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Monte IP, Faro DC, Trimarchi G, de Gaetano F, Campisi M, Losi V, Teresi L, Di Bella G, Tamburino C, de Gregorio C. Left Atrial Strain Imaging by Speckle Tracking Echocardiography: The Supportive Diagnostic Value in Cardiac Amyloidosis and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:261. [PMID: 37367426 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10060261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Left atrial (LA) function is crucial for assessing left ventricular filling in various cardiovascular conditions. Cardiac Amyloidosis (CA) is characterized by atrial myopathy and LA function impairment, with diastolic dysfunction up to restrictive filling pattern, leading to progressive heart failure and arrhythmias. This study evaluates LA function and deformation using speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) in patients with CA compared to a cohort of patients with sarcomeric Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) and a control group. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, observational study (from January 2019 to December 2022) including a total of 100 patients: 33 with ATTR-CA, 34 with HCMs, and 33 controls. Clinical evaluation, electrocardiograms, and transthoracic echocardiography were performed. Echocardiogram images were analyzed in post-processing using EchoPac software for LA strain quantification, including LA-reservoir, LA-conduit, and LA-contraction strain. Results: The CA group exhibited significantly impaired LA function compared to HCMs and control groups, with LA-reservoir median values of -9%, LA-conduit -6.7%, and LA-contraction -3%; this impairment was consistent even in the CA subgroup with preserved ejection fraction. LA strain parameters correlated with LV mass index, LA volume index, E/e', and LV-global longitudinal strain and were found to be associated with atrial fibrillation and exertional dyspnea. Conclusions: LA function assessed by STE is significantly impaired in CA patients compared to HCMs patients and healthy controls. These findings highlight the potential supportive role of STE in the early detection and management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Paola Monte
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Denise Cristiana Faro
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Trimarchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy
| | - Fabrizio de Gaetano
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Mariapaola Campisi
- Azienda Ospedaliera Provinciale di Catania, Santa Maria e Santa Venera Hospital, 95024 Acireale, Italy
| | - Valentina Losi
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Lucio Teresi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy
| | - Gianluca Di Bella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy
| | - Corrado Tamburino
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Cesare de Gregorio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy
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Geenty P, Sivapathan S, Stefani LD, Zada M, Boyd A, Richards D, Kwok F, Thomas L. A novel echocardiographic risk score for light-chain amyloidosis. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL OPEN 2023; 3:oead040. [PMID: 37143609 PMCID: PMC10152390 DOI: 10.1093/ehjopen/oead040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Aims The prognosis of light-chain (AL) amyloidosis, a plasma cell dyscrasia, is largely determined by the presence of cardiac involvement. Conventional staging is achieved using cardiac biomarkers (high-sensitivity troponin, N-terminal pro-beta natriuretic peptide) and free light-chain difference (Mayo staging). We sought to evaluate the role of echocardiographic parameters as prognostic markers in AL amyloidosis and examine their utility compared with conventional staging. Methods and results Seventy-five consecutive patients with AL amyloidosis reviewed at a referral amyloid clinic who underwent comprehensive echocardiographic assessment were retrospectively identified. The evaluated echocardiographic parameters included left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, mass, diastolic function parameters, global longitudinal strain (GLS), and left atrial (LA) volume. Mortality was assessed through a review of clinical records. During a median follow-up of 51 months, 29/75 (39%) patients died. Patients who died had a larger LA volume (47 ± 12 vs. 35 ± 10 mL/m2, P < 0.001) and a higher E/e' (18 ± 10 vs. 14 ± 6, P = 0.026). Univariate clinical and echocardiographic predictors of survival included LA volume, E/e', e', LVGLS, and Mayo stage (at significance of P < 0.1). Left atrial volume and LVGLS were significant determinants of mortality when examined using clinical cut-offs, although E/e' was not. A composite echocardiographic risk score comprising LA volume and LVGLS provided similar prognostic performance to Mayo stage [area under the curve (AUC) 0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.64-0.85 vs. AUC 0.75, 95% CI 0.65-0.858, P = 0.91]. Conclusion Left atrial volume and LVGLS were independent predictors of mortality in AL amyloidosis. A composite echocardiographic score combining LA volume and LVGLS has similar prognostic power to Mayo stage for all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Geenty
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Hawkesbury Road, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, Australia
| | - Shanthosh Sivapathan
- The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, Australia
| | - Luke D Stefani
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Hawkesbury Road, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matthew Zada
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Hawkesbury Road, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, Australia
| | - Anita Boyd
- Westmead Private Cardiology, Mons Rd, Westmead, Australia
| | - David Richards
- Westmead Private Cardiology, Mons Rd, Westmead, Australia
| | - Fiona Kwok
- The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, Australia
- Department of Haematology, Westmead Hospital, Hawkesbury Road, Sydney, Australia
| | - Liza Thomas
- Corresponding author. Tel: +61 2 8890 5555, Fax: +61 0 8890 8323,
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Khedraki R, Robinson AA, Jordan T, Grodin JL, Mohan RC. A Review of Current and Evolving Imaging Techniques in Cardiac Amyloidosis. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2023; 25:43-63. [PMID: 38239280 PMCID: PMC10795761 DOI: 10.1007/s11936-023-00976-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of review Establishing an early, efficient diagnosis for cardiac amyloid (CA) is critical to avoiding adverse outcomes. We review current imaging tools that can aid early diagnosis, offer prognostic information, and possibly track treatment response in CA. Recent findings There are several current conventional imaging modalities that aid in the diagnosis of CA including electrocardiography, echocardiography, bone scintigraphy, cardiac computed tomography (CT), and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging. Advanced imaging techniques including left atrial and right ventricular strain, and CMR T1 and T2 mapping as well as ECV quantification may provide alternative non-invasive means for diagnosis, more granular prognostication, and the ability to track treatment response. Summary Leveraging a multimodal imaging toolbox is integral to the early diagnosis of CA; however, it is important to understand the unique role and limitations posed by each modality. Ongoing studies are needed to help identify imaging markers that will lead to an enhanced ability to diagnose, subtype and manage this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rola Khedraki
- Section of Advanced Heart Failure, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Scripps Clinic, Prebys Cardiovascular Institute, 9898 Genesee Ave., AMP-300, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Austin A. Robinson
- Section of Advanced Heart Failure, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Scripps Clinic, Prebys Cardiovascular Institute, 9898 Genesee Ave., AMP-300, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Timothy Jordan
- Section of Advanced Heart Failure, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Scripps Clinic, Prebys Cardiovascular Institute, 9898 Genesee Ave., AMP-300, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Justin L. Grodin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Rajeev C. Mohan
- Section of Advanced Heart Failure, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Scripps Clinic, Prebys Cardiovascular Institute, 9898 Genesee Ave., AMP-300, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
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4
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Tan Z, Yang Y, Wu X, Li S, Li L, Zhong L, Lin Q, Fei H, Liao P, Wang W, Liu H. Left atrial remodeling and the prognostic value of feature tracking derived left atrial strain in patients with light-chain amyloidosis: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING 2022; 38:1519-1532. [PMID: 35113283 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-022-02534-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Systemic light-chain (AL) amyloidosis is characterized by the aggregation of misfolded immunoglobulin light chain, predominantly infiltrating in the heart, including left atrium (LA). LA remodeling, such as increased interatrial septal thickness and enlarged size, has been observed. However, LA strain assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance feature tracking (CMR-FT) and its prognostic role remains to be further determined. Using CMR, the current study sought to investigate the characteristic of LA remodeling and the prognostic value of LA strain in patients with AL. Eighty-seven consecutive patients who underwent CMR with histologically confirmed systemic light-chain amyloidosis were retrospectively enrolled. LA strain parameters were analyzed based on CMR-FT algorithm. Amyloid infiltration and burden loads were assessed with CMR late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) and extracellular volume (ECV). Patients were categorized according to the extent of amyloid infiltration in cardiac myocardium. The primary endpoint was defined as all-cause mortality. The prognosis value of LA strain indices was evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression and Kaplan-Meier curves. Interatrial septal thickness (3 [2-5] vs. 4 [3-5] mm, p = 0.007) and indexed LA volume (34.6 [26.9-44.6] vs. 50.5 [36.1-58.5] ml/m2, p = 0.001) were significantly higher in patients with atrial involvement (LA-LGE). Compared with patients with low amyloid burden loads (ECV group I), those at moderate and high (ECV group II and III) show progressive impairment in LA reservoir, conduit, and booster strains and strain rates. A total of 44 patients died during a median follow-up of 12 months. In multivariate analysis, LA reservoir strain, New York Heart Association (NYHA), and ECV remained independently associated with survival. On Kaplan-Meier analyses, low LA reservoir strain (< 8.6%) increased the risk of mortality. In moderate amyloid burden loads patients, low LA reservoir strain provides additive prognosis value. Progress left atrial remodeling and dysfunction are common findings in AL cardiac amyloidosis. The CMR-FT-derived LA reservoir strain provides independent and additive prognostic value for all-cause mortality in patients with AL cardiac amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Tan
