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Rahman NAA, Fuaad AAHA, Azami NAM, Amin MCIM, Azmi F. Next-generation Dengue Vaccines: Leveraging Peptide-Based Immunogens and Advanced Nanoparticles as Delivery Platforms. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00184-9. [PMID: 38761864 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Dengue, caused by the dengue virus (DENV), is a prevalent arthropod-borne disease in humans and poses a significant burden on public health. Severe cases of dengue can be life-threatening. Although a licensed dengue vaccine is available, its efficacy varies across different virus serotypes and may exacerbate the disease in some seronegative recipients. Developing a safe and effective vaccine against all DENV serotypes remains challenging and requires continued research. Conventional approaches in dengue vaccine development, using live or attenuated microorganisms or parts of them often contain unnecessary epitopes, risking allergenic or autoimmune reactions. To address these challenges, innovative strategies such as peptide vaccines have been explored. Peptide vaccines offer a safer alternative by inducing specific immune responses with minimal immunogenic fragments. Chemical modification strategies of peptides have revolutionized their design, allowing for the incorporation of multi-epitope presentation, self-adjuvanting features, and self-assembling properties. These modifications enhance the antigenicity of the peptides, leading to improved vaccine efficacy. This review outlines advancements in peptide-based dengue vaccine development, leveraging nanoparticles as antigen-displaying platforms. Additionally, key immunological considerations for enhancing efficacy and safety against DENV infection have been addressed, providing insight into the next-generation of dengue vaccine development leveraging on peptide-nanoparticle technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Adilah Abdul Rahman
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology and Vaccine (CENTRIC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abdullah Al-Hadi Ahmad Fuaad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azila Muhammad Azami
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Cairul Iqbal Mohd Amin
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology and Vaccine (CENTRIC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fazren Azmi
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology and Vaccine (CENTRIC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Vijayaram S, Razafindralambo H, Sun YZ, Vasantharaj S, Ghafarifarsani H, Hoseinifar SH, Raeeszadeh M. Applications of Green Synthesized Metal Nanoparticles - a Review. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:360-386. [PMID: 37046039 PMCID: PMC10097525 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03645-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Green nanotechnology is an emerging field of science that focuses on the production of nanoparticles by living cells through biological pathways. This topic plays an extremely imperative responsibility in various fields, including pharmaceuticals, nuclear energy, fuel and energy, electronics, and bioengineering. Biological processes by green synthesis tools are more suitable to develop nanoparticles ranging from 1 to 100 nm compared to other related methods, owing to their safety, eco-friendliness, non-toxicity, and cost-effectiveness. In particular, the metal nanoparticles are synthesized by top-down and bottom-up approaches through various techniques like physical, chemical, and biological methods. Their characterization is very vital and the confirmation of nanoparticle traits is done by various instrumentation analyses such as UV-Vis spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), annular dark-field imaging (HAADF), and intracranial pressure (ICP). In this review, we provide especially information on green synthesized metal nanoparticles, which are helpful to improve biomedical and environmental applications. In particular, the methods and conditions of plant-based synthesis, characterization techniques, and applications of green silver, gold, iron, selenium, and copper nanoparticles are overviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hary Razafindralambo
- ProBioLab, Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
- BioEcoAgro Joint Research Unit, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Microbial Processes and Interactions, Gembloux AgroBio Tech/Université de Liège, Gembloux, Belgium, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Yun-Zhang Sun
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Seerangaraj Vasantharaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Hindusthan College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, 641028, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hamed Ghafarifarsani
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Raeeszadeh
- Department of Basic Sciences, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
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Liu S, Hu M, Liu X, Liu X, Chen T, Zhu Y, Liang T, Xiao S, Li P, Ma X. Nanoparticles and Antiviral Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 12:30. [PMID: 38250843 PMCID: PMC10819235 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses have threatened human lives for decades, causing both chronic and acute infections accompanied by mild to severe symptoms. During the long journey of confrontation, humans have developed intricate immune systems to combat viral infections. In parallel, vaccines are invented and administrated to induce strong protective immunity while generating few adverse effects. With advancements in biochemistry and biophysics, different kinds of vaccines in versatile forms have been utilized to prevent virus infections, although the safety and effectiveness of these vaccines are diverse from each other. In this review, we first listed and described major pathogenic viruses and their pandemics that emerged in the past two centuries. Furthermore, we summarized the distinctive characteristics of different antiviral vaccines and adjuvants. Subsequently, in the main body, we reviewed recent advances of nanoparticles in the development of next-generation vaccines against influenza viruses, coronaviruses, HIV, hepatitis viruses, and many others. Specifically, we described applications of self-assembling protein polymers, virus-like particles, nano-carriers, and nano-adjuvants in antiviral vaccines. We also discussed the therapeutic potential of nanoparticles in developing safe and effective mucosal vaccines. Nanoparticle techniques could be promising platforms for developing broad-spectrum, preventive, or therapeutic antiviral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Liu
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China; (S.L.); (M.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (T.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.L.); (S.X.); (P.L.)
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Meilin Hu
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China; (S.L.); (M.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (T.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.L.); (S.X.); (P.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China; (S.L.); (M.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (T.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.L.); (S.X.); (P.L.)
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xingyu Liu
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China; (S.L.); (M.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (T.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.L.); (S.X.); (P.L.)
| | - Tao Chen
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China; (S.L.); (M.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (T.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.L.); (S.X.); (P.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Yiqiang Zhu
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China; (S.L.); (M.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (T.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.L.); (S.X.); (P.L.)
| | - Taizhen Liang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China; (S.L.); (M.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (T.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.L.); (S.X.); (P.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Shiqi Xiao
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China; (S.L.); (M.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (T.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.L.); (S.X.); (P.L.)
| | - Peiwen Li
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China; (S.L.); (M.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (T.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.L.); (S.X.); (P.L.)
| | - Xiancai Ma
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China; (S.L.); (M.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (T.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.L.); (S.X.); (P.L.)
