Clinical applications of nanomedicines in lung cancer treatment

Paclitaxel in colon cancer management: from conventional chemotherapy to advanced nanocarrier delivery systems

Paclitaxel, a potent chemotherapeutic agent derived from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, has demonstrated significant efficacy in the treatment of various cancers, including colon cancer. This comprehensive review delves into the conventional treatments for colon cancer, emphasizing the crucial role of paclitaxel in contemporary management strategies. It explores the intricate process of sourcing and synthesizing paclitaxel, highlighting the importance of its structural properties in its anticancer activity. The review further elucidates the mechanism of action of paclitaxel, its pharmacological effects, and its integration into chemotherapy regimens for colon cancer. Additionally, novel drug delivery systems, such as nanocarriers, liposomes, nanoparticles, microspheres, micelles, microemulsions, and niosomes, are examined for their potential to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of paclitaxel. The discussion extends to recent clinical trials and patents, showcasing advancements in paclitaxel formulations aimed at improving treatment outcomes. The review concludes with prospects in the field underscoring the ongoing innovation and potential breakthroughs in colon cancer therapy.

Synergistic induction of apoptosis in lung cancer cells through co-delivery of PLGA phytol/α-bisabolol nanoparticles

This study explored the potential of poly-(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles to enhance the effectiveness of anticancer treatments through combination therapy with phytol and α-bisabolol. The encapsulation efficiency of the nanoparticles was investigated, highlighting the role of ionic interactions between the drugs and the polymer. Characterization of PLGA-Phy+Bis nanoparticles was carried out using DLS with zeta potential and HR-TEM for size determination. Spectrophotometric measurements evaluated the encapsulation efficiency, loading efficiency, and in vitro drug release. FTIR analysis assessed the chemical interactions between PLGA and the drug actives, ensuring nanoparticle stability. GC-MS was employed to analyze the chemical composition of drug-loaded PLGA nanocarriers. Cytotoxicity was evaluated via the MTT assay, while Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and western blot analysis confirmed apoptotic cell death. Additionally, toxicity tests were performed on L-132 cells and in vivo zebrafish embryos. The study demonstrates high encapsulation efficiency of PLGA-Phy+Bis nanoparticles, which exhibit monodispersity and sizes of 189.3±5nm (DLS) and 268±54 nm (HR-TEM). Spectrophotometric analysis confirmed efficient drug encapsulation and release control. FTIR analysis revealed nanoparticle structural stability without chemical interactions. MTT assay results demonstrated the promising anticancer potential of all the three nanoparticle types (PLGA-Phy, PLGA-Bis, and PLGA-Phy+Bis) against lung cancer cells. Apoptosis was confirmed through Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and western blot analysis, which also revealed changes in Bax and Bcl-2 protein expression. Furthermore, the nanoparticles exhibited non-toxicity in L-132 cells and zebrafish embryo toxicity tests. PLGA-Phy+Bis nanoparticles exhibited efficient encapsulation, controlled release, and low toxicity. Apoptosis induction in A549 cells and non-toxicity in healthy cells highlight their clinical potential.

Beyond surface modification strategies to control infections associated with implanted biomaterials and devices - Addressing the opportunities offered by nanotechnology

Biomaterial-associated infection (BAI) is considered a unique infection due to the presence of a biomaterial yielding frustrated immune-cells, ineffective in clearing local micro-organisms. The involvement of surface-adherent/surface-adapted micro-organisms in BAI, logically points to biomaterial surface-modifications for BAI-control. Biomaterial surface-modification is most suitable for prevention before adhering bacteria have grown into a mature biofilm, while BAI-treatment is virtually impossible through surface-modification. Hundreds of different surface-modifications have been proposed for BAI-control but few have passed clinical trials due to the statistical near-impossibility of benefit-demonstration. Yet, no biomaterial surface-modification forwarded, is clinically embraced. Collectively, this leads us to conclude that surface-modification is a dead-end road. Accepting that BAI is, like most human infections, due to surface-adherent biofilms (though not always to a foreign material), and regarding BAI as a common infection, opens a more-generally-applicable and therewith easier-to-validate road. Pre-clinical models have shown that stimuli-responsive nano-antimicrobials and antibiotic-loaded nanocarriers exhibit prolonged blood-circulation times and can respond to a biofilm's micro-environment to penetrate and accumulate within biofilms, prompt ROS-generation and synergistic killing with antibiotics of antibiotic-resistant pathogens without inducing further antimicrobial-resistance. Moreover, they can boost frustrated immune-cells around a biomaterial reducing the importance of this unique BAI-feature. Time to start exploring the nano-road for BAI-control.

