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Ahmady A, Abu Samah NH. A review: Gelatine as a bioadhesive material for medical and pharmaceutical applications. Int J Pharm 2021; 608:121037. [PMID: 34438009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bioadhesive polymers offer versatility to medical and pharmaceutical inventions. The incorporation of such materials to conventional dosage forms or medical devices may confer or improve the adhesivity of the bioadhesive systems, subsequently prolonging their residence time at the site of absorption or action and providing sustained release of actives with improved bioavailability and therapeutic outcomes. For decades, much focus has been put on scientific works to replace synthetic polymers with biopolymers with desirable functional properties. Gelatine has been considered one of the most promising biopolymers. Despite its biodegradability, biocompatibility and unique biological properties, gelatine exhibits poor mechanical and adhesive properties, limiting its end-use applications. The chemical modification and blending of gelatine with other biomaterials are strategies proposed to improve its bioadhesivity. Here we discuss the classical approaches involving a variety of polymer blends and composite systems containing gelatine, and gelatine modifications via thiolation, methacrylation, catechol conjugation, amination and other newly devised strategies. We highlight several of the latest studies on these strategies and their relevant findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Ahmady
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Puncak Alam, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hayati Abu Samah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Puncak Alam, Malaysia.
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Wibel R, Braun DE, Hämmerle L, Jörgensen AM, Knoll P, Salvenmoser W, Steinbring C, Bernkop-Schnürch A. In Vitro Investigation of Thiolated Chitosan Derivatives as Mucoadhesive Coating Materials for Solid Lipid Nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3980-3991. [PMID: 34459197 PMCID: PMC8441978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, chitosan (CS) was thiolated by introducing l-cysteine via amide bond formation. Free thiol groups were protected with highly reactive 6-mercaptonicotinic acid (6-MNA) and less-reactive l-cysteine, respectively, via thiol/disulfide-exchange reactions. Unmodified CS, l-cysteine-modified thiolated CS (CS-Cys), 6-MNA-S-protected thiolated CS (CS-Cys-MNA), and l-cysteine-S-protected thiolated CS (CS-Cys-Cys) were applied as coating materials to solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). The strength of mucus interaction followed the rank order plain < CS < CS-Cys-Cys < CS-Cys < CS-Cys-MNA, whereas mucus diffusion followed the rank order CS-Cys < CS-Cys-Cys < CS < CS-Cys-MNA < plain. In accordance with lower reactivity, CS-Cys-Cys-coated SLN were immobilized to a lower extent than CS-Cys-coated SLN, while CS-Cys-MNA-coated SLN dissociated from their coating material resulting in a similar diffusion behavior as plain SLN. Consequently, CS-Cys-Cys-coated SLN and CS-Cys-MNA-coated SLN showed the highest retention on porcine intestinal mucosa by enabling a synergism of efficient mucus diffusion and strong mucoadhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Wibel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Doris E Braun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Laurenz Hämmerle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Arne M Jörgensen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrick Knoll
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Willi Salvenmoser
- Department of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Steinbring
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Iqbal O, Shah S, Abbas G, Rasul A, Hanif M, Ashfaq M, Afzal Z. Moxifloxacin loaded nanoparticles of disulfide bridged thiolated chitosan-eudragit RS100 for controlled drug delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:2087-2096. [PMID: 34087298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to prepare nanoparticles of disulfide bridged thiolated chitosan and eudragit RS100 using the air oxidation method for controlled drug delivery. The developed nanoparticles were characterized by FTIR, DSC, TGA, zeta sizer, zeta potential, SEM and 1H NMR. The loading, entrapment efficiency and in-vitro release of moxifloxacin from nanoparticles was determined. Toxicity was studied using Caco-2 cell line and pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin from the developed nanoparticles was studied in albino rats. The FTIR analysis showed no chemical interaction of the drug with the thiolated polymers. The DSC and TGA showed the thermal stability of nanoparticles. The average particle size of nanoparticles was 87 nm, zeta potential of NTC3 was ± 19 and SEM showed the spherical shape of nanoparticles. The 1H NMR spectra confirmed the structure of thiolated chitosan and eudragit RS100. The loading, encapsulation efficiency and release of moxifloxacin from NTC3 were 100.3%, 89.67% and 88.49% respectively. The nanoparticles in culture medium did not affect the viability of Caco-2 cells. The NTC3 formulation showed a greater bioavailability of moxifloxacin compared to the reference formulation. The study reports a convenient and effective way to prepare a chitosan and eudragit RS100 based drug delivery system with a controlled release pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omeira Iqbal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Shah