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Image Analysis and Application, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuelong Yang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Image Analysis and Application, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinyi Wu
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Image Analysis and Application, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sheng Li
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liwen Li
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liye Zhong
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiongwen Lin
- Department of Adult Echocardiography, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medicine Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongwen Fei
- Department of Adult Echocardiography, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medicine Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pengjun Liao
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjian Wang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Image Analysis and Application, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hui Liu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Image Analysis and Application, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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5
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Sciacca V, Eckstein J, Körperich H, Fink T, Bergau L, El Hamriti M, Imnadze G, Guckel D, Fox H, Gerçek M, Farr M, Burchert W, Sommer P, Sohns C, Piran M. Magnetic-Resonance-Imaging-Based Left Atrial Strain and Left Atrial Strain Rate as Diagnostic Parameters in Cardiac Amyloidosis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11113150. [PMID: 35683537 PMCID: PMC9181318 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11113150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: The present study aims to evaluate magnetic-resonance-imaging (MRI)-assessed left atrial strain (LAS) and left atrial strain rate (LASR) as potential parameters for the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis (CA), the distinction of clinical subtypes and differentiation from other cardiomyopathies. Methods and results: LAS and LASR were assessed by MRI feature tracking in patients with biopsy-proven CA. LAS and LASR of patients with CA were compared to healthy subjects and patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. LAS and LASR were also analyzed concerning differences between patients with transthyretin (ATTR) and light chain amyloidosis (AL). A total of 44 patients with biopsy-proven CA, 19 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and 24 healthy subjects were included. In 22 CA patients (50%), histological examination identified ATTR as CA subtype and AL in the remaining patients. No significant difference was observed for reservoir, conduit or booster LAS in patients with AL or ATTR. Reservoir LAS, conduit LAS and booster LAS were significantly reduced in patients with CA and HCM as compared to healthy subjects (p < 0.001). Reservoir LAS and booster LAS were significantly reduced in CA as compared to HCM patients (p < 0.001). A linear correlation was observed between LA global reservoir strain and LA-EF (p < 0.001, r = 0.5), conduit strain and global longitudinal LV strain (p < 0.001, r = 0.5), global booster strain rate and LA-EF (p < 0.001, r = 0.6) and between global booster strain rate and LA area at LVED (p < 0.0001, 0.5). Conclusions: LAS and LASR are severely impaired in patients with CA. The MRI-based assessment of LAS and LASR might allow non-invasive diagnosis and categorization of CA and its distinct differentiation from other hypertrophic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Sciacca
- Clinic for Electrophysiology, Herz-und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (T.F.); (L.B.); (M.E.H.); (G.I.); (D.G.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence: (V.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Jan Eckstein
- Institute for Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Herz-und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (J.E.); (H.K.); (W.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Hermann Körperich
- Institute for Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Herz-und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (J.E.); (H.K.); (W.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Thomas Fink
- Clinic for Electrophysiology, Herz-und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (T.F.); (L.B.); (M.E.H.); (G.I.); (D.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Leonard Bergau
- Clinic for Electrophysiology, Herz-und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (T.F.); (L.B.); (M.E.H.); (G.I.); (D.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Mustapha El Hamriti
- Clinic for Electrophysiology, Herz-und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (T.F.); (L.B.); (M.E.H.); (G.I.); (D.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Guram Imnadze
- Clinic for Electrophysiology, Herz-und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (T.F.); (L.B.); (M.E.H.); (G.I.); (D.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Denise Guckel
- Clinic for Electrophysiology, Herz-und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (T.F.); (L.B.); (M.E.H.); (G.I.); (D.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Henrik Fox
- Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Herz-und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany;
- Heart Failure Department, Herz-und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Muhammed Gerçek
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology/Angiology, Herz-und Diabeteszentrum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (M.G.); (M.F.)
| | - Martin Farr
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology/Angiology, Herz-und Diabeteszentrum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (M.G.); (M.F.)
| | - Wolfgang Burchert
- Institute for Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Herz-und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (J.E.); (H.K.); (W.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Philipp Sommer
- Clinic for Electrophysiology, Herz-und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (T.F.); (L.B.); (M.E.H.); (G.I.); (D.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Christian Sohns
- Clinic for Electrophysiology, Herz-und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (T.F.); (L.B.); (M.E.H.); (G.I.); (D.G.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence: (V.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Misagh Piran
- Institute for Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Herz-und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (J.E.); (H.K.); (W.B.); (M.P.)
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Liu XH, Shi JY, Zhang DD, Jia FW, Lin X, Zhu YL, Zhuang JL, Fang LG, Chen W. Prognostic value of left atrial mechanics in cardiac light-chain amyloidosis with preserved ejection fraction: a cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2022; 22:175. [PMID: 35428181 PMCID: PMC9013068 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-022-02589-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Light-chain amyloidosis is a plasma cell disorder associated with poor outcomes, especially when the heart is involved. The characteristics of left atrial (LA) function and its prognostic implications in cardiac amyloidosis (CA) have not been fully investigated. Methods Between April 2014 and June 2019, 93 patients with a diagnosis of CA, normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and sinus rhythm were included. Their clinical, baseline echocardiographic and follow-up data were investigated. LA function, including LA strain and strain rate, was assessed using 2D speckle tracking echocardiography in different LA functional phases. Results Among all patients, 38 (40.9%) died. Multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that LA mechanics regarding LA reservoir and booster pump functions were independent predictors for overall survival. Traditional echocardiographic parameters for LA structure like LA volume index and LA width were not associated with mortality. Moreover, LA strain and strain rate in reservoir and contractile phases improved the discrimination and goodness of fit of the conventional prognostic model, the Mayo criteria 2004 and 2012, in our study population. Decreased LA mechanics were associated with impaired left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function, and LA reservoir and contractile functions were associated with LA structure. Conclusions Assessment of LA reservoir and contractile functions via 2D speckle tracking echocardiographic LA mechanical indices provide clinical and prognostic insights into cardiac light-chain amyloidosis patients, especially those with preserved EF and sinus rhythm. Emphasizing the monitoring of LA function may be beneficial for the prognosis prediction of CA. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12872-022-02589-7.