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511400, China
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Coelho MM, Bezerra EM, da Costa RF, de Alvarenga ÉC, Freire VN, Carvalho CR, Pessoa C, Albuquerque EL, Costa RA. In silico description of the adsorption of cell signaling pathway proteins ovalbumin, glutathione, LC3, TLR4, ASC PYCARD, PI3K and NF-Kβ on 7.0 nm gold nanoparticles: obtaining their Lennard-Jones-like potentials through docking and molecular mechanics. RSC Adv 2023; 13:35493-35499. [PMID: 38058560 PMCID: PMC10697183 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06180a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of vaccination on the world's population is difficult to calculate. For developing different types of vaccines, adjuvants are substances added to vaccines to increase the magnitude and durability of the immune response and the effectiveness of the vaccine. This work explores the potential use of spherical gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as adjuvants. Thus, we employed docking techniques and molecular mechanics to describe how a AuNP 7.0 nm in diameter interacts with cell signaling pathway proteins. Initially, we used X-ray crystallization data of the proteins ovalbumin, glutathione, LC3, TLR4, ASC PYCARD, PI3K, and NF-Kβ to study the adsorption with an AuNP through molecular docking. Therefore, interaction energies were obtained for the AuNP complexes and individual proteins, as well as the AuNP and OVA complex (AuNP@OVA) with each cellular protein, respectively. Results showed that AuNPs had the highest affinity for OVA individually, followed by glutathione, ASC PYCARD domain, LC3, PI3K, NF-Kβ, and TLR4. Furthermore, when evaluating the AuNP@OVA complex, glutathione showed a greater affinity with more potent interaction energy when compared to the other studied systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique M Coelho
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ) São João del-Rei MG CEP 36301-160 Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) Belo Horizonte MG CEP 31270-910 Brazil
| | - Eveline M Bezerra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA) Mossoró RN CEP 59625-900 Brazil
| | - Roner F da Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA) Mossoró RN CEP 59625-900 Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências, Matemática e Estatística, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA) Mossoró RN CEP 59625-900 Brazil
| | - Érika C de Alvarenga
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ) São João del-Rei MG CEP 36301-160 Brazil
| | - Valder N Freire
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC) Fortaleza CE 60455-760 Brazil
| | - Cláudia R Carvalho
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ) São João del-Rei MG CEP 36301-160 Brazil
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) Belo Horizonte MG CEP 31270-910 Brazil
| | - Claudia Pessoa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO, ), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC) Fortaleza CE CEP 60020-181 Brazil
| | - Eudenilson L Albuquerque
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) Natal RN CEP 59064-741 Brazil
| | - Raquel A Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ) São João del-Rei MG CEP 36301-160 Brazil
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Malik S, Ahsan O, Mumtaz H, Tahir Khan M, Sah R, Waheed Y. Tracing down the Updates on Dengue Virus-Molecular Biology, Antivirals, and Vaccine Strategies. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1328. [PMID: 37631896 PMCID: PMC10458802 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nearly half of the world is at risk of developing dengue infection. Dengue virus is the causative agent behind this public healthcare concern. Millions of dengue cases are reported every year, leading to thousands of deaths. The scientific community is working to develop effective therapeutic strategies in the form of vaccines and antiviral drugs against dengue. METHODS In this review, a methodological approach has been used to gather data from the past five years to include the latest developments against the dengue virus. RESULTS Different therapeutics and antiviral targets against the dengue virus are at different stages of development, but none have been approved by the FDA. Moreover, various vaccination strategies have also been discussed, including attenuated virus vaccines, recombinant subunit vaccines, viral vector vaccines, DNA vaccines, nanotechnology, and plant-based vaccines, which are used to develop effective vaccines for the dengue virus. Many dengue vaccines pass the initial phases of evaluation, but only two vaccines have been approved for public use. DENGVAXIA is the only FDA-approved vaccine against all four stereotypes of the dengue virus, but it is licensed for use only in individuals 6-16 years of age with laboratory-confirmed previous dengue infection and living in endemic countries. Takeda is the second vaccine approved for use in the European Union, the United Kingdom, Brazil, Argentina, Indonesia, and Thailand. It produced sustained antibody responses against all four serotypes of dengue virus, regardless of previous exposure and dosing schedule. Other dengue vaccine candidates at different stages of development are TV-003/005, TDENV PIV, V180, and some DNA vaccines. CONCLUSION There is a need to put more effort into developing effective vaccines and therapeutics for dengue, as already approved vaccines and therapeutics have limitations. DENGVAXIA is approved for use in children and teenagers who are 6-16 years of age and have confirmed dengue infection, while Takeda is approved for use in certain countries, and it has withdrawn its application for FDA approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiza Malik
- Bridging Health Foundation, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Omar Ahsan
- Department of Medicine, Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Mumtaz
- Innovation, Implementation, and Partnership Unit, Association for Social Development, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Health Services Academy, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tahir Khan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), University of Lahore, 1KM Defence Road, Lahore 58810, Pakistan
- Zhongjing Research and Industrialization Institute of Chinese Medicine, Zhongguancun Scientific Park, Meixi, Nanyang 473006, China
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411018, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411018, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Office of Research, Innovation and Commercialization (ORIC), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1401, Lebanon
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Efficacy and Immune Response Elicited by Gold Nanoparticle- Based Nanovaccines against Infectious Diseases. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040505. [PMID: 35455254 PMCID: PMC9030786 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of nanoparticles for developing vaccines has become a routine process for researchers and pharmaceutical companies. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are chemical inert, have low toxicity, and are easy to modify and functionalize, making them an attractive choice for nanovaccine development. GNPs are modified for diagnostics and detection of many pathogens. The biocompatibility and biodistribution properties of GNPs render them ideal for use in clinical settings. They have excellent immune modulatory and adjuvant properties. They have been used as the antigen carrier for the delivery system to a targeted site. Tagging them with antibodies can direct the drug or antigen-carrying GNPs to specific tissues or cells. The physicochemical properties of the GNP, together with its dynamic immune response based on its size, shape, surface charge, and optical properties, make it a suitable candidate for vaccine development. The clear outcome of modulating dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes, which trigger cytokine release in the host, indicates GNPs' efficiency in combating pathogens. The high titer of IgG and IgA antibody subtypes and their enhanced capacity to neutralize pathogens are reported in multiple studies on GNP-based vaccine development. The major focus of this review is to illustrate the role of GNPs in developing nanovaccines against multiple infectious agents, ranging from viruses to bacteria and parasites. Although the use of GNPs has its shortcomings and a low but detectable level of toxicity, their benefits warrant investing more thought and energy into the development of novel vaccine strategies.
