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Hua Z, Zhang D, Guo L, Lin J, Li Y, Wen C. Spinodal Zr-Nb alloys with ultrahigh elastic admissible strain and low magnetic susceptibility for orthopedic applications. Acta Biomater 2024:S1742-7061(24)00329-5. [PMID: 38897338 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Metallic biomaterials, such as stainless steels, cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (Co-Cr-Mo) alloys, and titanium (Ti) alloys, have long been used as load-bearing implant materials due to their metallic mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. However, their magnetic susceptibility and elastic modulus of more than 100 GPa significantly restrict their therapeutic applicability. In this study, spinodal Zr60Nb40, Zr50Nb50, and Zr40Nb60 (at.%) alloys were selected from the miscibility gap based on the Zr-Nb binary phase diagram and prepared by casting, cold rolling, and aging. Their microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, magnetic susceptibility, and biocompatibility were systematically evaluated. Spinodal decomposition to alternating nanoscale Zr-rich β1 and Nb-rich β2 phases occurred in the cold-rolled Zr-Nb alloys during aging treatment at 650 °C. In addition, a minor amount of α phase was precipitated in Zr60Nb40 due to the thermodynamic instability of the Zr-rich β1 phase. Spinodal decomposition significantly improved the mechanical strength of the alloys due to nanosized dual-cubic reinforcement. The Zr-Nb alloys showed an electrochemical corrosion rate of 94-262 nm per year in Hanks' solution because of formation of dense passive films composed of ZrO2 and Nb2O5 during the polarization process. The magnetic susceptibilities of the Zr-Nb alloys were significantly lower than those of commercial Co-Cr-Mo and Ti alloys. The cell viability of the Zr-Nb alloys was more than 98 % toward MC3T3-E1 cells. Overall, the spinodal Zr-Nb alloys have enormous potential as bone-implant materials due to their outstanding overall mechanical properties, extraordinary corrosion resistance, low magnetic susceptibility, and sufficient bicompatibility. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This work reports on spinodal Zr-Nb alloys with heterostructure. Spinodal decomposition significantly improved their mechanical strength due to the nanosized dual-cubic reinforcement. The Zr-Nb alloys showed large corrosion resistance in Hanks' solution because of formation of dense passivation films composed of ZrO2 and Nb2O5 during the polarization process. The magnetic susceptibilities of the Zr-Nb alloys were significantly lower than those of commercial Co-Cr-Mo and Ti alloys. The cell viability of the Zr-Nb alloys was more than 98 % toward MC3T3-E1 cells. The results demonstrate that spinodal Zr-Nb alloys have enormous potential as bone-implant materials due to their outstanding overall mechanical properties, high corrosion resistance, low magnetic susceptibility, and sufficient biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolin Hua
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Dechuang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
| | - Lin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials & Application Technology, Xiangtan University, Ministry of Education, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Jianguo Lin
- Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials & Application Technology, Xiangtan University, Ministry of Education, Hunan 411105, China.
| | - Yuncang Li
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Cuie Wen
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
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Du P, Cui Z, Xiang T, Li Y, Zhang L, Cai Z, Zhao M, Xie G. Optimizing the cell compatibility and mechanical properties in TiZrNbTa medium-entropy alloy/β-Ti composites through phase transformation. Acta Biomater 2024; 181:469-482. [PMID: 38723926 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) typically exhibit outstanding mechanical properties, but their high Young's modulus results in restricted clinical applications. Mismatched Young's modulus between implant materials and human bones can lead to "stress shielding" effects, leading to implant failure. In contrast, β-Ti alloys demonstrate a lower Young's modulus compared to MEAs, albeit with lower strength. In the present study, based on the bimodal grain size distribution (BGSD) strategy, a series of high-performance TiZrNbTa/Ti composites are obtained by combining TiZrNbTa MEA powders with nano-scale grain sizes and commercially pure Ti (CP-Ti) powders with micro-scale grain sizes. Concurrently, Zr, Nb, and Ta that are β-Ti stabilizer elements diffuse into Ti, inducing an isomorphous transformation in Ti from the high Young's modulus α-Ti phase to the low Young's modulus β-Ti phase at room temperature, optimizing the mechanical biocompatibility. The TiZrNbTa/β-Ti composite demonstrates a yield strength of 1490 ± 83 MPa, ductility of 20.7 % ± 2.9 %, and Young's modulus of 87.6 ± 1.6 GPa. Notably, the yield strength of the TiZrNbTa/β-Ti composite surpasses that of sintered CP-Ti by 2.6-fold, and its ductility outperforms TiZrNbTa MEA by 2.3-fold. The Young's modulus of the TiZrNbTa/β-Ti composite is reduced by 28 % and 36 % compared to sintered CP-Ti and TiZrNbTa MEA, respectively. Additionally, it demonstrates superior biocompatibility compared to CP-Ti plate, sintered CP-Ti, and TiZrNbTa MEA. With a good combination of mechanical properties and biocompatibility, the TiZrNbTa/β-Ti composite exhibits significant potential for clinical applications as metallic biomaterials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This work combines TiZrNbTa MEA with nano-grains and commercially pure Ti with micro-grains to fabricate a TiZrNbTa/β-Ti composite with bimodal grain-size, which achieves a yield strength of 1490 ± 83 MPa and a ductility of 20.7 % ± 2.9 %. Adhering to the ISO 10993-5 standard, the TiZrNbTa/β-Ti composite qualifies as a non-cytotoxic material, achieving a Class 0 cytotoxicity rating and demonstrating outstanding biocompatibility akin to commercially pure Ti. Drawing on element diffusion, Zr, Nb, and Ta serve not only as solvent atoms to achieve solid-solution strengthening but also as stabilizers for the transformation of the β-Ti crystal structure. This work offers a novel avenue for designing advanced biomedical Ti alloys with elevated strength and plasticity alongside a reduced Young's modulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China; Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, ShenZhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhi Cui
