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Transmission of Onychomycosis and Dermatophytosis between Household Members: A Scoping Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8010060. [PMID: 35050000 PMCID: PMC8779452 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Onychomycosis is a common fungal infection of the nail, caused by dermatophytes, non-dermatophytes, and yeasts. Predisposing factors include older age, trauma, diabetes, immunosuppression, and previous history of nail psoriasis or tinea pedis. Though many biological risk factors have been well characterized, the role of the environment has been less clear. Studies have found evidence of transmission in 44% to 47% of households with at least one affected individual, but the underlying mechanisms and risk factors for transmission of onychomycosis between household members are incompletely understood. A scoping literature review was performed to characterize and summarize environmental risk factors involved in the transmission of onychomycosis within households. A total of 90 papers met the inclusion criteria, and extracted data was analyzed in an iterative manner. Shared household surfaces may harbor dermatophytes and provide sources for infection. Shared household equipment, including footwear, bedding, and nail tools, may transmit dermatophytes. The persistence of dermatophytes on household cleaning supplies, linen, and pets may serve as lasting sources of infection. Based on these findings, we provide recommendations that aim to interrupt household transmission of onychomycosis. Further investigation of the specific mechanisms behind household spread is needed to break the cycle of transmission, reducing the physical and social impacts of onychomycosis.
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Osman M, Kasir D, Rafei R, Kassem II, Ismail MB, El Omari K, Dabboussi F, Cazer C, Papon N, Bouchara JP, Hamze M. Trends in the epidemiology of dermatophytosis in the Middle East and North Africa region. Int J Dermatol 2021; 61:935-968. [PMID: 34766622 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytosis corresponds to a broad series of infections, mostly superficial, caused by a group of keratinophilic and keratinolytic filamentous fungi called dermatophytes. These mycoses are currently considered to be a major public health concern worldwide, particularly in developing countries such as those in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Here we compiled and discussed existing epidemiologic data on these infections in the MENA region. Most of the available studies were based on conventional diagnostic strategies and were published before the last taxonomic revision of dermatophytes. This has led to misidentifications, which might have resulted in the underestimation of the real burden of these infections in the MENA countries. Our analysis of the available literature highlights an urgent need for further studies based on reliable diagnostic tools and standard susceptibility testing methods for dermatophytosis, which represents a major challenge for these countries. This is crucial for guiding appropriate interventions and activating antifungal stewardship programs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Osman
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon.,Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Dalal Kasir
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Rayane Rafei
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Issmat I Kassem
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, USA
| | - Mohamad Bachar Ismail
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon.,Faculty of Science, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Khaled El Omari
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon.,Quality Control Center Laboratories, Chamber of Commerce, Industry, and Agriculture of Tripoli and North Lebanon, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Fouad Dabboussi
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Casey Cazer
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Nicolas Papon
- Univ Angers, Univ Brest, GEIHP, SFR ICAT, Angers, France
| | | | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
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Comment on "Prevalence, Etiology, and Risk Factors of Tinea Pedis and Tinea Unguium in Tunisia". CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2018; 2018:4859514. [PMID: 29849837 PMCID: PMC5925004 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4859514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Toukabri N, Corpologno S, Bougnoux ME, El Euch D, Sadfi-Zouaoui N, Simonetti G. In vitro biofilms and antifungal susceptibility of dermatophyte and non-dermatophyte moulds involved in foot mycosis. Mycoses 2017; 61:79-87. [PMID: 28940733 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tinea pedis and onychomycosis are among the commonest fungal diseases in the world. Dermatophytes and, less frequently, non-dermatophyte moulds are aetiological agents of foot mycosis and are capable of forming biofilms. Fungal biofilm has demonstrated increasing drug resistance. This work aims to evaluate, in vitro, the ability to form biofilm and the susceptibility to antifungal drugs of sessile dermatophytes and non-dermatophyte moulds involved in foot mycosis. Thirty-six dermatophytes and non-dermatophyte moulds isolated from Tunisian patients with foot mycoses, and identified with MALDI-TOF have been tested. MICs of fluconazole, econazole, itraconazole, terbinafine and griseofulvin were carried out using CLSI broth microdilution method. The ability to form biofilm and antifungal activities of drugs against fungal biofilm formation has been quantified by Crystal Violet and Safranin Red staining. Biomass quantification revealed that all species studied were able to form biofilms in vitro after 72 hours. Fluconazole, econazole, itraconazole and terbinafine inhibited fungal growth with MIC values ranging from 0.031 to >64 μg mL-1 . The best antifungal activity has been obtained with terbinafine against Fusarium solani. Econazole showed the highest activity against fungal biofilm formation. These findings can help clinicians to develop the appropriate therapy of foot mycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourchéne Toukabri
