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Monarque M, Sabetti J, Ferrari M. Digital interventions for substance use disorders in young people: rapid review. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2023; 18:13. [PMID: 36805783 PMCID: PMC9937742 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-023-00518-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young people are disproportionately more likely than other age groups to use substances. The rise in substance use and related harms, including overdose, during the Covid-19 pandemic has created a critical need for more innovative and accessible substance use interventions. Digital interventions have shown effectiveness and can provide more engaging, less stigmatizing, and accessible interventions that meet the needs of young people. This review provides an overview of recent literature on the nature of recently published digital interventions for young people in terms of technologies used, substances targeted, intended outcomes and theoretical or therapeutic models employed. METHODS Rapid review methodology was used to identify and assess the literature on digital interventions for young people. An initial keyword search was conducted using MEDLINE the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), Health Technology Assessment Database (HTA) and PROSPERO for the years 2015-2020, and later updated to December 2021. Following a title/abstract and full-text screening of articles, and consensus decision on study inclusion, the data extraction process proceeded using an extraction grid developed for the study. Data synthesis relied on an adapted conceptual framework by Stockings, et al. that involved a three-level treatment spectrum for youth substance use (prevention, early intervention, and treatment) for any type of substance. RESULTS In total, the review identified 43 articles describing 39 different digital interventions. Most were early interventions (n = 28), followed by prevention interventions (n = 6) and treatment interventions (n = 5). The identified digital technologies included web-based (n = 14), game-based (n = 10), mobile-based (n = 7), and computer-based (n = 5) technologies, and virtual reality (n = 3). Most interventions targeted alcohol use (n = 20) followed by tobacco/nicotine (n = 5), cannabis (n = 2), opioids (n = 2), ketamine (1) and multiple, or any substances (n = 9). Most interventions used a personalized or normative feedback approach and aimed to effect behaviour change as the intended outcome. Interestingly, a harm reduction approach guided only one of the 39 interventions. CONCLUSIONS While web-based interventions represented the most common type of technology, more recently developed immersive and interactive technologies such as virtual reality and game-based interventions call for further exploration. Digital interventions focused mainly on alcohol use, reflecting less concern for tobacco, cannabis, co-occurring substance use, and illicit drug use. Specifically, the recent exacerbation in the opioid crisis throughout North American underlines the urgent need for more prevention-oriented digital interventions for opioid use. The uptake of digital interventions among youth also depends on the incorporation of harm reduction approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Monarque
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Judith Sabetti
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Manuela Ferrari
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Perry C3 E-3102, QC H4H 1R3, Montreal, Canada.
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Erickson JH. Birds of a Feather Get High Together: A Reconceptualization of the Social Bond with Latent Class Analysis and a Test with Different Forms of Drug Use. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE : AJCJ 2022; 47:672-696. [PMID: 36467593 PMCID: PMC9685152 DOI: 10.1007/s12103-022-09699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Social bond theory has received significant empirical support in examinations of drug use for decades. However, research utilizing the theory has often been fragmented and has not incorporated all four dimensions of the social bond. Additionally, much of this research has collapsed drug use into categories rather than examining specific forms of drug use. These concerns confuse the theoretical and practical insights that may be derived from such analyses. I utilize Monitoring the Future (2019) data to examine social bonding wholistically as latent classes in line with the concept of the social bond described by Hirschi (1969) and estimate the effect of the classes on specific forms of drug use. I find there are four distinct classes of social bonding among U.S. seniors most clearly differentiated by levels of attachment and commitment. Logistic regression results indicated different classes of social bonding were associated with different forms of drug use. I discuss the theoretical implications of the results and how they can be applied for criminal justice practitioners.