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421000, China; Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Tao Xiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yunping Li
- State Key Laboratory for Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, ShenZhen, 518055, China
| | - Zeyun Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
| | - Guoqiang Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China; State Key Laboratory for Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
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Hsu HC, Wong KK, Wu SC, Huang CY, Ho WF. Effects of Cold Rolling or Precipitation Hardening Treatment on the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Resistance of Ti-Rich Metastable Medium-Entropy Alloys. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7561. [PMID: 38138702 PMCID: PMC10744552 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Titanium-rich metastable medium-entropy alloys, designed for low elastic moduli, sacrifice strength. However, enhancing their mechanical strength is crucial for bio-implant applications. This study aims to enhance the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of a metastable Ti80-Nb10-Mo5-Sn5 medium-entropy alloy using various treatments, including cold rolling (at 50% and 75% reduction) and precipitation hardening (at room temperature, 150 °C, 350 °C, 550 °C, and 750 °C). The results showed that the alloy underwent a stress-induced martensitic transformation during the rolling process. Notably, the α phase was precipitated in the β grain boundaries after 30 days of precipitation hardening at room temperature. The yield strengths of the alloy increased by 51% and 281.9% after room-temperature precipitation and 75% cold rolling, respectively. In potentiodynamic corrosion tests conducted in phosphate-buffered saline solution, the pitting potentials of the alloy treated using various conditions were higher than 1.8 V, and no pitting holes were observed on the surface of the alloys. The surface oxide layer of the alloy was primarily composed of TiO2, Nb2O5, MoO3, and SnO2, contributing to the alloy's exceptional corrosion and pitting resistance. The 75% rolled Ti80-Nb10-Mo5-Sn5 demonstrates exceptional mechanical properties and high corrosion resistance, positioning it as a promising bio-implant candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Chuan Hsu
- Department of Dental Technology and Materials Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 40601, Taiwan; (H.-C.H.); (S.-C.W.)
| | - Ka-Kin Wong
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan; (K.-K.W.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Shih-Ching Wu
- Department of Dental Technology and Materials Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 40601, Taiwan; (H.-C.H.); (S.-C.W.)
| | - Chun-Yu Huang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan; (K.-K.W.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Wen-Fu Ho
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan; (K.-K.W.); (C.-Y.H.)
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Hussein MA, Kumar AM, Azeem MA, Sorour AA, Saravanan S. Ti-30Nb-3Ag alloy with improved corrosion resistance and antibacterial properties for orthopedic and dental applications produced by mechanical alloying. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 142:105851. [PMID: 37068434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Titanium alloys have gained popularity as a bioimplant material due to their biocompatibility, low modulus of elasticity, and increased strength. However, other issues, such as corrosion resistance, and infections can reduce the implant's lifespan. This paper aims to fabricate a new Ti-30Nb-3Ag at% alloy with enhanced in vitro corrosion and antibacterial properties by mechanical alloying (MA) followed by powder consolidation. XRD, SEM/EDX, and Vickers microhardness analyses were used to examine the phases compositions, microstructure, and microhardness, respectively. The in vitro corrosion performance of Ti-30Nb-3Ag alloy was inspected in a simulated body medium and artificial saliva. The alloy's antibacterial properties were evaluated in the gram-positive and negative bacterial medium. The results showed that after MA for 60 h, nanocrystalline β-Ti (BCC) and α-Ti (HCP) solid solutions were formed with crystallite sizes of 7.44 and 3.47 nm, respectively. The sintered sample exhibited densifications of 97%, with a microstructure composed of β-Ti, α-Ti, and a minor quantity of ultrafine Ti2Ag phase. The microhardness result showed that Ti-30Nb-3Ag alloy possesses HV 491.5. Ti-30Nb-3Ag alloy has a potent antibacterial capability of 85.75% and 88.81% relative to Ti-6Al-4V alloy and CP-Ti, respectively. In vitro corrosion results revealed that the Ti-30Nb-3Ag alloy exhibited the widespread passive area in the investigated anodic regions and presented the highest impedance values in comparison with the commercial alloys, confirming its improved corrosion resistance performance in both studied mediums. Ti-30Nb-3Ag alloy possibly be a competitive bioimplant material for orthopedic and dental uses owing to its enhanced biocorrosion and antibacterial properties compared to commercial Ti-6Al-4V alloy and CP-Ti.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hussein
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.
