Periodontal disease, undiagnosed diabetes, and body mass index: Implications for diabetes screening by dentists

Current scientific evidence for why periodontitis should be included in diabetes management

This Perspective provides a brief summary of the scientific evidence for the two-way links between periodontal diseases and hyperglycemia (diabetes mellitus [DM] and pre-DM). It delivers in a nutshell current scientific evidence for manifestations of hyperglycemia on periodontal health status and effects of periodontal diseases on blood glucose levels and in turn incidence, progression, and complications of diabetes. Of outmost importance is presentation of scientific evidence for the potential of routine periodontal treatment to lower blood glucose levels, providing a novel, economical tool in DM management. Non-surgical periodontal treatment ("deep cleaning") can be provided by dental hygienists or dentists in general dental offices, although severe cases should be referred to specialists. Such therapy can decrease the costs of DM care and other health care costs for people with DM. The great importance of a healthy oral cavity free of infection and subsequent inflammation - especially periodontitis that if untreated will cause loosening and eventually loss of affected teeth - has largely gone unnoticed by the medical community as the health care curricula are largely void of content regarding the bi-directional links between oral health and systemic health, despite elevation of blood glucose levels being an integral part of the general systemic inflammation response. The importance of keeping disease-free, natural teeth for proper biting and chewing, smiling, self-esteem, and pain avoidance cannot be overestimated. Medical and dental professionals are strongly encouraged to collaborate in patient-centered care for their mutual patients with - or at risk for - hyperglycemia.

Poorly controlled diabetes: Glycosylated hemoglobin (HA1c) levels >8% are the tipping point for significantly worse outcomes following hip fracture in the geriatric population

INTRODUCTION

The presence of diabetes has been associated with increased mortality risk after hip fracture, however, little has been published about the lab values of these diabetic patients and the role high labs play in morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study is to quantify the severity of diabetes that is associated with worse outcomes in hip fracture patients.

METHODS

A consecutive series of 2430 patients >55 years old who sustained a hip fracture between October 2014-November 2021 were reviewed for demographics, hospital quality measures, and outcomes. Each patient with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (DM) was reviewed for hemoglobin-A1c (HA1c) and glucose values at admission. Univariable comparisons and multivariable regression analyses were conducted to assess the impact of diabetes and elevated lab values (HA1c) on outcomes such as hospital quality measures, inpatient complications, readmission rates, and mortality rates.

RESULTS

565 patients (23%) carried a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus at the time of their injury. Considerable demographic and comorbidity differences between diabetic and non-diabetic cohorts indicated that the diabetic cohort was less healthy. The diabetic cohort had longer hospitalizations, higher rates of minor complications, readmissions within 90-days, and mortality within 30-days/1-year. Stratification by HA1c levels found patients with a HA1c>8% had a significantly higher rate of major complications, and mortality at all time points (inpatient/30-day/1-year). Multivariable regression found HA1c>8% to be independently associated with a higher rate of inpatient/30-day/1-year mortality in comparison to a diagnosis of diabetes alone which was not independently significant.

CONCLUSION

While all patients with DM experienced worse outcomes than those without, those with poorly controlled diabetes (HA1c>8%) at the time of hip fracture injury experienced poorer outcomes compared to those with well-controlled diabetes. Treating physicians must recognize these patients with poorly controlled DM at the time of arrival to adjust care planning and patient expectations accordingly.

Doctors' Perception Regarding Bariatric Surgery and Major Barriers in Referral of Morbidly Obese Patients for Surgery in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

INTRODUCTION

Obesity is on the rise worldwide and has emerged as a global health concern. It has presented itself as the leading cause of morbidity, disability, and healthcare utilization. Bariatric surgery is a viable treatment option that offers sustained weight loss and improvement in comorbidities. The aim of this study is to determine the perception of doctors regarding bariatric surgery and the major barriers to the referral of morbidly obese for surgery.

METHOD

This study is a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted from November 1, 2022, to December 31, 2022. It involved prospective data collection through online questionnaires filled by doctors practicing in Peshawar. The sampling technique was non-probability convenience-based sampling. The sample size was 152. Doctors from all age groups and both genders were included in our study. Non-consenting doctors and those who were practicing bariatric surgery were excluded. Data were analyzed using a statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 25.0 (IBM Inc., Armonk, NY). Categorical variables have been presented as frequencies and percentages. Numerical variables have been presented as mean ± SD.