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Ayipo YO, Bakare AA, Badeggi UM, Jimoh AA, Lawal A, Mordi MN. Recent advances on therapeutic potentials of gold and silver nanobiomaterials for human viral diseases. CURRENT RESEARCH IN CHEMICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 2:100021. [PMID: 35815068 PMCID: PMC8806017 DOI: 10.1016/j.crchbi.2022.100021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Viral diseases are prominent among the widely spread infections threatening human well-being. Real-life clinical successes of the few available therapeutics are challenged by pathogenic resistance and suboptimal delivery to target sites. Nanotechnology has aided the design of functionalised and non-functionalised Au and Ag nanobiomaterials through physical, chemical and biological (green synthesis) methods with improved antiviral efficacy and delivery. In this review, innovative designs as well as interesting antiviral activities of the nanotechnology-inclined biomaterials of Au and Ag, reported in the last 5 years were critically overviewed against several viral diseases affecting man. These include influenza, respiratory syncytial, adenovirus, severe acute respiratory syndromes (SARS), rotavirus, norovirus, measles, chikungunya, HIV, herpes simplex virus, dengue, polio, enterovirus and rift valley fever virus. Notably identified among the nanotechnologically designed promising antiviral agents include AuNP-M2e peptide vaccine, AgNP of cinnamon bark extract and AgNP of oseltamivir for influenza, PVP coated AgNP for RSV, PVP-AgNPs for SARS-CoV-2, AuNRs of a peptide pregnancy-induce d hypertension and AuNP nanocarriers of antigen for MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV respectively. Others are AgNPs of collagen and Bacillus subtilis for rotavirus, AgNPs labelled Ag30-SiO 2 for murine norovirus in water, AuNPs of Allium sativum and AgNPs of ribavirin for measles, AgNPs of Citrus limetta and Andrographis Paniculata for Chikungunya, AuNPs of efavirenz and stavudine, and AgNPs-curcumin for HIV, NPAuG3-S8 for HSV, AgNPs of Moringa oleifera and Bruguiera cylindrica for dengue while AgNPs of polyethyleneimine and siRNA analogues displayed potency against enterovirus. The highlighted candidates are recommended for further translational studies towards antiviral therapeutic designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Oloruntoyin Ayipo
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Kwara State University, Malete, P. M. B. 1530, Ilorin 240001, Nigeria
| | - Ajibola Abdulahi Bakare
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Umar Muhammad Badeggi
- Department of Chemistry, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University Lapai, P. M. B. 11, Minna 4947, Nigeria
- Department of Chemistry, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Rd., Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Akeem Adebayo Jimoh
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Kwara State University, Malete, P. M. B. 1530, Ilorin 240001, Nigeria
| | - Amudat Lawal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Mohd Nizam Mordi
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Fatrekar AP, Morajkar R, Krishnan S, Dusane A, Madhyastha H, Vernekar AA. Delineating the Role of Tailored Gold Nanostructures at the Biointerface. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:8172-8191. [PMID: 35005942 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gold (Au) has emerged as a superior element, because of its widespread applications in electronic and medical fields. The desirable physical, chemical, optical, and inherent enzyme-like properties of Au are efficiently exploited for detection, diagnostic, and therapeutic purposes. Au offers a unique advantage of fabricating gold nanostructures (GNS) having exact physical, chemical, optical, and enzyme-like properties required for the specific biomedical application. In this Review, the emerging trend of GNS for various biomedical applications is highlighted. Some notable structural and chemical modifications achieved for the detection of biomolecules, pathogens, diagnosis of diseases, and therapeutic applications are discussed in brief. The limitations of GNS during biomedical usage are highlighted and the way forward to overcome these limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh P Fatrekar
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai 600 020, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Rasmi Morajkar
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai 600 020, India
| | | | - Apurva Dusane
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai 600 020, India
| | - Harishkumar Madhyastha
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Amit A Vernekar
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai 600 020, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
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Tsakiri M, Naziris N, Demetzos C. Innovative vaccine platforms against infectious diseases: Under the scope of the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Pharm 2021; 610:121212. [PMID: 34687816 PMCID: PMC8527590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
While classic vaccines have proved greatly efficacious in eliminating serious infectious diseases, innovative vaccine platforms open a new pathway to overcome dangerous pandemics via the development of safe and effective formulations. Such platforms play a key role either as antigen delivery systems or as immune-stimulators that induce both innate and adaptive immune responses. Liposomes or lipid nanoparticles, virus-like particles, nanoemulsions, polymeric or inorganic nanoparticles, as well as viral vectors, all belong to the nanoscale and are the main categories of innovative vaccines that are currently on the market or in clinical and preclinical phases. In this paper, we review the above formulations used in vaccinology and we discuss their connection with the development of safe and effective prophylactic vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.
