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Otoo BS, Kuan Moo E, Komeili A, Hart DA, Herzog W. Chondrocyte deformation during the unloading phase of cyclic compression loading. J Biomech 2024; 171:112179. [PMID: 38852482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Cell volume and shape changes play a pivotal role in cellular mechanotransduction, governing cellular responses to external loading. Understanding the dynamics of cell behavior under loading conditions is essential to elucidate cell adaptation mechanisms in physiological and pathological contexts. In this study, we investigated the effects of dynamic cyclic compression loading on cell volume and shape changes, comparing them with static conditions. Using a custom-designed platform which allowed for simultaneous loading and imaging of cartilage tissue, tissues were subjected to 100 cycles of mechanical loading while measuring cell volume and shape alterations during the unloading phase at specific time points. The findings revealed a transient decrease in cell volume (13%) during the early cycles, followed by a gradual recovery to baseline levels after approximately 20 cycles, despite the cartilage tissue not being fully recovered at the unloading phase. This observed pattern indicates a temporal cell volume response that may be associated with cellular adaptation to the mechanical stimulus through mechanisms related to active cell volume regulation. Additionally, this study demonstrated that cell volume and shape responses during dynamic loading were significantly distinct from those observed under static conditions. Such findings suggest that cells in their natural tissue environment perceive and respond differently to dynamic compared to static mechanical cues, highlighting the significance of considering dynamic loading environments in studies related to cellular mechanics. Overall, this research contributes to the broader understanding of cellular behavior under mechanical stimuli, providing valuable insights into their ability to adapt to dynamic mechanical loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baaba S Otoo
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Eng Kuan Moo
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Amin Komeili
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - David A Hart
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Abusara Z, Moo EK, Haider I, Timmermann C, Miller S, Timmermann S, Herzog W. Functional Assessment of Human Articular Cartilage Using Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) Imaging: A Feasibility Study. Ann Biomed Eng 2024; 52:1009-1020. [PMID: 38240956 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03437-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2024]
Abstract
Many arthroscopic tools developed for knee joint assessment are contact-based, which is challenging for in vivo application in narrow joint spaces. Second harmonic generation (SHG) laser imaging is a non-invasive and non-contact method, thus presenting an attractive alternative. However, the association between SHG-based measures and cartilage quality has not been established systematically. Here, we investigated the feasibility of using image-based measures derived from SHG microscopy for objective evaluation of cartilage quality as assessed by mechanical testing. Human tibial plateaus harvested from nine patients were used. Cartilage mechanical properties were determined using indentation stiffness (Einst) and streaming potential-based quantitative parameters (QP). The correspondence of the cartilage electromechanical properties (Einst and QP) and the image-based measures derived from SHG imaging, tissue thickness and cell viability were evaluated using correlation and logistic regression analyses. The SHG-related parameters included the newly developed volumetric fraction of organised collagenous network (Φcol) and the coefficient of variation of the SHG intensity (CVSHG). We found that Φcol correlated strongly with Einst and QP (ρ = 0.97 and - 0.89, respectively). CVSHG also correlated, albeit weakly, with QP and Einst, (|ρ| = 0.52-0.58). Einst and Φcol were the most sensitive predictors of cartilage quality whereas CVSHG only showed moderate sensitivity. Cell viability and tissue thickness, often used as measures of cartilage health, predicted the cartilage quality poorly. We present a simple, objective, yet effective image-based approach for assessment of cartilage quality. Φcol correlated strongly with electromechanical properties of cartilage and could fuel the continuous development of SHG-based arthroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Abusara
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Eng Kuan Moo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Design, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ifaz Haider
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Claire Timmermann
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sue Miller
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Taylor Institute for Teaching and Learning, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Scott Timmermann
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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3