Folate-modified liposomes mediate the co-delivery of cisplatin with miR-219a-5p for the targeted treatment of cisplatin-resistant lung cancer

Cisplatin (DDP) resistance, often leading to first-line chemotherapy failure in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), poses a significant challenge. MiR-219a-5p has been reported to enhance the sensitivity of human NSCLC to DDP. However, free miR-219a-5p is prone to degradation by nucleases in the bloodstream, rendering it unstable. In light of this, our study developed an efficient nanodrug delivery system that achieved targeted delivery of DDP and miR-219a-5p by modifying liposomes with folate (FA). Based on the results of material characterization, we successfully constructed a well-dispersed and uniformly sized (approximately 135.8 nm) Lipo@DDP@miR-219a-5p@FA nanodrug. Agarose gel electrophoresis experiments demonstrated that Lipo@DDP@miR-219a-5p@FA exhibited good stability in serum, effectively protecting miR-219a-5p from degradation. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry experiments revealed that, due to FA modification, Lipo@DDP@miR-219a-5p@FA could specifically bind to FA receptors on the surface of tumor cells (A549), thus enhancing drug internalization efficiency. Safety evaluations conducted in vitro demonstrated that Lipo@DDP@miR-219a-5p@FA exhibited no significant toxicity to non-cancer cells (BEAS-2B) and displayed excellent blood compatibility. Cellular functional experiments, apoptosis assays, and western blot demonstrated that Lipo@DDP@miR-219a-5p@FA effectively reversed DDP resistance in A549 cells, inhibited cell proliferation and migration, and further promoted apoptosis. In summary, the Lipo@DDP@miR-219a-5p@FA nanodrug, through specific targeting of cancer cells and reducing their resistance to DDP, significantly enhanced the anti-NSCLC effects of DDP in vitro, providing a promising therapeutic option for the clinical treatment of NSCLC.

Nanomedicine Combats Drug Resistance in Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is the second most prevalent cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Surgery, chemotherapy, molecular targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy are currently available as treatment methods. However, drug resistance is a significant factor in the failure of lung cancer treatments. Novel therapeutics have been exploited to address complicated resistance mechanisms of lung cancer and the advancement of nanomedicine is extremely promising in terms of overcoming drug resistance. Nanomedicine equipped with multifunctional and tunable physiochemical properties in alignment with tumor genetic profiles can achieve precise, safe, and effective treatment while minimizing or eradicating drug resistance in cancer. Here, this work reviews the discovered resistance mechanisms for lung cancer chemotherapy, molecular targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy, and outlines novel strategies for the development of nanomedicine against drug resistance. This work focuses on engineering design, customized delivery, current challenges, and clinical translation of nanomedicine in the application of resistant lung cancer.

Current status and prospects for improved targeted delivery approaches for cancer

Millions of individuals worldwide suffer from the complicated disease known as cancer. Though they frequently have serious side effects and can harm healthy cells, the current cancer treatments, such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy, are effective in many cases. Targeted drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising new paradigm in cancer treatment because they can deliver drugs directly to cancer cells with minimal harm to healthy cells. This review aims to give a broad overview of the state of targeted drug delivery systems for cancer treatment and investigate the technology's potential in the future. We'll go through the various kinds of targeted drug delivery systems, their drawbacks, the most recent developments, and possible future paths for further study and creation. This review aims to provide an overview of the current status of targeted drug delivery systems for cancer treatment, including the different types of targeted drug delivery systems, their limitations, recent advancements, and potential future directions for research and development. By examining the field's current state and exploring prospects, this review aims to highlight the potential of targeted drug delivery systems for improving cancer treatment and ultimately enhancing patient outcomes.

PEG2000-PLA-based nanoscale polymeric micelles reduce paclitaxel-related toxicity in beagle dogs

Nanoplatform-based drug delivery plays an important role in clinical practice. Polymeric micellar (Pm) nanocarriers have been demonstrated to reduce the toxicity of paclitaxel in rats and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, the underlying toxicological profile needs to be further illustrated. Here, we used beagles as study subjects and sought to further observe the toxicological profile of polymeric micellar paclitaxel (Pm-Pac) via acute toxicity tests and short-term and long-term toxicity tests. The results from the acute toxicity test indicated that the lethal dose of Pm-Pac in beagles was 20-30 mg/kg, and the acute toxicity-targeted organs were the digestive system and immuno-haematopoietic system. The short-term toxicity test suggested that paclitaxel-induced toxicity (peripheral neuropathy toxicity, haemopoietic toxicity, heart system toxicity, and so on) in beagles can be reduced when paclitaxel is delivered via the Pm delivery system. The long-term toxicity test suggested that Pm-Pac can reduce haemopoietic toxicity in beagles. Collectively, this study provides novel insight into the toxicological profile of Pm-Pac in healthy beagles and provides a potential basis for promising clinical combination strategies in the future.

Lung cancer treatment potential and limits associated with the STAT family of transcription factors

Lung cancer is one of the mortal cancers and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality, with a cancer survival rate of fewer than 5% in developing nations. This low survival rate can be linked to things like late-stage detection, quick postoperative recurrences in patients receiving therapy, and chemoresistance developing against various lung cancer treatments. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family of transcription factors are involved in lung cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, immunological control, and treatment resistance. By interacting with specific DNA sequences, STAT proteins trigger the production of particular genes, which in turn result in adaptive and incredibly specific biological responses. In the human genome, seven STAT proteins have been discovered (STAT1 to STAT6, including STAT5a and STAT5b). Many external signaling proteins can activate unphosphorylated STATs (uSTATs), which are found inactively in the cytoplasm. When STAT proteins are activated, they can increase the transcription of several target genes, which leads to unchecked cellular proliferation, anti-apoptotic reactions, and angiogenesis. The effects of STAT transcription factors on lung cancer are variable; some are either pro- or anti-tumorigenic, while others maintain dual, context-dependent activities. Here, we give a succinct summary of the various functions that each member of the STAT family plays in lung cancer and go into more detail about the advantages and disadvantages of pharmacologically targeting STAT proteins and their upstream activators in the context of lung cancer treatment.

