1
|
Cwintal M, Shih H, Idrissi Janati A, Gigliotti J. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the diagnosis and progression of oral cancer. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2024; 53:629-634. [PMID: 38395689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic placed a significant burden on healthcare resources, limiting care to emergent and essential services only. The objective of this study was to describe the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the diagnosis and progression of oral cancer lesions in Montreal, Canada. A retrospective analysis of health records was performed. Patients presenting for a new oncology consultation for an oral lesion suspicious for cancer between March 2018 and March 2022, within the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the McGill University Health Center, were included. Data was collected on sociodemographic characteristics, oral cancer risk behaviors of study participants, oral cancer delays, tumor characteristics, and clinical management. A total of 190 patients were included, 91 patients from the pre-pandemic period and 99 from the pandemic period. The demographic characteristics of the patients in the two periods were comparable. There was no significant difference in the patient, professional, or treatment delay between the two periods. There was a non-significant increase in pathologic tumor size during the pandemic, but the pathologic staging and postoperative outcomes were comparable to those of the pre-pandemic cohort. The results indicate that emergent care pathways for oral cancer treatment were efficiently maintained despite the pandemic shutdown of services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Cwintal
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - H Shih
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - A Idrissi Janati
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - J Gigliotti
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Szabó É, Kopjár E, Rumi L, Boronkai Á, Bellyei S, Gyöngyi Z, Zemplényi A, Sütő B, Girán J, Kiss I, Pozsgai É, Szanyi I. Changes in Time to Initial Physician Contact and Cancer Stage Distribution during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma at a Large Hungarian Cancer Center. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2570. [PMID: 39061209 PMCID: PMC11274479 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16142570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to compare the characteristics and time to initial physician contact in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic at a large Hungarian cancer center. This was a retrospective study of patients 18 years or older presenting at the regional cancer center of Pécs Clinical Center with HNSCC between 1 January 2017, and 15 March 2020 (the pre-COVID-19 period) and between 16 March 2020, and 13 May 2021 (the COVID-19 period). Demographic and clinical data were collected, and the time between initial symptom onset and initial physician contact (TTP) was determined. Descriptive and exploratory statistical analyses were performed. On average, the number of patients diagnosed with HNSCC per month during the pandemic decreased by 12.4% compared with the pre-COVID-19 period. There was a significant increase in stage I and stage II cancers (from 15.9% to 20.3% and from 12.2% to 13.8%, respectively; p < 0.001); a decrease in stage III and IVa,c cancers; and a significant increase in stage IVb cancers (from 6% to 19.9%; p < 0.001) during the pandemic. The median TTP increased during the pandemic from 43 to 61 days (p = 0.032). To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the effect of COVID-19 on patients with HNSCC in the Central-Eastern European region. We found a bidirectional shift in cancer stages and increased TTP during the pandemic. Our findings highlight the necessity for more nuanced analyses of the effects of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Éva Szabó
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Munkácsy M. Street 2., 7621 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Eszter Kopjár
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Munkácsy M. Street 2., 7621 Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Rumi
- Urology Clinic, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Munkácsy Mihaly Street 2, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Árpád Boronkai
- Department of Oncotherapy, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Édesanyák Street 17, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Bellyei
- Department of Oncotherapy, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Édesanyák Street 17, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Gyöngyi
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti Street 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Antal Zemplényi
- Center for Health Technology Assessment and Pharmacoeconomics Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rákóczi Street 2, 7623 Pécs, Hungary
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Balázs Sütő
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság Street 13, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - János Girán
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti Street 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - István Kiss
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti Street 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Éva Pozsgai