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Kollath-Cattano C, Hatteberg SJ, Kooper A. Illicit drug use among college students: The role of social norms and risk perceptions. Addict Behav 2020; 105:106289. [PMID: 32007829 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the prevalence and correlates of college student use of illicit substances including cocaine, designer drugs, and nonmedical use of prescription stimulants and opioids, and to identify how different drug-related perceptions are related to past year use of these substances. METHODS Data were analyzed from a cross-sectional anonymous web-based survey among a sample (n = 1345, 81% female) of students attending a mid-sized liberal arts college in the US. Logistic regression models were estimated to assess the relationships between substance-specific descriptive norms, injunctive norms, perceived availability, risk perceptions and past year use of cocaine, designer drugs, prescription stimulants, and opioids, adjusting for current marijuana use, alcohol dependence, sensation seeking, and sociodemographic factors. FINDINGS Past year use of illicit substances ranged from 6% for nonmedical prescription opioids to 21% for nonmedical prescription stimulants. The sociodemographic correlates past year substance use differed by substance type. Descriptive norms (perceptions of peer use) and perceived risk were not consistently related to use of these substances. Current marijuana use was the strongest correlate across substances, and both injunctive norms (perceptions of peer approval) and perceived availability were consistently related to use of each substance. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that future college student drug prevention efforts should more directly target current marijuana users since they are most at risk of using other illicit substances. Additionally, findings indicate that injunctive norms may be an important consideration for education-focused drug prevention programs. However, findings should be interpreted in light of limitations of the sample, which is predominantly female.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy Kollath-Cattano
- Department of Health and Human Performance, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424, USA.
| | - Sarah J Hatteberg
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424, USA
| | - Anna Kooper
- Department of Health and Human Performance, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424, USA
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Busto Miramontes A, Moure-Rodríguez L, Díaz-Geada A, Rodríguez-Holguín S, Corral M, Cadaveira F, Caamaño-Isorna F. Heavy Drinking and Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs among University Students: A 9-Year Follow-Up. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16162939. [PMID: 31426271 PMCID: PMC6720280 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Investigations suggest non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) is associated with heavy drinking and polydrug use among university students. Our aim is to determine the prevalence of NMUPD among university students and to analyze its association with alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use, and to study the role of the age of drinking onset. Methods: Cohort study among university Spanish students (n = 1382). Heavy drinking (HED) and risky consumption (RC) were measured with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Questions related to tobacco and cannabis consumption were also formulated. NMUPD refers to sedative, anxiety, or pain medication intake within the last 15 days without medical prescription. All variables were measured at 18, 20, and 27 years. Multilevel logistic regression for repeated measures was used to obtain adjusted OR (odds ratios). We analyzed the results from a gender perspective. Results: Prevalence of NMUPD were higher in students who already partook in NMUPD at the beginning of the study. NMUPD in women at 27 is 3 times higher than at 18, while in men it is twice. Among females, RC (OR = 1.43) and cannabis consumption (OR = 1.33) are risk factors for NMUPD, while later onset of alcohol use (OR = 0.66) constitutes a protective factor. No significant differences were found for males. Conclusions: NMUPD is prevalent among university students. RC and early onset of alcohol use were associated with higher prevalence of NMUPD in females. The prevalence of NMUPD increased with age in both sexes. Strategies for reducing risky drinking and delaying onset of drinking should be provided for university students. Pharmacists and parents should be alerted to the risk of NMUPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Busto Miramontes
- Department of Public Health, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Lucía Moure-Rodríguez
- Department of Public Health, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Ainara Díaz-Geada
- Department of Public Health, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Socorro Rodríguez-Holguín
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Montserrat Corral
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Fernando Cadaveira
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Francisco Caamaño-Isorna
- Department of Public Health, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain
