has been much less studied than BMP-2 and -7, but some authors suggest that this BMP might have a stronger osteogenic activity than the previously mentioned. Having in mind that angiogenesis plays a well-known role during bone formation, the aim of this work was to study the effect of combining BMP-6 with bFGF on both the growth and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 mouse preosteoblasts and rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as well as on in vivo osteogenesis. We demonstrate that a low dose of bFGF enhances the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs induced by BMP-6 in vitro. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that bone formation in vivo induced by BMP-6 can be accelerated and enhanced by adding a low dose of bFGF, what might suggest a synergic effect between these growth factors on in vivo osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Visser
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain.
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45
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Scott MA, Levi B, Askarinam A, Nguyen A, Rackohn T, Ting K, Soo C, James AW. Brief review of models of ectopic bone formation. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:655-67. [PMID: 22085228 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic bone formation is a unique biologic entity--distinct from other areas of skeletal biology. Animal research models of ectopic bone formation most often employ rodent models and have unique advantages over orthotopic (bone) environments, including a relative lack of bone cytokine stimulation and cell-to-cell interaction with endogenous (host) bone-forming cells. This allows for relatively controlled in vivo experimental bone formation. A wide variety of ectopic locations have been used for experimentation, including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and kidney capsule transplantation. The method, benefits and detractions of each method are summarized in the following review. Briefly, subcutaneous implantation is the simplest method. However, the most pertinent concern is the relative paucity of bone formation in comparison to other models. Intramuscular implantation is also widely used and relatively simple, however intramuscular implants are exposed to skeletal muscle satellite progenitor cells. Thus, distinguishing host from donor osteogenesis becomes challenging without cell-tracking studies. The kidney capsule (perirenal or renal capsule) method is less widely used and more technically challenging. It allows for supraphysiologic blood and nutrient resource, promoting robust bone growth. In summary, ectopic bone models are extremely useful in the evaluation of bone-forming stem cells, new osteoinductive biomaterials, and growth factors; an appropriate choice of model, however, will greatly increase experimental success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Scott
- Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Roseman University of Health Sciences, Henderson, Nevada, USA
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Abstract
There remains a substantial shortfall in the treatment of severe skeletal injuries. The current gold standard of autologous bone grafting from the same patient has many undesirable side effects associated such as donor site morbidity. Tissue engineering seeks to offer a solution to this problem. The primary requirements for tissue-engineered scaffolds have already been well established, and many materials, such as polyesters, present themselves as potential candidates for bone defects; they have comparable structural features, but they often lack the required osteoconductivity to promote adequate bone regeneration. By combining these materials with biological growth factors, which promote the infiltration of cells into the scaffold as well as the differentiation into the specific cell and tissue type, it is possible to increase the formation of new bone. However due to the cost and potential complications associated with growth factors, controlling the rate of release is an important design consideration when developing new bone tissue engineering strategies. This paper will cover recent research in the area of encapsulation and release of growth factors within a variety of different polymeric scaffolds.
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