- Laboratory of Mycology, Pathologies and Biomarkers, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Serena Corpologno
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marie-Elisabeth Bougnoux
- Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades AP-HP, University Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Dalenda El Euch
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hôpital La Rabta, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Najla Sadfi-Zouaoui
- Laboratory of Mycology, Pathologies and Biomarkers, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Giovanna Simonetti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Prevalence, Etiology, and Risk Factors of Tinea Pedis and Tinea Unguium in Tunisia. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2017; 2017:6835725. [PMID: 28852411 PMCID: PMC5567446 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6835725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Foot mycoses are a frequent disease that represents a public health problem worldwide. Objectives This study aims to evaluate the epidemiology of foot mycoses among Tunisian patients, in order to determine the fungal etiological agents and to identify possible risk factors. Patients and Methods A prospective study of three hundred and ninety-two patients was undertaken during one year (2013-2014). All subjects were asked to collect demographic data related to the risk factors of foot mycoses. A complete mycological diagnosis was carried out on all patients. Results A total of 485 samples were collected; tinea pedis and tinea unguium were confirmed in 88.2% of cases. Dermatophytes were isolated in 70.5% and the most frequent pathogen was Trichophyton rubrum (98.1%), followed by yeasts (17.7%) commonly Candida parapsilosis. Non-dermatophyte molds (NDMs) were observed in 8.02% cases and Fusarium sp. was the frequent genus (29.1%). The main predisposing factors of fungal foot infections were practicing ritual washing (56.6%) and frequentation of communal showers (50.5%). Conclusion This is a recent survey of foot mycoses in Tunisia. Epidemiological studies can be useful to eradicate these infections and to provide further measures of hygiene and education.
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Zamani S, Sadeghi G, Yazdinia F, Moosa H, Pazooki A, Ghafarinia Z, Abbasi M, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Razzaghi-Abyaneh M. Epidemiological trends of dermatophytosis in Tehran, Iran: A five-year retrospective study. J Mycol Med 2016; 26:351-358. [PMID: 27520535 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dermatophytosis is the most frequent fungal infection all over the world and its frequency is constantly increasing. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical features and epidemiological trends of dermatophytosis over the years 2010 to 2014 in Tehran, Iran. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 13,312 patients clinically suspected of cutaneous fungal infections were examined. Skin scales, plucked hairs, nail clippings and sub-ungual debris were examined by direct microscopy and culture. Dermatophyte species were identified at the species level by a combination of morphological and physiological criteria. RESULTS Direct microscopy confirmed a contamination rate of 19.7% (2622/13,312 cases) of which 1535 cases (58.5%) were culture positive distributed in male (1022 cases) and female (513 cases). The most commonly infected age group was the 30-39 years old. Tinea pedis (30.4%) was the most prevalent type of dermatophytosis followed by tinea cruris (29.8%) and tinea corporis (15.8%). Epidermophyton floccosum (31%) was the most prevalent causative agent, followed by Trichophyton rubrum (26.2%) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (20.3%). CONCLUSION Our results showed considerable distribution of dermatophytosis from zoophilic, anthropophilic and geophilic species among population with diverse age groups. Although anthropophilic fungi such as T. mentagrophytes, E. floccosum, and T. rubrum were the main etiologic agents of dermatophytosis, the prevalence of T. verrucosum showed a meaningful increase over the years, which highlights the importance of rural dermatophytosis mainly transmitted from large animals. This noticeable information improves our current knowledge about dermatophytosis and assists to establish effective prevention and therapeutic strategies to overcome the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zamani
- Department of Medical Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13164, Iran
| | - G Sadeghi
- Department of Medical Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13164, Iran
| | - F Yazdinia
- Department of Medical Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13164, Iran
| | - H Moosa
- Department of Medical Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13164, Iran
| | - A Pazooki
- Department of Medical Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13164, Iran
| | - Z Ghafarinia
- Department of Medical Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13164, Iran
| | - M Abbasi
- Department of Medical Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13164, Iran
| | - M Shams-Ghahfarokhi
- Department of Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-331, Iran
| | - M Razzaghi-Abyaneh
- Department of Medical Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13164, Iran.