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti Street 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Primary Health Care, Medical School, University of Pécs, Rákóczi Street 2, 7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - István Szanyi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Munkácsy M. Street 2., 7621 Pécs, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kannan N, Ramalingam K, Ramani P, Krishnan M. Exploring Prevalence Trends of Jaw Bone Pathologies: A Three-Year Institutional Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e60574. [PMID: 38894787 PMCID: PMC11184533 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Head and neck bone pathologies cover various conditions with diverse causes. Infections like osteomyelitis and dental abscesses can spread to soft tissues and bones, causing tissue death, inflammation, and systemic effects. Benign and malignant tumors can develop from soft tissue, cartilage, or bone, posing challenges for diagnosis and treatment. Studies on their prevalence in local populations are rare, obscuring our understanding of regional health dynamics. Aim In this study, we aimed to assess the prevalence of bone pathologies documented over the last three years from 2021 to 2023. Materials and methods Histopathologically confirmed cases of bone pathologies at Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India, were gathered from the institutional database (DIAS: Dental Information Archiving Software) from January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2023. They were categorized into groups of infectious and inflammatory lesions, fibro-osseous lesions, malignancies originating from bone, malignancies invading bone, and miscellaneous conditions. The data was then compiled into a Google spreadsheet (Google, Inc., Mountain View, USA) for further analysis. Graphs were created to visualize the prevalence of bone pathologies enabling a descriptive exploration of temporal trends. Results A total of 2626 biopsy records were reviewed. Among these, 242 (9.21%) cases of bone-related pathologies were included, and the remaining 2384 (90.79%) entities without any mention of bone were excluded. Overall, considering all three years, 43.8% (100) bone-related lesions were reported in 2021, 30.3% (77) in 2022 and 25.9% (65) in the year 2023. Under each category, infectious and inflammatory lesions for 40.5% (98), fibro-osseous lesions for 14.9% (36), benign lesions for 2.9% (7), malignancies originating from bone for 1.7% (4), malignancies invading bone for 38% (93), and miscellaneous conditions for 1.65% (4) were reported. The highest number of infectious and inflammatory pathologies (53%) were reported in 2021. A steep fall was observed in 2022 and 2023 under the infectious and inflammatory category. The malignancies invading the bone showed almost similar distribution in all three years. Conclusion The observed variations highlight the unpredictability of bone pathologies, involving the jaw bones. We emphasize continuous observation and analysis to comprehend changing patterns in bone health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kannan
- Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Karthikeyan Ramalingam
- Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Pratibha Ramani
- Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Murugesan Krishnan
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Semprini J, Pagedar NA, Boakye EA, Osazuwa-Peters N. Head and Neck Cancer Incidence in the United States Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 150:193-200. [PMID: 38206603 PMCID: PMC10784997 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2023.4322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Importance Research about population-level changes in the incidence and stage of head and neck cancer (HNC) associated with the COVID-19 pandemic is sparse. Objective To examine the change in localized vs advanced HNC incidence rates before and during the first year of the pandemic. Design, Setting, and Participants In this cross-sectional study of patients in the US diagnosed with HNC from 2017 to 2020, the estimated number with cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx (floor of mouth; gum and other mouth; lip; oropharynx and tonsil; and tongue) and larynx were identified from the SEER cancer registry. Subgroup analyses were stratified by race and ethnicity, age, and sex. Data were analyzed after the latest update in April 2023. Exposure The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcomes were the annual incidence rates per 100 000 people for localized HNC (includes both localized and regional stages) and advanced HNC (distant stage) and weighted average annual percentage change from 2019 to 2020. Secondary outcomes included annual percentage change for 2017 to 2018 and 2018 to 2019, which provided context for comparison. Results An estimated 21 664 patients (15 341 [71%] male; 10 726 [50%] ≥65 years) were diagnosed with oral cavity and pharynx cancer in 2019 in the US, compared with 20 390 (4355 [70%] male; 10 393 [51%] ≥65 years) in 2020. Overall, the HNC incidence rate per 100 000 people declined from 11.6 cases in 2019 to 10.8 in 2020. The incidence rate of localized cancer declined to 8.8 cases (-7.9% [95% CI, -7.5 to -8.2]) from 2019 to 2020. The localized cancer incidence during the first year of the pandemic decreased the most among male patients (-9.3% [95% CI, -9.2 to -9.5]), Hispanic patients (-12.9% [95% CI, -12.9 to -13.0]), and individuals with larynx cancer (-14.3% [95% CI, -13.6 to -15.0]). No change in the overall incidence rate was found for advanced HNC. Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study, the incidence of localized HNC declined during the first year of the pandemic. A subsequent increase in advanced-stage diagnoses may be observed in later years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Semprini
- Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City
| | - Nitin A Pagedar
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City
| | - Eric Adjei Boakye
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Nosayaba Osazuwa-Peters
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Akbari M, Ahadi S, Karimi E, Heidari F, Lotfi M, Rezvan S, Mazarei A, Beheshti A. Increasing stage and depth of invasion (DOI) in patients with tongue cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic: A time series study. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e1832. [PMID: 38264159 PMCID: PMC10803884 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims The outbreak of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had a significant effect on the diagnosis and treatment of head and neck cancers. Therefore, in this study, we decided to discuss the impact of COVID-19 on the stage and histological characteristics of patients with tongue cancer from March 2020 to March 2021 and compared to the previous 3 years. Methods In this time series study, patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the operated tongue cancer were divided into two groups. Patients who operated from March 2020 to March 2021 (n = 36) and patients who operated 3 years ago (n = 70) were included in the study. The results were analyzed using SPSS 21 software. Results The study found that during the pandemic, the stage of tongue cancer in patients who underwent surgery was higher than before the pandemic (p = 0.01). Moreover, the depth of invasion was significantly higher during the COVID-19 outbreak in the pathology sample of the patients (p = 0.006), while the involvement of lymph nodes and other variables between the groups was not statistically significant. Conclusion COVID-19 has adverse effects on the diagnosis and treatment of tongue cancer. Also, it leads to advanced stages of the tumor and increases the depth of invasion of the cancer. Hence, it is important to plan correctly and appropriately for the diagnosis and treatment of these patients in conditions such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Akbari
- Otorhinolaryngology Research Center, Amir Alam HospitalTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Otorhinolaryngology Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Amiralmomenin Hospital, School of MedicineGuilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran
| | - Samira Ahadi
- Otorhinolaryngology Research Center, Amir Alam HospitalTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Ebrahim Karimi
- Otorhinolaryngology Research Center, Amir Alam HospitalTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Farrokh Heidari
- Otorhinolaryngology Research Center, Amir Alam HospitalTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Maryam Lotfi
- Department of Pathology, Amir‐Alam HospitalTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Sajjad Rezvan
- Department of RadiologyQom University of Medical SciencesQomIran
| | - Alireza Mazarei
- Otorhinolaryngology Research Center, Amir Alam HospitalTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Amin Beheshti
- Otorhinolaryngology Research Center, Amir Alam HospitalTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Department of Pathology, Amir‐Alam HospitalTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kröplin J, Reppenhagen JC. Best practices and future challenges in the treatment of oral cancer. Innov Surg Sci 2023; 8:215-220. [PMID: 38510366 PMCID: PMC10949209 DOI: 10.1515/iss-2023-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Oral cancer is among the most common tumour worldwide. Due to the anatomical peculiarities of the head and neck region, the treatment of oral cancer is a major challenge with regard to the preservation of aesthetics and function. The aim of the present study is to analyze currently practiced therapeutic strategies as well as current and future challenges in the therapy of oral cancer. Methods A Pubmed-based selective literature search was performed considering literature predominantly from 2021 to 2022. Search terms were "oral cancer," "oral cavity cancer," and "head and neck cancer." Results Head and neck tumours are the seventh most common cancer worldwide. The suspected diagnosis of oral cancer is often made by outpatient dentists during routine examinations. With the outbreak of the 2020 COVID 19 pandemic, risk behaviour has changed with regard to the development and diagnosis of oral cancer. The gold standard of therapy is surgical resection. The need for adjuvant therapy measures depends on the histopathological TNM stage and other defined risk factors. Recurrences occur frequently and should be evaluated with regard to renewed surgical therapy. Future treatment strategies are aimed at early diagnosis, precision in resection, the use of digital technologies, and aspects of quality assurance. The economic importance in the treatment of oral cancer is currently given little consideration. Conclusions The study presents a selective portfolio of treatment strategies currently practiced in Germany and in many parts of the world. In addition, future challenges in the therapy of oral cancer, in particular squamosa cell carcinoma, are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Kröplin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jil-Charlot Reppenhagen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The Link between Stroke Risk and Orodental