RESULTS

A total of 152 doctors participated in our research study; 92 were physicians and 60 were surgeons. The majority of our study participants' patient load per week was >75. Around 47% believed bariatric surgery was a valuable tool in the treatment of morbid obesity. The most commonly reported barrier to referral was surgical complications or side effects (28.9%).

CONCLUSION

The study concluded that the awareness regarding bariatric and metabolic surgery remains flimsy among the doctor community. Most of the physicians were unaware of the benefits of the surgical management of obesity. They also had doubts regarding the safety of the procedure. We need proper utilization of awareness strategies to overcome these barriers.

Effects of Hypoxic Environment on Periodontal Tissue through the ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway

There is low evidence for the possible association between obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and periodontitis, necessitating further research. This study was aimed at investigating this association. For the in vitro study, 8-day-old Wistar rats were divided into the unilateral nasal obstruction group (UNO) and the sham surgery group (SHAM). Rats in the former group were subjected to UNO by cauterization of the external nostril at the age of 8 days. Immunofluorescence analysis, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and western blot were performed to assess the expression of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-associated factors, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Throughout the experimental period, the weights of rats in the two groups were similar. The mRNA and protein expression of TXNIP and IL-1β was significantly higher in the UNO than in the SHAM groups. Compared with SHAM, NLRP3 inflammasome-associated factors were activated in the UNO group. For the in vitro study, a cellular hypoxia model was established by treating human periodontal ligament cells (HPDLCs) with cobalt chloride. The studies showed that hypoxia can induce an excessive production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HPDLCs and induce abnormal expression of TNXIP, NLRP3 inflammasome-related factors, and IL-1β. More importantly, N-acetylcysteine induced reduction of ROS in HPDLCs, downregulated TXNIP expression, inhibited the expression and aggregation of NLRP3 inflammasome-related factors, and abrogated the inflammatory response to hypoxia. In conclusion, hypoxia-induced ROS can activate the TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway in response to oxidative stress, resulting in the increased expression of inflammatory factors in HPDLCs. Our findings provide evidence for the mechanism underlying the possible association between OSAHS and periodontal disease.

Access to dental care and blood pressure profiles in adults with high socioeconomic status

Background

Reduced access to dental care may increase cardiovascular risk; however, socioeconomic factors are believed to confound the associations. We hypothesized that the relation persists despite economic wellness and high education, with reduced access to dental care affecting cardiovascular risk at least in part through its effect on blood pressure (BP), possibly mediated by systemic inflammation.

Methods

We first assessed the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics related to last dental visit timing (≤ or >6 months; self‐reported) using national representative cross‐sectional data. Then, the association of last dental visit timing with clinic BP was selectively investigated in highly educated, high income participants, further matched for residual demographic and clinical confounders using propensity score matching (PSM). The mediating effect of systemic inflammation was formally tested. Machine learning was implemented to investigate the added value of dental visits in predicting high BP over the variables included in the Framingham Hypertension Risk Score among individuals without an established diagnosis of hypertension.

Results

Of 27,725 participants included in the population analysis, 46% attended a dental visit ≤6 months. In the PSM cohort (n = 2350), last dental visit attendance >6 months was consistently associated with 2 mmHg higher systolic BP (P = 0.001) and with 23 to 35% higher odds of high/uncontrolled BP compared with attendance ≤6 months. Inflammation mildly mediated the association. Access to dental care improved the prediction of high BP by 2%.

Conclusions

Dental care use impacts on BP profiles independent of socioeconomic confounders, possibly through systemic inflammation. Regular dental visits may contribute to preventive medicine.

Diabetes and Oral Health: Summary of Current Scientific Evidence for Why Transdisciplinary Collaboration Is Needed

This Perspective provides a brief summary of the scientific evidence for the often two-way links between hyperglycemia, including manifest diabetes mellitus (DM), and oral health. It delivers in a nutshell examples of current scientific evidence for the following oral manifestations of hyperglycemia, along with any available evidence for effect in the opposite direction: periodontal diseases, caries/periapical periodontitis, tooth loss, peri-implantitis, dry mouth (xerostomia/hyposalivation), dysbiosis in the oral microbiome, candidiasis, taste disturbances, burning mouth syndrome, cancer, traumatic ulcers, infections of oral wounds, delayed wound healing, melanin pigmentation, fissured tongue, benign migratory glossitis (geographic tongue), temporomandibular disorders, and osteonecrosis of the jaw. Evidence for effects on quality of life will also be reported. This condensed overview delivers the rationale and sets the stage for the urgent need for delivery of oral and general health care in patient-centered transdisciplinary collaboration for early detection and management of both hyperglycemia and oral diseases to improve quality of life.