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Capustin M, Frishman WH. Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis and Novel Therapies to Treat This Not-so-rare Cause of Cardiomyopathy. Cardiol Rev 2021; 29:263-273. [PMID: 34397539 DOI: 10.1097/crd.0000000000000387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR-CA) is typically a late-onset disease caused by the deposit of transthyretin amyloid fibrils throughout the heart. When this occurs, various cardiac sequelae can develop, including hypotension, conduction abnormalities, and valvular lesions. The cardiomyopathy caused by ATTR-CA (ATTR-CM) has proven difficult to treat. Until recently, symptomatic management was the only therapeutic option, and many therapies used to treat congestive heart failure were ineffective or even detrimental to patients with ATTR-CM. In addition, treatment was limited to heart and liver transplantation. As a result, prognosis was poor. Recently, a few drug therapies have come to light as potential treatment modalities for ATTR-CM, most notably tafamidis, sold under the brand names Vyndaqel and Vyndamax. After the phase III Transthyretin Amyloidosis Cardiomyopathy trial displayed the drug's efficacy, it was given breakthrough therapy designation and was approved by the Food and Drug Administration on May 6, 2019, for the treatment of ATTR-CA. This novel therapy, as well as various other therapies in the pipeline, such as inotersen and patisiran, provide hope where, until recently, there was little. Unfortunately, the exorbitant cost of these new therapies may present a barrier to long-term treatment for some patients. However, by further improving diagnostic algorithms and incorporating these new treatments into our existing therapeutic modalities, patients with ATTR-CA should be able to live far longer than previously expected. Finally, further research combining these novel treatment modalities must be done, as they may prove to be additive or even synergistic in their treatment of ATTR amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Capustin
- From the Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine/Northwell Northshore-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY
| | - William H Frishman
- Department of Medicine and Cardiology, New York Medicine and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY
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8
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Abstract
Cardiac amyloidosis, a form of infiltrative cardiomyopathy, is associated with poor prognosis in untreated patients. Early diagnosis is important for timely initiation of effective therapies. Despite advances in diagnostic modalities, it remains a challenging diagnosis, requiring high index of clinical suspicion. Echocardiography represents the first-line cardiac imaging modality for evaluation of heart failure and suspected cardiac amyloidosis. In this review, we discuss echocardiographic findings in cardiac amyloidosis.
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Giblin GT, Cuddy SAM. Multimodality Imaging in Cardiac Amyloidosis. Curr Cardiol Rep 2021; 23:134. [PMID: 34410523 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-021-01564-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiac amyloidosis is an increasingly recognized condition with a growing range of targeted therapies, but diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion and multimodality imaging expertise. Early diagnosis remains key to improving quality of life and survival. This article reviews the multimodality imaging approach to the diagnosis, differentiation, and prognosis of cardiac amyloidosis. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances in multimodality cardiac imaging have allowed for earlier diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis resulting in earlier initiation of life-saving therapy in cases of light chain amyloidosis and life-prolonging therapy in transthyretin amyloidosis. With these advances in multimodality imaging, it is important for cardiologists and cardiac imagers to be aware of the subtleties of early disease, the appropriate diagnostic approach as well as understanding the practicalities and pitfalls that are encountered with each modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard T Giblin
- Cardiac Amyloidosis Program, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Heart & Vascular Centre, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 15 Francis St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sarah A M Cuddy
- Cardiac Amyloidosis Program, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Heart & Vascular Centre, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 15 Francis St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,CV Imaging Program, Cardiovascular Division and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA.
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10
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Brand A, Frumkin D, Hübscher A, Dreger H, Stangl K, Baldenhofer G, Knebel F. Phasic left atrial strain analysis to discriminate cardiac amyloidosis in patients with unclear thick heart pathology. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; 22:680-687. [PMID: 32243500 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeaa043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Traditional echocardiographic parameters for the assessment of suspected cardiac amyloidosis (CA) are of limited diagnostic accuracy. We sought to explore differences and the discriminative value of phasic left atrial strain (LAS) reductions and of regional longitudinal left ventricular (LV) strain alterations (relative apical sparing; RELAPS) in CA and other causes of LV wall thickening (LVH). METHODS AND RESULTS We included 54 patients with unclear LVH (mean septal diastolic wall thickness 17.8 ± 3.5 mm); CA was bioptically confirmed in 35 patients (8 mATTR, 6 wtATTR, 20 AL, and 1 AA amyloidosis) and LVH in 19 subjects. We analysed RELAPS as well as LA reservoir (LASr), conduit (LAScd), and contraction strain (LASct) using 2D speckle tracking echocardiography (EchoPAC software, GE). RELAPS was higher (1.37 ± 0.94 vs. 0.86 ± 0.29, P < 0.007), whereas atrial mechanics were significantly reduced in CA (LASr, LAScd, and LASct: 9.7 ± 5.2%, -6.5 ± 3.5%, and -5.0 ± 4.1% in CA; and 22.7 ± 7.8%, -13.9 ± 5.2%, and -13.0 ± 5.5% in LVH, respectively; P < 0.001 each). With an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.91 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.82-0.99], LASr showed a higher diagnostic accuracy in discriminating CA than RELAPS (AUC 0.74, 95% CI 0.59-0.88). LASr and LAScd remained significantly associated with CA in a multivariate regression model. CONCLUSION Phasic LAS was significantly reduced in patients with CA and showed a higher diagnostic accuracy in discriminating CA than RELAPS. The additional assessment of phasic LAS may be useful to rule in the possible diagnosis of CA in patients with unclear LVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Brand
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - David Frumkin
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Hübscher
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Henryk Dreger
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl Stangl
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Baldenhofer
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Knebel
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
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11
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Dorbala S, Ando Y, Bokhari S, Dispenzieri A, Falk RH, Ferrari VA, Fontana M, Gheysens O, Gillmore JD, Glaudemans AWJM, Hanna MA, Hazenberg BPC, Kristen AV, Kwong RY, Maurer MS, Merlini G, Miller EJ, Moon JC, Murthy VL, Quarta CC, Rapezzi C, Ruberg FL, Shah SJ, Slart RHJA, Verberne HJ, Bourque JM. ASNC/AHA/ASE/EANM/HFSA/ISA/SCMR/SNMMI Expert Consensus Recommendations for Multimodality Imaging in Cardiac Amyloidosis: Part 1 of 2-Evidence Base and Standardized Methods of Imaging. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; 14:e000029. [PMID: 34196223 DOI: 10.1161/hci.0000000000000029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Dorbala
- Cardiac Amyloidosis Program, Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yukio Ando
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Sabahat Bokhari
- Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, NY
| | - Angela Dispenzieri
- Division of Hematology, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, and Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Rodney H Falk
- Cardiac Amyloidosis Program, Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Victor A Ferrari
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Marianna Fontana
- National Amyloidosis Centre, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Gheysens
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julian D Gillmore
- National Amyloidosis Centre, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andor W J M Glaudemans
- Medical Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mazen A Hanna
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Bouke P C Hazenberg
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnt V Kristen
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Raymond Y Kwong
- Cardiac Amyloidosis Program, Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mathew S Maurer
- Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, NY
| | - Giampaolo Merlini
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Foundation Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Edward J Miller
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - James C Moon
- National Amyloidosis Centre, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - C Cristina Quarta
- National Amyloidosis Centre, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claudio Rapezzi
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Frederick L Ruberg
- Amyloidosis Center and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Sanjiv J Shah
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Riemer H J A Slart
- Medical Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hein J Verberne
- Division of Hematology, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, and Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jamieson M Bourque
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy
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12
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Jurcuţ R, Onciul S, Adam R, Stan C, Coriu D, Rapezzi C, Popescu BA. Multimodality imaging in cardiac amyloidosis: a primer for cardiologists. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; 21:833-844. [PMID: 32393965 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeaa063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloidosis is a systemic infiltrative disease, in which unstable proteins misfold, form aggregates and amyloid fibrils which can deposit in various organs: heart, kidneys, liver, gastrointestinal tract, nervous system structures, lungs, or soft tissue. Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) diagnosis requires awareness, high level of clinical suspicion and expertise in integrating clinical, electrocardiographic, and multimodality imaging data. The overall scenario is complex and no single test emerges over the others, but different techniques are useful at various stages of the diagnostic workup. After a clinical suspicion of CA is raised by various non-imaging red-flags, eligible patients should undergo complete echocardiography and multiparametric cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Even though the clinical suspicion of CA is confirmed by cardiac imaging, the accurate differentiation between the two most frequent and treatable amyloid types, i.e. light chain (AL) and transthyretin (ATTR) requires further work-up including phosphate scintigraphy. This article reviews the latest and essential data on multimodality imaging of patients with suspected or confirmed CA in a useful and practical manner for the general and imaging cardiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra Jurcuţ
- Department of Cardiology, Expert Center for Rare Genetic Cardiovascular Diseases, Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases "Prof. Dr. C. C. Iliescu", Sos. Fundeni 258, 022322 Bucharest, Romania.,University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", Euroecolab, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sebastian Onciul
