1
|
McNally GP, Jean-Richard-Dit-Bressel P. A Cognitive Pathway to Persistent, Maladaptive Choice. Eur Addict Res 2024; 30:233-242. [PMID: 38865985 DOI: 10.1159/000538103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Correctly recognising that alcohol or other substances are causing problems is a necessary condition for those problems to spur beneficial behaviour change. Yet such recognition is neither immediate nor straightforward. Recognition that one's alcohol or drug use is causing negative consequences often occurs gradually. Contemporary addiction neuroscience has yet to make progress in understanding and addressing these recognition barriers, despite evidence that a lack of problem recognition is a primary impediment to seeking treatment. SUMMARY Based on our recent empirical work, this article shows how recognition barriers can emerge from dual constraints on how we learn about the negative consequences of our actions. One constraint is imposed by the characteristics of negative consequences themselves. A second constraint is imposed by the characteristics of human cognition and information processing. In some people, the joint action of these constraints causes a lack of correct awareness of the consequences of their behaviour and reduced willingness to update that knowledge and behaviour when confronted with counterevidence. KEY MESSAGES This "cognitive pathway" can drive persistent, maladaptive choice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gavan P McNally
- School of Psychology, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
McNally GP, Jean-Richard-Dit-Bressel P, Millan EZ, Lawrence AJ. Pathways to the persistence of drug use despite its adverse consequences. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2228-2237. [PMID: 36997610 PMCID: PMC10611585 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of drug taking despite its adverse consequences plays a central role in the presentation, diagnosis, and impacts of addiction. Eventual recognition and appraisal of these adverse consequences is central to decisions to reduce or cease use. However, the most appropriate ways of conceptualizing persistence in the face of adverse consequences remain unclear. Here we review evidence that there are at least three pathways to persistent use despite the negative consequences of that use. A cognitive pathway for recognition of adverse consequences, a motivational pathway for valuation of these consequences, and a behavioral pathway for responding to these adverse consequences. These pathways are dynamic, not linear, with multiple possible trajectories between them, and each is sufficient to produce persistence. We describe these pathways, their characteristics, brain cellular and circuit substrates, and we highlight their relevance to different pathways to self- and treatment-guided behavior change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gavan P McNally
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | | | - E Zayra Millan
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Picanço JMA, Limberger RP, Apel MA. Where should I start? A scoping review about the publications on clove cigarettes. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:259-293. [PMID: 35971813 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2097053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The general lack of knowledge about the composition of clove cigarettes and the large number of terms that can be used to define different types of cigarettes that contain cloves makes it difficult to find scientific articles focused on the subject. We reviewed the publications that cited clove cigarettes to assess their relevance. METHODS We searched publications on Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Portal CAPES during the first semester of 2021, without date restrictions. Through a quality assessment, the studies found were assorted in ten different categories. RESULTS Indonesian clove cigarettes-also known as kretek-are a mixture of tobacco and cloves rolled in a cigarette and sprayed with oils, plant extract, and food flavorings, in an unknown quantity and composition, different from each brand, which is usually kept in secret. Due to the relatively low prevalence of use in the general population, most publications on tobacco products tend to ignore clove cigarettes or place them in an existing category. Clove cigarettes can be hand-rolled, machine-made, filtered, unfiltered, and each form can be named differently. The interchangeable use of each term, sometimes grouping conventional cigarettes in the mix, can lead the researcher to consider a publication that should be excluded. CONCLUSION The existing regulations on flavored cigarettes, although well-intentioned, are still somewhat vague and broad, leaving possible loopholes that can be exploited by the tobacco industries. Fully understanding the precise effects caused by clove cigarettes can be an important tool in future discussions about tobacco control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miriam Anders Apel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kirkpatrick MG, Cho J, Stone MD, Bae D, Barrington-Trimis JL, Pang RD, Leventhal AM. Social facilitation of alcohol subjective effects in adolescents: Associations with subsequent alcohol use. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:887-897. [PMID: 33404735 PMCID: PMC10461607 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05740-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Laboratory research in adults indicates that alcohol-related subjective effects are enhanced under some social conditions. However, it is unknown whether this "social facilitation" of alcohol effects occurs in adolescents and is associated with alcohol use in the natural ecology. OBJECTIVES We examined associations of social facilitation of alcohol-related subjective effects with subsequent alcohol use among a relatively high-risk group of adolescents who reported drinking alcohol both with friends and alone. METHODS Los Angeles high school students from a prospective study (N = 142; 51% female; 10th graders) completed a baseline survey that assessed alcohol-related "positive" and "negative" subjective effects in two contexts: social (alcohol with friends) and solitary (alcohol alone); social facilitation was calculated as the difference between social and solitary. Students then completed five semi-annual surveys spanning 30 months (2014-2017) assessing 30-day alcohol use (days used, number of drinks, binge drinking). RESULTS Greater social facilitation of positive effects was significantly associated with greater number of alcohol use days (RR [95% CI] = 1.48 [1.19, 1.82]; p < .001), greater number of drinks (RR [95% CI] = 1.38 [1.14, 1.66]; p = .001), and greater odds of binge drinking (OR [95% CI] = 1.75 [1.20, 2.57]; p = .004). Similar associations were found with social positive effects. There were no significant associations between solitary positive effects-or any negative effects-and alcohol use outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Social facilitation can be measured outside of the laboratory. Relatively high-risk drinking adolescents who are more susceptible to the social facilitation of subjective alcohol effects are more likely to use more alcohol and binge drink.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Kirkpatrick