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Brittberg M. Treatment of knee cartilage lesions in 2024: From hyaluronic acid to regenerative medicine. J Exp Orthop 2024; 11:e12016. [PMID: 38572391 PMCID: PMC10985633 DOI: 10.1002/jeo2.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Abstract Intact articular cartilage plays a vital role in joint homeostasis. Local cartilage repairs, where defects in the cartilage matrix are filled in and sealed to congruity, are therefore important treatments to restore a joint equilibrium. The base for all cartilage repairs is the cells; either chondrocytes or chondrogeneic cells from bone, synovia and fat tissue. The surgical options include bone marrow stimulation techniques alone or augmented with scaffolds, chondrogeneic cell implantations and osteochondral auto- or allografts. The current trend is to choose one-stage procedures being easier to use from a regulatory point of view. This narrative review provides an overview of the current nonoperative and surgical options available for the repair of various cartilage lesions. Level of Evidence Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Brittberg
- Cartilage Research Unit, Team Orthopedic Research Region Halland‐TOR, Region Halland Orthopaedics, Varberg HospitalUniversity of GothenburgVarbergSweden
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Karjalainen K, Tanska P, Collins KH, Herzog W, Korhonen RK, Moo EK. Independent and combined effects of obesity and traumatic joint injury to the structure and composition of rat knee cartilage. Connect Tissue Res 2024; 65:117-132. [PMID: 38530304 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2024.2310838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degradation. Risk factors for OA include joint trauma, obesity, and inflammation, each of which can affect joint health independently, but their interaction and the associated consequences of such interaction were largely unexplored. Here, we studied compositional and structural alterations in knee joint cartilages of Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to two OA risk factors: joint injury and diet-induced obesity. Joint injury was imposed by surgical transection of anterior cruciate ligaments (ACLx), and obesity was induced by a high fat/high sucrose diet. Depth-dependent proteoglycan (PG) content and collagen structural network of cartilage were measured from histological sections collected previously in Collins et al.. (2015). We found that ACLx primarily affected the superficial cartilages. Compositionally, ACLx led to reduced PG content in lean animals, but increased PG content in obese rats. Structurally, ACLx caused disorganization of collagenous network in both lean and obese animals through increased collagen orientation in the superficial tissues and a change in the degree of fibrous alignment. However, the cartilage degradation attributed to joint injury and obesity was not necessarily additive when the two risk factors were present simultaneously, particularly for PG content and collagen orientation in the superficial tissues. Interestingly, sham surgeries caused a through-thickness disorganization of collagen network in lean and obese animals. We conclude that the interactions of multiple OA risk factors are complex and their combined effects cannot be understood by superposition principle. Further research is required to elucidate the interactive mechanism between OA subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalle Karjalainen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petri Tanska
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kelsey H Collins
- Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Crosstalk, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eng Kuan Moo
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
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Moo EK, Sibole SC, Federico S, Korhonen RK, Herzog W. Microscale investigation of the anisotropic swelling of cartilage tissue and cells in response to hypo-osmotic challenges. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:54-65. [PMID: 37415557 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Tissue swelling represents an early sign of osteoarthritis, reflecting osmolarity changes from iso- to hypo-osmotic in the diseased joints. Increased tissue hydration may drive cell swelling. The opposing cartilages in a joint may swell differently, thereby predisposing the more swollen cartilage and cells to mechanical injuries. However, our understanding of the tissue-cell interdependence in osmotically loaded joints is limited as tissue and cell swellings have been studied separately. Here, we measured tissue and cell responses of opposing patellar (PAT) and femoral groove (FG) cartilages in lapine knees exposed to an extreme hypo-osmotic challenge. We found that the tissue matrix and most cells swelled during the hypo-osmotic challenge, but to a different extent (tissue: <3%, cells: 11%-15%). Swelling-induced tissue strains were anisotropic, showing 2%-4% stretch and 1%-2% compression along the first and third principal directions, respectively. These strains were amplified by 5-8 times in the cells. Interestingly, the first principal strains of tissue and cells occurred in different directions (60-61° for tissue vs. 8-13° for cells), suggesting different mechanisms causing volume expansion in the tissue and the cells. Instead of the continuous swelling observed in the tissue matrix, >88% of cells underwent regulatory volume decrease to return to their pre-osmotic challenge volumes. Cell shapes changed in the early phase of swelling but stayed constant thereafter. Kinematic changes to tissue and cells were larger for PAT cartilage than for FG cartilage. We conclude that the swelling-induced deformation of tissue and cells is anisotropic. Cells actively restored volume independent of the surrounding tissues and seemed to prioritize volume restoration over shape restoration. Our findings shed light on tissue-cell interdependence in changing osmotic environments that is crucial for cell mechano-transduction in swollen/diseased tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng Kuan Moo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott C Sibole
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Salvatore Federico