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", Euroecolab, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Cardiology, Floreasca Emergency Hospital, Calea Floreasca 8, Bucharest 014461, Romania
| | - Robert Adam
- Department of Cardiology, Expert Center for Rare Genetic Cardiovascular Diseases, Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases "Prof. Dr. C. C. Iliescu", Sos. Fundeni 258, 022322 Bucharest, Romania.,University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", Euroecolab, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Claudiu Stan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Ultrasonography, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Sos. Fundeni 258, Bucharest 022322, Romania
| | - Daniel Coriu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", Euroecolab, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Haematology, Fundeni Clinical Hospital, Sos. Fundeni 258, Bucharest 022322, Romania
| | - Claudio Rapezzi
- University Cardiological Center, University of Ferrara, Italy.,Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola (RA), Italy
| | - Bogdan A Popescu
- Department of Cardiology, Expert Center for Rare Genetic Cardiovascular Diseases, Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases "Prof. Dr. C. C. Iliescu", Sos. Fundeni 258, 022322 Bucharest, Romania.,University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", Euroecolab, Bucharest, Romania
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13
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Jain V, Ghosh R, Gupta M, Saijo Y, Bansal A, Farwati M, Marcus R, Klein A, Xu B. Contemporary narrative review on left atrial strain mechanics in echocardiography: cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease and beyond. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2021; 11:924-938. [PMID: 34295714 DOI: 10.21037/cdt-20-461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Left atrial (LA) strain mechanics refer to the measurement of LA myocardial deformation expressed as a percentage, and have been gathering interest over the last decade with expanding research supporting their utility in multiple cardiovascular disorders. Measured through advanced dynamic imaging techniques which include tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and two-dimensional (2D) speckle tracking echocardiography (STE), LA strain mechanics are affected by left ventricular diastolic dysfunction prior to the onset of functional and structural changes in the left ventricle (LV). There is a need for practising cardiologists to become more familiar with the clinical utility of LA strain mechanics. In this article, we begin by reviewing the physiologic function of the LA, using this as a basis for understanding LA strain mechanics. The focus of this review article is to provide a contemporary update on the utility of LA strain mechanics in a range of cardiovascular disorders, including atrial fibrillation (AF), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), valvular pathologies, coronary artery disease (CAD) as well as systemic diseases, such as hypertension (HTN), obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM). This article also highlights the current limitations in more widespread clinical applications of LA strain mechanics, as well as outlining the future perspectives on the clinical applications of LA strain mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vardhmaan Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Raktim Ghosh
- MedStar Heart and Vascular Institute at MedStar Union Memorial Hospital and MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Manasvi Gupta
- Department of Internal Medicine, UConn Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Yoshihito Saijo
- Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Robert and Suzanne Tomsich, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sydell and Arnold Miller Family Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Agam Bansal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Medhat Farwati
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rachel Marcus
- MedStar Heart and Vascular Institute at MedStar Union Memorial Hospital and MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Allan Klein
- Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Robert and Suzanne Tomsich, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sydell and Arnold Miller Family Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Bo Xu
- Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Robert and Suzanne Tomsich, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sydell and Arnold Miller Family Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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14
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Rausch K, Scalia GM, Sato K, Edwards N, Lam AKY, Platts DG, Chan J. Left atrial strain imaging differentiates cardiac amyloidosis and hypertensive heart disease. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2020; 37:81-90. [PMID: 32728989 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-020-01948-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Echocardiographic diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis (CA) can be difficult to differentiate from increased left ventricular (LV) wall thickness from hypertensive heart disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate left atrial (LA) function and deformation using strain and strain rate (SR) imaging in cardiac amyloidosis. We reviewed 44 cases of CA confirmed by tissue biopsy or a combination of clinical and cardiac imaging data. Cases were classified according two subgroups: amyloid light chain (AL) or amyloid transthyretin (ATTR). These subjects underwent 2D-Speckle tracking echocardiographic derived (STE) LA strain analysis. These were compared to 25 hypertensive (HT) patients with increased LV wall thickness. The three phases of LA function were evaluated using strain and strain rate parameters. Despite a similar increase in LV wall thickness, all LA strain parameters were significantly reduced in the AL cohort compared to the HT cohort (reservoir strain/LAs: 11.0 vs. 24.8%, p < 0.05). The ATTR cohort had significantly thicker LV walls and higher atrial fibrillation burden compared to AL and HT patients but similar reduction in LA strain values compared to AL group. A reservoir strain (S-LAs) cut off value of 20% was 86.4% sensitive and 88.6% specific for detecting CA compared to HT heart disease in this cohort. LA strain parameters were able to identify LA dysfunction in all types of CA. LA function in CA is significantly worse compared with hypertensive patients despite similar increase in LV wall thickness. In combination with other clinical and imaging features, LA strain may provide incremental value in differentiating cardiac amyloidosis from increased wall thickness secondary to hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Rausch
- Department of Cardiology, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Rode Road, Chermside, QLD, 4032, Australia
| | - Gregory M Scalia
- Department of Cardiology, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kei Sato
- Department of Cardiology, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Natalie Edwards
- Department of Cardiology, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Rode Road, Chermside, QLD, 4032, Australia
| | - Alfred King-Yin Lam
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Rode Road, Chermside, QLD, 4032, Australia
| | - David G Platts
- Department of Cardiology, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jonathan Chan
- Department of Cardiology, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia. .,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Rode Road, Chermside, QLD, 4032, Australia.
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15
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Wang TKM, Abou Hassan OK, Jaber W, Xu B. Multi-modality imaging of cardiac amyloidosis: Contemporary update. World J Radiol 2020; 12:87-100. [PMID: 32742575 PMCID: PMC7364284 DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v12.i6.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac amyloidosis is a heterogeneous and challenging diagnostic disease with poor prognosis that is now being altered by introduction of new therapies. Echocardiography remains the first-line imaging tool, and when disease is suspected on echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and nuclear imaging play critical roles in the non-invasive diagnosis and evaluation of cardiac amyloidosis. Advances in multi-modality cardiac imaging allowing earlier diagnosis and initiation of novel therapies have significantly improved the outcomes in these patients. Cardiac imaging also plays important roles in the risk stratification of patients presenting with cardiac amyloidosis. In the current review, we provide a clinical and imaging focused update, and importantly outline the imaging protocols, diagnostic and prognostic utility of multimodality cardiac imaging in the assessment of cardiac amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kai Ming Wang
- Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Robert and Suzanne Tomsich Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sydell and Arnold Miller Family Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Ossama K Abou Hassan
- Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Robert and Suzanne Tomsich Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sydell and Arnold Miller Family Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Wael Jaber
- Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Robert and Suzanne Tomsich Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sydell and Arnold Miller Family Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Bo Xu
- Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Robert and Suzanne Tomsich Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sydell and Arnold Miller Family Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
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16
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17
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Dorbala S, Ando Y, Bokhari S, Dispenzieri A, Falk RH, Ferrari VA, Fontana M, Gheysens O, Gillmore JD, Glaudemans AWJM, Hanna MA, Hazenberg BPC, Kristen AV, Kwong RY, Maurer MS, Merlini G, Miller EJ, Moon JC, Murthy VL, Quarta CC, Rapezzi C, Ruberg FL, Shah SJ, Slart RHJA, Verberne HJ, Bourque JM. ASNC/AHA/ASE/EANM/HFSA/ISA/SCMR/SNMMI expert consensus recommendations for multimodality imaging in cardiac amyloidosis: Part 1 of 2-evidence base and standardized methods of imaging. J Nucl Cardiol 2019; 26:2065-2123. [PMID: 31468376 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-019-01760-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Dorbala
- Cardiac Amyloidosis Program, Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Yukio Ando
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Sabahat Bokhari
- Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angela Dispenzieri
- Division of Hematology, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, and Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rodney H Falk
- Cardiac Amyloidosis Program, Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victor A Ferrari
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marianna Fontana
- Division of Medicine, National Amyloidosis Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Olivier Gheysens
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julian D Gillmore
- Division of Medicine, National Amyloidosis Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andor W J M Glaudemans
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mazen A Hanna
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Bouke P C Hazenberg
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnt V Kristen
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Raymond Y Kwong
- Cardiac Amyloidosis Program, Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mathew S Maurer
- Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giampaolo Merlini
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Foundation Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Edward J Miller
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - James C Moon