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Room 302B, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
| | - Junhan Cho
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Room 302B, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Matthew D Stone
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Dayoung Bae
- Department of Home Economics Education, College of Education, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jessica L Barrington-Trimis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Room 302B, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Raina D Pang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Room 302B, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Room 302B, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
- Department of Psychology, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Okoli CTC, Seng S. Factors Associated with the Initial Sensations of Smoking among Smokers with Mental Illness. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2019; 40:798-804. [PMID: 31188699 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2019.1595794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
People with mental illnesses (MI) have a disproportionate smoking prevalence and associated disease burden. Smoking initiation among people with MI is poorly understood. However, the sensations experienced during smoking initiation predict continued smoking and nicotine dependence. Yet, few studies have examined the initial experiences of smoking among people with MI. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore factors associated with the initial sensations of smoking in people with MI. Smokers in an inpatient psychiatric facility (n = 123) were surveyed. Data obtained included information on demographics, smoking and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure, psychiatric diagnoses, and sensations of initial smoking. Spearman correlations explored associations among initial smoking sensation variables; and binary logistic regression analyses examined the associations between study variables and groupings derived from initial sensations (i.e., "pleasant + buzz," "unpleasant + buzz," and "all" sensations). The most frequently reported initial smoking sensation was feeling dizzy (87%) and there were low to moderate correlations between unpleasant (e.g., cough, sick, nervous) and pleasant (e.g., good, relaxed) sensations. In logistic regression analyses, having higher perceived SHS exposure was significantly associated with the "pleasant + buzz" sensation grouping; and lower past week SHS exposure was associated with the "unpleasant + buzz" sensation grouping; but, no variables were associated with "all" sensation group. Initial smoking sensations are an uncharted avenue of exploration in understanding smoking initiation among people with MI. SHS exposure may be an important factor associated with the report of both unpleasant and pleasant initial sensations. Future studies are needed to further explore initial sensations in relation to the context of smoking initiation among people with MI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarret Seng
- University of Kentucky College of Nursing , Lexington , Kentucky , USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Trapl ES, Koopman Gonzalez SJ, Fryer CS. Adolescent dual-product users: Acquisition and situational use of cigarettes and cigars. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 188:356-363. [PMID: 29879633 PMCID: PMC6002754 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about how adolescents who smoke both cigarettes and cigar products obtain and use these products. This study sought to explore cigarette and cigar acquisition and situational use among high school smokers. METHODS Data are drawn from the 2011 Cuyahoga County Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Analysis was limited to youth who smoke cigarettes as well as cigars, cigarillos, and little cigars (CCLC) in the past month (N = 649). Consumption of both products was calculated and used to create four subtypes of users based on high or low use of each product (Dual High, Dual Low, High CCLC/Low Cigarette, and Low CCLC/High Cigarette users). Current users were asked to identify situations in which they use cigarettes and CCLCs and ways in which they obtain these products. Data were analyzed overall and by user subtype. RESULTS Youth reported acquiring cigarettes and CCLC in similar ways, although youth were more likely to take cigarettes from family members than CCLC (11.1% vs. 4.8%). Several differences were observed between cigarettes and CCLC for situational use. While both products are frequently used in social situations (e.g., with friends), cigarettes were more likely to be used in solitary situations (e.g., before bed). Further, significant differences were observed among the four user subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Study results highlight important, nuanced differences regarding how young multi-tobacco users obtain and the situational use of such products. Importantly, these findings vary by user subtype, informing future interventions to prevent and reduce smoking among the most vulnerable subgroups of youth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika S Trapl
- Prevention Research Center for Healthy Neighborhoods, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7069, United States.
| | - Sarah J Koopman Gonzalez
- Prevention Research Center for Healthy Neighborhoods, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7069, United States.