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Diongue K, Ndiaye M, Diallo MA, Seck MC, Badiane AS, Diop A, Ndiaye YD, Déme A, Ndiaye T, Ndir O, Ndiaye D. Fungal interdigital tinea pedis in Dakar (Senegal). J Mycol Med 2016; 26:312-316. [PMID: 27184614 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fungal interdigital tinea pedis (FITP) is the most frequent dermatomycosis in industrial countries. In African tropics, it's a rare motive of consultation and is discovered while complicated. The aims of this article were: to determine the frequency of interdigital tinea pedis among overall mycological analysis in our laboratory; to study epidemiological, clinical and mycological aspects of FITP in outpatients attending the Le Dantec mycology laboratory in Dakar. A total of 62 males (60%) and 42 females (40%), mean age: 43.15 years (range: 11-81 years), were received from January 2011 to December 2015 for suspicion of FITP. Skin specimens were taken from all patients for microscopy and fungal culture. The frequency of ITP represents 5.6% (104/1851) among our overall mycological analysis. FITP was confirmed in 68 patients (SPI=65.38%), mainly located between the 4th and 5th toes and 71 fungal species were isolated (CPI=68.27%). Among patients with confirmed FITP, there were 38 males (56%) and 30 females (44%). The prevalence was highest in patients between 44 and 54 years (26%). Candida albicans, Fusarium solani and Trichophyton interdigitale were shown to be the most common pathogens respectively for yeasts (39%), non-dermatophytic filamentous fungi (NDFF; 21%) and dermatophytes (11%). So FITP isn't a common reason for consultation in Dakar but its simple parasitic index (SPI) is still very high and dermatophytes formerly the main causative agents are being relegated to third place behind yeasts and NDFF.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Diongue
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Aristide le Dantec, BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - M Ndiaye
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Aristide le Dantec, BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal; Service de parasitologie-mycologie, faculté de médecine, de pharmacie et d'odontologie, université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, BP 16477, Dakar, Senegal
| | - M A Diallo
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Aristide le Dantec, BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal
| | - M C Seck
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Aristide le Dantec, BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal; Service de parasitologie-mycologie, faculté de médecine, de pharmacie et d'odontologie, université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, BP 16477, Dakar, Senegal
| | - A S Badiane
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Aristide le Dantec, BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal; Service de parasitologie-mycologie, faculté de médecine, de pharmacie et d'odontologie, université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, BP 16477, Dakar, Senegal
| | - A Diop
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Aristide le Dantec, BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Y D Ndiaye
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Aristide le Dantec, BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal
| | - A Déme
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Aristide le Dantec, BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal
| | - T Ndiaye
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Aristide le Dantec, BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal
| | - O Ndir
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Aristide le Dantec, BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal; Service de parasitologie-mycologie, faculté de médecine, de pharmacie et d'odontologie, université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, BP 16477, Dakar, Senegal
| | - D Ndiaye
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Aristide le Dantec, BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal; Service de parasitologie-mycologie, faculté de médecine, de pharmacie et d'odontologie, université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, BP 16477, Dakar, Senegal
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Nweze EI, Eke I. Dermatophytosis in northern Africa. Mycoses 2015; 59:137-44. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. I. Nweze
- Department of Microbiology; University of Nigeria; Nsukka Enugu State Nigeria
| | - I. Eke
- Department of Microbiology; University of Nigeria; Nsukka Enugu State Nigeria
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Study of the Etiological Causes of Toe Web Space Lesions in Cairo, Egypt. Dermatol Res Pract 2015; 2015:701489. [PMID: 26483839 PMCID: PMC4592885 DOI: 10.1155/2015/701489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The etiology of foot intertrigo is varied. Several pathogens and skin conditions might play a role in toe web space lesions. Objective. To identify the possible etiological causes of toe web space lesions. Methods. 100 Egyptian patients were enrolled in this study (72 females and 28 males). Their ages ranged from 18 to 79 years. For every patient, detailed history taking, general and skin examinations, and investigations including Wood's light examination, skin scraping for potassium hydroxide test, skin swabs for bacterial isolation, and skin biopsy all were done. Results. Among the 100 patients, positive Wood's light fluorescence was observed in 24 and positive bacterial growth was observed in 85. With skin biopsy, 52 patients showed features characteristic for eczema, 25 showed features characteristic for fungus, 19 showed features characteristic for callosity, and 3 showed features characteristic for wart while in only 1 patient the features were characteristic for lichen planus. Conclusion. Toe web space lesions are caused by different etiological factors. The most common was interdigital eczema (52%) followed by fungal infection (25%). We suggest that patients who do not respond to antifungals should be reexamined for another primary or secondary dermatologic condition that may resemble interdigital fungal infection.