Nanomedicine-based adjuvant therapy: a promising solution for lung cancer

Lung cancer has been the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide for decades. Despite the increasing understanding of the underlying disease mechanisms, the prognosis still remains poor for many patients. Novel adjuvant therapies have emerged as a promising treatment method to augment conventional methods and boost the therapeutic effects of primary therapies. Adjuvant therapy based on nanomedicine has gained considerable interest for supporting and enhancing traditional therapies, such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy, due to the tunable physicochemical features and ease of synthetic design of nanomaterials. In addition, nanomedicine can provide protective effects against other therapies by reducing adverse side effects through precise disease targeting. Therefore, nanomedicine-based adjuvant therapies have been extensively employed in a wide range of preclinical and clinical cancer treatments to overcome the drawbacks of conventional therapies. In this review, we mainly discuss the recent advances in adjuvant nanomedicine for lung cancer treatment and highlight their functions in improving the therapeutic outcome of other therapies, which may inspire new ideas for advanced lung cancer therapies and stimulate research efforts around this topic.

PLGA-based drug delivery systems in treating bone tumors

Bone tumor has become a common disease that endangers human health. Surgical resection of bone tumors not only causes biomechanical defects of bone but also destroys the continuity and integrity of bone and cannot completely remove the local tumor cells. The remaining tumor cells in the lesion bring a hidden danger of local recurrence. To improve the chemotherapeutic effect and effectively clear tumor cells, traditional systemic chemotherapy often requires higher doses, and high doses of chemotherapeutic drugs inevitably cause a series of systemic toxic side effects, often intolerable to patients. PLGA-based drug delivery systems, such as nano delivery systems and scaffold-based local delivery systems, can help eliminate tumors and promote bone regeneration and therefore have more significant potential for application in bone tumor treatment. In this review, we summarize the research progress of PLGA nano drug delivery systems and PLGA scaffold-based local delivery systems in bone tumor treatment applications, expecting to provide a theoretical basis for developing novel bone tumor treatment strategies.

Spirituality and Hope Levels of Lung Cancer Patients Who Had Surgery in Turkey

This study explores the relationship between spirituality and hope levels in lung cancer patients. Cancer patients often use their spirituality as a way of coping. Among a sample of 124 Turkish lung cancer patients, spirituality levels were assessed using the Spiritual Orientation Scale (SOS) and hope levels were measured using the Herth Hope Scale (HHS). Spirituality and hope levels in Turkish lung cancer patients were found to be above average. While no significant effect of demographic and disease-related variables was detected on spirituality and hope levels, spirituality and hope were found to be positively correlated in Turkish lung cancer patients.

Lipid Nanocarrier-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Therapeutic Advances in the Treatment of Lung Cancer

Although various treatments are currently being developed, lung cancer still has a very high mortality rate. Moreover, while various strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer are being used in clinical settings, in many cases, lung cancer does not respond to treatment and presents reducing survival rates. Cancer nanotechnology, also known as nanotechnology in cancer, is a relatively new topic of study that brings together scientists from a variety of fields, including chemistry, biology, engineering, and medicine. The use of lipid-based nanocarriers to aid drug distribution has already had a significant impact in several scientific fields. Lipid-based nanocarriers have been demonstrated to help stabilize therapeutic compounds, overcome barriers to cellular and tissue absorption, and improve in vivo drug delivery to specific target areas. For this reason, lipid-based nanocarriers are being actively researched and used for lung cancer treatment and vaccine development. This review discusses the improvements in drug delivery achieved with lipid-based nanocarriers, the obstacles that still exist with in vivo applications, and the current clinical and experimental applications of lipid-based nanocarriers in lung cancer treatment and management.

Paclitaxel Has a Reduced Toxicity Profile in Healthy Rats After Polymeric Micellar Nanoparticle Delivery

Background

Nanocarrier platforms have been indicated to have great potential in clinical practice to treat non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Our previous Phase III clinical study revealed that polymeric micellar paclitaxel (Pm-Pac) is safe and efficacious in advanced NSCLC patients. However, the histopathological-toxicological profile of Pm-Pac in mammals remains unclear.

Methods

We examined the Pm-Pac-induced antitumour effect in both A549/H226 cells and A549/H226-derived xenograft tumour models.. And then, we evaluated the short-term and long-term toxicity induced by Pm-Pac in healthy Sprague‒Dawley (SD) rats. The changes in body weight, survival, peripheral neuropathy, haematology, and histopathology were studied in SD rats administered Pm-Pac at different dosages.

Results

In the A549-derived xenograft tumour model, better therapeutic efficacy was observed in the Pm-Pac group than in the solvent-based paclitaxel (Sb-Pac) group when an equal dosage of paclitaxel was administered. Toxicity assessments in healthy SD rats indicated that Pm-Pac caused toxicity at an approximately 2- to 3-fold greater dose than Sb-Pac when examining animal body weight, survival, peripheral neuropathy, haematology, and histopathology. Interestingly, based on histopathological examinations, we found that Pm-Pac could significantly decrease the incidences of paclitaxel-induced brain and liver injury but could potentially increase the prevalence of paclitaxel-induced male genital system toxicity.