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Arabyat RM, Borrego M, Hamidovic A, Sleath B, Raisch DW. The impact of a theory-based web-intervention on the intention to use prescription drugs for non-medical purposes among college students: a randomized controlled trial. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2019; 34:173-187. [PMID: 30590472 PMCID: PMC6735692 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyy047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) among college students is escalating at an alarming rate. A limited number of studies have utilized a theoretical framework to influence this behavior. To utilize the reasoned-action approach theory to design and evaluate a web-based intervention to influence students' attitudes, perceived norms (PNs), perceived behavioral control (PBC) and intentions toward NMUPD. Using a two-group post-test only controlled trial, students were randomized to view either a general health website or a web-based intervention focused on NMUPD. The intervention was presented in multiple sections to address each component of the reasoned-action approach. Subsequently, respondents completed a web-survey. Independent t-tests were used to compare responses between the two groups. Of 391 respondents, 112 (28.9%) students indicated previous NMUPD. The intervention group had significantly (P = 0.04) more negative attitudes toward NMUPD. No significant differences were found in PNs (P = 0.11), PBC (P = 0.68) or intentions to NMUPD (P = 0.97). The intervention was successful in changing attitudes toward NMUPD. Targeting the intervention toward college students regardless of previous experiences of NMUPD might have led to insufficiency of the intervention to influence intentions. Additional research is needed to improve the intervention dissemination and utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha M Arabyat
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, MSC09 5360, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Matthew Borrego
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, MSC09 5360, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ajna Hamidovic
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St. MC 886, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Betsy Sleath
- Division of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7573, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dennis W Raisch
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, MSC09 5360, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Willis E, Adams R, Keene J. If Everyone Is Doing It, It Must Be Safe: College Students' Development of Attitudes toward Poly-Substance Use. Subst Use Misuse 2019; 54:1886-1893. [PMID: 31142176 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1618334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: While binge drinking on college campuses has been a topic of concern for decades, especially among fraternity and sorority members, recreational drug use is on the rise and mixing alcohol and drugs is now more of a concern than ever. Objective: Social learning theory was used as a framework for understanding how students develop attitudes regarding the possible risks and rewards of various behaviors such as binge drinking and drug use. Method: This research reports the results of 13 focus group discussions with 63 college students. A thematic approach was used and revealed several themes: participating in college culture, experimenting is expected, ignoring risk-taking, and resisting peer pressure. Findings: Participants felt as if it was expected that college students would experiment with alcohol and drugs, and that it was just "part of going away to college." Students reported ignoring the known risks of mixing alcohol and drugs use despite prior education efforts. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that alcohol and drug use on college campuses is, at least in part, driven by a perception of college culture and a poor balancing of the risks and rewards associated with these behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Willis
- a Advertising, Public Relations & Media Design , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , Colorado , USA
| | - Robyn Adams
- b Creative Media Industries, College of Media and Communication, Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas , USA
| | - Justin Keene
- b Creative Media Industries, College of Media and Communication, Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas , USA
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Ford JA, Hinojosa MS, Nicholson HL. Disability status and prescription drug misuse among U.S. adults. Addict Behav 2018; 85:64-69. [PMID: 29852357 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The U.S. is in the midst of a public health crisis related to drug overdose deaths. Largely responsible for the dramatic increase in overdose deaths is the misuse of prescription drugs such as opioids and benzodiazepines. While much research attention has focused on correlates of prescription drug misuse in recent years, notable gaps in the literature remain. The current research addresses one of these gaps by examining the relationship between disability status and prescription drug misuse. METHOD We examine data from the 2015 National Survey on Drug use and Health, a leading source of epidemiological data on drug use in the United States that added questions related to disability status to the 2015 survey. The current research assessed the relationship between disability status (i.e. activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living) and prescription drug misuse (i.e. opioids and benzodiazepines) among adults. RESULTS Findings from multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that a disability related to activities of daily living was correlated with opioid misuse, while a disability associated with instrumental activities of daily living was associated with benzodiazepine misuse and misuse of both. In addition, health related measures had a greater impact on the relationship between disability status and prescription drug misuse than did the social engagement/isolation measures. CONCLUSION Findings indicated that disability status is a significant correlate of prescription drug misuse. However, this relationship was largely mediated by measures associated with poor health and social engagement/isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Ford
- Department of Sociology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States.