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Akhtar Rasul
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hanif
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
| | - Mehran Ashfaq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zunaira Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
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He S, Zhong S, Meng Q, Fang Y, Dou Y, Gao Y, Cui X. Sonochemical preparation of folate-decorated reductive-responsive carboxymethylcellulose-based nanocapsules for targeted drug delivery. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 266:118174. [PMID: 34044962 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a biocompatible folate-decorated reductive-responsive carboxymethylcellulose-based nanocapsules (FA-RCNCs) were designed and prepared via sonochemical method for targeted delivery and controlled release of hydrophobic drugs. The shell of FA-RCNCs was cross-linked by disulfide bonds formed from hydrosulfuryl groups on the thiolated carboxymethylcellulose (TCMC) and encapsulated hydrophobic drug dispersed in the oil phase into nanocapsules. Moreover, the size and morphology of drug loaded FA-RCNCs were characterized by DLS, SEM and CLSM which indicated that the synthesized nanocapsules have suitable size range and excellent stability for circulating in the bloodstream. The drug release rate of FA-RCNCs could be controlled by adjusting their sizes and shell thickness, which could be dominated by the concentration of TCMC and sonochemical conditions. Furthermore, the obtained FA-RCNCs could be ingested into Hela cells via folate-receptor (FR)-mediated endocytosis and quickly release drugs under reductive environment, which demonstrated that FA-RCNCs could become potential hydrophobic drugs carries for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao He
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Shuangling Zhong
- College of Resources and Environment, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Qingye Meng
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Yu Fang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Yueming Dou
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Yan Gao
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Xuejun Cui
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
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Sanchez Armengol E, Laffleur F. The progress on sulfhydryl modified polymers with regard to synthesis, characterization and mucoadhesion. Int J Pharm 2021; 592:120016. [PMID: 33176200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The concepts of mucoadhesion and mucoadhesive polymers were introduced in the 20th century, leading to several advantages. These included enhanced drug absorption and extended residence at specific site of action. Polymeric excipients underwent chemical modification with sulfhydryl groups on the polymeric backbone so as to improve mucoadhesive features as well as potential. This modification resulted in compounds mimicking the nature of secreted mucus glycoproteins. Thus, these thiol group-bearing excipients presented the ability to attach covalently to the mucosa by the disulfide bonding. Nevertheless, the first generation of these thiol-modified polymers, named thiomers, presented disadvantages such as low stability in aqueous media and/or the high susceptibility towards oxidation along with the drawback of low sufficient reactive functional moieties on the polymeric backbone at lower pH. Therefore, in the 21st century, a second generation of preactivated or S-protected polymers with protected thiol moieties were developed, as well as a third generation of thiomers, solving some of the previously described problems. This review article aimed to highlight the progess on a potent sulfhydryl modification during the last decades and the posterior characterization and in vitro/ex vivo/in vivo mucoadhesiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Sanchez Armengol
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Flavia Laffleur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Maria S, Sarwar HS, Sohail MF, Imran M, Salman Qureshi O, Raza A, Ahmad NM, Iqbal A, Shahnaz G. Synthesis and characterization of pre-activated thiolated chitosan nanoparticles for oral delivery of octreotide. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Federer C, Kurpiers M, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Thiolated Chitosans: A Multi-talented Class of Polymers for Various Applications. Biomacromolecules 2020; 22:24-56. [PMID: 32567846 PMCID: PMC7805012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Various properties of chitosan can be customized by thiolation for very specific needs in a wide range of application areas. Since the discovery of thiolated chitosans, many studies have proven their advantageous characteristics, such as adhesion to biological surfaces, adjustable cross-linking and swelling behavior, controllable drug release, permeation as well as cellular uptake enhancement, inhibition of efflux pumps and enzymes, complexation of metal ions, antioxidative properties, and radical scavenging activity. Simultaneously, these polymers remain biodegradable without increased toxicity. Within this Review, an overview about the different possibilities to covalently attach sulfhydryl ligands to the polymeric backbone of chitosan is given, and the resulting versatile physiochemical properties are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the broad spectrum of applications for thiolated chitosans in science and industry, ranging from their most advanced use in pharmaceutical and medical science over wastewater treatment to the impregnation of textiles, is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Federer