Conclusion

This study introduces the toxicological profile of the engineered nanoparticle Pm-Pac and provides a novel perspective on the Pm-Pac-induced histopathological-toxicological profile in a rat model.

Nanotechnology-based approaches overcome lung cancer drug resistance through diagnosis and treatment

Lung cancer continues to be a malignant tumor with high mortality. Two obstacles interfere with curative therapy of lung cancer: (i) poor diagnosis at the early stages, as symptoms are not specific or asymptomatic; and (ii) invariably emerging drug resistance after treatment. Some factors contributing to drug resistance include preexisting genetic/genomic drug-resistant alteration(s); activation of adaptive drug resistance pathways; remodeling of the tumor microenvironment; and pharmacological mechanisms or activation of drug efflux pumps. Despite the mechanisms explored to better understand drug resistance, a gap remains between molecular understanding and clinical application. Therefore, facilitating the translation of basic science into the clinical setting is a great challenge. Nanomedicine has emerged as a promising tool for cancer treatment. Because of their excellent physicochemical properties and enhanced permeability and retention effects, nanoparticles have great potential to revolutionize conventional lung cancer diagnosis and combat drug resistance. Nanoplatforms can be designed as carriers to improve treatment efficacy and deliver multiple drugs in one system, facilitating combination treatment to overcome drug resistance. In this review, we describe the difficulties in lung cancer treatment and review recent research progress on nanoplatforms aimed at early diagnosis and lung cancer treatment. Finally, future perspectives and challenges of nanomedicine are also discussed.

A scientometrics study of the nanomedicines assisted in respiratory diseases

Nanomedicine has been extensively studied for its versatility and broad-spectrum applications of theranostics in the research of respiratory disease. However, to the best of our knowledge, a scientometrics study based on the scientific knowledge assay of the overall situation on nanomedicine applied in the research of respiratory disease has not been reported so far, which would be of major importance to relevant researchers. To explore and exhibit the research status and developing trend of nanomedicines deployed in basic or clinical research in respiratory disease, the research ecosystem and exciting subareas were profiled based on the massive data mining and visualization from the relevant works reported from 2006 to 2021. Data were collected from the Web of Science database. Data statistics software and bibliometric analysis software were employed to visualize the research trend and the relationship between respiratory diseases and nanomedicines in each representative direction. The cluster analysis and burst detections indicated that the improvement of drug delivery and vaccine developments are the up-to-date key directions in nanomedicines for respiratory disease research and treatments. Furthermore, we emphatically studied four branch areas in this field including COVID-19, nanotube, respiratory syncytial virus, and mRNA vaccine those are selected for in-depth mining and bibliometric coupling analysis. Research trends signify the future focuses will center on preventing respiratory diseases with mRNA vaccines using nanoparticle-based approaches. We anticipate our study will enable researchers to have the panorama and deep insights in this area, thus inspiriting further exploitations especially the nanobiomaterial-based systems for theranostic applications in respiratory disease treatment.

Nano-based targeted drug delivery for lung cancer: therapeutic avenues and challenges

Most anticancer drugs often fail in clinical trials due to poor solubility, poor bioavailability, lack of targeted delivery and several off-target effects. Polymeric nanoparticles such as poly(lactide), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), ALB-loading paclitaxel (Abraxane^® ABI-007), lomustine-loaded chitosan, gelatin (decorated with EGF receptor-targeted biotinylated EGF) and so on offer controlled and sustained drug-release properties, biocompatibility and promising anticancer effects. EGF, folic acid, transferrin, sigma and urokinase plasminogen activator receptors-targeting nano preparations improve bioavailability and accumulate drugs on the lung tumor cell surface. However, route of administration, size, pharmacokinetic properties, immune clearance and so on hamper nanomedicines' clinical uses. This review focuses on the benefits, avenues and challenges of nanoparticle-based drug-delivery systems for lung cancer treatment.

LINC00152 induced by TGF-β promotes metastasis via HuR in lung adenocarcinoma

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is one of the main causes of cancer-related mortality, with a strong tendency to metastasize early. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is a powerful regulator to promote metastasis of LUAD. Here, we screened long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) responsive to TGF-β and highly expressed in LUAD cells, and finally obtained our master molecular LINC00152. We proved that the TGF-β promoted transcription of LINC00152 through the classical TGF-β/SMAD3 signaling pathway and maintained its stability through the RNA-binding protein HuR. Moreover, LINC00152 increased ZEB1, SNAI1 and SNAI2 expression via increasing the interactions of HuR and these transcription factors, ultimately promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition of LUAD cell and enhancing LUAD metastasis in vivo. These data provided evidence that LINC00152 induced by TGF-β promotes metastasis depending HuR in lung adenocarcinoma. Designing targeting LINC00152 and HuR inhibitors may therefore be an effective therapeutic strategy for LUAD treatment.

How Can the EU Beating Cancer Plan Help in Tackling Lung Cancer, Colorectal Cancer, Breast Cancer and Melanoma?

Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality in EU countries, and the needs to tackle cancer are obvious. New scientific understanding, techniques and methodologies are opening up horizons for significant improvements in diagnosis and care. However, take-up is uneven, research needs and potential outstrip currently available resources, manifestly beneficial practices—such as population-level screening for lung cancer—are still not generalised, and the quality of life of patients and survivors is only beginning to be given attention it merits. This paper, mainly based on a series of multistakeholder expert workshops organised by the European Alliance for Personalised Medicine (EAPM), looks at some of those specifics in the interest of planning a way forward. Part of this exercise also involves taking account of the specific nature of Europe and its constituent countries, where the complexities of planning a way forward are redoubled by the wide variations in national and regional approaches to cancer, local epidemiology and the wide disparities in health systems. Despite all the differences between cancers and national and regional resources and approaches to cancer care, there is a common objective in pursuing broader and more equal access to the best available care for all European citizens.

Tumor Suppressor 4.1N/EPB41L1 is Epigenetic Silenced by Promoter Methylation and MiR-454-3p in NSCLC

Non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is divided into three major histological types, namely, lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), and large-cell lung carcinoma (LCLC). We previously identified that 4.1N/EPB41L1 acts as a tumor suppressor and is reduced in NSCLC patients. In the current study, we explored the underlying epigenetic mechanisms of 4.1N/EPB41L1 reduction in NSCLC. The 4.1N/EPB41L1 gene promoter region was highly methylated in LUAD and LUSC patients. LUAD patients with higher methylation level in the 4.1N/EPB41L1 gene promoter (TSS1500, cg13399773 or TSS200, cg20993403) had a shorter overall survival time (Log-rank p = 0.02 HR = 1.509 or Log-rank p = 0.016 HR = 1.509), whereas LUSC patients with higher methylation level in the 4.1N/EPB41L1 gene promoter (TSS1500 cg13399773, TSS1500 cg07030373 or TSS200 cg20993403) had a longer overall survival time (Log-rank p = 0.045 HR = 0.5709, Log-rank p = 0.018 HR = 0.68 or Log-rank p = 0.014 HR = 0.639, respectively). High methylation of the 4.1N/EPB41L1 gene promoter appeared to be a relatively early event in LUAD and LUSC. DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine restored the 4.1N/EPB41L1 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. MiR-454-3p was abnormally highly expressed in NSCLC and directly targeted 4.1N/EPB41L1 mRNA. MiR-454-3p expression was significantly correlated with 4.1N/EPB41L1 expression in NSCLC patients (r = −0.63, p < 0.0001). Therefore, we concluded that promoter hypermethylation of the 4.1N/EPB41L1 gene and abnormally high expressed miR-454-3p work at different regulation levels but in concert to restrict 4.1N/EPB41L1 expression in NSCLC. Taken together, this work contributes to elucidate the underlying epigenetic disruptions of 4.1N/EPB41L1 deficiency in NSCLC.

Series of High Magnetic Resonance-Guided Photoinduced Nanodelivery Systems for Precisely Improving the Efficiency of Cancer Therapy

Nanochemotherapy is recognized as one of the most promising cancer treatment options, and the design of the carrier has a crucial impact on the final efficacy. To precisely improve the efficacy and reduce the toxicity, we combined the clinical contrast agent (Gd-DTPA) with a stimulus-sensitive o-nitrobenzyl ester and then prepared a series of nNBGD lipids by varying the carbon chain length of the hydrophobic group. The self-assembled nNBGD liposomes can be tracked by MRI to localize the aggregation of drug carriers in vivo, so as to prompt the application of light stimulation at the optimal time to facilitate the precise release of carriers at the lesion site. And the application potential of this strategy was verified with 88% tumor suppression effect in the 12NBGD-DOX+UV group. In addition, this paper emphasizes that small differences in structure can affect the overall performance of the carriers. By exploration of the differences in stability, drug loading, stimulus responsiveness, MRI imaging effect, and toxicity of the series of nNBGD carriers, the relationship between the length of the hydrophobic group of nNBGD lipids and the overall performance of the carriers is given, which provides experimental support and design reference for other carriers.

Comprehensive Analysis of CDK1-Associated ceRNA Network Revealing the Key Pathways LINC00460/LINC00525-Hsa-Mir-338-FAM111/ZWINT as Prognostic Biomarkers in Lung Adenocarcinoma Combined with Experiments

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, and effective biomarkers are still lacking for early detection and prognosis prediction. Here, based on gene expression profiles of LUAD patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), 806 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), 122 microRNAs (miRNAs) and 1269 mRNAs associated with CDK1 were identified. The regulatory axis of LINC00460/LINC00525-hsa-mir-338-FAM111B/ZWINT was determined according to the correlation between gene expression and patient prognosis. The abnormal up-regulation of FAM111B/ZWINT in LUAD was related to hypomethylation. Furthermore, immune infiltration analysis suggested FAM111B/ZWINT could affect the development and prognosis of cancer by regulating the LUAD immune microenvironment. EMT feature analysis suggested that FAM111B/ZWINT promoted tumor spread through the EMT process. Functional analysis showed FAM111B/ZWINT was involved in cell cycle events such as DNA replication and chromosome separation. We analyzed the HERB and GSCALite databases to identify potential target medicines that may play a role in the treatment of LUAD. Finally, the expression of LINC00460/LINC00525-hsa-mir-338-FAM111B/ZWINT axis was verified in LUAD cells by RT-qPCR, and these results were consistent with bioinformatics analysis. Overall, we constructed a CDK1-related ceRNA network and revealed the LINC00460/LINC00525-hsa-mir-338-FAM111/ZWINT pathways as potential diagnostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets of LUAD.

