1
|
Wu H, Zhu L, Xie L, Zhou T, Yu T, Zhang Y. A chitosan-based light-curing hydrogel dressing for accelerated healing of infected wounds. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134609. [PMID: 39134197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial infections, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and a persistent inflammatory response severely impede the wound healing process. In this study, we developed a novel multifunctional hydrogel dressing (LCPN) based on lipoic acid modified chitosan (LAMC), polypyrrole nanoparticles (PPy NPs) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) for accelerated healing of infected wounds. The synthesized LCPN hydrogel has several properties. Modification of lipoic acid significantly enhances the water solubility of chitosan making it easier to dissolve and absorb wound secretions. Interestingly, owing to the breaking and restructuring of disulfide bonds, LCPN hydrogel can be quickly bonded under UV light without relying on photoinitiators. In addition, the incorporation of PPy NPs not only enhances the electrical conductivity of LCPN hydrogel, but also confers photothermal antimicrobial capability to LCPN hydrogel. More importantly, the sustained release of NMN in LCPN hydrogel can significantly enhance cell proliferation, migration and antioxidant capacity, which is conducive to accelerated wound healing. In vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that LCPN hydrogel has excellent biocompatibility and the ability to promote wound healing. Therefore, the prepared multifunctional hydrogel is expected to be used as a novel dressing to accelerate wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266000, PR China.
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, No.1 Jiaozhou Road, Qingdao 266000, PR China
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, No.1 Jiaozhou Road, Qingdao 266000, PR China
| | - Taiyu Zhou
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Tengbo Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, No.1 Jiaozhou Road, Qingdao 266000, PR China.
| | - Yingze Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266000, PR China; Trauma Emergency Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Horrocks MS, Zhurenkov KE, Malmström J. Conducting polymer hydrogels for biomedical application: Current status and outstanding challenges. APL Bioeng 2024; 8:031503. [PMID: 39323539 PMCID: PMC11424142 DOI: 10.1063/5.0218251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Conducting polymer hydrogels (CPHs) are composite polymeric materials with unique properties that combine the electrical capabilities of conducting polymers (CPs) with the excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility of traditional hydrogels. This review aims to highlight how the unique properties CPHs have from combining their two constituent materials are utilized within the biomedical field. First, the synthesis approaches and applications of non-CPH conductive hydrogels are discussed briefly, contrasting CPH-based systems. The synthesis routes of hydrogels, CPs, and CPHs are then discussed. This review also provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements and applications of CPHs in the biomedical field, encompassing their applications as biosensors, drug delivery scaffolds (DDSs), and tissue engineering platforms. Regarding their applications within tissue engineering, a comprehensive discussion of the usage of CPHs for skeletal muscle prosthetics and regeneration, cardiac regeneration, epithelial regeneration and wound healing, bone and cartilage regeneration, and neural prosthetics and regeneration is provided. Finally, critical challenges and future perspectives are also addressed, emphasizing the need for continued research; however, this fascinating class of materials holds promise within the vastly evolving field of biomedicine.