| | - A Madhan Kumar
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Azeem
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals(KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - A A Sorour
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals(KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - S Saravanan
- Department of Bioengineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
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Tong X, Han Y, Zhou R, Jiang W, Zhu L, Li Y, Huang S, Ma J, Wen C, Lin J. Biodegradable Zn-Dy binary alloys with high strength, ductility, cytocompatibility, and antibacterial ability for bone-implant applications. Acta Biomater 2023; 155:684-702. [PMID: 36328128 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The unique combination of biodegradability, biocompatibility, and functionality of zinc (Zn)-based alloys makes them highly desirable for a wide range of medical applications. However, a long-standing problem associated with this family of biodegradable alloys in the as-cast state is their limited mechanical strength and slow degradation rate. Here we report the development of Zn-xDy (x = 1, 3, and 5 wt.%) alloys with high strength, ductility, cytocompatibility, antibacterial ability, and appropriate degradation rate for biodegradable bone-implant applications. Our results indicate that the mechanical properties of Zn-xDy alloys were effectively improved with increasing Dy addition and hot-rolling due to the second-phase strengthening. The hot-rolled (HR) Zn-3Dy alloy showed the best combined mechanical performance with an ultimate tensile strength of 270.5 MPa, a yield strength of 214.8 MPa, an elongation of 55.1%, and Brinell hardness of 75.9 HB. The corrosion and degradation rates of HR Zn-xDy alloys in Hanks' solution gradually increased with increasing Dy addition due to the intensification of galvanic corrosion. The HR Zn-3Dy alloy showed high antibacterial ability against S. aureus and cytocompatibility toward MC3T3-E1 cells among all the HR alloys. Overall, the HR Zn-3Dy alloy can be considered a promising biodegradable material for bone implants. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This work reports on Zn-xDy (x = 1, 3, and 5%) alloys fabricated by Dy alloying followed by hot-rolling for biodegradable bone-implant applications. Our findings demonstrate that the hot-rolled (HR) Zn-3Dy alloy showed the best combined mechanical performance with an ultimate tensile strength of 270.5 MPa, a yield strength of 214.8 MPa, an elongation of 55.1%, and Brinell hardness of 75.9 HB. The corrosion and degradation rates of HR Zn-xDy alloys in Hanks' solution gradually increased with increasing Dy addition due to the intensification of galvanic corrosion. Furthermore, the HR Zn-3Dy alloy showed greater antibacterial ability against S. aureus and the best cytocompatibility toward MC3T3-E1 cells among all the HR alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Tong
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Yue Han
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Runqi Zhou
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Wanying Jiang
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yuncang Li
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Shengbin Huang
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
| | - Jianfeng Ma
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
| | - Cuie Wen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
| | - Jixing Lin
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
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Ho WF, Wong KK, Lee MH, Thomas JL, Chang YC, Wu SC, Hsu HC, Lin HY. Biocompatibility of a Ti-Rich Medium-Entropy Alloy with Glioblastoma Astrocytoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314552. [PMID: 36498880 PMCID: PMC9741175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium and titanium alloys are widely used in medical devices and implants; thus, the biocompatibility of these metals is of great importance. In this study, glioblastoma astrocytoma cellular responses to Ti65-Zr18-Nb16-Mo1 (Ti65M, metastable medium-entropy alloy), Ti-13Nb-7Sn-4Mo (TNSM, titanium alloy), and commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) were studied. Several physical parameters (crystal phase structure, surface roughness and hardness) of the titanium alloys were measured, and the correlation with the cellular viability was investigated. Finally, the relative protein expression in cellular proliferation pathways was measured and compared with mRNA expression assessed with quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay (qRT-PCR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Fu Ho
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-F.H.); (H.-Y.L.)
| | - Ka-Kin Wong
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hwa Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
| | - James L. Thomas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ya-Chun Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ching Wu
- Department of Dental Technology and Materials Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 40601, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Chuan Hsu
- Department of Dental Technology and Materials Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 40601, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yin Lin
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-F.H.); (H.-Y.L.)
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β-Ti Alloys for Orthopedic and Dental Applications: A Review of Progress on Improvement of Properties through Surface Modification. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11121446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ti and Ti alloys have charming comprehensive properties (high specific strength, strong corrosion resistance, and excellent biocompatibility) that make them the ideal choice in orthopedic and dental applications, especially in the particular fabrication of orthopedic and dental implants. However, these alloys present some shortcomings, specifically elastic modulus, wear, corrosion, and biological performance. Beta-titanium (β-Ti) alloys have been studied as low elastic modulus and low toxic or non-toxic elements. The present work summarizes the improvements of the properties systematically (elastic modulus, hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, antibacterial property, and bone regeneration) for β-Ti alloys via surface modification to address these shortcomings. Additionally, the shortcomings and prospects of the present research are put forward. β-Ti alloys have potential regarding implants in biomedical fields.
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