PLGA's Plight and the Role of Stealth Surface Modification Strategies in Its Use for Intravenous Particulate Drug Delivery

Numerous human disorders can benefit from targeted, intravenous (IV) drug delivery. Polymeric nanoparticles have been designed to undergo systemic circulation and deliver their therapeutic cargo to target sites in a controlled manner. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) is a particularly promising biomaterial for designing intravenous drug carriers due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and history of clinical success across other routes of administration. Despite these merits, PLGA remains markedly absent in clinically approved IV drug delivery formulations. A prominent factor in PLGA particles' inability to succeed intravenously may lie in the hydrophobic character of the polyester, leading to the adsorption of serum proteins (i.e., opsonization) and a cascade of events that end in their premature clearance from the bloodstream. PEGylation, or surface-attached polyethylene glycol chains, is a common strategy for shielding particles from opsonization. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) continues to be regarded as the ultimate "stealth" solution despite the lack of clinical progress of PEGylated PLGA carriers. This review reflects on some of the reasons for the clinical failure of PLGA, particularly the drawbacks of PEGylation, and highlights alternative surface coatings on PLGA particles. Ultimately, a new approach will be needed to harness the potential of PLGA nanoparticles and allow their widespread clinical adoption.

Efficacy and Safety of Nanoadministration in the Treatment of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Is Good to Some Extent: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a nanodrug delivery regimen compared with conventional drug administration for the treatment of lung cancer. Materials and Methods. Studies were retrieved through PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. Primary and secondary outcome measures, including overall response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and adverse events, were extracted from the retrieved literature and systematically evaluated. Results. Six trials, including 4806 advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients, were included in this study. Compared with conventional drug administration in the treatment of lung cancer, the nanodrug delivery regimen improved the ORR (risk ratio = 1.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.25–1.63, $p\le 0.001$ ), prolonged PFS (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.76–0.92, $p\le 0.001$ ), and obtained superior OS (HR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.83–0.99, $p\le 0.001$ ). Regarding safety, the incidence of neutropenia, alopecia, sensory neuropathy, myalgia, and arthralgia was lower in the nanoadministration group, but the risk of thrombocytopenia, anaemia, and nausea was increased. Conclusion. Nanodrug administration is safe and effective in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer to some extent.

An NIR Discrete Metallacycle Constructed from Perylene Bisimide and Tetraphenylethylene Fluorophores for Imaging-Guided Cancer Radio-Chemotherapy

To promote the clinical theranostic performances of platinum-based anticancer drugs, imaging capability is urgently desired, and their chemotherapeutic efficacy needs to be upgraded. Herein, a theranostic metallacycle (M) is developed for imaging-guided cancer radio-chemotherapy using perylene bisimide fluorophore (PPy) and tetraphenylethylene-based di-Pt(II) organometallic precursor (TPE-Pt) as building blocks. The formation of this discrete supramolecular coordination complex facilitates the encapsulation of M by a glutathione (GSH)-responsive amphiphilic block copolymer to prepare M-loaded nanoparticles (MNPs). TPE-Pt acts as a chemotherapeutic drug and also an excellent radiosensitizer, thus incorporating radiotherapy into the nanomedicine to accelerate the therapeutic efficacy and overcome drug resistance. The NIR-emission of PPy is employed to detect the intracellular delivery and tissue distribution of MNPs in real time. In vitro and in vivo investigations demonstrate the excellent anticancer efficacy combining chemotherapy and radiotherapy; the administration of this nanomedicine effectively inhibits the tumor growth and greatly extends the survival rate of cisplatin-resistant A2780CIS-tumor-bearing mice. Guided by in vivo fluorescence imaging, radio-chemotherapy is precisely carried out, which facilitates boosting of the therapeutic outcomes and minimizing undesired side effects. The success of this theranostic system brings new hope to supramolecular nanomedicines for their potential clinical translations.

Recent Progress of RGD Modified Liposomes as Multistage Rocket Against Cancer

Cancer is a life-threatening disease, contributing approximately 9.4 million deaths worldwide. To address this challenge, scientific researchers have investigated molecules that could act as speed-breakers for cancer. As an abiotic drug delivery system, liposomes can hold both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, which promote a controlled release, accumulate in the tumor microenvironment, and achieve elongated half-life with an enhanced safety profile. To further improve the safety and impair the off-target effect, the surface of liposomes could be modified in a way that is easily identified by cancer cells, promotes uptake, and facilitates angiogenesis. Integrins are overexpressed on cancer cells, which upon activation promote downstream cell signaling and eventually activate specific pathways, promoting cell growth, proliferation, and migration. RGD peptides are easily recognized by integrin over expressed cells. Just like a multistage rocket, ligand anchored liposomes can be selectively recognized by target cells, accumulate at the specific site, and finally, release the drug in a specific and desired way. This review highlights the role of integrin in cancer development, so gain more insights into the phenomenon of tumor initiation and survival. Since RGD is recognized by the integrin family, the fate of RGD has been demonstrated after its binding with the acceptor’s family. The role of RGD based liposomes in targeting various cancer cells is also highlighted in the paper.