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhu Y, Yu X, Liu H, Li J, Gholipourmalekabadi M, Lin K, Yuan C, Wang P. Strategies of functionalized GelMA-based bioinks for bone regeneration: Recent advances and future perspectives. Bioact Mater 2024; 38:346-373. [PMID: 38764449 PMCID: PMC11101688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels is a widely used bioink because of its good biological properties and tunable physicochemical properties, which has been widely used in a variety of tissue engineering and tissue regeneration. However, pure GelMA is limited by the weak mechanical strength and the lack of continuous osteogenic induction environment, which is difficult to meet the needs of bone repair. Moreover, GelMA hydrogels are unable to respond to complex stimuli and therefore are unable to adapt to physiological and pathological microenvironments. This review focused on the functionalization strategies of GelMA hydrogel based bioinks for bone regeneration. The synthesis process of GelMA hydrogel was described in details, and various functional methods to meet the requirements of bone regeneration, including mechanical strength, porosity, vascularization, osteogenic differentiation, and immunoregulation for patient specific repair, etc. In addition, the response strategies of smart GelMA-based bioinks to external physical stimulation and internal pathological microenvironment stimulation, as well as the functionalization strategies of GelMA hydrogel to achieve both disease treatment and bone regeneration in the presence of various common diseases (such as inflammation, infection, tumor) are also briefly reviewed. Finally, we emphasized the current challenges and possible exploration directions of GelMA-based bioinks for bone regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Zhu
- School of Stomatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Quanzhou Women's and Children's Hospital, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xingge Yu
- Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Science, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Stomatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Junjun Li
- School of Stomatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Mazaher Gholipourmalekabadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaili Lin
- Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Science, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Changyong Yuan
- School of Stomatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Penglai Wang
- School of Stomatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jiang D, Feng Z, Jiang H, Cao H, Xiang X, Wang L. 3D bio-printing-based vascular-microtissue electrochemical biosensor for fish parvalbumin detection. Food Chem 2024; 445:138799. [PMID: 38401313 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
A novel 3D bio-printing vascular microtissue biosensor was developed to detect fish parvalbumin quickly. The graphite rod electrode was modified with gold and copper organic framework (Cu-MOF) to improve the sensor properties. Polydopamine-modified multi-wall carbon nanotubes (PDA-MWCNT) were mixed with gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) to prepare a conductive hydrogel. The conductive hydrogel was mixed with mast cells and endothelial cells to produce a bio-ink for 3D bioprinting. High throughput and standardized preparation of vascular microtissue was performed by stereolithography 3D bioprinting. The vascular microtissue was immobilized on the modified electrode to construct the microtissue sensor. The biosensor's peak current was positively correlated with the fish parvalbumin concentration, and the detection linear concentration range was 0.1 ∼ 2.5 μg/mL. The standard curve equation was IDPV(μA) = 31.30 + 5.46 CPV(μg/mL), the correlation coefficient R2 was 0.990 (n = 5), and the detection limit was 0.065 μg/mL. These indicated a biomimetic microtissue sensor detecting fish parvalbumin has been successfully constructed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donglei Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Zeng Feng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
| | - Hanwen Cao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Xinyue Xiang
- Jiangsu Grain Group Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, PR China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
He GQ, Li H, Liu J, Hu YL, Liu Y, Wang ZL, Jiang P. Recent Progress in Implantable Drug Delivery Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312530. [PMID: 38376369 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, tremendous effort is devoted to developing platforms, such as implantable drug delivery systems (IDDSs), with temporally and spatially controlled drug release capabilities and improved adherence. IDDSs have multiple advantages: i) the timing and location of drug delivery can be controlled by patients using specific stimuli (light, sound, electricity, magnetism, etc.). Some intelligent "closed-loop" IDDS can even realize self-management without human participation. ii) IDDSs enable continuous and stable delivery of drugs over a long period (months to years) and iii) to administer drugs directly to the lesion, thereby helping reduce dosage and side effects. iv) IDDSs enable personalized drug delivery according to patient needs. The high demand for such systems has prompted scientists to make efforts to develop intelligent IDDS. In this review, several common stimulus-responsive mechanisms including endogenous (e.g., pH, reactive oxygen species, proteins, etc.) and exogenous stimuli (e.g., light, sound, electricity, magnetism, etc.), are given in detail. Besides, several types of IDDS reported in recent years are reviewed, including various stimulus-responsive systems based on the above mechanisms, radio frequency-controlled IDDS, "closed-loop" IDDS, self-powered IDDS, etc. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of various IDDS, bottleneck problems, and possible solutions are analyzed to provide directions for subsequent research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Qin He
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Haimei Li
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Junyi Liu