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Wang Y, Li Q, Li H, Yang X, Fang H, Bi R, Zhu S. Heterogeneous Characteristics of the CD90 + Progenitors in the Fibrocartilage of Different Joints. Cartilage 2023:19476035231200359. [PMID: 37750508 DOI: 10.1177/19476035231200359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to isolate and compare the mesenchymal stem cell characteristics of CD90+ cells from different fibrocartilage tissues in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), the knee joint, and the intervertebral joint to further understand the similarities and differences of these 4 fibrocartilage tissues. METHODS CD90+ cells were isolated from TMJ disc, condylar cartilage, meniscus, and intervertebral disc by using magnetic-activated cell sorting. Cellular assays including 4.5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine labeling, multilineage differentiation, colony formation, and cell migration were conducted to compare their mesenchymal stem cell characteristics. Immunofluorescent staining was performed for observing the expression of actively proliferating CD90+ cells within the tissues. H&E staining and Safranine O staining were used to compare the histological features. RESULTS The CD90+ cells derived from these 4 fibrocartilage tissues exhibited comparable cell proliferation abilities. However, the cells from the TMJ disc displayed limited multilineage differentiation potential, colony formation, and cell migration abilities in comparison with the cells from the other fibrocartilage tissues. In vivo, there was relatively more abundant expression of CD90+ cells in the TMJ disc during the early postnatal stage. The limited EDU+ cell numbers signified a low proliferation capacity of CD90+ cells in the TMJ disc. In addition, we observed a significant decrease in cell density and a restriction in the synthesis of extracellular proteoglycans in the TMJ disc. CONCLUSION Our study highlights the spatial heterogeneity of CD90+ cells in the fibrocartilages of different joint tissues, which may contribute to the limited cartilage repair capacity in the TMJ disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthognathic and Temporomandibular Joint Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthognathic and Temporomandibular Joint Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haohan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthognathic and Temporomandibular Joint Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianni Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthognathic and Temporomandibular Joint Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Han Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthognathic and Temporomandibular Joint Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruiye Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthognathic and Temporomandibular Joint Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Songsong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthognathic and Temporomandibular Joint Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Moo EK, Ebrahimi M, Hrynevich A, de Ruijter M, Castilho M, Malda J, Korhonen RK. Load-induced fluid pressurisation in hydrogel systems before and after reinforcement by melt-electrowritten fibrous meshes. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 143:105941. [PMID: 37285774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fluid pressure develops transiently within mechanically-loaded, cell-embedding hydrogels, but its magnitude depends on the intrinsic material properties of the hydrogel and cannot be easily altered. The recently developed melt-electrowriting (MEW) technique enables three-dimensional printing of structured fibrous mesh with small fibre diameter (20 μm). The MEW mesh with 20 μm fibre diameter can synergistically increase the instantaneous mechanical stiffness of soft hydrogels. However, the reinforcing mechanism of the MEW meshes is not well understood, and may involve load-induced fluid pressurisation. Here, we examined the reinforcing effect of MEW meshes in three hydrogels: gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), agarose and alginate, and the role of load-induced fluid pressurisation in the MEW reinforcement. We tested the hydrogels with and without MEW mesh (i.e., hydrogel alone, and MEW-hydrogel composite) using micro-indentation and unconfined compression, and analysed the mechanical data using biphasic Hertz and mixture models. We found that the MEW mesh altered the tension-to-compression modulus ratio differently for hydrogels that are cross-linked differently, which led to a variable change to their load-induced fluid pressurisation. MEW meshes only enhanced the fluid pressurisation for GelMA, but not for agarose or alginate. We speculate that only covalently cross-linked hydrogels (GelMA) can effectively tense the MEW meshes, thereby enhancing the fluid pressure developed during compressive loading. In conclusion, load-induced fluid pressurisation in selected hydrogels was enhanced by MEW fibrous mesh, and may be controlled by MEW mesh of different designs in the future, thereby making fluid pressure a tunable cell growth stimulus for tissue engineering involving mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng Kuan Moo
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Finland; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University, Canada; Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Canada.
| | | | - Andrei Hrynevich
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Mylène de Ruijter
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Miguel Castilho
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands.
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Finland.