| | - Craig S Fryer
- Maryland Center for Health Equity, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland, 4200 Valley Drive, 1234X SPH Building, College Park, MD, 20742, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fryer CS, Seaman EL, Clark RS, Plano Clark VL. Mixed methods research in tobacco control with youth and young adults: A methodological review of current strategies. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183471. [PMID: 28841689 PMCID: PMC5571971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco use among young people is a complex and serious global dilemma that demands innovative and diverse research approaches. The purpose of this methodological review was to examine the current use of mixed methods research in tobacco control with youth and young adult populations and to develop practical recommendations for tobacco control researchers interested in this methodology. METHODS Using PubMed, we searched five peer-reviewed journals that publish tobacco control empirical literature for the use of mixed methods research to study young populations, age 12-25 years. Our team analyzed the features of each article in terms of tobacco control topic, population, youth engagement strategies, and several essential elements of mixed methods research. RESULTS We identified 23 mixed methods studies published by authors from five different countries reported between 2004 and 2015. These 23 articles examined various topics that included tobacco use behavior, tobacco marketing and branding, and cessation among youth and young adults. The most common mixed methods approach was variations of the concurrent design in which the qualitative and quantitative strands were administered at the same time and given equal priority. This review documented several innovative applications of mixed methods research as well as challenges in the reporting of the complex research designs. CONCLUSIONS The use of mixed methods research in tobacco control has great potential for advancing the understanding of complex behavioral and sociocultural issues for all groups, especially youth and young adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig S. Fryer
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Maryland Center for Health Equity, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth L. Seaman
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rachael S. Clark
- Educational Studies, School of Education, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Vicki L. Plano Clark
- Educational Studies, School of Education, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Trapl ES, O'Rourke-Suchoff D, Yoder LD, Cofie LE, Frank JL, Fryer CS. Youth Acquisition and Situational Use of Cigars, Cigarillos, and Little Cigars:: A Cross-sectional Study. Am J Prev Med 2017; 52:e9-e16. [PMID: 27717517 PMCID: PMC5704971 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although adolescent use of cigars, cigarillos, and little cigars (CCLCs) has been increasing, little research has been conducted to understand how adolescents acquire CCLCs and the situations in which they smoke CCLCs. Thus, this study aims to understand how adolescent smokers acquire CCLCs and the situations in which they smoke them. METHODS Data were drawn from the 2011 Cuyahoga County Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Current CCLC smoking was assessed; analysis was limited to current smokers (n=1,337). Current users were asked to identify situations in which they use cigars and ways in which they get cigars. Bivariate analyses assessed differences by sex, race, and concurrent substance use. Data were analyzed in 2014. RESULTS Youth acquired CCLCs most commonly by buying (64.2%). CCLC smokers also reported high rates of social use (81.1%). There were no significant differences is situational use across sexes, but female adolescents were significantly more likely than male adolescents to share CCLCs and significantly less likely to buy or take CCLCs. Conversely, significant differences were seen for situational use by race/ethnicity, with whites significantly more likely to use in social situations and less likely to use in solitary situations versus blacks and Hispanics. Finally, significant differences were observed in both acquisition and use for youth who concurrently used CCLCs and cigarettes compared with CCLCs only; fewer differences were noted among those who concurrently used CCLCs and marijuana compared with CCLCs only. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight how adolescents acquire and use CCLCs and can inform tobacco control strategies to prevent and reduce CCLC use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika S Trapl
- Prevention Research Center for Healthy Neighborhoods, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
| | - Danielle O'Rourke-Suchoff
- Prevention Research Center for Healthy Neighborhoods, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Laura D Yoder
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Leslie E Cofie
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jean L Frank
- Prevention Research Center for Healthy Neighborhoods, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Craig S Fryer