Formulation and Evaluation of Luteolin-Loaded Nanovesicles: In Vitro Physicochemical Characterization and Viability Assessment

Luteolin (LT) is a natural polyphenol water-insoluble compound. LT-loaded nanovesicles (NVs) were prepared by using the solvent evaporation method. LT-NVs were prepared using cholesterol, phosphatidylcholine, span 60, and labrasol in a different composition. The prepared LT-NVs were evaluated for encapsulation efficiency, in vitro drug release, and permeation study. The optimized LT-NVs were further evaluated for antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity using the lung cancer cell line. LT-NVs showed nanometric size (less than 300 nm), an optimum polydispersibility index (less than 0.5), and a negative zeta potential value. The formulations also showed significant variability in the encapsulation efficiency (69.44 ± 0.52 to 83.75 ± 0.35%) depending upon the formulation composition. The in vitro and permeation study results revealed enhanced drug release as well as permeation profile. The formulation LT-NVs (F2) showed the maximum drug release of 88.28 ± 1.13%, while pure LT showed only 20.1 ± 1.21% in 12 h. The release data revealed significant variation (p < 0.001) in the release pattern. The permeation results also depicted significant (p < 0.001) enhancement in the permeation across the membrane. The enhanced permeation from LT-NVs was achieved due to the enhanced solubility of LT in the presence of the surfactant. The antioxidant activity results proved that LT-NVs showed greater activity compared to pure LT. The cytotoxicity study showed lesser IC50 value from LT-NVs than the pure LT. Thus, it can be concluded that LT-NVs are a natural alternative to the synthetic drug in the treatment of lung cancer.

Cutting-edge Nanotechnological Approaches for Lung Cancer Therapy

Lung cancer is the second leading cancer with a high rate of mortality. It can be treated using different intervention techniques such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgical removal, and photodynamic therapy. All of these interventions lack specificity, implying that it harms the normal cells adjacent to the infected ones. Nanotechnology provides a promising solution that increases the bioavailability of anticancer drugs at the tumor site with reduced toxicity and improved therapeutic efficacy. Nanotechnology also improves the way lung cancer is diagnosed and treated. Various nanocarriers like liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, and different theranostic approaches are already approved for medical use, while various are under clinical and preclinical stages. This review article covers the details about lung cancer, types of overexpressed receptors, and cutting-edge nanocarriers used for treating lung cancer at its specific target.

Co-delivery of sorafenib and crizotinib encapsulated with polymeric nanoparticles for the treatment of in vivo lung cancer animal model

To treat various cancers, including lung cancer, chemotherapy requires the systematic administering of chemotherapy. The chemotherapeutic effectiveness of anticancer drugs has been enhanced by polymer nanoparticles (NPs), according to new findings. As an outcome, we have developed biodegradable triblock poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-PCL-PEG, PECE) polymeric NPs for the co-delivery of sorafenib (SORA) and crizotinib (CRIZ) and investigated their effect on lung cancer by in vitro and in vivo. There is little polydispersity in the SORA-CRIZ@NPs, an average size of 30.45 ± 2.89 nm range. A steady release of SORA and CRIZ was observed, with no burst impact. The apoptosis rate of SORA-CRIZ@NPs was greater than that of free drugs in 4T1 and A549 cells. Further, in vitro cytotoxicity of the polymeric NPs loaded with potential anticancer drugs was more quickly absorbed by cancer cells. On the other hand, compared to free drugs (SORA + CRIZ), SORA + CRIZ@NPs showed a substantial reduction of tumor development, longer survival rate, and a lowered side effect when delivered intravenously to nude mice xenograft model with 4T1 cancer cells. TUNEL positivity was also increased in tumor cells treated with SORA-CRIZ@NPs, demonstrating the therapeutic effectiveness. SORA-CRIZ@NPs might be used to treat lung cancer soon, based on the results from our new findings.

Promises of phytochemical based nano drug delivery systems in the management of cancer

Cancer is the leading cause of human disease and death worldwide, accounting for 7.6 million deaths per year and projected to reach 13.1 million by 2030. Many phytochemicals included in traditional medicine have been utilized in the management of cancer. Conventional chemotherapy is generally known to be the most effective treatment of metastatic cancer but these cancerous cells might grow resistant to numerous anticancer drugs over time that resulting in treatment failure. This review tried to portray the advancement in the anticancer and chemopreventive effects of several phytochemicals and some of its members encapsulated in the nano-based delivery system of the drug. It comprises the issue associated with limited use of each phytoconstituents in human cancer treatment are discussed, and the benefits of entrapment into nanocarriers are evaluated in terms of drug loading efficiency, nanocarrier size, release profile of the drug, and in vitro and/or in vivo research and treatment testing, such as cytotoxicity assays and cell inhibition/viability.