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Zhu QY, Zhao GX, Li Y, Talakatta G, Mai HQ, Le QT, Young LS, Zeng MS. Advances in pathogenesis and precision medicine for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:175-206. [PMID: 34766141 PMCID: PMC8491203 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a squamous carcinoma with apparent geographical and racial distribution, mostly prevalent in East and Southeast Asia, particularly concentrated in southern China. The epidemiological trend over the past decades has suggested a substantial reduction in the incidence rate and mortality rate due to NPC. These results may reflect changes in lifestyle and environment, and more importantly, a deeper comprehension of the pathogenic mechanism of NPC, leading to much progress in the preventing, screening, and treating for this cancer. Herein, we present the recent advances on the key signal pathways involved in pathogenesis of NPC, the mechanism of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) entry into the cell, and the progress of EBV vaccine and screening biomarkers. We will also discuss in depth the development of various therapeutic approaches including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. These research advancements have led to a new era of precision medicine in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC) Guangzhou China
| | - Ge-Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC) Guangzhou China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC) Guangzhou China
| | - Girish Talakatta
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC) Guangzhou China
| | - Hai-Qiang Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC) Guangzhou China
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology Stanford California
| | - Lawrence S Young
- Warwick Medical School University of Warwick Coventry United Kingdom
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC) Guangzhou China
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11
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Nawaz S, Tahir HM, Asif Mahmood M, Summer M, Ali S, Ali A, Gormani AH. Current Status of Pyrethroids Resistance in Aedes aegypti (Culicidae: Diptera) in Lahore District, Pakistan: A Novel Mechanistic Insight. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:2432-2438. [PMID: 34343301 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) is a major vector responsible for dengue transmission. Insecticides are being used as the most effective tool to control vector populations in Lahore, Pakistan. Control of Ae. aegypti is threatened by the development of resistance against insecticides. The current status of insecticide resistance was evaluated against pyrethroids (deltamethrin, cypermethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin) in different populations of Lahore (Model Town, Mishri Shah, Sadar Cantt, Walton, and Valencia). The susceptibility of the larval and adult populations was tested following the standard WHO guidelines. Moderate to high levels of resistance were found against pyrethroids in the larval (RR50: 3.6-27.2 and RR90: 5-90) and adult populations (percentage mortality < 98%). Biochemical assays revealed a statistically significant increase in the enzyme level in all field populations compared to the laboratory strain. The value of esterase was one-fold higher, monooxygenase was 3.9- to 4.7-fold higher, and glutathione S-transferases was 1.9- to 2.6-fold higher in field populations compared to the laboratory strain. These results depict the presence of resistance against deltamethrin, cypermethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin in field populations of Lahore mediated by metabolic enzymes i.e. esterases, monooxygenases, and glutathione S-transferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Nawaz
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Muhammad Summer
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shaukat Ali
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aamir Ali
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
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12
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Maduray K, Parboosing R. Metal Nanoparticles: a Promising Treatment for Viral and Arboviral Infections. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:3159-3176. [PMID: 33029761 PMCID: PMC7540915 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Globally, viral diseases continue to pose a significant threat to public health. Recent outbreaks, such as influenza, coronavirus, Ebola, and dengue, have emphasized the urgent need for new antiviral therapeutics. Considerable efforts have focused on developing metal nanoparticles for the treatment of several pathogenic viruses. As a result of these efforts, metal nanoparticles are demonstrating promising antiviral activity against pathogenic surrogates and clinical isolates. This review summarizes the application of metal nanoparticles for the treatment of viral infections. It provides information on synthesis methods, size-related properties, nano-bio-interaction, and immunological effects of metal nanoparticles. This article also addresses critical criteria and considerations for developing clinically translatable nanosized metal particles to treat viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaminee Maduray
- Department of Virology, University of KwaZulu-Natal/National Health Laboratory Service, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Raveen Parboosing
- Department of Virology, University of KwaZulu-Natal/National Health Laboratory Service, Durban, South Africa
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13
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Sohrabi F, Saeidifard S, Ghasemi M, Asadishad T, Hamidi SM, Hosseini SM. Role of plasmonics in detection of deadliest viruses: a review. EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL PLUS 2021; 136:675. [PMID: 34178567 PMCID: PMC8214556 DOI: 10.1140/epjp/s13360-021-01657-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Viruses have threatened animal and human lives since a long time ago all over the world. Some of these tiny particles have caused disastrous pandemics that killed a large number of people with subsequent economic downturns. In addition, the quarantine situation itself encounters the challenges like the deficiency in the online educational system, psychiatric problems and poor international relations. Although viruses have a rather simple protein structure, they have structural heterogeneity with a high tendency to mutation that impedes their study. On top of the breadth of such worldwide worrying issues, there are profound scientific gaps, and several unanswered questions, like lack of vaccines or antivirals to combat these pathogens. Various detection techniques like the nucleic acid test, immunoassay, and microscopy have been developed; however, there is a tradeoff between their advantages and disadvantages like safety in sample collecting, invasiveness, sensitivity, response