| | | | - Harvey L Nicholson
- Department of Sociology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States
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Papazisis G, Tsakiridis I, Siafis S. Nonmedical Use of Prescription Drugs among Medical Students and the Relationship With Illicit Drug, Tobacco, and Alcohol Use. SUBSTANCE ABUSE-RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2018; 12:1178221818802298. [PMID: 30262985 PMCID: PMC6149012 DOI: 10.1177/1178221818802298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nonmedical use of prescription medications is a growing health problem
including not only the opioid painkiller overdose epidemic but also
benzodiazepine and stimulants misuse. Medical students express
considerable high percentages of prescription drug misuse but also of
illicit drug use, with cannabis being the frequently used illicit
drug. We report the final results of a cross-sectional study among
medical students that examined prevalence and motivation for use and
suggest that medical students display similar patterns of misuse, for
both licit and illicit drugs, to other students. Furthermore, a
correlation was found between illicit drugs use with tranquilizers
misuse and between smoking and alcohol misuse with opioids, sleeping
drugs, and stimulants use. Considering that substance use during
medical school affects students’ personal and professional lives and
has potential consequences for their patients, further studies are
needed to elucidate the prevalence but also the motivation for that
use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Papazisis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Tsakiridis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spyridon Siafis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Illict drug use and academia in North Kosovo: Prevalence, patterns, predictors and health-related quality of life. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199921. [PMID: 30011284 PMCID: PMC6047773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study were to estimate the prevalence and patterns of illicit drug use in a sample of University students from North Kosovo, to assess factors associated with illicit drug use and to assess health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among students according to illicit drug use. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Student Public Health Center, where 514 University students were enrolled from April to June 2015 in North Kosovo. Participants completed the general socio-demographic and behavioral questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the SF-36 questionnaire for HRQoL assessment. Data on lifetime illicit drug use were self-reported. RESULTS As much as 16.0% of students reported ever illicit drug use. The most frequently used drugs were marijuana (9.3%) and bromazepam (7.6%). Factors associated with ever illicit drug use were: being smoker and alcohol user, having chronic diseases and having higher depressive symptoms score. Ever illicit drug users reported all domains of HRQoL as worse. CONCLUSION These results could serve as a tool for implementation of preventive strategies and University policies to promote healthy lifestyles and behaviors. Measurement of HRQoL could also be used as indicator of the effect of interventions designed to reduce and/or prevent illicit drug use at institutions of higher education.
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Sumstine S, Cruz S, Schroeder C, Takeda S, Bavarian N. Racial/ethnic variation in mental health correlates of substance use among college students. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2018; 17:94-107. [PMID: 28368707 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2017.1300554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated mental health indicators, substance use, and their relationships, by race/ethnicity. A probability sample of 1,053 students at two California universities self-reported their frequency of substance use and rated their experience with indicators of mental health. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), chi-square tests, and multivariate censored regression models were estimated to examine which indicators of mental health were associated with each substance use form by race/ethnicity. Results from the one-way ANOVA and chi-square tests showed differences in substance use prevalence and mental health by race/ethnicity. For example, students who identified as White demonstrate a higher prevalence for every form of substance use in comparison to the Asian, Latino, and "All other" categories. Results from the regression showed, among Whites, inattention was associated with prescription stimulant misuse, and psychological distress was associated with marijuana use. Among Latinos, inattention was associated with cocaine and prescription stimulant use. Among Asians, psychological distress was associated with tobacco use and the misuse of prescription painkillers. Findings highlight the need to ensure subpopulations receive needed services.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheena Cruz
- a California State University , Long Beach , California
| | | | - Summer Takeda
- a California State University , Long Beach , California