- Thiomatrix Forschungs-und Beratungs GmbH, Trientlgasse 65, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Kurpiers
- Thiomatrix Forschungs-und Beratungs GmbH, Trientlgasse 65, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Cherry Extract Loaded in Polymeric Nanoparticles: Relevance of Particle Internalization in Endothelial Cells. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11100500. [PMID: 31569594 PMCID: PMC6835553 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11100500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating the anti-inflammatory effect of natural cherry extract (CE), either free or encapsulated in nanoparticles (NPs) based on chitosan derivatives (Ch-der) or poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). CE from Prunus avium L. was characterized for total polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins content. CE and CE-loaded NP cytotoxicity and protective effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stressed HUVEC were tested by water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-1) assay. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and PGE2) released by HUVEC were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All NP types were internalized into HUVEC after 2 h incubation and promoted the anti-inflammatory effect of free CE at the concentration of 2 µg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/mL. CE-loaded Ch-der NPs showed the highest in vitro uptake and anti-inflammatory activity, blunting the secretion of IL-6, TNF-α, and PGE2 cytokines. Moreover, all NPs reduced the production of nitric oxide and NLRP3 inflammasome, and had a stronger anti-inflammatory effect than the major corticosteroid dexamethasone. In particular, the results demonstrate that natural CE protects endothelial cells from inflammatory stress when encapsulated in NPs based on quaternary ammonium chitosan. The CE beneficial effects were directly related with in vitro internalization of CE-loaded NPs.
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Liu R, Dai J, Ma L, Chen J, Shi X, Du Y, Li Z, Deng H. Low-temperature plasma treatment-assisted layer-by-layer self-assembly for the modification of nanofibrous mats. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 540:535-543. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Sun Y, Shi C, Yang J, Zhong S, Li Z, Xu L, Zhao S, Gao Y, Cui X. Fabrication of folic acid decorated reductive-responsive starch-based microcapsules for targeted drug delivery via sonochemical method. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 200:508-515. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Wang Y, Xu X, Gu Y, Cheng Y, Cao F. Recent advance of nanoparticle-based topical drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2018; 15:687-701. [PMID: 29985660 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2018.1496080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Considering that the number of patients afflicted by posterior eye diseases is increasing, effective drug delivery is currently in high clinical demand. Topical administration has been identified as the preferred option, while sufferingfrom multiple barriers. The development of nanoparticle-based drug delivery system provides an option, which would enhance the drug permeability across the barriers and achieve the desired drug level in the targeted tissue. AREAS COVERED This review highlights the barrier to the posterior segment of the eye via topical administration. The up-to-date development of lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, emulsions, spanlastics, micelles, polymeric nanoparticles, layered double hydroxides (LDH), dendrimers, cyclodextrins(CDs), and prodrugs are summarized. Moreover, nanocarriers currently in clinical trials for posterior segment diseases have been discussed. EXPERT OPINION Topical nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have demonstrated significant progress. An ideal formulation should prolong retention time on the surface, enhance drug permeability through the ocular tissues, and efficiently deliver drugs to the targeted site. To design the rational targeting nanoparticle-based drug delivery system, a better understanding of the distribution of transporters and receptors on the eye is required. Ultimately, there is an urgent need to develop targeting hybrid drug delivery systems with the combination of the advantages of several nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wang
- a Department of Pharmaceutical, School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xiaoyue Xu
- a Department of Pharmaceutical, School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yan Gu
- a Department of Pharmaceutical, School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yanju Cheng