- Maryland Center for Health Equity, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jiang N, Ho SY, Wang MP, Leung LT, Lam TH. The relationship of waterpipe use with cigarette smoking susceptibility and nicotine dependence: A cross-sectional study among Hong Kong adolescents. Addict Behav 2017; 64:123-128. [PMID: 27608324 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Waterpipe smoking has become increasingly popular in adolescents. We examined the association of waterpipe smoking with cigarette smoking susceptibility and nicotine dependence among adolescents in Hong Kong. METHODS We analyzed the data of School-based Survey on Smoking among Students 2012/13 from a representative sample of 45,857 secondary school students (US grades 7-12) in Hong Kong. Among never cigarette smokers (n=37,740), we conducted chi-square test to compare cigarette smoking susceptibility by current (past 30-day) waterpipe smoking status, and used multivariate logistic regression to examine the association between current waterpipe smoking and cigarette smoking susceptibility controlling for age, sex, peer cigarette smoking, and living with a cigarette smoker. Then we conducted chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression among current cigarette smokers (n=1694) to examine the relationship of current waterpipe smoking with two nicotine dependence outcomes, including heavier smoking (≥5 cigarettes/day) and first cigarette within 30min of waking, controlling for demographics and the number of smoking days in the past 30days. RESULTS Among never cigarette smokers, current waterpipe use was associated with cigarette smoking susceptibility (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=3.58, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.61-7.97). Of current cigarette smokers, waterpipe use was associated with heavier smoking (AOR=1.56, 95% CI: 1.00-2.43) and first cigarette within 30min of waking (AOR=2.08, 95% CI: 1.35-3.19). CONCLUSIONS Surveillance, prevention, and intervention programs should address waterpipe use in addition to cigarette smoking. Educational programs need to inform youth about the harmful and addictive effects of waterpipe smoking. Public health campaigns deglamourizing waterpipe use may help reduce waterpipe smoking among youth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Sai Yin Ho
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Man Ping Wang
- School of Nursing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Lok Tung Leung
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Tai Hing Lam
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jiang N, Cortese DK, Lewis MJ, Ling PM. Booze and butts: A content analysis of the presence of alcohol in tobacco industry's lifestyle magazines. Addict Behav Rep 2016; 3:14-20. [PMID: 26973865 PMCID: PMC4784715 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Advertising influences people's health behaviors. Tobacco companies have linked tobacco and alcohol in their marketing activities. We examined how depictions of alcohol were placed in lifestyle magazines produced by tobacco companies, and if these references differed depending on the magazine’s orientation, if it was towards men, women, or if it was unisex. Methods Content analysis of 6 different tobacco industry lifestyle magazines (73 issues), including 73 magazine covers, 1558 articles, 444 tobacco ads, and 695 non-tobacco ads. Results 14 of 73 (19%) magazine covers featured alcohol; 581 of 1558 (37%) magazine articles mentioned alcohol; 119 of 444 (27%) tobacco ads showed alcohol images; and 57 of 695 (8%) non-tobacco ads portrayed alcohol. Male-oriented magazines (Unlimited, CML, and Real Edge) contained the most alcohol references, and the references were mainly beer, mixed drinks, and liquor or spirits. Female-oriented magazines (All Woman and Flair) contained the fewest alcohol references, and wine and mixed drinks were the major types of alcoholic beverage portrayed. For the unisex magazine (P.S.), the frequency of alcohol references fell between the male- and female-oriented magazines, and the magazine most frequently mentioned mixed drinks. Conclusions Frequent depictions of smoking and drinking in tobacco industry lifestyle magazines might have reinforced norms about paired use of tobacco and alcohol among young adults. The pairing of tobacco and alcohol may particularly target young men. Anti-tobacco interventions need to address the co-use of tobacco and alcohol, change the social acceptability of smoking in social settings, and tailor anti-tobacco messaging by gender. Tobacco companies frequently portrayed alcohol in their lifestyle magazines. More alcohol references appeared in male-oriented magazines than female-oriented magazines. Frequent depictions of smoking and drinking may reinforce co-use norms. Interventions should reduce the social acceptability of tobacco and alcohol co-use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- University of California, San Francisco, Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, The University of Hong Kong, School of Public Health, 5/ F William MW Mong Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong
| | - Daniel K Cortese
- Governors State University, College of Arts and Sciences, 1 University Pkwy, University Park, IL 60484, USA
| | - M Jane Lewis
- Rutgers School of Public Health, 335 George St, Room 2100, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Pamela M Ling
- University of California, San Francisco, Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, 530 Parnassus Avenue, Suite 366, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Many psychoactive drugs increase social behavior and enhance social interactions, which may, in turn, increase their attractiveness to users. Although the psychological mechanisms by which drugs affect social behavior are not fully understood, there is some evidence that drugs alter the perception of emotions in others. Drugs can affect the ability to detect, attend to, and respond to emotional facial expressions, which in turn may influence their use in social settings. Either increased reactivity to positive expressions or decreased response to negative expressions may facilitate social interaction. This article reviews evidence that psychoactive drugs alter the processing of emotional facial expressions using subjective, behavioral, and physiological measures. The findings lay the groundwork for better understanding how drugs alter social processing and social behavior more generally.