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Rougemont-Bücking A, Grazioli VS, Marmet S, Daeppen JB, Lemoine M, Gmel G, Studer J. Non-medical use of prescription drugs by young men: impact of potentially traumatic events and of social-environmental stressors. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2018; 9:1468706. [PMID: 29760868 PMCID: PMC5944370 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2018.1468706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) is an increasing phenomenon associated with physical and psychological consequences. This study investigated the effects of distinct forms of stress on NMUPD. Methods: Data from 5308 young adult men from the Swiss cohort study on substance use risk factors (C-SURF) were analysed regarding NMUPD of sleeping pills, tranquilizers, opioid analgesics, psychostimulants, and antidepressants. Various forms of stress (discrete, potentially traumatic events, recent and long-lasting social-environmental stressors) during the period preceding the NMUPD assessment were measured. Backward log-binomial regression was performed and risk ratios (RR) were calculated. Results: NMUPD was significantly associated with the cumulative number of potentially traumatic events (e.g. for opioid analgesics, RR = 1.92, p < .001), with problems within the family (e.g. for sleeping pills, RR = 2.45, p < .001), and the peer group (e.g. for tranquilizer use, RR = 2.34, p < .01). Factors describing family functioning in childhood showed very few significant associations. Sexual assault by acquaintances was associated only with use of sleeping pills (RR = 2.91, p p <.01); physical assault by acquaintances was not associated with NMUPD. Physical (e.g. for psychostimulants, RR = 2.01, p < .001) or sexual assaults (e.g. for antidepressants, RR = 4.64, p < .001) perpetrated outside the family context did show associations with several drug categories. Conclusion: NMUPD appears to be more consistently associated with discrete and potentially traumatic events and with recent social-environmental stressors than with long-lasting stressors due to family functioning during childhood and youth. Physical and sexual assaults perpetrated by strangers showed more associations with NMUPD than those perpetrated by a family member.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar Rougemont-Bücking
- Alcohol Treatment Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Chair of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Science (NMS), Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Véronique S Grazioli
- Alcohol Treatment Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simon Marmet
- Alcohol Treatment Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Bernard Daeppen
- Alcohol Treatment Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mélissa Lemoine
- Alcohol Treatment Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Gmel
- Alcohol Treatment Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Addiction Suisse, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Frenchay Campus, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Joseph Studer
- Alcohol Treatment Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Dayal P, Balhara YPS. Profile of female patients seeking in-patient treatment for prescription opioid abuse from a tertiary care drug dependence treatment centre from India. Indian J Med Res 2017; 143:95-100. [PMID: 26997020 PMCID: PMC4822376 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.178616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: There has been a limited focus on prescription drug abuse among women in the country. Choice of psychoactive substance, reasons for initiation and co-occurring disorders have been found to be different among men and women. The current study was aimed at studying the profile of female patients seeking in-patient treatment for prescription drug use over a period of five years at a tertiary care drug dependence treatment centre in India. Methods: Case records of all female patients admitted with substance use disorder at a national level drug dependence treatment centre in north India across five years (between January 2008 and December 2012) were reviewed retrospectively to study their socio-demographic and clinical profile. The information was gathered using a semi-structured proforma and detailed case records. Abstinence, relapse and retention rates were calculated. Results: Over the five years, 31 female patients were admitted with prescription drug abuse. Of them, 12 (39%) used prescription opioids and 11 (36%) used prescription opioid along with benzodiazepines. Commonest prescription opioid was pentazocine used by 87 per cent of the women. Twenty two (71%) women were introduced to opioid by medical practitioners and commonest reason for introduction was pain (among 48%). Common co-occurring psychiatric diagnoses were depressive disorder (26%), cluster B traits/disorder (19%) and somatoform disorder (13%). Eight women did not complete treatment and left against medical advice. Thirteen women were advised maintenance treatment, and 70 per cent of them were retained for at least six months. Interpretation & conclusions: Our findings revealed a link between mental illness, pain and non-medical use of prescription opioids among women. Majority of these women received opioids as a legitimate prescription form physician. Therefore, these legitimate prescribers should be trained for pain management to facilitate proper treatment of pain and to prevent the subsequent misuse of these medicines. Female patients with frequent pain complaints should be assessed for psychopathology while prescribing opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yatan Pal Singh Balhara
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Amin-Esmaeili M, Yunesian M, Sahimi-Izadian E, Moinolghorabaei M, Rahimi-Movaghar A. The Prevalence of Illicit Substance Use Among Students of Medical Sciences in Tehran: Results from Four Repeated Surveys from 2006 to 2009. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2016.1242099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Abstract
Prescription drug misuse (PDM) is a well-documented trend among college students, with a rising prevalence in recent years. Motivations for PDM are an important aspect of the dynamics surrounding this behavior. Using a sample of undergraduate students taken from a large southern university ( N = 841), this study separates users based on their motives into typologies of instrumental, recreational, or mixed motive users and examines the differences between them using a number of social learning, social control, and strain-based risk factors while also comparing them with non-users. The results show that social learning risk factors, specifically those related to the concepts of differential association and differential reinforcement, as well as the use of other drugs, exert the greatest impact on likelihood of PDM between the motivational typologies.