time, etc. One of the highly resolved techniques that can provide early-stage detection with fast experiment duration is plasmonics. This optical technique has the capability to detect viral proteins and genomes at the early stage via highly sensitive interaction between the biological target and the plasmonic chip. The efficiency of this technique could be proved using commercialized techniques like reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques. In this study, we aim to review the role of plasmonic technique in the detection of 11 deadliest viruses besides 2 common genital viruses for the human being. This is a rapidly moving topic of research, and a review article that encompasses the current findings may be useful for guiding strategies to deal with the pandemics. By investigating the potential aspects of this technique, we hope that this study could open new avenues toward the application of point-of-care techniques for virus detection at early stage that may inhibit the progressively hygienic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foozieh Sohrabi
- Magneto-Plasmonic Lab, Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Daneshju Boulevard, 1983969411 Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajede Saeidifard
- Magneto-Plasmonic Lab, Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Daneshju Boulevard, 1983969411 Tehran, Iran
| | - Masih Ghasemi
- Magneto-Plasmonic Lab, Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Daneshju Boulevard, 1983969411 Tehran, Iran
| | - Tannaz Asadishad
- Magneto-Plasmonic Lab, Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Daneshju Boulevard, 1983969411 Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Mehri Hamidi
- Magneto-Plasmonic Lab, Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Daneshju Boulevard, 1983969411 Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Masoud Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Derakhshan MA, Amani A, Faridi-Majidi R. State-of-the-Art of Nanodiagnostics and Nanotherapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:14816-14843. [PMID: 33779135 PMCID: PMC8028022 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, with millions of infected patients worldwide, has severely challenged all aspects of public health. In this regard, early and rapid detection of infected cases and providing effective therapeutics against the virus are in urgent demand. Along with conventional clinical protocols, nanomaterial-based diagnostics and therapeutics hold a great potential against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Indeed, nanoparticles with their outstanding characteristics would render additional advantages to the current approaches for rapid and accurate diagnosis and also developing prophylactic vaccines or antiviral therapeutics. In this review, besides presenting an overview of the coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2, we discuss the introduced nanomaterial-based detection assays and devices and also antiviral formulations and vaccines for coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Derakhshan
- Department
of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and
Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical
Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Nanomedicine
and Nanobiology Research Center, Shiraz
University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz Iran
| | - Amir Amani
- Natural
Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Reza Faridi-Majidi
- Department
of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Mao L, Chen Z, Wang Y, Chen C. Design and application of nanoparticles as vaccine adjuvants against human corona virus infection. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 219:111454. [PMID: 33878530 PMCID: PMC8007196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, some viruses have caused a grave crisis to global public health, especially the human coronavirus. A truly effective vaccine is therefore urgently needed. Vaccines should generally have two features: delivering antigens and modulating immunity. Adjuvants have an unshakable position in the battle against the virus. In addition to the perennial use of aluminium adjuvant, nanoparticles have become the developing adjuvant candidates due to their unique properties. Here we introduce several typical nanoparticles and their antivirus vaccine adjuvant applications. Finally, for the combating of the coronavirus, we propose several design points, hoping to provide ideas for the development of personalized vaccines and adjuvants and accelerate the clinical application of adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Ziwei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yaling Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, PR China; GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangdong 510700, PR China.
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangdong 510700, PR China; Research Unit of Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, PR China.
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16
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Farfán-Castro S, García-Soto MJ, Comas-García M, Arévalo-Villalobos JI, Palestino G, González-Ortega O, Rosales-Mendoza S. Synthesis and immunogenicity assessment of a gold nanoparticle conjugate for the delivery of a peptide from SARS-CoV-2. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 34:102372. [PMID: 33662593 PMCID: PMC7920803 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of vaccines is a crucial response against the COVID-19 pandemic and innovative nanovaccines could increase the potential to address this remarkable challenge. In the present study a B cell epitope (S461-493) from the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 was selected and its immunogenicity validated in sheep. This synthetic peptide was coupled to gold nanoparticles (AuNP) functionalized with SH-PEG-NH2 via glutaraldehyde-mediated coupling to obtain the AuNP-S461-493 candidate, which showed in s.c.-immunized mice a superior immunogenicity (IgG responses) when compared to soluble S461-493; and led to increased expression of relevant cytokines in splenocyte cultures. Interestingly, the response triggered by AuNP-S461-493 was similar in magnitude to that induced using a conventional strong adjuvant (Freund's adjuvant). This study provides a platform for the development of AuNP-based nanovaccines targeting specific SARS-CoV-2 epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Farfán-Castro
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico; Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | | | - Mauricio Comas-García
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | | | - Gabriela Palestino
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico; Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Omar González-Ortega
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico.
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico; Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico.