- Division of Medicine, National Amyloidosis Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - C Cristina Quarta
- Division of Medicine, National Amyloidosis Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Claudio Rapezzi
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Frederick L Ruberg
- Amyloidosis Center and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sanjiv J Shah
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Riemer H J A Slart
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hein J Verberne
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jamieson M Bourque
- Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Cardiovascular Imaging Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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18
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Myocardial Amyloidosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 12:2345-2356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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19
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Dorbala S, Ando Y, Bokhari S, Dispenzieri A, Falk RH, Ferrari VA, Fontana M, Gheysens O, Gillmore JD, Glaudemans AWJM, Hanna MA, Hazenberg BPC, Kristen AV, Kwong RY, Maurer MS, Merlini G, Miller EJ, Moon JC, Murthy VL, Quarta CC, Rapezzi C, Ruberg FL, Shah SJ, Slart RHJA, Verberne HJ, Bourque JM. ASNC/AHA/ASE/EANM/HFSA/ISA/SCMR/SNMMI Expert Consensus Recommendations for Multimodality Imaging in Cardiac Amyloidosis: Part 1 of 2-Evidence Base and Standardized Methods of Imaging. J Card Fail 2019; 25:e1-e39. [PMID: 31473268 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Dorbala
- Cardiac Amyloidosis Program, Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Yukio Ando
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Sabahat Bokhari
- Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Angela Dispenzieri
- Division of Hematology, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, and Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Rodney H Falk
- Cardiac Amyloidosis Program, Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Victor A Ferrari
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marianna Fontana
- Division of Medicine, National Amyloidosis Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Gheysens
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julian D Gillmore
- Division of Medicine, National Amyloidosis Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andor W J M Glaudemans
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mazen A Hanna
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Bouke P C Hazenberg
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnt V Kristen
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Raymond Y Kwong
- Cardiac Amyloidosis Program, Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mathew S Maurer
- Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Giampaolo Merlini
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Foundation Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Edward J Miller
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - James C Moon
- Division of Medicine, National Amyloidosis Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - C Cristina Quarta
- Division of Medicine, National Amyloidosis Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claudio Rapezzi
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Frederick L Ruberg
- Amyloidosis Center and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sanjiv J Shah
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Riemer H J A Slart
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hein J Verberne
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jamieson M Bourque
- Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Cardiovascular Imaging Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Backs D, Saglam I, Löffler C, Ihne S, Morbach C, Brenner S, Angermann C, Ertl G, Frantz S, Störk S, Knop S, Güder G. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and diseases in patients with multiple myeloma undergoing autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Oncotarget 2019; 10:3154-3165. [PMID: 31139330 PMCID: PMC6516713 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematologic malignancy and occurs similar to cardiovascular diseases (CVD), in the sixth/seventh decade. The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to evaluate the prevalence and prognostic value of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) and CVD in 325 patients with MM undergoing autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) at the University Hospital of Würzburg between 03/2004 and 12/2011. Mean age in the total cohort was 61 years. Among CVRF, prevalence of arterial hypertension was highest (59.7%), followed by overweight (54.2%) and positive smoking history (18.2%). The prevalence of heart failure (3.1%) or coronary heart disease (4.8%) was low. During a median follow-up of 36 months, 18% of the patients died. Hypertension (HR = 1.83, p = 0.048) as well as positive smoking history (HR = 2.13, p = 0.02) were independently associated with increased mortality risk in multivariate analysis. In a subgroup analysis of 100 patients echocardiographic parameters were compared before and after PBSCT. Echocardiography revealed a significant reduction of left atrial diameters (–1.5 mm, p = 0.009) and septum thickness (–1.0 mm, p = 0.001), non-significant reduction of systolic function, and an increase of the prevalence of diastolic dysfunction (+14%; p = 0.01). In this study CVRF, especially hypertension and smoking, are strong predictors of poor survival in patients with MM undergoing autologous PBSCT. Echocardiography before and after treatment shows subtle changes in systolic function but an increase of the prevalence of diastolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Backs
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ilknur Saglam
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Löffler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Hematology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Ihne
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Hematology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Morbach
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Brenner
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Angermann
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Georg Ertl
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Frantz
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Störk
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Knop
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Hematology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gülmisal Güder
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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22
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Correction to: Reference Ranges for the Size of the Fetal Cardiac Outflow Tracts From 13 to 36 Weeks Gestation: A Single-Center Study of Over 7000 Cases. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 12:e000025. [PMID: 30866649 DOI: 10.1161/hci.0000000000000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Galeeva ZM, Galyavich AS, Baleeva LV, Galimzyanova LA, Rafikov AY, Gizatullina NF, Mustafina DA. [Not Available]. KARDIOLOGIIA 2019; 59:93-96. [PMID: 30710995 DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2019.1.10221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this article we present brief overview of the subject of amyloidosis and involvement of the cardiovascular system, the criteria for diagnosis, principles of treatment, and the clinical case of cardiac amyloidosis.
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Nochioka K, Quarta CC, Claggett B, Roca GQ, Rapezzi C, Falk RH, Solomon SD. Left atrial structure and function in cardiac amyloidosis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2018. [PMID: 28637305 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jex097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Although cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is characterized by significant left atrial (LA) dilatation, the characteristics of LA function remain to be fully investigated. Methods and results We assessed LA function by speckle-tracking echocardiography in 124 patients with CA and sinus rhythm: 68 with light chain (AL), 29 with mutant (ATTRm), 27 with wild-type (ATTRwt) transthyretin amyloidosis. Conventional and strain-derived parameters, including LA peak longitudinal strain (LS) and strain rate (peak LSR: reservoir function; early LSR: conduit function; late LSR: active function), were assessed compared between CA patients and 20 healthy controls of similar age and gender. All LA function phases, including LA longitudinal strain, peak LSR, early and late LSR were significantly impaired in CA compared to healthy controls after adjusting for LA size, LV ejection fraction and LV filling pressures (E/E') (all P < 0.05). Peak LA LS was moderately correlated with LV global LS (R = -0.60, P < 0.001); late LSR was correlated with A wave at the level of LV inflow (R = -0.69, P < 0.001). Among the different CA subtypes, peak LS and LA active emptying fraction were worse in ATTRwt than AL and ATTRm [P < 0.05 after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, LA volume index, severity of mitral regurgitation, left ejection fraction, and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (E/E')]. Conclusion In CA, LA function was severely impaired and highly correlated with LV deformation. Differences in LA function between amyloid subtypes suggest that amyloid aetiology plays a role in the pathophysiology of cardiac dysfunction in CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Nochioka
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Clinical Research, Innovation and Education Center, Tohoku University Hospital, Seiryo-machi 1-1 Aobaku Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Candida Cristina Quarta
- Division of Medicine, National Amyloidosis Centre UCL, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.,Cardiology, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bolonga, PAD 21,Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Brian Claggett
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gabriela Querejeta Roca
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Claudio Rapezzi
- Cardiology, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bolonga, PAD 21,Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rodney H Falk
- Department of Cardiology, Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates, Brigham and Women's Hospital Cardiac Amyloidosis Program, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Scott D Solomon
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Knight DS, Zumbo G, Barcella W, Steeden JA, Muthurangu V, Martinez-Naharro A, Treibel TA, Abdel-Gadir A, Bulluck H, Kotecha T, Francis R, Rezk T, Quarta CC, Whelan CJ, Lachmann HJ, Wechalekar AD, Gillmore JD, Moon JC, Hawkins PN, Fontana M. Cardiac Structural and Functional Consequences of Amyloid Deposition by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance and Echocardiography and Their Prognostic Roles. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 12:823-833. [PMID: 29680336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This cross-sectional study aimed to describe the functional and structural cardiac abnormalities that occur across a spectrum of cardiac amyloidosis burden and to identify the strongest cardiac functional and structural prognostic predictors in amyloidosis using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and echocardiography. BACKGROUND Cardiac involvement in light chain and transthyretin amyloidosis is the main driver of prognosis and influences treatment strategies. Numerous measures of cardiac structure and function are assessed by multiple imaging modalities in amyloidosis. METHODS A total f 322 subjects (311 systemic amyloidosis and 11 transthyretin gene mutation carriers) underwent comprehensive CMR and transthoracic echocardiography. The probabilities of 11 commonly measured structural and functional cardiac parameters being abnormal with increasing cardiac amyloidosis burden were evaluated. Cardiac amyloidosis burden was quantified using CMR-derived extracellular volume. The prognostic capacities of these parameters to predict death in amyloidosis were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Left ventricular mass and mitral annular plane systolic excursion by CMR along with strain and E/e' by echocardiography have high probabilities of being abnormal at low cardiac amyloid burden. Reductions in biventricular ejection fractions and elevations in biatrial areas occur at high burdens of infiltration. The probabilities of indexed stroke volume, myocardial contraction fraction, and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) being abnormal occur more gradually with increasing extracellular volume. Ninety patients (28%) died during a median follow-up of 22 months (interquartile range: 10 to 38 months). Univariable analysis showed that all imaging markers studied significantly predicted outcome. Multivariable analysis showed that TAPSE (hazard ratio: 1.46; 95% confidence interval: 1.16 to 1.85; p < 0.01) and indexed stroke volume (hazard ratio: 1.24; 95% confidence interval: 1.04 to 1.48; p < 0.05) by CMR were the only independent predictors of mortality. CONCLUSIONS Specific functional and structural abnormalities characterize different burdens of cardiac amyloid deposition. In a multimodality imaging assessment of a large cohort of amyloidosis patients, CMR-derived TAPSE and indexed stroke volume are the strongest prognostic cardiac functional markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Knight