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Cunningham RM, Chermack ST, Ehrlich PF, Carter PM, Booth BM, Blow FC, Barry KL, Walton MA. Alcohol Interventions Among Underage Drinkers in the ED: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatrics 2015; 136:e783-93. [PMID: 26347440 PMCID: PMC4586730 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined the efficacy of emergency department (ED)-based brief interventions (BIs), delivered by a computer or therapist, with and without a post-ED session, on alcohol consumption and consequences over 12 months. METHODS Patients (ages 14-20 years) screening positive for risky drinking were randomized to: BI (n = 277), therapist BI (n = 278), or control (n = 281). After the 3-month follow-up, participants were randomized to receive a post-ED BI session or control. Incorporating motivational interviewing, the BIs addressed alcohol consumption and consequences, including driving under the influence (DUI), and alcohol-related injury, as well as other concomitant drug use. The computer BI was an offline, Facebook-styled program. RESULTS Among 4389 patients screened, 1054 patients reported risky drinking and 836 were enrolled in the randomized controlled trial. Regression models examined the main effects of the intervention conditions (versus control) and the interaction effects (ED condition × post-ED condition) on primary outcomes. The therapist and computer BIs significantly reduced consumption at 3 months, consequences at 3 and 12 months, and prescription drug use at 12 months; the computer BI reduced the frequency of DUI at 12 months; and the therapist BI reduced the frequency of alcohol-related injury at 12 months. The post-ED session reduced alcohol consequences at 6 months, benefiting those who had not received a BI in the ED. CONCLUSIONS A single-session BI, delivered by a computer or therapist in the ED, shows promise for underage drinkers. Findings for the fully automated stand-alone computer BI are particularly appealing given the ease of future implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Cunningham
- University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,Department of Health Behavior and Health Education and,Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stephen T. Chermack
- University of Michigan Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Peter F. Ehrlich
- University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, CS Mott Children’s Hospital, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Patrick M. Carter
- University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Brenda M. Booth
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; and
| | - Frederic C. Blow
- University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,University of Michigan Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kristen L. Barry
- University of Michigan Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Maureen A. Walton
- University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,University of Michigan Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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LeClair A, Kelly BC, Pawson M, Wells BE, Parsons JT. Motivations for Prescription Drug Misuse among Young Adults: Considering Social and Developmental Contexts. DRUGS-EDUCATION PREVENTION AND POLICY 2015; 22:208-216. [PMID: 26709337 DOI: 10.3109/09687637.2015.1030355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS As part of a larger study on prescription drug misuse among young adults active in urban nightlife scenes, we examined participants' motivations for misuse. Prescription painkillers, stimulants and sedatives were the primary substances of interest. METHODS Participants were recruited from nightlife venues in New York using time-space sampling. Subjects completed a mixed-methods assessment at project research offices. The data presented here are from a subsample of 70 qualitative interviews conducted during the baseline assessment. FINDINGS We identified experimentation and a "work hard, play hard" ethos as key motivations for misusing prescription drugs and argue that these motivations are specific, though not necessarily unique, to the participants' social location as young adults. These findings highlight the role of life stage and social context in the misuse of prescription drugs. CONCLUSION Future studies of prescription drug misuse should pay attention to the larger social contexts in which users are embedded and, therefore, make decisions about how and why to misuse. Moving beyond the very broad concepts of "recreation" and "self-medication" presently established in the research, policies targeting young adults may want to tailor intervention efforts based on motivations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy LeClair
- Institute for Health, Health Care Policy & Aging Research, Rutgers University
| | - Brian C Kelly
- Purdue University ; Center for HIV Educational Studies & Training, CUNY
| | - Mark Pawson