- Albany Medical College, New York, 12208, USA
| | - Yu-Lin Hu
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Process & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, 430200, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nasser RA, Arya SS, Alshehhi KH, Teo JCM, Pitsalidis C. Conducting polymer scaffolds: a new frontier in bioelectronics and bioengineering. Trends Biotechnol 2024; 42:760-779. [PMID: 38184439 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Conducting polymer (CP) scaffolds have emerged as a transformative tool in bioelectronics and bioengineering, advancing the ability to interface with biological systems. Their unique combination of electrical conductivity, tailorability, and biocompatibility surpasses the capabilities of traditional nonconducting scaffolds while granting them access to the realm of bioelectronics. This review examines recent developments in CP scaffolds, focusing on material and device advancements, as well as their interplay with biological systems. We highlight applications for monitoring, tissue stimulation, and drug delivery and discuss perspectives and challenges currently faced for their ultimate translation and clinical implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasha A Nasser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Sagar S Arya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Khulood H Alshehhi
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Jeremy C M Teo
- Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE; Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wei X, Reddy VS, Gao S, Zhai X, Li Z, Shi J, Niu L, Zhang D, Ramakrishna S, Zou X. Recent advances in electrochemical cell-based biosensors for food analysis: Strategies for sensor construction. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 248:115947. [PMID: 38181518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Owing to their advantages such as great specificity, sensitivity, rapidity, and possibility of noninvasive and real-time monitoring, electrochemical cell-based biosensors (ECBBs) have been a powerful tool for food analysis encompassing the areas of nutrition, flavor, and safety. Notably, the distinctive biological relevance of ECBBs enables them to mimic physiological environments and reflect cellular behaviors, leading to valuable insights into the biological function of target components in food. Compared with previous reviews, this review fills the current gap in the narrative of ECBB construction strategies. The review commences by providing an overview of the materials and configuration of ECBBs, including cell types, cell immobilization strategies, electrode modification materials, and electrochemical sensing types. Subsequently, a detailed discussion is presented on the fabrication strategies of ECBBs in food analysis applications, which are categorized based on distinct signal sources. Lastly, we summarize the merits, drawbacks, and application scope of these diverse strategies, and discuss the current challenges and future perspectives of ECBBs. Consequently, this review provides guidance for the design of ECBBs with specific functions and promotes the application of ECBBs in food analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoou Wei
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Vundrala Sumedha Reddy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Shipeng Gao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Zhai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Zhihua Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Jiyong Shi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Lidan Niu
- Key Laboratory of Condiment Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Chongqing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chongqing 401121, PR China
| | - Di Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China; Key Laboratory of Condiment Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Chongqing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chongqing 401121, PR China.
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore.
| | - Xiaobo Zou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Marques-Almeida T, Lanceros-Mendez S, Ribeiro C. State of the Art and Current Challenges on Electroactive Biomaterials and Strategies for Neural Tissue Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2301494. [PMID: 37843074 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The loss or failure of an organ/tissue stands as one of the healthcare system's most prevalent, devastating, and costly challenges. Strategies for neural tissue repair and regeneration have received significant attention due to their particularly strong impact on patients' well-being. Many research efforts are dedicated not only to control the disease symptoms but also to find solutions to repair the damaged tissues. Neural tissue engineering (TE) plays a key role in addressing this problem and significant efforts are being carried out to develop strategies for neural repair treatment. In the last years, active materials allowing to tune cell-materials interaction are being increasingly used, representing a recent paradigm in TE applications. Among the most important stimuli influencing cell behavior are the electrical and mechanical ones. In this way, materials with the ability to provide this kind of stimuli to the neural cells seem to be appropriate to support neural TE. In this scope, this review summarizes the different biomaterials types used for neural TE, highlighting the relevance of using active biomaterials and electrical stimulation. Furthermore, this review provides not only a compilation of the most relevant studies and results but also strategies for novel and more biomimetic approaches for neural TE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Marques-Almeida
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
- LaPMET - Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Mendez
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
- LaPMET - Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, 48940, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
| | - Clarisse Ribeiro
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