Collapse
|
12
|
Lee CG, Seo DC, Middlestadt SE, Lin HC. Does the Relationship Between Cigarette Smoking and Other Key Health Behaviors Vary by Geographic Area Among US Young Adults? A Multilevel Analysis. Int J Behav Med 2016; 22:481-8. [PMID: 25424168 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-014-9452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although researchers and practitioners have long been aware of interdependence among health behaviors, they tend to compartmentalize health behaviors in research and practice. This kind of approach often fails to acknowledge the syndemic nature of health behaviors. PURPOSE This study investigated differences in the relationship between cigarette smoking and other key health behaviors, such as vigorous physical activity, fruit and vegetable consumption, and binge drinking among young adults (ages 18 to 30 years) across 180 metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas (MMSAs) in the USA. METHOD A total of 19,027 young adults in the 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data were analyzed using multilevel logistic regression models. RESULTS Both vigorous physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption were negatively associated with cigarette smoking, whereas binge drinking was positively associated with smoking. There were significant differences in the relation of smoking with vigorous physical activity, fruit and vegetable consumption, and binge drinking across the 180 MMSAs. These differences were associated with the prevalence of cigarette smoking and binge drinking for each MMSA. CONCLUSION As indicated by the social learning theory, geographic area-specific prevalence of health behaviors appears to reflect group norms regarding those behaviors which, in turn, affect the clustering of health behaviors in the respective area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung Gun Lee
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, 1025 E. Seventh Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405-7109, USA,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Llerena S, Arias-Loste MT, Puente A, Cabezas J, Crespo J, Fábrega E. Binge drinking: Burden of liver disease and beyond. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:2703-2715. [PMID: 26644814 PMCID: PMC4663390 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i27.2703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of alcoholic beverages is harmful to human health. In recent years, consumption patterns of alcoholic beverages have changed in our society, and binge drinking has generalized. It is considered to be a socio-sanitary problem with few known consequences in terms of individual and third-party social impacts (in the form of violence or traffic accidents) and its organic impact (affects the liver and other organs and systems, such as the nervous and cardiovascular systems) and represents an important financial burden due to its increasing economic impact. This review provides a global approach to binge drinking and emphasizes its epidemiological character, the effect of this type of consumption and the possible management of a problem with an increasing tendency in our society.
Collapse
|
14
|
Jiang N, Lee YO, Ling PM. Association between tobacco and alcohol use among young adult bar patrons: a cross-sectional study in three cities. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:500. [PMID: 24886521 PMCID: PMC4055258 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bars and nightclubs are key public venues where young adults congregate and use both tobacco and alcohol, and young adult bar patrons are at high risk for substance use. This study examined the association between cigarette smoking and alcohol use among a random sample of young adult bar patrons from three different cities in the USA. METHODS Cross-sectional data was collected from a random sample of young adult bar patrons aged 18-29 in San Diego, CA (N = 1,150), Portland, ME (N = 1,019), and Tulsa, OK (N = 1,106) from 2007-2010 (response rate 88%) using randomized time location sampling. Respondents reported the number of days they smoked cigarettes, drank alcohol, and binge drank in the past 30 days. Multinomial logistic regression was used to analyze the association between smoking (nonsmoker, occasional smoker, and regular smoker) and drinking and binge drinking for each city controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, and education. Predicted probabilities of each smoking category were calculated by drinking and binge drinking status. The association between smoking and drinking and binge drinking among combined samples was also analyzed, controlling for demographic variables and city. RESULTS Respondents reported high current smoking rates, ranging from 51% in Portland to 58% in Tulsa. Respondents in Tulsa were more likely to report regular smoking than those in San Diego and Portland, with demographic variables being controlled. Young adult bar patrons also exhibited a strong association between smoking and drinking. In general, as the frequency of drinking and binge drinking increased, the predicted probability of being a smoker, especially a regular smoker, increased in each city. CONCLUSIONS Young adult bar patrons consistently reported a high smoking rate and a strong relationship between smoking and drinking, regardless of the different bar cultures and tobacco control contexts in each of the three cities. While smoke-free bar policies were negatively associated with regular smoking, these policies alone may not be enough to influence the association between smoking and drinking, particularly if tobacco marketing continues in these venues, or in the absence of programs specifically addressing the co-use of tobacco and alcohol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, 5/F William MW Mong Block, Room A5-08 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youn Ok Lee
- Public Health and Environment Division, RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Pamela M Ling
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education and Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 530 Parnassus Avenue, Suite 366, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
A cross-sectional study examining youth smoking rates and correlates in Tbilisi, Georgia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:476438. [PMID: 24738059 PMCID: PMC3971510 DOI: 10.1155/2014/476438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Georgia has high smoking rates; however, little is known about the prevalence and correlates of youth smoking. We conducted a secondary data analysis of a 2010 cross-sectional survey of 1,879 secondary and postsecondary school students aged 15 to 24 years in Tbilisi, Georgia, examining substance use, perceived risk, and recreational activities in relation to lifetime and current (past 30 days) smoking. Lifetime and current smoking prevalence was 46.1% and 22.6%, respectively. In secondary schools, lifetime smoking correlates included being male, consuming alcohol, lifetime marijuana use, and lower perceived risk (P's ≤ .001). Correlates of current smoking among lifetime smokers included being male, consuming alcohol, lifetime marijuana use, lower perceived risk, less frequently exercise, and more often going out (P's < .05). In postsecondary schools, lifetime smoking correlates included being male, consuming alcohol, lifetime marijuana use, lower perceived risk, more often going out, and recreational internet use (P's < .0). Correlates of current smoking among lifetime smokers included being male (P's = .04), consuming alcohol, marijuana use, lower perceived risk, and more often going out (P's < .05). Tobacco control interventions might target these correlates to reduce smoking prevalence in Georgian youth.