- b Department of Biologics R&D Center , Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd , Nanjing , China
| | - Feng Cao
- a Department of Pharmaceutical, School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
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Fabiano A, Piras AM, Uccello-Barretta G, Balzano F, Cesari A, Testai L, Citi V, Zambito Y. Impact of mucoadhesive polymeric nanoparticulate systems on oral bioavailability of a macromolecular model drug. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 130:281-289. [PMID: 30006244 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NP) only different in mucoadhesivity are compared for impact on drug oral bioavailability. Two polymeric NP types based on quaternary ammonium-chitosan (NP QA-Ch) and S-protected thiolated derivative thereof (NP QA-Ch-S-pro), respectively, containing the macromolecular drug model, FD4, were prepared by crosslinking each polymer with reduced MW hyaluronic acid. The structure of basic polymers was determined by H1NMR analysis. NP were similar in size (371 ± 38 vs. 376 ± 82 nm); polydispersity index (0.39 ± 0.08 vs. 0.41 ± 0.10); zeta potential (13.4 ± 0.9 vs. 11.9 ± 1.2 mV); reversible interactions with drug (bound drug, 67 vs. 66%); encapsulation efficiency (23 ± 5 vs. 23 ± 8%); release properties (15% released in 15 h in both cases); and apparent permeation across excised rat intestine (Papp, 8.8 ± 0.8 vs. 10 ± 1 cm/s). Then the differences in NP transport ratio through mucus (TR, 0.75 vs. 0.37) and adhesion to excised rat intestinal mucosa (adsorbed fraction, 23 ± 3 vs. 45 ± 2%) were ascribed to higher mucoadhesivity of NP QA-Ch-S-pro compared to NP QA-Ch. This directly influenced drug oral bioavailability in rats (Tmax, 1 vs. 2 h; AUC, 1.7 ± 0.3 vs. 2.9 ± 0.4 μg/mL min, for NP QA-Ch and NP QA-Ch-S-pro, respectively). Mucoadhesivity increases drug bioavailability by retaining NP at its absorption site and opposing its transit down the GI tract. Data on drug accumulation in rat liver allows the assertion that NP is absorbed by transcytosis across intestinal epithelium and transported from blood into liver by Kuppfer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Fabiano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Piras
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gloria Uccello-Barretta
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, UdR INSTM Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Balzano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, UdR INSTM Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Cesari
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, UdR INSTM Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lara Testai
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Citi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ylenia Zambito
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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Griesser J, Hetényi G, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Thiolated Hyaluronic Acid as Versatile Mucoadhesive Polymer: From the Chemistry Behind to Product Developments-What Are the Capabilities? Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10030243. [PMID: 30966278 PMCID: PMC6414859 DOI: 10.3390/polym10030243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the last decade, intensive research work has been conducted on thiolated hyaluronic acids (HA-SH). By attaching sulfhydryl ligands onto naturally occurring hyaluronic acid various types of HA-SH can be designed. Due the ability of disulfide bond formation within the polymer itself as well as with biological materials, certain properties such as mucoadhesive, gelling, enzyme inhibitory, permeation enhancing and release controlling properties are improved. Besides the application in the field of drug delivery, HA-SH has been investigated as auxiliary material for wound healing. Within this review, the characteristics of novel drug delivery systems based on HA-SH are summarized and the versatility of this polymer for further applications is described by introducing numerous relevant studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Griesser
- Thiomatrix Forschungs-und Beratungs GmbH, Trientlgasse 65, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Gergely Hetényi
- Thiomatrix Forschungs-und Beratungs GmbH, Trientlgasse 65, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Thiomatrix Forschungs-und Beratungs GmbH, Trientlgasse 65, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Laffleur F. Comparative mucoadhesive study of hyaluronic acid-based conjugates on different mucosae. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Laffleur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck; University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Langer Lab, 77 Massachusetts Ave; Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