- National Amyloidosis Centre, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Zumbo
- National Amyloidosis Centre, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - William Barcella
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer A Steeden
- Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vivek Muthurangu
- Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Martinez-Naharro
- National Amyloidosis Centre, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Treibel
- Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amna Abdel-Gadir
- Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heerajnarain Bulluck
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Tushar Kotecha
- National Amyloidosis Centre, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rohin Francis
- National Amyloidosis Centre, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tamer Rezk
- National Amyloidosis Centre, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Candida C Quarta
- National Amyloidosis Centre, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carol J Whelan
- National Amyloidosis Centre, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen J Lachmann
- National Amyloidosis Centre, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashutosh D Wechalekar
- National Amyloidosis Centre, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian D Gillmore
- National Amyloidosis Centre, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - James C Moon
- Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip N Hawkins
- National Amyloidosis Centre, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marianna Fontana
- National Amyloidosis Centre, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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Földeák D, Kormányos Á, Domsik P, Kalapos A, Piros GÁ, Ambrus N, Ajtay Z, Sepp R, Borbényi Z, Forster T, Nemes A. Left atrial dysfunction in light-chain cardiac amyloidosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - A comparative three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiographic analysis from the MAGYAR-Path Study. Rev Port Cardiol 2017; 36:905-913. [PMID: 29233648 DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is a rare systemic disease characterized by extracellular deposition of protein-derived fibrils, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is histopathologically characterized by myocyte hypertrophy and disarray, interstitial fibrosis, and small intramural coronary arteriole dysplasia. The aim of the present study was to compare left atrial (LA) volumetric and functional characteristics between light-chain (AL) CA and HCM by three-dimensional (3D) speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE). METHODS The AL-CA group initially consisted of 17 patients with AL-CA, but one patient was excluded due to inadequate image quality, and so the study population consisted of 16 patients (mean age: 64.0±9.6 years, five men). Their results were compared with data on 20 age-matched HCM patients (mean age: 59.8±5.2 years, 10 men) and on 16 age-matched healthy controls (mean age: 58.2±7.2 years, six men). Complete two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography and 3D-STE were performed in all cases. RESULTS Significantly increased LA volumes were observed in both AL-CA and HCM compared with the control group. Only active atrial emptying fraction was found to be significantly reduced in AL-CA patients compared to controls. Peak global and mean segmental circumferential, longitudinal and area strains showed significant reductions in AL-CA patients compared with controls, but only peak mean segmental longitudinal strain differed significantly between HCM patients and controls. While no differences were demonstrated in global and mean segmental strain at atrial contraction between HCM patients and controls, AL-CA patients showed reductions in certain strain parameters compared to controls and HCM patients. CONCLUSIONS Different patterns of LA functional characteristics were demonstrated in AL-CA and HCM patients by 3D-STE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Földeák
- Division of Haematology, 2nd Department of Medicine and Cardiology Center, Medical Faculty, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Árpád Kormányos
- 2nd Department of Medicine and Cardiology Center, Medical Faculty, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Domsik
- 2nd Department of Medicine and Cardiology Center, Medical Faculty, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anita Kalapos
- 2nd Department of Medicine and Cardiology Center, Medical Faculty, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Györgyike Á Piros
- 2nd Department of Medicine and Cardiology Center, Medical Faculty, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nóra Ambrus
- 2nd Department of Medicine and Cardiology Center, Medical Faculty, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zénó Ajtay
- Vilmos Zsigmondy SPA Hospital, Harkány, Hungary; Heart Institute, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Róbert Sepp
- 2nd Department of Medicine and Cardiology Center, Medical Faculty, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zita Borbényi
- Division of Haematology, 2nd Department of Medicine and Cardiology Center, Medical Faculty, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Forster
- 2nd Department of Medicine and Cardiology Center, Medical Faculty, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Nemes
- 2nd Department of Medicine and Cardiology Center, Medical Faculty, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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Földeák D, Kormányos Á, Domsik P, Kalapos A, Piros GÁ, Ambrus N, Ajtay Z, Sepp R, Borbényi Z, Forster T, Nemes A. Left atrial dysfunction in light-chain cardiac amyloidosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy – A comparative three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiographic analysis from the MAGYAR-Path Study. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE CARDIOLOGIA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repce.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Mohty D, Petitalot V, Magne J, Fadel BM, Boulogne C, Rouabhia D, ElHamel C, Lavergne D, Damy T, Aboyans V, Jaccard A. Left atrial function in patients with light chain amyloidosis: A transthoracic 3D speckle tracking imaging study. J Cardiol 2017; 71:419-427. [PMID: 29153741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic light chain amyloidosis (AL) is characterized by the extracellular deposition of amyloid fibrils. Transthoracic echocardiography is the modality of choice to assess cardiac function in patients with AL. Whereas left ventricular (LV) function has been well studied in this patient population, data regarding the value of left atrial (LA) function in AL patients are lacking. In this study, we aim to examine the impact of LA volumes and function on survival in AL patients as assessed by real-time 3D echocardiography. METHODS A total of 77 patients (67±10 years, 60% men) with confirmed AL and 39 healthy controls were included. All standard 2D echocardiographic and 3D-LA parameters were obtained. RESULTS Fourteen patients (18%) were in Mayo Clinic (MC) stage I, 30 (39%) in stage II, and 33 (43%) in stage III at initial evaluation. There was no significant difference among the MC stages groups in terms of age, gender, or cardiovascular risk factors. As compared to patients in MC II and MC I, those in MC III had significantly larger indexed 3D-LA volumes (MCIII: 46±15mL/m2, MC II: 38±12mL/m2, and MC I: 23±9mL/m2, p<0.0001), lower 3D-LA total emptying fraction (3D-tLAEF) (21±13% vs. 31±15% vs. 43±7%, respectively, p<0.0001), and worse 3D peak atrial longitudinal strain (3D-PALS) (11±9% vs. 18±13% vs. 20±7%, respectively, p=0.007). Two-year survival was significantly lower in patients with 3D-tLAEF <+34% (p=0.003) and in those with 3D-PALS <+14% (p=0.034). Both parameters provided incremental prognostic value over maximal LA volume in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION Functional LA parameters are progressively altered in AL patients according to the MC stage. A decrease in 3D-PALS is associated with worse outcome, independently of LA volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania Mohty
- Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France; Heart Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Vincent Petitalot
- Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - Julien Magne
- Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - Bahaa M Fadel
- Heart Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cyrille Boulogne
- Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France
| | | | - Chahrazed ElHamel
- Department of Nephrology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - David Lavergne
- Department of Hematology, National Reference Center of Light-chain Systemic Amyloidosis, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - Thibaud Damy
- Department of Cardiology, AP-HP, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Creteil, France
| | - Victor Aboyans
- Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - Arnaud Jaccard
- Department of Hematology, National Reference Center of Light-chain Systemic Amyloidosis, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France
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Echocardiographic Predictors for Worsening of Six-Minute Walk Distances in Patients With Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma). Am J Cardiol 2017; 120:315-321. [PMID: 28532772 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Change in 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) has been used as a clinical marker in pulmonary hypertension. Determinants and worsening of 6MWD remain a matter of debate because nonpulmonary factors have an impact on the 6MWD. We hypothesized that future reduction of 6MWD in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) was more closely associated with cardiac dysfunction. We prospectively performed standard clinical and echocardiographic evaluations in SSc patients with the 6-minute walk test at enrollment. Features associated with the 6MWD were sought in a multiple linear regression analysis and compared using standardized β. Worsening of the 6MWD was defined as a 15% reduction and served as the primary outcome. Eighty-one patients were included. In the multivariate analysis, baseline 6MWD was related to SSc severity score (β = -0.250, p = 0.024), left atrial volume index (β = -0.222, p = 0.046), right ventricular fractional area change (β = 0.252, p = 0.025), and the ratio of mean pulmonary artery pressure and cardiac output (β = -0.31, p = 0.002). During follow-up, 20 patients reached the primary outcome. In sequential Cox models, a model based on right ventricular fractional area change at baseline (chi-square 4.8) was improved by left atrial volume index (chi-square 10.3, p = 0.007). In conclusion, determinants and worsening of 6MWD are explained by cardiac factors. When using the 6MWD as a clinical marker in pulmonary hypertension patients, their left ventricular diastolic function and right ventricular systolic function should be taken into consideration.