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17
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Shirvanimoghaddam K, Akbari MK, Yadav R, Al-Tamimi AK, Naebe M. Fight against COVID-19: The case of antiviral surfaces. APL MATERIALS 2021; 9:031112. [PMID: 33842101 PMCID: PMC8017599 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is the largest global public health outbreak in the 21st century so far. Based on World Health Organization reports, the main source of SARS-CoV-2 infection is transmission of droplets released when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or exhales. Viral particles can remain in the air and on the surfaces for a long time. These droplets are too heavy to float in air and rapidly fall down onto the surfaces. To minimize the risk of the infection, entire surrounding environment should be disinfected or neutralized regularly. Development of the antiviral coating for the surface of objects that are frequently used by the public could be a practical route to prevent the spread of the viral particles and inactivation of the transmission of the viruses. In this short review, the design of the antiviral coating to combat the spread of different viruses has been discussed and the technological attempts for minimizing the coronavirus outbreak have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ram Yadav
- Carbon Nexus, Institute for Frontier Materials,
Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Adil K. Al-Tamimi
- Civil Engineering Department, American University
of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Minoo Naebe
- Carbon Nexus, Institute for Frontier Materials,
Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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18
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Tortella GR, Rubilar O, Diez MC, Padrão J, Zille A, Pieretti JC, Seabra AB. Advanced Material Against Human (Including Covid-19) and Plant Viruses: Nanoparticles As a Feasible Strategy. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2021; 5:2000049. [PMID: 33614127 PMCID: PMC7883180 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus outbreak revealed that these nano-pathogens have the ability to rapidly change lives. Undoubtedly, SARS-CoV-2 as well as other viruses can cause important global impacts, affecting public health, as well as, socioeconomic development. But viruses are not only a public health concern, they are also a problem in agriculture. The current treatments are often ineffective, are prone to develop resistance, or cause considerable adverse side effects. The use of nanotechnology has played an important role to combat viral diseases. In this review three main aspects are in focus: first, the potential use of nanoparticles as carriers for drug delivery. Second, its use for treatments of some human viral diseases, and third, its application as antivirals in plants. With these three themes, the aim is to give to readers an overview of the progress in this promising area of biotechnology during the 2017-2020 period, and to provide a glance at how tangible is the effectiveness of nanotechnology against viruses. Future prospects are also discussed. It is hoped that this review can be a contribution to general knowledge for both specialized and non-specialized readers, allowing a better knowledge of this interesting topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo R. Tortella
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio AmbienteCIBAMA‐BIORENUniversidad de La FronteraTemuco4811230Chile
| | - Olga Rubilar
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio AmbienteCIBAMA‐BIORENUniversidad de La FronteraTemuco4811230Chile
- Chemical Engineering DepartmentUniversidad de La FronteraTemuco4811230Chile
| | - María Cristina Diez
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio AmbienteCIBAMA‐BIORENUniversidad de La FronteraTemuco4811230Chile
- Chemical Engineering DepartmentUniversidad de La FronteraTemuco4811230Chile
| | - Jorge Padrão
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T)University of MinhoGuimarães4800‐058Portugal
| | - Andrea Zille
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T)University of MinhoGuimarães4800‐058Portugal
| | - Joana C. Pieretti
- Center for Natural and Human SciencesUniversidade Federal d ABC (UFABC)Santo André09210‐580Brazil
| | - Amedea B. Seabra
- Center for Natural and Human SciencesUniversidade Federal d ABC (UFABC)Santo André09210‐580Brazil
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19
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Seaberg J, Montazerian H, Hossen MN, Bhattacharya R, Khademhosseini A, Mukherjee P. Hybrid Nanosystems for Biomedical Applications. ACS NANO 2021; 15:2099-2142. [PMID: 33497197 PMCID: PMC9521743 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic/organic hybrid nanosystems have been increasingly developed for their versatility and efficacy at overcoming obstacles not readily surmounted by nonhybridized counterparts. Currently, hybrid nanosystems are implemented for gene therapy, drug delivery, and phototherapy in addition to tissue regeneration, vaccines, antibacterials, biomolecule detection, imaging probes, and theranostics. Though diverse, these nanosystems can be classified according to foundational inorganic/organic components, accessory moieties, and architecture of hybridization. Within this Review, we begin by providing a historical context for the development of biomedical hybrid nanosystems before describing the properties, synthesis, and characterization of their component building blocks. Afterward, we introduce the architectures of hybridization and highlight recent biomedical nanosystem developments by area of application, emphasizing hybrids of distinctive utility and innovation. Finally, we draw attention to ongoing clinical trials before recapping our discussion of hybrid nanosystems and providing a perspective on the future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Seaberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Hossein Montazerian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Md Nazir Hossen
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
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20
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Rani D, Nayak B, Srivastava S. Immunogenicity of gold nanoparticle-based truncated ORF2 vaccine in mice against Hepatitis E virus. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:49. [PMID: 33457173 PMCID: PMC7799426 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02573-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents nanoparticle-based vaccine development for Hepatitis E virus (HEV). Gold nanoparticles (GNP) of average size 12 nm were synthesized by citrate reduction method followed by functionalization with cysteamine hydrochloride for nano-conjugation. Immune response of nano-conjugates of GNP with 26 kDa protein (368-606 amino acids) and 54 kDa protein (112-606 amino acids) were evaluated. In vitro release kinetics of GNP-conjugated 54 kDa (GNP54) and 26 kDa (GNP26) proteins showed slower rate of release of 54 kDa protein as compared to 26 kDa protein. Humoral immune response of mice immunized intramuscularly with GNP54, GNP26 and GNP alone, exhibited HEV-specific IgG titer of 7.9 ± 2.9, 5.686 ± 4.098 and 0.698 ± 0.089, respectively, after 14 days of booster immunization. In addition to this, HEV-specific cell-mediated immune response was demonstrated by splenocyte proliferation assay. Analysis of results using one-way ANOVA, showed statistically significant (p value < 0.05) increase in splenocyte proliferation for GNP54- and GNP26-immunized mice in comparison to GNP alone immunized mice. Stimulation index of HEV ORF2 proteins in GNP54/GNP26-immunized mice were comparable to Concanavalin A-treated positive control. These results indicate GNP-based vaccine as a promising candidate for efficiently mediating both humoral and cell-mediated immune response against HEV.