The Efficacy of 18F-FDG PET/CT and Superparamagnetic Nanoferric Oxide MRI in the Diagnosis of Lung Cancer and the Value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the Prediction of Lymph Node Metastasis

In China, lung cancer is one of the leading causes of death among residents. Early diagnosis is of great significance for early interventional treatment and prolonging survival. PET/CT uses positron radiopharmaceuticals to observe the physiological and biochemical changes of the drug and its metabolites in the body and finally diagnoses the disease. 18F-FDG is a commonly used imaging agent, but its short isotopic half-life limits clinical high-throughput testing. This study retrospectively analyzed the imaging material of 100 lung cancer patients pathologically confirmed. Patients with lymph node metastasis were classified into the LM group (n = 30 cases), and those with no lymph node metastasis were classified into the NLM group (n = 70 cases). The results showed that MRI of superparamagnetic nanoferric oxide was better than diagnosis of lung cancer by the 18F-FDG PET/CT and had a high predictive power for lymph node metastasis. These turned out to be high-value lung cancer diagnosis of superparamagnetic nanoferric oxide MRI and high-capacity lymph node metastasis prediction of 18F-FDG PET/CT, which were worthy of implementation.

Delivery nanoplatforms based on dynamic covalent chemistry

As a paramount factor to restrict the potential action of drugs and biologics, nanoplatforms based on dynamic covalent chemistry have been demonstrated as promising candidates to fulfill the full requirements during the whole delivery process by the virtue of their remarkable features such as adaptiveness, stimuli-responsiveness, specificity, reversibility and feasibility. This contribution summarizes the latest progress in dynamic covalent bond-based nanoplatforms with improved delivery efficiency and therapeutic performance. In addition, major challenges and perspectives in this field are also discussed. We expect that this feature article will provide a valuable and systematic reference for the further development of dynamic covalent bond-based nanoplatforms.

Dual signal amplification based on polysaccharide-initiated ring-opening polymerization and click polymerization for exosomes detection

Exosomes, as a biomarker with enhancing tumor invasion and spread, play an essential role for lung cancer diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis. In this work, a novel electrochemical sensor was fabricated for detecting exosomes secreted by lung cancer cells based on polysaccharide-initiated ring-opening polymerization (ROP) and click polymerization. First, MPA formed a self-assembled monolayer on the gold electrode surface, and then anti-EGFR was immobilized on the electrode surface by amide bond. Subsequently, a lot of phosphate groups were introduced by the specific recognition between anti-EGFR and exosomes, then sodium alginate grafted Glycidyl propargyl ether (SA-g-GPE) prepared via ROP was attached to the exosomes through PO₄^3-Zr⁴⁺-COOH coordination bond. After that, click polymerization was initiated by alkyne groups on the SA-g-GPE polymerization chain to realize highly sensitive detection of A549 exosomes. Under the optimum conditions, the fabricated sensor showed a good linear relationship between the logarithm of exosomes concentration and peak current in the range of 5 × 10³ - 5 × 10⁹ particles/mL, and the limit of detection (LOD) was as low as 1.49 × 10² particles/mL. In addition, this method had the advantages of high specificity, anti-interference, high sensitivity, simplicity, rapidity and green economy, which proposed a novel avenue for the detection of exosomes, and also had potential applications in early cancer diagnosis and biomedicine.

TiO2 nanoparticle coatings on glass surfaces for the selective trapping of leukemia cells from peripheral blood

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using TiO₂ nanoparticles has become an important alternative treatment for different types of cancer due to their high photocatalytic activity and high absorption of UV-A light. To potentiate this treatment, we have coated commercial glass plates with TiO₂ nanoparticles prepared by the sol-gel method (TiO₂ -m), which exhibit a remarkable selectivity for the irreversible trapping of cancer cells. The physicochemical properties of the deposited TiO₂ -m nanoparticle coatings have been characterized by a number of complementary surface-analytical techniques and their interaction with leukemia and healthy blood cells were investigated. Scanning electron and atomic force microscopy verify the formation of a compact layer of TiO₂ -m nanoparticles. The particles are predominantly in the anatase phase and have hydroxyl-terminated surfaces as revealed by Raman, X-ray photoelectron, and infrared spectroscopy, as well as X-ray diffraction. We find that lymphoblastic leukemia cells adhere to the TiO₂ -m coating and undergo amoeboid-like migration, whereas lymphocytic cells show distinctly weaker interactions with the coating. This evidences the potential of this nanomaterial coating to selectively trap cancer cells and renders it a promising candidate for the development of future prototypes of PDT devices for the treatment of leukemia and other types of cancers with non-adherent cells.

Chondroitin Sulfate-Modified Liposomes for Targeted Co-Delivery of Doxorubicin and Retinoic Acid to Suppress Breast Cancer Lung Metastasis

Breast cancer treatment remains challenging due to high levels of cell metastasis. Chemotherapy drug combinations can inhibit both tumor growth in situ and metastasis to distant organs. Therefore, here, we developed chondroitin sulfate liposomes (CSLs) as a carrier for the co-delivery of retinoic acid (RA) and doxorubicin (DOX) and examined their efficiency in suppressing lung metastasis of breast cancer. CSLs were prepared using CS-deoxycholic acid conjugates and found to encapsulate both RA and DOX via hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions. The resulting DOX+RA-CSLs were uniformly spherical and showed good serum stability and encapsulation efficiency of 98.7% ± 1.3% for RA and 90.8% ± 2.9% for DOX. Pharmacodynamic experiments in vitro and in vivo also revealed that DOX+RA-CSLs had better anticancer and anti-metastatic activity than CS-free liposomes, single drug-loaded liposomes, and free drug solutions at the same dose (2 mg/kg DOX or RA). Our results suggest that this liposomal delivery system can effectively suppress lung metastasis of breast cancer.