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Kwong RY, Heydari B, Abbasi S, Steel K, Al-Mallah M, Wu H, Falk RH. Characterization of Cardiac Amyloidosis by Atrial Late Gadolinium Enhancement Using Contrast-Enhanced Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Correlation With Left Atrial Conduit and Contractile Function. Am J Cardiol 2015; 116:622-9. [PMID: 26076990 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis (CA) often necessitates invasive myocardial biopsy. We sought to evaluate whether late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) of the atrial myocardium by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was associated with impaired left atrial (LA) function and whether the extent of LA LGE may enhance diagnostic differentiation of CA from other cardiomyopathies. Twenty-two patients with biopsy-proven CA, 37 with systemic hypertension (SH), and 22 with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDC) underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and echocardiographic evaluation. Patients with CA had greater minimal LA volume (57 ± 53 vs 24 ± 18 in SH and 19 ± 25% in NIDC, p = 0.003), and significantly lower total LA emptying function (19 ± 14 vs 40 ± 14 in SH and 33 ± 20% in NIDC, p = 0.0006). The mean proportion of atrial enhancement (LGELA%) was significantly greater in patients with CA than with SH and NIDC (59 ± 36% vs 7.4 ± 2.1 and 2.9 ± 9.0%, p <0.0001, respectively). There was also a strong inverse correlation between both active and total atrial emptying (r = -0.69, p = 0.001; r = -0.67, p = 0.01, respectively) with LGELA% for patients with CA. In multivariate regression analysis, LGELA% was the strongest adjusted predictor for CA diagnosis. Using receiver operating characteristic analysis, LGELA% ≥33% produced the greatest diagnostic utility for CA (sensitivity 76%, specificity 94%). Patients with CA may have extensive LGE of the LA myocardium, which is associated with marked reduction in LA emptying function. The extent of LA LGE was highly predictive for the diagnosis of CA.
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Tian T, Xu XG, Li YH, Liu XY, Guo H, Li B, Li JH. A rare case of primary systemic amyloidosis presenting with multiorgan involvement. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015; 29:1238-9. [PMID: 24661375 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Tian
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - X-G Xu
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Y-H Li
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - X-Y Liu
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - H Guo
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - B Li
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - J-H Li
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Yuda S, Hayashi T, Yasui K, Muranaka A, Ohnishi H, Hashimoto A, Ishida T, Tsuchihashi K, Shinomura Y, Watanabe N, Miura T. Pericardial Effusion and Multiple Organ Involvement Are Independent Predictors of Mortality in Patients with Systemic Light Chain Amyloidosis. Intern Med 2015; 54:1833-40. [PMID: 26234222 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.54.3500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Left ventricular (LV) functions assessed by echocardiography and cardiac biomarkers are strong predictors of mortality in patients with systemic light chain (AL) amyloidosis. However, most previous studies have been conducted in Western countries, and the predictors of mortality in Asian patients with AL amyloidosis have not been characterized. To address this issue, we aimed to determine the predictors of mortality in Asian patients with biopsy-confirmed AL amyloidosis. METHODS We retrospectively enrolled 31 patients (59±11 years, 55% men) in whom AL amyloidosis was confirmed by biopsies from cardiac or non-cardiac tissues. Of these patients, 15 (48%) met the international echocardiographic criteria for cardiac amyloidosis (mean LV wall thickness >12 mm without other causes of LV hypertrophy). RESULTS During a mean follow-up period of 21±20 months, 15 patients died. Non-survivors had a higher number of involved organs, lower e', and higher rates of E/e' >15, pericardial effusion (PE), low voltage on an electrocardiogram and a New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class ≥ III, compared with survivors. In multivariate analysis, a NYHA functional class ≥ III (p=0.024) and cardiac involvement (p=0.032) were independent predictors of PE in patients with AL amyloidosis. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis indicated that PE (hazard ratio: 21.9, p=0.025) and the number of involved organs (hazard ratio: 2.8, p=0.015), but not LV diastolic parameters of tissue Doppler echocardiography, independently predict mortality in patients with AL amyloidosis. CONCLUSION PE and multiple organ involvement, compared with e' and E/e', are stronger predictors of mortality in patients with AL amyloidosis. The advanced disease stage of AL amyloidosis might underlie the strong association between PE and a poor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yuda
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
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Abstract
AL amyloidosis belongs to the group of conformational diseases. It is the most common type of amyloidosis with an estimated 500 new cases per year in France. It is due to a small and usually indolent plasma cell clone which synthesizes an unstable, misfolded monoclonal immunoglobulin light chain that is prone to aggregate and form amyloid fibrils. Non-invasive biopsy such as abdominal fat aspiration or minor salivary gland biopsy should be performed to confirm the diagnosis and if negative, involved tissues have to be examined. Clinical presentation is very diverse, as AL amyloidosis can affect almost any organ or tissue in the body, other than the brain. The kidney is the most frequent organ involved, whereas heart disease characterized by restrictive cardiomyopathy is the most severe. Early diagnosis, before advanced cardiomyopathy, is essential for improving outcome. The association of alkylating agent and high-dose dexamethasone is effective in almost two-thirds of patients. Combinations of proteasome inhibitors, dexamethasone, and alkylating agents achieve high response rates. Close monitoring of clonal and organ response is mandatory to guide therapy changes and duration. New treatments designed to eliminate amyloid deposits are under development.