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Laffleur F. Evaluation of chemical modified hydrogel formulation for topical suitability. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 105:1310-1314. [PMID: 28757424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin delivery and transdermal delivery are key ambitions of the pharmaceutical and cosmetically researchers. AIM The study aimed to chemically modify well-known polymeric gelling agents in order to boost their topical suitability by fostering their dermal adhesiveness. METHODS Conventional chitosan was modified via amide bound formation with sulfhydryl compound thioglycolic acid. Subsequently, preactivated chitosan conjugate was established by preactivation of chitosan-thioglycolic acid with mercaptonicotinamide being covalently attached via disulfide bond linkage. All conjugates were examined due to their dermal adhesiveness and controlled drug release properties. RESULTS Preactivated chitosan conjugates Exhibit 7.46-fold dermal adhesiveness on skin due to tensile adhesion strength. Furthermore a 1.9-fold controlled release of Rhodamine123 as model drug was determined in comparison to unmodified chitosan. CONCLUSION Taken together, preactivated chitosan gels show a promising platform for topical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Laffleur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Austria; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Langer Lab, 77 Massachussets Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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Zhong S, Zhang H, Liu Y, Wang G, Shi C, Li Z, Feng Y, Cui X. Folic acid functionalized reduction-responsive magnetic chitosan nanocapsules for targeted delivery and triggered release of drugs. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 168:282-289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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The effect of the antioxidant on the properties of thiolated poly(aspartic acid) polymers in aqueous ocular formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 113:178-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Netsomboon K, Suchaoin W, Laffleur F, Prüfert F, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Multifunctional adhesive polymers: Preactivated thiolated chitosan-EDTA conjugates. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 111:26-32. [PMID: 27865931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to synthesis preactivated thiolated chitosan-EDTA (Ch-EDTA-cys-2MNA) conjugates exhibiting in particular high mucoadhesive, cohesive and chelating properties. METHODS Thiol groups were coupled with chitosan by carbodiimide reaction and further preactivated by attachment with 2-mercaptonicotinic acid (2MNA) via disulfide bond formation. Determinations of primary amino and sulfhydryl groups were performed by TNBS and Ellman's tests, respectively. Cytotoxicity was screened by resazurin assay in Caco-2 cells. Mucoadhesive properties and bivalent cation binding capacity with Mg2+ and Ca2+ in comparison to chitosan-EDTA (Ch-EDTA) and thiolated Ch-EDTA (Ch-EDTA-cys) were evaluated. RESULTS Determination of 2MNA and total sulfhydryl groups indicated that 80% of thiol groups were preactivated. The results from cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that Ch-EDTA-cys and Ch-EDTA-cys-2MNA were not toxic to the cells at the polymer test concentration of 0.25% (w/v) while cell viability decreased by increasing the concentration of Ch-EDTA. Although EDTA molecule was modified by thiolation and preactivation, approximately 50% of chelating properties of the conjugates were maintained compared to Ch-EDTA. Ch-EDTA-cys-2MNA adhered on freshly excised porcine intestinal mucosa up to 6h while Ch-EDTA adhered for just 1h. CONCLUSION According to the combination of mucoadhesive and chelating properties of the conjugates synthesized in this study, Ch-EDTA-cys-2MNA might be useful for various mucosal drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesinee Netsomboon
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Thammasat University, Rungsit campus, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Wongsakorn Suchaoin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Flavia Laffleur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Felix Prüfert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Partenhauser A, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Mucoadhesive polymers in the treatment of dry X syndrome. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1051-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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de Morais W, Silva G, Nunes J, Wanderley Neto A, Pereira M, Fonseca J. Interpolyelectrolyte complex formation: From lyophilic to lyophobic colloids. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Menzel C, Silbernagl J, Laffleur F, Leichner C, Jelkmann M, Huck CW, Hussain S, Bernkop-Schnürch A. 2,2'Dithiodinicotinyl ligands: Key to more reactive thiomers. Int J Pharm 2016; 503:199-206. [PMID: 26972378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish a novel type of preactivated thiomers exhibiting a comparatively higher reactivity with mucus and consequently improved mucoadhesive properties. In order to achieve this goal, the dimeric form of 2-mercaptonicotinic acid (MNA-MNA) was directly attached to the polymeric backbone of chitosan (CHI) via amide bond formation mediated by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDAC) used as a coupling reagent. The remaining free amino groups were in the following reacted with succinic anhydride (Succ) in order to obtain a uniformly anionically charged polymer (CHI-Succ-MNA-MNA). Within this study, different coupling rates of up to 170 μmol MNA-MNA per gram polymer were achieved. The attachment of the dimeric ligand resulted in a preactivated