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Segal R, Shemer A, Hochberg M, Keness Y, Shvarzman R, Mandelblat M, Frenkel M, Segal E. Onychomycosis in Israel: epidemiological aspects. Mycoses 2015; 58:133-9. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rina Segal
- Outpatient Dermatology Clinic; Rabin Medical Center; Petah Tikva Israel
| | - Avner Shemer
- Outpatient Dermatology Clinic; Sheba Medical Center; Tel HaShomer Israel
| | - Malca Hochberg
- Outpatient Dermatology Clinic; Hadassa Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Yoram Keness
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory & Outpatient Dermatology Clinic; Emek Medical Center; Afula Israel
| | - Rima Shvarzman
- Central Laboratories Kupat Holim Leumit; Petah Tikva Israel
| | | | - Michael Frenkel
- Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Esther Segal
- Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
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Messina G, Burgassi S, Russo C, Ceriale E, Quercioli C, Meniconi C. Is it possible to sanitize athletes' shoes? J Athl Train 2014; 50:126-32. [PMID: 25415415 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Footwear should be designed to avoid trauma and injury to the skin of the feet that can favor bacterial and fungal infections. Procedures and substances for sanitizing the interior of shoes are uncommon but are important aspects of primary prevention against foot infections and unpleasant odor. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of a sanitizing technique for reducing bacterial and fungal contamination of footwear. DESIGN Crossover study. SETTING Mens Sana basketball team. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Twenty-seven male athletes and 4 coaches (62 shoes). INTERVENTION(S) The experimental protocol required a first sample (swab), 1/shoe, at time 0 from inside the shoes of all athletes before the sanitizing technique began and a second sample at time 1, after about 4 weeks, April 2012 to May 2012, of daily use of the sanitizing technique. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The differences before and after use of the sanitizing technique for total bacterial count at 36 °C and 22 °C for Staphylococcus spp, yeasts, molds, Enterococcus spp, Pseudomonas spp, Escherichia coli , and total coliform bacteria were evaluated. RESULTS Before use of the sanitizing technique, the total bacterial counts at 36 °C and 22 °C and for Staphylococcus spp were greater by a factor of 5.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.42, 9.84), 5.84 (95% CI = 3.45, 9.78), and 4.78 (95% CI = 2.84, 8.03), respectively. All the other comparisons showed a reduction in microbial loads, whereas E coli and coliforms were no longer detected. No statistically significant decrease in yeasts (P = .0841) or molds (P = .6913) was recorded probably because of low contamination. CONCLUSIONS The sanitizing technique significantly reduced the bacterial presence in athletes' shoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Messina
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene, Area of Public Health
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Ramos LDS, Barbedo LS, Braga-Silva LA, dos Santos ALS, Pinto MR, Sgarbi DBDG. Protease and phospholipase activities of Candida spp. isolated from cutaneous candidiasis. Rev Iberoam Micol 2014; 32:122-5. [PMID: 24853474 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cases of superficial and invasive mycoses caused by emerging species of Candida have been increasingly reported over the last thirty years. The production of hydrolytic enzymes plays a central role in the fungal infective process. In Candida infections the secretion of both proteases and phospholipases are well-known virulence attributes. AIMS To determine the protease and phospholipase production from 58 human clinical isolates of Candida obtained from individuals with cutaneous candidiasis seen in the Human and Veterinary Diagnostic Mycology Sector from Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Brazil, from November 2008 to August 2009. METHODS Fungal identification was performed using biochemical tests. Proteolytic activity was detected on agar plates containing bovine serum albumin, and phospholipase production was determined on egg-yolk plates. RESULTS The Candida species isolated were Candida parapsilosis (27.59%), Candida famata (18.96%), Candida albicans (15.52%), Candida haemulonii (12.06%), Candida ciferri (8.62%), Candida guilliermondii (6.90%), Candida tropicalis (5.17%) and Candida lipolytica (5.17%). All isolates of C. albicans produced both protease and phospholipase. As regards the isolates of non-C. albicans Candida species, 53.06% and 4.08% were able to produce protease and phospholipase, respectively. For example, the majority of isolates of C. parapsilosis (15/16) produced protease, while 40% of C. ciferri isolates (2/5) were phospholipase producers. This study shows, for the first time, that C. ciferri and C. haemulonii strains were able to produce protease. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results showed that different species of Candida isolated from cutaneous lesions were able to produce proteases and/or phospholipases, which are multifunctional molecules directly involved in the infectious process of these fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia de Souza Ramos
- Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica - Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Silva Barbedo
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lys Adriana Braga-Silva
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica - Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Luis Souza dos Santos
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica - Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Ribeiro Pinto
- Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Gazes MI, Zeichner J. Onychomycosis in close quarter living review of the literature. Mycoses 2013; 56:610-3. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael I. Gazes
- New York College of Podiatric Medicine; New York NY USA
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine; New York NY USA
| | - Joshua Zeichner
- Department of Dermatology; Mount Sinai Medical Center; New York NY USA
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Veraldi S. Isoconazole nitrate: a unique broad-spectrum antimicrobial azole effective in the treatment of dermatomycoses, both as monotherapy and in combination with corticosteroids. Mycoses 2013; 56 Suppl 1:3-15. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Veraldi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation; University of Milan; I.R.C.C.S. Foundation; Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Milan; Italy
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