Collapse
|
16
|
Schweizer CA, Doran N, Myers MG. Social facilitation expectancies for smoking: psychometric properties of a new measure. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2014; 62:136-144. [PMID: 24456515 PMCID: PMC3922225 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2013.856313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Expectancies about social outcomes for smoking are relevant to college student smokers, who frequently report "social smoking." A new measure, the Social Facilitation Expectancies (SFE) scale, was developed to assess these beliefs. PARTICIPANTS The SFE was administered to undergraduate college student smokers (N = 1,096; study completed in May 2011). METHODS Items were scored on a 5-point scale with a summed total score. The sample was randomly split and principle axis factoring and confirmatory factor analysis applied to determine scale structure. The structure was tested across sex and smoking groups and validation analyses were conducted. RESULTS A 9-item, 1-factor scale was replicated within each group. Higher SFE scores were observed among those with greater smoking experience and higher scores were associated with greater endorsement of other smoking-related beliefs. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings provide support for the sound psychometric properties of this measure for use with young adult college students.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Amanda Schweizer
- Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Neal Doran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Mark G. Myers
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
In the company of others: social factors alter acute alcohol effects. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 230:215-26. [PMID: 23712603 PMCID: PMC3800265 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3147-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Alcohol is usually consumed in social contexts. However, the drug has been studied mainly under socially isolated conditions, and our understanding of how social setting affects response to alcohol is limited. OBJECTIVES The current study compared the subjective, physiological, and behavioral effects of a moderate dose of alcohol in moderate social drinkers who were tested in either a social or an isolated context and in the presence of others who had or had not consumed alcohol. METHODS Healthy men and women were randomly assigned to either a social group tested in pairs (SOC; N = 24), or an isolated group tested individually (ISO; N = 20). They participated in four sessions, in which they received oral alcohol (0.8 g/kg) or placebo on two sessions each, in quasi-randomized order under double-blind conditions. In the SOC condition, the drug conditions of the co-participants were varied systematically: on two sessions, both participants received the same substance (placebo or alcohol) and on the other two sessions one received alcohol while the other received placebo. Cardiovascular measures, breath alcohol levels, and mood were assessed at regular intervals, and measures of social interaction were obtained in the SOC group. RESULTS Alcohol produced greater effects on certain subjective measures in the SOC condition compared with the ISO condition, including feelings of intoxication and stimulation, but not on other measures such as feeling sedated or high, or on cardiovascular measures. Within the SOC condition, participants rated themselves as more intoxicated when their partner received alcohol, and paired subjects interacted more when at least one participant received alcohol. CONCLUSIONS The presence of others enhances some of the subjective and behavioral effects of alcohol, especially the presence of another intoxicated individual. This enhancement of alcohol effects may explain, in part, why it is used in a social context.
Collapse
|
18
|
Jiang N, Ling PM. Impact of alcohol use and bar attendance on smoking and quit attempts among young adult bar patrons. Am J Public Health 2013; 103:e53-61. [PMID: 23488485 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2012.301014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined cigarette smoking and quit attempts in the context of alcohol use and bar attendance among young adult bar patrons with different smoking patterns. Methods. We used randomized time location sampling to collect data among adult bar patrons aged 21 to 26 years in San Diego, California (n = 1235; response rate = 73%). We used multinomial and multivariate logistic regression models to analyze the association between smoking and quit attempts and both drinking and binge drinking among occasional, regular, very light, and heavier smokers, controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, and education. RESULTS Young adult bar patrons reported high rates of smoking and co-use of cigarettes and alcohol. Binge drinking predicted smoking status, especially occasional and very light smoking. All types of smokers reported alcohol use, and bar attendance made it harder to quit. Alcohol use was negatively associated with quit attempts for very light smokers, but positively associated with quitting among heavier smokers. CONCLUSIONS Smoking and co-use of cigarettes and alcohol are common among young adult bar patrons, but there are important differences by smoking patterns. Tobacco interventions for young adults should prioritize bars and address alcohol use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Goldade K, Burgess D, Olayinka A, Whembolua GLS, Okuyemi KS. Applying anthropology to eliminate tobacco-related health disparities. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 14:631-8. [PMID: 22271609 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disparities in tobacco's harm persist. Declines in smoking among the general population have not been experienced to the same extent by vulnerable populations. Innovative strategies are required to diminish disparities in tobacco's harm. As novel tools, anthropological concepts and methods may be applied to improve the design and outcomes of tobacco cessation interventions. METHODS We reviewed over 60 articles published in peer-reviewed journals since 1995 for content on anthropology and smoking cessation. The specific questions framing the review were: (a) "How can lessons learned from anthropological studies of smoking improve the design and effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions?" (b) How can anthropology be applied to diminish disparities in smoking cessation? and (c) How can qualitative methods be used most effectively in smoking cessation intervention research? RESULTS Three specific disciplinary tools were identified and examined: (a) culture, (b) reflexivity, and (c) qualitative methods. Examining culture as a dynamic influence and understanding the utilities of smoking in a particular group is a precursor to promoting cessation. Reflexivity enables a deeper understanding of how smokers perceive quitting and smoking beyond addiction and individual health consequences. Qualitative methods may be used to elicit in-depth perspectives on quitting, insights to inform existing community-based strategies for making behavior changes, and detailed preferences for cessation treatment or programs. CONCLUSIONS Anthropological tools can be used to improve the effectiveness of intervention research studies targeting individuals from vulnerable groups. Synthesized applications of anthropological concepts can be used to facilitate translation of findings into clinical practice for providers addressing tobacco cessation in vulnerable populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Goldade
- Program in Health Disparities Research, Family Medicine and Community Health, Medical School, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Correa M, Salamone JD, Segovia KN, Pardo M, Longoni R, Spina L, Peana AT, Vinci S, Acquas E. Piecing together the puzzle of acetaldehyde as a neuroactive agent. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:404-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
21
|
Jiang N, Ling PM. Reinforcement of smoking and drinking: tobacco marketing strategies linked with alcohol in the United States. Am J Public Health 2011; 101:1942-54. [PMID: 21852637 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2011.300157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated tobacco companies' knowledge about concurrent use of tobacco and alcohol, their marketing strategies linking cigarettes with alcohol, and the benefits tobacco companies sought from these marketing activities. METHODS We performed systematic searches on previously secret tobacco industry documents, and we summarized the themes and contexts of relevant search results. RESULTS Tobacco company research confirmed the association between tobacco use and alcohol use. Tobacco companies explored promotional strategies linking cigarettes and alcohol, such as jointly sponsoring special events with alcohol companies to lower the cost of sponsorships, increase consumer appeal, reinforce brand identity, and generate increased cigarette sales. They also pursued promotions that tied cigarette sales to alcohol purchases, and cigarette promotional events frequently featured alcohol discounts or encouraged alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco companies' numerous marketing strategies linking cigarettes with alcohol may have reinforced the use of both substances. Because using tobacco and alcohol together makes it harder to quit smoking, policies prohibiting tobacco sales and promotion in establishments where alcohol is served and sold might mitigate this effect. Smoking cessation programs should address the effect that alcohol consumption has on tobacco use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1390, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Richardson CG, Okoli CTC, Ratner PA, Johnson JL. Empirical support for a multi-dimensional model of sensations experienced by youth during their initial smoking episodes. Addiction 2010; 105:1827-34. [PMID: 20712822 PMCID: PMC3069489 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the dimensionality of sensations experienced during initial tobacco smoking. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SETTING Thirteen secondary schools located in British Columbia, Canada. PARTICIPANTS Data from 1187 adolescents who responded 'yes' to the question: 'Have you ever tried cigarette smoking, even one or two puffs?'. MEASUREMENTS Participants answered questions about their demographic characteristics, tobacco smoking history and sensations experienced during their initial smoking episodes. FINDINGS The sensations appear to represent the following three separate but modestly correlated dimensions: a pleasant dimension defined by feeling good and relaxed; an unpleasant dimension defined by coughing, feeling sick and nervous; and a 'buzz' dimension defined by feeling high and dizzy. The three factors made statistically significant contributions to the prediction of transition to regular smoking (defined as having smoked at least 100 cigarettes in one's life-time) after adjusting for age, sex and age at first puff. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that three relatively distinct physiological systems appear to explain the relationship between initial smoking sensations and probability of becoming a regular smoker. Researchers examining sensations experienced during initial tobacco smoking episodes should consider using a three-dimensional profile of symptoms composed of pleasant, unpleasant and buzz dimensions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris G Richardson
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | | | - Pamela A Ratner
- School of Nursing, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, Canada
| | - Joy L Johnson