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21
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Nanoparticles as Vaccines to Prevent Arbovirus Infection: A Long Road Ahead. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10010036. [PMID: 33466440 PMCID: PMC7824877 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are a significant public health problem worldwide. Vaccination is considered one of the most effective ways to control arbovirus diseases in the human population. Nanoparticles have been widely explored as new vaccine platforms. Although nanoparticles' potential to act as new vaccines against infectious diseases has been identified, nanotechnology's impact on developing new vaccines to prevent arboviruses is unclear. Thus, we used a comprehensive bibliographic survey to integrate data concerning the use of diverse nanoparticles as vaccines against medically important arboviruses. Our analysis showed that considerable research had been conducted to develop and evaluate nanovaccines against Chikungunya virus, Dengue virus, Zika virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and West Nile virus. The main findings indicate that nanoparticles have great potential for use as a new vaccine system against arboviruses. Most of the studies showed an increase in neutralizing antibody production after mouse immunization. Nevertheless, even with significant advances in this field, further efforts are necessary to address the nanoparticles' potential to act as a vaccine against these arboviruses. To promote advances in the field, we proposed a roadmap to help researchers better characterize and evaluate nanovaccines against medically important arboviruses.
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22
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Association between Antibody Responses to Epstein-Barr Virus Glycoproteins, Neutralization of Infectivity, and the Risk of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. mSphere 2020; 5:5/6/e00901-20. [PMID: 33268566 PMCID: PMC7716278 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00901-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human oncogenic gammaherpesvirus that infects over 90% of humans in the world and is causally associated with a spectrum of epithelial and B-cell malignancies such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). A prophylactic vaccine against EBV is called for, but no approved vaccine is available yet. While Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the major cause of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), the value of the humoral immune response to EBV glycoproteins and NPC development remains unclear. Correlation between antiglycoprotein antibody levels, neutralization of EBV infectivity, and the risk of NPC requires systematic study. Here, we applied a cytometry-based method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure neutralization of infectivity and antibody response to EBV glycoproteins (gH/gL, gB, gp350, and gp42) of plasma samples from 20 NPC cases and 20 high-risk and 20 low-risk healthy controls nested within a screening cohort in Sihui, southern China. We found that NPC cases have similar plasma neutralizing activity in both B cells and epithelial cells and EBV glycoprotein-specific IgA and IgG antibody levels compared with those of healthy controls. Significant correlations were observed between gH/gL IgG and gB IgG and the neutralizing ability against EBV infection of epithelial cells and B cells. These results indicate that a high level of glycoprotein antibodies may favor protection against primary EBV infection, instead of being low-risk biomarkers for NPC in long-term EBV-infected adults. In conclusion, this study provides novel insights into the humoral immune response to EBV infection and NPC development, providing valuable leads for future research that is important for prevention and treatment of EBV-related diseases. IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human oncogenic gammaherpesvirus that infects over 90% of humans in the world and is causally associated with a spectrum of epithelial and B-cell malignancies such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). A prophylactic vaccine against EBV is called for, but no approved vaccine is available yet. Therefore, EBV remains a major public health concern. To facilitate novel vaccines and therapeutics for NPC, it is of great importance to explore the impact of humoral immune response to EBV glycoproteins before the development of NPC. Therefore, in this study, we systematically assessed the correlation between antiglycoprotein antibody levels, neutralization of EBV infectivity, and the risk of NPC development. These results provide valuable information that will contribute to designing effective prevention and treatment strategies for EBV-related diseases such as NPC.
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23
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Chen Y, Ma J, Xu M, Liu S. Antiviral nanoagents: More attention and effort needed? NANO TODAY 2020; 35:100976. [PMID: 32963581 PMCID: PMC7498411 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2020.100976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The recent COVID-19 outbreak has increasingly engaged researchers in the search for effective antiviral drugs as well as therapeutic treatment options. The shortcomings of existing antiviral agents such as narrow spectrum and low bioavailability, can be overcome through the use of engineered nanomaterials, which, therefore, are considered as a significant next-generation therapeutic option. Thus, the development of novel antiviral nanoagents will certainly help address several future challenges and knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjiu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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24
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Cardoso VMDO, Moreira BJ, Comparetti EJ, Sampaio I, Ferreira LMB, Lins PMP, Zucolotto V. Is Nanotechnology Helping in the Fight Against COVID-19? FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2020.588915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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25
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Azman N'A, Bekale L, Nguyen TX, Kah JCY. Polyelectrolyte stiffness on gold nanorods mediates cell membrane damage. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:14021-14036. [PMID: 32579657 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03288c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Charge and surface chemistry of gold nanorods (AuNRs) are often considered the predictive factors for cell membrane damage. Unfortunately, extensive research on AuNR passivated with polyelectrolyte (PE) ligand shell (AuNR-PE) has hitherto left a vital knowledge gap between the mechanical stability of the ligand shell and the cytotoxicity of AuNR-PEs. Here, the agreement between unbiased coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) simulation and empirical outcomes on hemolysis of red blood cells by AuNR-PEs demonstrates for the first time, a direct impact of the mechanical stability of the PE shell passivating the AuNRs on the lipid membrane rupture. Such mechanical stability is ultimately modulated by the rigidity of the PE components. The CGMD simulation results also reveal the mechanism where the PE chain adsorbs near the surface of the lipid bilayer without penetrating the hydrophobic core of the bilayer, which allows the hydrophobic AuNR core to be in direct contact with the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer, thereby perforating the lipid membrane to induce membrane damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul 'Ain Azman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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26
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Alizadeh F, Khodavandi A. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Nanoscale Materials Against Coronaviruses—Possible Potential Antiviral Agents for SARS-CoV-2. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2020; 19:485-497. [DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2020.2997257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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27