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Liang H, Yan Y, Sun W, Ma X, Su Z, Liu Z, Chen Y, Yu B. Preparation of Melatonin-Loaded Nanoparticles with Targeting and Sustained Release Function and Their Application in Osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108740. [PMID: 37240086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) The vicious cycle of innate immune response and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is an important pathological process of osteoarthritis (OA). Melatonin may be a new hope for the treatment of OA because of its antioxidant capacity. However, the mechanism of melatonin in the treatment of OA is still not completely clear, and the physiological characteristics of articular cartilage make melatonin unable to play a long-term role in OA. (2) The effects of melatonin on ROS and the innate immune response system in OA chondrocytes and the therapeutic effect in vivo were evaluated. Then, a melatonin-loaded nano-delivery system (MT@PLGA-COLBP) was prepared and characterized. Finally, the behavior of MT@PLGA-COLPB in cartilage and the therapeutic effect in OA mice were evaluated. (3) Melatonin can inhibit the activation of the innate immune system by inhibiting the TLR2/4-MyD88-NFκB signal pathway and scavenging ROS, thus improving cartilage matrix metabolism and delaying the progression of OA in vivo. MT@PLGA-COLBP can reach the interior of cartilage and complete the accumulation in OA knee joints. At the same time, it can reduce the number of intra-articular injections and improve the utilization rate of melatonin in vivo. (4) This work provides a new idea for the treatment of osteoarthritis, updates the mechanism of melatonin in the treatment of osteoarthritis, and highlights the application prospect of PLGA@MT-COLBP nanoparticles in preventing OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Liang
- Orthopedic and Traumatology Department, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Yiran Yan
- Orthopedic and Traumatology Department, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Orthopedic and Traumatology Department, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Xiaogang Ma
- Orthopedic and Traumatology Department, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Zhiwen Su
- Orthopedic and Traumatology Department, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Zhongxun Liu
- Orthopedic and Traumatology Department, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Ultrasound Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Orthopedic and Traumatology Department, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
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Al-Saffar Y, Moo EK, Pingguan-Murphy B, Matyas J, Korhonen RK, Herzog W. Dependence of crack shape in loaded articular cartilage on the collagenous structure. Connect Tissue Res 2023; 64:294-306. [PMID: 36853960 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2023.2166500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage cracks disrupt tissue mechanics, alter cell mechanobiology, and often trigger tissue degeneration. Yet, some tissue cracks heal spontaneously. A primary factor determining the fate of tissue cracks is the compression-induced mechanics, specifically whether a crack opens or closes when loaded. Crack deformation is thought to be affected by tissue structure, which can be probed by quantitative polarized light microscopy (PLM). It is unclear how the PLM measures are related to deformed crack morphology. Here, we investigated the relationship between PLM-derived cartilage structure and mechanical behavior of tissue cracks by testing if PLM-derived structural measures correlated with crack morphology in mechanically indented cartilages. METHODS Knee joint cartilages harvested from mature and immature animals were used for their distinct collagenous fibrous structure and composition. The cartilages were cut through thickness, indented over the cracked region, and processed histologically. Sample-specific birefringence was quantified as two-dimensional (2D) maps of azimuth and retardance, two measures related to local orientation and degree of alignment of the collagen fibers, respectively. The shape of mechanically indented tissue cracks, measured as depth-dependent crack opening, were compared with azimuth, retardance, or "PLM index," a new parameter derived by combining azimuth and retardance. RESULTS Of the three parameters, only the PLM index consistently correlated with the crack shape in immature and mature tissues. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we identified the relative roles of azimuth and retardance on the deformation of tissue cracks, with azimuth playing the dominant role. The applicability of the PLM index should be tested in future studies using naturally-occurring tissue cracks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Al-Saffar
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eng Kuan Moo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - John Matyas
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Petitjean N, Canadas P, Royer P, Noël D, Le Floc'h S. Cartilage biomechanics: From the basic facts to the challenges of tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2022; 111:1067-1089. [PMID: 36583681 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC) is the thin tissue that covers the long bone ends in the joints and that ensures the transmission of forces between adjacent bones while allowing nearly frictionless movements between them. AC repair is a technologic and scientific challenge that has been addressed with numerous approaches. A major deadlock is the capacity to take in account its complex mechanical properties in repair strategies. In this review, we first describe the major mechanical behaviors of AC for the non-specialists. Then, we show how researchers have progressively identified specific mechanical parameters using mathematical models. There are still gaps in our understanding of some of the observations concerning AC biomechanical properties, particularly the differences in extracellular matrix stiffness measured at the microscale and at the millimetric scale. Nevertheless, for bioengineering applications, AC repair strategies must take into account what are commonly considered the main mechanical features of cartilage: its ability to withstand high stresses through three main behaviors (elasticity, poroelasticity and swelling). Finally, we emphasize that future studies need to investigate AC mechanical properties at different scales, particularly the gradient of mechanical properties around cells and across the cartilage depth, and the differences in mechanical properties at different scales. This multi-scale approach could greatly enhance the success of AC restorative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pascale Royer
- LMGC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Danièle Noël
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Clinical Immunology and Osteoarticular Disease Therapeutic Unit, Department of Rheumatology, CHU Montpellier, France
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