- LaPMET - Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Alkahtani ME, Elbadawi M, Chapman CAR, Green RA, Gaisford S, Orlu M, Basit AW. Electroactive Polymers for On-Demand Drug Release. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2301759. [PMID: 37861058 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Conductive materials have played a significant role in advancing society into the digital era. Such materials are able to harness the power of electricity and are used to control many aspects of daily life. Conductive polymers (CPs) are an emerging group of polymers that possess metal-like conductivity yet retain desirable polymeric features, such as processability, mechanical properties, and biodegradability. Upon receiving an electrical stimulus, CPs can be tailored to achieve a number of responses, such as harvesting energy and stimulating tissue growth. The recent FDA approval of a CP-based material for a medical device has invigorated their research in healthcare. In drug delivery, CPs can act as electrical switches, drug release is achieved at a flick of a switch, thereby providing unprecedented control over drug release. In this review, recent developments in CP as electroactive polymers for voltage-stimuli responsive drug delivery systems are evaluated. The review demonstrates the distinct drug release profiles achieved by electroactive formulations, and both the precision and ease of stimuli response. This level of dynamism promises to yield "smart medicines" and warrants further research. The review concludes by providing an outlook on electroactive formulations in drug delivery and highlighting their integral roles in healthcare IoT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manal E Alkahtani
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moe Elbadawi
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Christopher A R Chapman
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Rylie A Green
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Simon Gaisford
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Mine Orlu
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Abdul W Basit
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu H, Gao Z, Wang Z, Wu W, Li H, Liu Y, Jia S, Hao D, Zhu L. Electrospun PCL Nerve Conduit Filled with GelMA Gel for CNTF and IGF-1 Delivery in Promoting Sciatic Nerve Regeneration in Rat. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:6309-6321. [PMID: 37919884 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Neural tissue engineering is an essential strategy to repair long-segment peripheral nerve defects. Modification of the nerve conduit is an effective way to improve the local microenvironment of the injury site and facilitate nerve regeneration. However, the concurrent release of multiple growth cues that regulate the activity of Schwann cells and neurons remains a challenge. The present study involved the fabrication of a composite hydrogel, specifically methacrylate-anhydride gelatin-ciliary neurotrophic factor/insulin-like growth factor-1 (GelMA-CNTF/IGF-1), with the aim of providing a sustained release of CNTF and IGF-1. The GelMA-CNTF/IGF-1 hydrogels exhibited a swelling rate of 10.2% following a 24 h incubation in vitro. In vitro, GelMA hydrogels demonstrated a high degree of efficiency in the sustained release of CNTF and IGF-1 proteins, with a release rate of 85.9% for CNTF and 90.9% for IGF-1 shown at day 28. In addition, the GelMA-CNTF/IGF-1 composite hydrogel promoted the proliferation of Schwann cells and the production of nerve growth factor (NGF), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), fibronectin, and laminin and also considerably promoted the axonal growth of neurons. Furthermore, GelMA-CNTF/IGF-1 hydrogels were loaded into PCL electrospun nerve conduits to repair 15 mm sciatic nerve defects in rats. In vivo studies indicated that PCL-GelMA-CNTF/IGF-1 could efficiently accelerate the regeneration of the rat sciatic nerve, promote the formation of the myelin sheath of new axons, promote the electrophysiological function of regenerated nerves, and eventually improve the recovery of motor function in rats. Overall, the PCL-GelMA-CNTF/IGF-1 scaffold presents an attractive new approach for generating an optimal therapeutic alternative for peripheral nerve restoration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Ziheng Gao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Youjun Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Shuaijun Jia
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fu S, Yi S, Ke Q, Liu K, Xu H. A Self-Powered Hydrogel/Nanogenerator System Accelerates Wound Healing by Electricity-Triggered On-Demand Phosphatase and Tensin Homologue (PTEN) Inhibition. ACS NANO 2023; 17:19652-19666. [PMID: 37820299 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation therapy (EST) has been established as an effective strategy to accelerate wound healing by stimulating cell proliferation and migration, ultimately promoting re-epithelialization and vascularization, two key processes that significantly influence the rate of wound healing. Phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN), a widely expressed protein in somatic cells, works as a "brake" regulating cell differentiation, proliferation, and migration. Given that this "brake" also works in cell electrical responses, there is a hypothesis that PTEN inhibition may amplify the efficacy of EST in wound treatment. However, long-term inhibition of PTEN may result in DNA damage and reduce DNA repair, which poses a significant challenge to the safe use of PTEN inhibitors. To address this issue, we developed a system that combines PTEN inhibitor loaded electro-responsive hydrogel (BPV@PCP) with a wearable direct current pulse piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG). The PENG converts the rat's motions into electric fields that synchronously charge the wound edge tissue and BPV@PCP. Electric field intensity was lower when the rat was quiet or anesthetized, which is insufficient to trigger an effective PTEN inhibitor release. However, when the rat was in action, the electric field intensity exceeded 625 mV/mm, resulting in a rapid drug release. This on-demand PTEN inhibition accelerated wound healing by amplifying cell electric responsiveness while avoiding negative effects associated with continuous overinhibition of PTEN. Notably, this system improves vascularization not only by improving endothelial cell electric responsiveness but also through the paracrine pathway, in which electrical stimulation and PTEN inhibition synergically promote VEGF secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shibo Fu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Shunqian Yi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Qinfei Ke