- School of Nursing, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cronk NJ, Piasecki TM. Contextual and subjective antecedents of smoking in a college student sample. Nicotine Tob Res 2010; 12:997-1004. [PMID: 20739458 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntq136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION College is a time when individuals are at risk for initiating or increasing their smoking behavior. Little is known, however, about the contexts in which college students smoke. Identifying antecedents to smoking would provide insights into motivation and stimulus control of smoking in this population. METHOD In a sample of 50 college student smokers, situational, behavioral, and subjective state variables were compared between prompted interviews (N = 2,095) and participant-initiated smoking interviews (N = 865) using electronic handheld diaries. RESULTS The strongest predictors of smoking were recently inhabiting an outside location (odds ratio [OR] = 4.19, p < .001), the presence of others smoking (OR = 3.93, p < .001), and being where smoking was permitted (OR = 3.26, p < .001), indicating situational control over smoking. Less cue control over smoking was found for daily than nondaily smokers. Craving was the most robust subjective antecedent of smoking behavior (OR = 1.32, p < .001). DISCUSSION These results suggest that smoking among college students is largely opportunistic, craving is important and may develop early in the progression of smoking, and stimulus control may erode with greater smoking experience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikole J Cronk
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, DC032.00, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ashare RL, Baschnagel JS, Hawk LW. Subjective effects of transdermal nicotine among nonsmokers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2010; 18:167-74. [PMID: 20384428 PMCID: PMC3520509 DOI: 10.1037/a0018864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The subjective experience of nicotine, which may be influenced by personality traits as well as environmental factors, may be important for understanding the factors associated with the initiation and maintenance of nicotine dependence. The present study examined the effects of 7 mg transdermal nicotine among a relatively large sample (n = 91; 44 women) of college-aged nonsmokers. Using a placebo controlled, double-blind, within-subjects design, nicotine's effects were examined at rest and again after participants completed a sustained attention task. Sex and personality factors (Behavioral Inhibition and Behavioral Approach; BIS/BAS Scales; Carver & White, 1994) were examined as potential moderators. Overall, the effects of nicotine were generally modest and unpleasant. In the context of the cognitive task, nicotine increased nausea and negative affect but reduced fatigue, relative to placebo. In contrast, effects of nicotine during the initial 4 hr of patch administration, in which participants were in their natural environments, were moderated by individual differences in behavioral approach. Neither behavioral inhibition nor gender reliably moderated any subjective effects of nicotine. The present work suggests transdermal nicotine exerts only modest, mostly negative effects among nonsmokers. Future work should examine both contextual and personality moderators in large samples of participants who are exposed to nicotine through multiple routes of administration.
Collapse
|
25
|
Nichter M, Nichter M, Carkoglu A, Lloyd-Richardson E. Smoking and drinking among college students: "it's a package deal". Drug Alcohol Depend 2010; 106:16-20. [PMID: 19758771 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper reports on qualitative research on smoking in contexts associated with drinking among college students. Although a plethora of survey research has shown a positive association between smoking and alcohol use, little attention has been given to the utility functions of these co-occurring behaviors. METHODS Data are drawn from semi-structured interviews with college freshmen at a large Mid-western university in the U.S. (n=35). In addition, eleven focus groups with fraternity and sorority members were conducted (n=70). Interviews and focus groups focused on a range of issues including current smoking behavior, reasons for smoking, and smoking and drinking. RESULTS A review of qualitative responses reveals that smoking served multiple utility functions for this population including (1) facilitating social interaction across gender, (2) allowing one to structure time and space at a party, (3) enabling "party" smokers to smoke with fewer negative side effects, and (4) helping to calm one down when drunk. CONCLUSIONS Whereas smoking was stigmatized during the context of one's everyday life as a student, at parties while consuming alcohol, smoking was viewed as normative and socially acceptable. Preventive interventions are needed on college campus that target co-substance use and address widespread misperceptions about the harm of tobacco use and addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Nichter
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Emil Haury Building, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
This article supports the call for the sensorially engaged anthropological study of healing modalities, popular health culture, dietary practices, drug foods and pharmaceuticals, and idioms of distress. Six concepts are of central importance to sensorial anthropology: embodiment, the mindful body, mimesis, local biology, somatic idioms of distress, and 'the work of culture'. Fieldwork in South and Southeast Asia and North America illustrates how cultural interpretations associate bodily sensations with passions (strong emotions) and anxiety states, and bodily communication about social relations. Lay interpretations of bodily sensations inform and are informed by local understanding of ethnophysiology, health, illness, and the way medicines act in the body. Bodily states are manipulated by the ingestion of substances ranging from drug foods (e.g., sources of caffeine, nicotine, dietary supplements) to pharmaceuticals that stimulate or suppress sensations concordant with cultural values, work demands, and health concerns. Social relations are articulated at the site of the body through somatic modes of attention that index bodily ways of knowing learned through socialization, bodily memories, and the ability to relate to how another is likely to be feeling in a particular context. Sensorial anthropology can contribute to the study of transformative healing and trajectories of healthcare seeking and patterns of referral in pluralistic healthcare arenas.
Collapse
|