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Hong X, Zhong X, Du G, Hou Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Gong T, Zhang L, Sun X. The pore size of mesoporous silica nanoparticles regulates their antigen delivery efficiency. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz4462. [PMID: 32596445 PMCID: PMC7304990 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz4462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines generally proceed through a 4-step in vivo cascade-the DUMP cascade-to generate potent cell-mediated immune responses: (1) drainage to lymph nodes; (2) uptake by dendritic cells (DCs); (3) maturation of DCs; and (4) Presentation of peptide-MHC I complexes to CD8+ T cells. How the physical properties of vaccine carriers such as mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) influence this cascade is unclear. We fabricated 80-nm MSNs with different pore sizes (7.8 nm, 10.3 nm, and 12.9 nm) and loaded them with ovalbumin antigen. Results demonstrated these MSNs with different pore sizes were equally effective in the first three steps of the DUMP cascade, but those with larger pores showed higher cross-presentation efficiency (step 4). Consistently, large-pore MSNs loaded with B16F10 tumor antigens yielded the strongest antitumor effects. These results demonstrate the promise of our lymph node-targeting large-pore MSNs as vaccine-delivery vehicles for immune activation and cancer vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Hong
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guangsheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yingying Hou
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yunting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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28
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Dykman LA. Gold nanoparticles for preparation of antibodies and vaccines against infectious diseases. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:465-477. [PMID: 32306785 PMCID: PMC7196924 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1758070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccination remains very effective in stimulating protective immune responses against infections. An important task in antibody and vaccine preparation is to choose an optimal carrier that will ensure a high immune response. Particularly promising in this regard are nanoscale particle carriers. An antigen that is adsorbed or encapsulated by nanoparticles can be used as an adjuvant to optimize the immune response during vaccination. a very popular antigen carrier used for immunization and vaccination is gold nanoparticles, with are being used to make new vaccines against viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes what is currently known about the use of gold nanoparticles as an antigen carrier and adjuvant to prepare antibodies in vivo and design vaccines against viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. The basic principles, recent advances, and current problems in the use of gold nanoparticles are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Gold nanoparticles can be used as adjuvants to increase the effectiveness of vaccines by stimulating antigen-presenting cells and ensuring controlled antigen release. Studying the characteristics of the immune response obtained from the use of gold nanoparticles as a carrier and an adjuvant will permit the particles' potential for vaccine design to be increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev A. Dykman
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, Russia
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One-pot synthesis and characterization of ovalbumin-conjugated gold nanoparticles: A comparative study of adjuvanticity against the physical mixture of ovalbumin and gold nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2019; 571:118704. [PMID: 31536763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Only few adjuvants are licensed for use in humans and there is a need to develop safe and improved vaccine adjuvants. In this study, we report the one-pot synthesis of antigen ovalbumin (OVA)-conjugated gold nanoparticles (OVA@GNPs). A systematical study was performed by comparing OVA@GNPs with the simple mixture of OVA and gold nanoparticles (OVA+GNPs), including their physiochemical properties through spectrometric and electrophoretic analysis, in vitro stability, cytotoxicity and cellular uptake, and in vivo humoral immune responses following subcutaneous and transcutaneous immunization in mice. The results demonstrate a much stronger interaction between protein and GNPs in OVA@GNPs than OVA+GNPs, which makes OVA@GNPs more stable under in vitro conditions than OVA+GNPs with the ability to induce 4 times higher OVA-specific serum IgG titers following subcutaneous immunization. We also show the dose sparing of OVA@GNPs, as the dosage for aluminum adjuvant required to reach to an equivalent OVA-specific antibody titer was almost five times higher than OVA@GNPs. However, we found that the co-administration of small-sized GNPs had a limited ability for the transcutaneous delivery of OVA. These results demonstrate the potential application of one-pot synthesis approach for producing antigen protein-conjugated gold nanoparticles for vaccine delivery.
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30
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Rai M, Jamil B. Nanoformulations: A Valuable Tool in the Therapy of Viral Diseases Attacking Humans and Animals. Nanotheranostics 2019. [PMCID: PMC7121811 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29768-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Various viruses can be considered as one of the most frequent causes of human diseases, from mild illnesses to really serious sicknesses that end fatally. Numerous viruses are also pathogenic to animals and plants, and many of them, mutating, become pathogenic also to humans. Several cases of affecting humans by originally animal viruses have been confirmed. Viral infections cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans, the increase of which is caused by general immunosuppression of the world population, changes in climate, and overall globalization. In spite of the fact that the pharmaceutical industry pays great attention to human viral infections, many of clinically used antivirals demonstrate also increased toxicity against human cells, limited bioavailability, and thus, not entirely suitable therapeutic profile. In addition, due to resistance, a combination of antivirals is needed for life-threatening infections. Thus, the development of new antiviral agents is of great importance for the control of virus spread. On the other hand, the discovery and development of structurally new antivirals represent risks. Therefore, another strategy is being developed, namely the reformulation of existing antivirals into nanoformulations and investigation of various metal and metalloid nanoparticles with respect to their diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic antiviral applications. This chapter is focused on nanoscale materials/formulations with the potential to be used for the treatment or inhibition of the spread of viral diseases caused by human immunodeficiency virus, influenza A viruses (subtypes H3N2 and H1N1), avian influenza and swine influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, herpes simplex virus, hepatitis B and C viruses, Ebola and Marburg viruses, Newcastle disease virus, dengue and Zika viruses, and pseudorabies virus. Effective antiviral long-lasting and target-selective nanoformulations developed for oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intranasal, intrarectal, intravaginal, and intradermal applications are discussed. Benefits of nanoparticle-based vaccination formulations with the potential to secure cross protection against divergent viruses are outlined as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Amravati, Maharashtra, India, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí Brazil
| | - Bushra Jamil
- Department of DMLS, University of Lahore, Islamabad, Pakistan
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