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - He Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Forró C, Musall S, Montes VR, Linkhorst J, Walter P, Wessling M, Offenhäusser A, Ingebrandt S, Weber Y, Lampert A, Santoro F. Toward the Next Generation of Neural Iontronic Interfaces. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301055. [PMID: 37434349 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Neural interfaces are evolving at a rapid pace owing to advances in material science and fabrication, reduced cost of scalable complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technologies, and highly interdisciplinary teams of researchers and engineers that span a large range from basic to applied and clinical sciences. This study outlines currently established technologies, defined as instruments and biological study systems that are routinely used in neuroscientific research. After identifying the shortcomings of current technologies, such as a lack of biocompatibility, topological optimization, low bandwidth, and lack of transparency, it maps out promising directions along which progress should be made to achieve the next generation of symbiotic and intelligent neural interfaces. Lastly, it proposes novel applications that can be achieved by these developments, ranging from the understanding and reproduction of synaptic learning to live-long multimodal measurements to monitor and treat various neuronal disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Forró
- Institute for Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics IBI-3, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1, RWTH Aachen, Sommerfeldstr. 24, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Simon Musall
- Institute for Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics IBI-3, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Zoology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Viviana Rincón Montes
- Institute for Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics IBI-3, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - John Linkhorst
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Walter
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wessling
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute for Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics IBI-3, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sven Ingebrandt
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1, RWTH Aachen, Sommerfeldstr. 24, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Department of Epileptology, Neurology, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Angelika Lampert
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Francesca Santoro
- Institute for Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics IBI-3, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1, RWTH Aachen, Sommerfeldstr. 24, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shi Y, Wang Z, Zhou X, Lin C, Chen C, Gao B, Xu W, Zheng X, Wu T, Wang H. Preparation of a 3D printable high-performance GelMA hydrogel loading with magnetic cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1132192. [PMID: 36937750 PMCID: PMC10017762 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1132192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma remains a worldwide concern due to the poor effectiveness of available therapies in the clinic. Therefore, it is necessary to find a safe and effective therapy to realize the complete resection of osteosarcoma and reconstruction of the bone defect. Magnetic hyperthermia based on magnetic nanoparticles can kill tumor cells by raising the temperature without causing the side effects of conventional cancer treatments. This research aims to design a high-performance magnetic hydrogel composed of gelatin methacrylate and highly magnetic cobalt ferrite (CFO) nanoparticles for osteosarcoma treatment. Specifically, CFO is surface functionalized with methacrylate groups (MeCFO). The surface modified CFO has good biocompatibility and stable solution dispersion ability. Afterward, MeCFO nanoparticles are incorporated into GelMA to fabricate a three-dimensional (3D) printable MeCFO/GelMA magnetic hydrogel and then photocross-linked by UV radiation. MeCFO/GelMA hydrogel has high porosity and swelling ability, indicating that the hydrogel possesses more space and good hydrophily for cell survival. The rheological results showed that the hydrogel has shear thinning property, which is suitable as a bioprinting ink to produce desired structures by a 3D printer. Furthermore, 50 μg/mL MeCFO not only decreases the cell activity of osteosarcoma cells but also promotes the osteogenic differentiation of mBMSCs. The results of the CCK-8 assay and live/dead staining showed that MeCFO/GelMA hydrogel had good cytocompatibility. These results indicated that MeCFO/GelMA hydrogel with potential antitumor and bone reconstruction functions is a promising therapeutic strategy after osteosarcoma resection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwan Shi
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangdong Key Lab of Medical Electronic Instruments and Polymer Material Products, Institute of Biological And Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaozhen Wang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangdong Key Lab of Medical Electronic Instruments and Polymer Material Products, Institute of Biological And Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinting Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangdong Key Lab of Medical Electronic Instruments and Polymer Material Products, Institute of Biological And Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengxiong Lin