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Kristen AV, Rosenberg M, Lindenmaier D, Merkle C, Steen H, Andre F, Schönland SO, Schnabel PA, Schuster T, Röcken C, Giannitsis E, Katus HA, Frey N. Osteopontin: a novel predictor of survival in patients with systemic light-chain amyloidosis. Amyloid 2014; 21:202-10. [PMID: 25007036 DOI: 10.3109/13506129.2014.940457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Troponin-T (cTnT) and NT-proBNP provide prognostic information in light-chain amyloidosis (AL). Thus, these biomarkers are widely used in clinical routine for risk stratification. Recently, plasma level of osteopontin (OPN), a secreted phosphoglycoprotein expressed by a variety of cell types, has been reported as a risk predictor in various cardiovascular diseases. METHODS OPN was determined retrospectively in 150 consecutive patients newly diagnosed with AL amyloidosis. All patients were evaluated according to a routine protocol including electrocardiography, echocardiography and laboratory testing. RESULTS Mean OPN was 591 ± 37 ng/mL. Cardiac involvement was established in 83 (55.3%). Median OPN plasma level were associated with number of organs involved, renal function, eligibility for high-dose melphalan chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation, and severity of cardiac amyloidosis. Median follow-up was 19.2 months. 1-year all-cause-survival was 83.4%. The cut-offs discriminating 1-year all-cause-mortality for NT-proBNP, troponin T, and OPN were 2544 ng/L, 0.035 µg/L, and 426.8 ng/mL, respectively. Outcome was worse in patients with biomarkers above the individual ROC derived cut-off. A significant improvement of survival was observed in patients with cTNT >0.035 µg/L or NT-proBNP >2544 ng/L and OPN below ROC-derived cut-off of 426.8 ng/mL as compared to patients with OPN above 426.8 ng/L. No further discrimination was achieved by OPN in the cohorts of low troponin T or low NT-proBNP, respectively. Separate multivariate models identified OPN (cut-off 426.8 ng/mL) and troponin T (cut-off 0.035 µg/L) as independent predictors of all-cause-mortality. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrated that OPN appears to be a valuable marker in the clinical routine for evaluation of patients with AL amyloidosis, especially if it is used in combination with cTNT and/or NT-proBNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnt V Kristen
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Respiratory Medicine, Heidelberg University , Heidelberg , Germany
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Qian G, Wu C, Zhang Y, Chen YD, Dong W, Ren YH. Prognostic value of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T in patients with endomyocardial-biopsy proven cardiac amyloidosis. JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY : JGC 2014; 11:136-40. [PMID: 25009564 PMCID: PMC4076454 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-5411.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate prognostic predictors of long-term survival of patients with cardiac amyloidosis (CA), and to determine predictive value of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) in CA patients. METHODS We recruited 102 consecutive CA cases and followed these patients for 5 years. We described their clinical characteristics at presentation and used a new, high-sensitivity assay to determine the concentration of cTnT in plasma samples from these patients. RESULTS The patients with poor prognosis showed older age (56 ± 12 years vs. 50 ± 15 years, P = 0.022), higher incidences of heart failure (36.92% vs. 16.22%, P = 0.041), pericardial effusion (60.00% vs. 35.14%, P = 0.023), greater thickness of interventricular septum (IVS) (15 ± 4 mm vs. 13 ± 4 mm, P = 0.034), higher level of hs-cTnT (0.186 ± 0.249 ng/mL vs. 0.044 ± 0.055 ng/mL, P = 0.001) and higher NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide) levels (11,742 ± 10,464 pg/mL vs. 6,031 ± 7,458 pg/mL, P = 0.006). At multivariate Cox regression analysis, heart failure (HR: 1.78, 95%CI: 1.09-2.92, P = 0.021), greater wall thickness of IVS (HR: 1.44, 95%CI: 1.04-3.01, P = 0.0375) and higher hs-cTnT level (HR: 6.16, 95%CI: 2.20-17.24, P = 0.001) at enrollment emerged as independent predictors of all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS We showed that hs-cTnT is associated with a very ominous prognosis, and it is also the strongest predictor of all-cause mortality in multivariate analysis. Examination of hs-cTnT concentrations provides valuable prognostic information concerning long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Qian
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Chen Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yun-Dai Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yi-Hong Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
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Aljaroudi WA, Desai MY, Tang WHW, Phelan D, Cerqueira MD, Jaber WA. Role of imaging in the diagnosis and management of patients with cardiac amyloidosis: state of the art review and focus on emerging nuclear techniques. J Nucl Cardiol 2014; 21:271-83. [PMID: 24347127 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-013-9800-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Amyloidosis is an infiltrative disease characterized by deposition of amyloid fibrils within the extracellular tissue of one or multiple organs. Involvement of the heart, cardiac amyloidosis, is recognized as a common cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy and heart failure. The two major types of cardiac amyloidosis are cardiac amyloid light-chain (AL) and transthyretin-related cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR, mutant and wild types) (Nat Rev Cardiol 2010;7:398-408). While early recognition of cardiac amyloidosis is of major clinical importance, so is the ability to differentiate between subtypes. Indeed, both prognosis and therapeutic options vary drastically depending on the subtype. While endomyocardial biopsy with immunostaining is considered the gold standard, advances in imaging provide an attractive non-invasive alternative. Currently, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging are all used in the evaluation of cardiac amyloidosis with varying diagnostic and prognostic accuracy. Yet, none of these modalities can effectively differentiate the cardiac amyloid subtypes. Recent data with (99m)Tc-phosphate derivatives, previously used as bone seeking radioactive tracers, have shown promising results; these radiotracers selectively bind ATTR, but not AL subtype, and can differentiate subtypes with high diagnostic accuracy. This review will initially present the non-radionuclide imaging techniques and then focus on the radionuclide imaging techniques, particularly (99m)Tc-DPD and (99m)Tc-PYP, mechanism of action, performance and interpretation of the study, diagnostic accuracy, prognostic value, future clinical perspective, and outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael A Aljaroudi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Imaging, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon,
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Mohty D, Damy T, Cosnay P, Echahidi N, Casset-Senon D, Virot P, Jaccard A. Cardiac amyloidosis: updates in diagnosis and management. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 106:528-40. [PMID: 24070600 DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2013.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Amyloidosis is a severe systemic disease. Cardiac involvement may occur in the three main types of amyloidosis (acquired monoclonal light-chain, hereditary transthyretin and senile amyloidosis) and has a major impact on prognosis. Imaging the heart to characterize and detect early cardiac involvement is one of the major aims in the assessment of this disease. Electrocardiography and transthoracic echocardiography are important diagnostic and prognostic tools in patients with cardiac involvement. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging better characterizes myocardial involvement, functional abnormalities and amyloid deposition due to its high spatial resolution. Nuclear imaging has a role in the diagnosis of transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy. Cardiac biomarkers are now used for risk stratification and staging of patients with light-chain systemic amyloidosis. Different types of cardiac complications may occur, including diastolic followed by systolic heart failure, atrial and/or ventricular arrhythmias, conduction disturbances, embolic events and sometimes sudden death. Senile amyloid and hereditary transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy have better prognoses than light-chain amyloidosis. Cardiac treatment of heart failure is usually ineffective and is often poorly tolerated because of its hypotensive and bradycardiac effects. The three main types of amyloid disease, despite their similar cardiac appearance, have specific new aetiological treatments that may change the prognosis of this disease. Cardiologists should be aware of this disease to allow early treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania Mohty
- Service de cardiologie, pôle cœur-poumon-rein, hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France; Service d'hématologie clinique et de thérapie cellulaire, pôle onco-hématologie, centre national de référence pour l'amylose AL et autres maladies de dépôts d'immunoglobulines monoclonales, CHU de Limoges, Limoges, France.
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Granstam SO, Rosengren S, Vedin O, Kero T, Sörensen J, Carlson K, Flachskampf FA, Wikström G. Evaluation of patients with cardiac amyloidosis using echocardiography, ECG and right heart catheterization. Amyloid 2013; 20:27-33. [PMID: 23339421 DOI: 10.3109/13506129.2012.761967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To characterize patients with cardiac amyloidosis using echocardiography, electrocardiogram (ECG) and right heart catheterization (RHC). METHODS AND RESULTS Fourteen patients with biopsy verified light chain or transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis were included. All patients had heart failure with markedly elevated NT-proBNP. Echocardiography demonstrated biventricular hypertrophy, left atrial enlargement and normal to slightly reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Tissue Doppler septal é was low and median E/é was high. Within 6 months RHC was performed in eight of the patients. The restrictive filling pattern demonstrated by echocardiography corresponded well to median pulmonary wedge pressure (21 mmHg). Systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) was increased, whereas cardiac output and stroke volume were seen to be decreased with both methods. ECG demonstrated: low voltage (36%), abnormal R-progression (65%), ST-T abnormalities (71%) and high incidence of fibrillation (36%). In addition, a case report following the treatment of melphalan and dexamethasone is presented with improvement of hypertrophy, SPAP, left ventricular mass and é. CONCLUSION These findings should lead to a suspicion of cardiac amyloidosis and suggest further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven-Olof Granstam
- Department of Medical Sciences: Clinical Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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