Status-A Comprehensive Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11195854. [PMID: 36233721 PMCID: PMC9572898 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11195854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the primary causes of disability and mortality in the adult population worldwide is stroke. A person's general health is significantly impacted by their oral and dental health. People who have poor oral health are more susceptible to conditions such as stroke. Stroke risk has long been linked to oral and dental conditions. The risk of stroke and its cost impact on the healthcare systems appear to be significantly reduced as a result of the decline in the incidence and prevalence of oral and dental illnesses. Hypothetically, better management of oral hygiene and dental health lead to reduced stroke risk. To the authors' best knowledge, for the first time, the potential link between dental health and stroke were cross-examined. The most typical stroke symptoms, oral and dental illnesses linked to stroke, and the role of oral healthcare professionals in stroke prevention are revealed. The potential mediating processes and subsequent long-term cognitive and functional neurological outcomes are based on the available literature. It must be noted that periodontal diseases and tooth loss are two common oral health measures. Lack of knowledge on the effects of poor oral health on systemic health together with limited access to primary medical or dental care are considered to be partially responsible for the elevated risk of stroke. Concrete evidence confirming the associations between oral inflammatory conditions and stroke in large cohort prospective studies, stratifying association between oral disease severity and stroke risk and disease effects on stroke survival will be desirable. In terms of clinical pathology, a predictive model of stroke as a function of oral health status, and biomarkers of systemic inflammation could be useful for both cardiologists and dentists.
Collapse
|
8
|
Gordon SC, Riedy CA, Stohler CS, Vujicic M. Trends in Scope of Practice for Oral Health Care: Future Transformative Effects. JDR Clin Trans Res 2022; 7:31S-39S. [PMID: 36121139 DOI: 10.1177/23800844221116845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT The results of this study can help key stakeholders, such as health care facilities, educational and research institutions, insurance companies, and governmental bodies, plan future activities and policies on dental practice and education.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Gordon
- School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C A Riedy
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C S Stohler
- Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Vujicic
- American Dental Association Health Policy Institute, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer Burden and Related Risk Factors in China: Estimates and Forecasts from 1990 to 2049. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10091611. [PMID: 36141223 PMCID: PMC9498681 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10091611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary China’s lip and oral cavity cancer burden is rising. The elderly have a relatively heavy disease burden, mainly due to poor oral health awareness, the side effects of other diseases and delayed treatment. Moreover, the incidence of the elderly over 50 years old is predicted to increase further from 2020 to 2049 in China. Males have a heavier disease burden, mainly due to their smoking, drinking and work exposure. Early screening and health intervention policies incorporating key populations and risk factors may deserve the consideration of policy makers to reduce the disease burden. Abstract Lip and oral cavity cancer is a common malignancy faced by many developing countries, and the disease burden is high in China. This study explored this cancer burden and its risk factors using data from China in the GBD 2019, along with predicting the incidence trends in 2020–2049. Data on age-standardized rates (ASR), incidence, death and disability-adjusted life years (DALY), by sex, age and risk factors were collected from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). Joinpoint regression and Age–Period–Cohort (APC) models were selected to analyze the epidemic trend of this cancer in China, and descriptive analysis was used for the time trend and age distribution of risk factors. The Bayesian APC model was selected to foresee the incidence trend in 2020–2049. This cancer burden was found to be in an upward trend in China in 1990–2019. The upward trend was more pronounced among men than among women. These cancer deaths and DALYs are overwhelmingly attributable to smoking and drinking. On APC analysis, the younger generation in China demonstrated a lower cancer risk. In 2049, the incidence of this cancer is projected to be 3.99/100,000, 6.07/100,000, 7.37/100,000, 10.49/100,000, 14.82/100,000, 19.19/100,000, 20.71/100,000, 23.64/100,000, 16.42/100,000 and 9.91/100,000 among those aged 50–54, 55–59, 60–64, 65–69, 70–74, 75–79, 80–84, 85–89, 85–89 and over 95 years, respectively. Disease control policies and early screening should focus on men and the elderly and target different risk factors.
Collapse
|
10
|
Sekar D, Murthykumar K, Ganapathy D. miR-206 and its mimics: A predictive biomarker and therapeutic molecule in the treatment of oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2022; 128:105849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2022.105849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|