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangdong Key Lab of Medical Electronic Instruments and Polymer Material Products, Institute of Biological And Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Botao Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangdong Key Lab of Medical Electronic Instruments and Polymer Material Products, Institute of Biological And Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weikang Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangdong Key Lab of Medical Electronic Instruments and Polymer Material Products, Institute of Biological And Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofei Zheng
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaofei Zheng, ; Tingting Wu, ; Huajun Wang,
| | - Tingting Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangdong Key Lab of Medical Electronic Instruments and Polymer Material Products, Institute of Biological And Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaofei Zheng, ; Tingting Wu, ; Huajun Wang,
| | - Huajun Wang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Chronic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaofei Zheng, ; Tingting Wu, ; Huajun Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Synthesis and Characterization of Conducting Polymer/Alginate Composite Hydrogels: Effect of Conducting Polymer Loading on the Release Behaviour of Metformin Drug. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.121193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
15
|
Saghir S, Imenes K, Schiavone G. Integration of hydrogels in microfabrication processes for bioelectronic medicine: Progress and outlook. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1150147. [PMID: 37034261 PMCID: PMC10079906 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1150147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research aiming at the development of electroceuticals for the treatment of medical conditions such as degenerative diseases, cardiac arrhythmia and chronic pain, has given rise to microfabricated implanted bioelectronic devices capable of interacting with host biological tissues in synergistic modalities. Owing to their multimodal affinity to biological tissues, hydrogels have emerged as promising interface materials for bioelectronic devices. Here, we review the state-of-the-art and forefront in the techniques used by research groups for the integration of hydrogels into the microfabrication processes of bioelectronic devices, and present the manufacturability challenges to unlock their further clinical deployment.
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu S, Li X, Han L. Recent developments in stimuli‐responsive hydrogels for biomedical applications. BIOSURFACE AND BIOTRIBOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1049/bsb2.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Liu
- School of Medicine and Pharmaceutics Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Ocean University of China Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Xiaozhuang Li
- School of Medicine and Pharmaceutics Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Ocean University of China Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Lu Han
- School of Medicine and Pharmaceutics Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Ocean University of China Qingdao Shandong China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bansal M, Vyas Y, Aqrawe Z, Raos B, Cheah E, Montgomery J, Wu Z, Svirskis D. Patternable Gelatin Methacrylate/PEDOT/Polystyrene Sulfonate Microelectrode Coatings for Neuronal Recording. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:3933-3943. [PMID: 35976694 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript addresses the need for new soft biomaterials that can be fabricated on the surface of microelectrodes to reduce the mechanical mismatch between biological tissues and electrodes and improve the performance at the neural interface. By electrochemical polymerization of poly(3,4-dioxythiophene) (PEDOT)/polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) through a gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel, we demonstrate the synthesis of a conducting polymer hydrogel (CPH) to meet the performance criteria of bioelectrodes. The hybrid material can be photolithographically patterned and covalently attached to gold microelectrodes, forming an interpenetrating network, as confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. The GelMA/PEDOT/PSS coatings were found to be reversibly electroactive by cyclic voltammetry and had low impedance compared to bare gold and GelMA-coated microelectrodes. The CPH coatings showed impedance at levels similar to conventional PEDOT/PSS coatings at a frequency of 1000 Hz. CPH exhibited electrochemical stability over 1000 CV cycles, and its performance was maintained over 14 days. Biocompatibility of the CPH coatings was confirmed by primary hippocampal neuronal cultures via a neuronal viability assay. The CPH-coated microelectrode arrays (MEAs) successfully recorded neuronal activity from primary hippocampal neuronal cells. The CPH GelMA/PEDOT/PSS is a highly promising coating material to enhance microelectrode performance at the neural interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Bansal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Yukti Vyas
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Zaid Aqrawe
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Brad Raos
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Ernest Cheah
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Johanna Montgomery
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Zimei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Darren Svirskis
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Guo X, Li J, Wang F, Zhang J, Zhang J, Shi Y, Pan L. Application of conductive polymer hydrogels in flexible electronics. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Jiean Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Fanyu Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Jia‐Han Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Yi Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Lijia Pan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| |
Collapse
|