thiomer with a comparatively more reactive disulfide substructure due to the additional nitrogen atom in conjugation over the aromatic moieties. Furthermore, the obtained polymer is entirely preactivated and thus prevented against undesired oxidation reactions. Kinetic studies of disulfide exchange reactions showed a 3.8-fold higher reactivity of CHI-Succ-MNA-MNA in comparison to a state-of-the-art preactivated thiomer. Within rheological measurements, CHI-Succ-MNA-MNA with a coupling rate of 170 μmol (CHI-Succ-MNA-MNA 170) led to a 5.7-fold higher mucus viscosity than the non-thiolated control polymer (CHI-Succ) indicating a rheological synergism due to mucoadhesive properties. These results were confirmed by a second mucoadhesion study, which showed a significantly prolonged retention time of CHI-Succ-MNA-MNA on the small intestinal mucosa compared to CHI-Succ (P<0.02). Accordingly, the double preactivation seems to be a promising strategy in order to obtain entirely preactivated polymers with enhanced mucoadhesive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Menzel
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jennifer Silbernagl
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Flavia Laffleur
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christina Leichner
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Max Jelkmann
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian W Huck
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Shah Hussain
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Development of mucoadhesive thio-carboxymethyl cellulose for application in buccal delivery of drugs. Ther Deliv 2016; 7:63-71. [PMID: 26769109 DOI: 10.4155/tde.15.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM L-cysteine (CYS) was covalently attached to carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to obtain the thiolated conjugate CMCCYS. Methodology & results: CMCCYS and controls were investigated in terms of safety, disintegration, erosion and mucoadhesiveness. Furthermore, mechanical, physicochemical properties, mucoadhesive strength, swelling behavior and residence time were evaluated. Exhibiting 99.61 ± 2.51% cell viability, CMCCYS was considered as non toxic at all. Furthermore, CMCCYS displayed 2.8-fold higher polymer stability as well as 5.8-fold less erosion than unmodified CMC. Mucoadhesive strength assay displayed 1.6-fold improved adhesion on buccal mucosa as well as 2.7-fold improved mucoadhesiveness on the rotating cylinder. CONCLUSION Chemical modification of well-known CMC encourage further evaluation and application of the mucoadhesive potential for the buccal delivery.
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Design, characterization and in vitro evaluation of a novel thiolated polymer: preactivated carboxymethyl cellulose. Ther Deliv 2016; 7:7-14. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.15.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To design a novel preactived carboxymethyl cellulose derivative. Methods: First, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was chemically modified by amide bond formation between primary amino group of cysteine (CYS) and carboxylic moiety of CMC mediated by carbodiimide. Second, obtained CMCCYS was preactivated with 2,2′-dithiodinicotinic acid. Designed CMC-S-S-MNA was characterized by FT-IR. Furthermore, cytotoxicity was conducted on Caco-2 cell line. Swelling behavior, erosion and release of novel CMC-S-S-MNA were performed compared with thiolated and unmodified cellulose, respectively. Results: CMC-S-S-MNA showed no harmful effect on cells. CMC-S-S-MNA exhibited 2.13-fold higher stability in comparison to unmodified cellulose. Furthermore, preactivated carboxymethyl cellulose-cysteine revealed 1.9-fold controlled released compared with respective unmodified carboxymethyl cellulose. Conclusion: Novel preactivated carboxymethyl cellulose represents a versatile excipient for drug delivery.
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Laffleur F, Leder N, Barthelmes J. In vitroevaluation of thio-poly acrylic acid for intraoral delivery. Drug Deliv 2015; 23:2065-73. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2015.1122673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Cheung RCF, Ng TB, Wong JH, Chan WY. Chitosan: An Update on Potential Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:5156-86. [PMID: 26287217 PMCID: PMC4557018 DOI: 10.3390/md13085156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 625] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a natural polycationic linear polysaccharide derived from chitin. The low solubility of chitosan in neutral and alkaline solution limits its application. Nevertheless, chemical modification into composites or hydrogels brings to it new functional properties for different applications. Chitosans are recognized as versatile biomaterials because of their non-toxicity, low allergenicity, biocompatibility and biodegradability. This review presents the recent research, trends and prospects in chitosan. Some special pharmaceutical and biomedical applications are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Chi Fai Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jack Ho Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wai Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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