- Center for HIV Educational Studies & Training, CUNY ; Graduate Center, CUNY
| | - Brooke E Wells
- Center for HIV Educational Studies & Training, CUNY ; Hunter College, CUNY
| | - Jeffrey T Parsons
- Center for HIV Educational Studies & Training, CUNY ; Hunter College, CUNY ; Graduate Center, CUNY
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Ponnet K, Wouters E, Walrave M, Heirman W, Van Hal G. Predicting students' intention to use stimulants for academic performance enhancement. Subst Use Misuse 2015; 50:275-82. [PMID: 25438029 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2014.952446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The non-medical use of stimulants for academic performance enhancement is becoming a more common practice among college and university students. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to gain a better understanding of students' intention to use stimulant medication for the purpose of enhancing their academic performance. Based on an extended model of Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, we examined the predictive value of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, psychological distress, procrastination, substance use, and alcohol use on students' intention to use stimulants to improve their academic performance. METHODS The sample consisted of 3,589 Flemish university and college students (mean age: 21.59, SD: 4.09), who participated anonymously in an online survey conducted in March and April 2013. Structural equation modeling was used to investigate the relationships among the study variables. RESULTS Our results indicate that subjective norm is the strongest predictor of students' intention to use stimulant medication, followed by attitude and perceived behavioral control. To a lesser extent, procrastinating tendencies, psychological distress, and substance abuse contribute to students' intention. Conclusions/ Importance: Based on these findings, we provide several recommendations on how to curtail students' intention to use stimulant medication for the purpose of improving their academic performance. In addition, we urge researchers to identify other psychological variables that might be related to students' intention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Ponnet
- 1Department of Sociology, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
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18
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Abstract
In recent years, prescription drug misuse has become a serious public health issue. A number of studies in this area have identified females to be at an increased risk for prescription drug misuse during adolescence. Guided by Agnew's general strain theory, the current research examined the relationship between prescription drug misuse and gender during adolescence. We used data from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, a sample representative of the non-institutionalized population of the United States. Logistic regression models were estimated to examine the relationship between gender, prescription drug misuse, strain, and depression. The findings indicated that females were at an increased for prescription drug misuse. We also found support for general strain theory, as strain and depression were significantly related to prescription drug misuse. In addition, we found evidence that strain was gendered in that elements of general strain theory accounted for the relationship between prescription drug misuse and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Ford
- University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
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19
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Bonar EE, Cunningham RM, Chermack ST, Blow FC, Barry KL, Booth BM, Walton MA. Prescription drug misuse and sexual risk behaviors among adolescents and emerging adults. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2014; 75:259-68. [PMID: 24650820 PMCID: PMC3965680 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2014.75.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate associations between prescription drug misuse (PDM) and sexual risk behaviors (SRBs) among adolescents and emerging adults. METHOD In a hospital emergency department, 2,127 sexually active 14- to 20-year-olds (61% female) reported on past-year alcohol use severity (using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-consumption [AUDIT-C]), cannabis use, PDM (n = 422), and SRBs (inconsistent condom use, multiple partners, intercourse following alcohol/other drug use). RESULTS Bivariately, AUDIT-C score, cannabis use, and PDM of stimulants, opioids, and sedatives were positively associated with each SRB. Because many participants reported PDM for multiple drug classes (i.e., sedatives, stimulants, opioids), participants were categorized as (a) no PDM (n = 1,705), (b) PDM of one class (n = 251), (c) PDM of two classes (n = 90), or (d) PDM of three classes (n = 81). Three hierarchical logistic regression models evaluated the associations of number of classes of PDM with SRBs separately, after accounting for demographics (age, gender, race), AUDIT-C score, and cannabis use. Adding PDM statistically improved each model beyond what was accounted for by demographics, alcohol, and cannabis use. For inconsistent condom use and substance use before sex, PDM of one, two, or three classes was significantly associated with increased odds of these SRBs. PDM of two or three classes was associated with increased odds of reporting multiple partners. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that PDM, especially poly-PDM, may be a pertinent risk factor for SRBs among youth. Event-based research could further evaluate how PDM, as well as other substance use, is related to SRBs at the event level in order to inform interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Bonar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- Injury Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stephen T Chermack
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Veterans Affairs, National Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Frederic C Blow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Veterans Affairs, National Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kristen L Barry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Brenda M Booth
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Center for Mental Healthcare Outcomes and Research, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, North Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Maureen A Walton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Injury Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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20
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Wong CF, Silva K, Kecojevic A, Schrager SM, Bloom JJ, Iverson E, Lankenau SE. Coping and emotion regulation profiles as predictors of nonmedical prescription drug and illicit drug use among high-risk young adults. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 132:165-71. [PMID: 23453258 PMCID: PMC4180492 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits in the ability to organize, integrate, and modulate emotions, thoughts, and behaviors when dealing with stress have been found to be related to the onset and escalation of substance use among adolescents and young adults. However, limited research has focused on understanding how coping and emotion regulation tendencies might be associated with different patterns of prescription and illicit drug use, particularly among high-risk young adults who may already face additional challenges relative to lower-risk populations. METHODS Young adults aged 16-25 years who had misused prescription drugs within the past 90 days were interviewed in Los Angeles and New York. The current study utilized latent profile analysis to empirically derive coping and emotion regulation typologies/profiles that are then used to predict different patterns of substance use (N=560). RESULTS Four latent classes/groups were identified: (1) suppressors, (2) others-reliant copers, (3) self-reliant copers and (4) active copers. Distinct patterns of prescription and illicit drug misuse were found among different coping/emotion regulation profiles, including differences in age of initiation of opiates, tranquilizers, and illicit drugs, recent injection drug use, substance use-related problems, and past 90-day use of tranquilizers, heroin, and cocaine. Specifically, suppressors and others-reliant copers evidenced more problematic patterns of substance use compared to active copers. CONCLUSION This is among the first studies to show how coping and emotion regulation profiles predict distinct patterns of substance use. Results provide the groundwork for additional investigations that could have significant prevention and clinical implications for substance-using high-risk young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn F. Wong
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, The Saban Research Institute
Community, Health Outcomes and Intervention Research Program, 4650 Sunset Boulevard,
Mailstop #30, Los Angeles, CA 90027, United States, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine,
Department of Pediatrics, United States, Corresponding author at: Children's Hospital Los Angeles,
4650 Sunset Boulevard Mailstop #30, Los Angeles, CA 90027, United States. Tel.: +1 323 361
8427; fax: +1 323 361 8043. (C.F. Wong)
| | - Karol Silva
- Temple University, Department of Psychology, Weiss Hall, 1701 N.
13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
| | - Aleksandar Kecojevic
- Drexel University, School of Public Health, Department of
Community Health and Prevention, 1505 Race Street, 11th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19102,
United States
| | - Sheree M. Schrager
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Division of Adolescent
Medicine, 5000 Sunset Boulevard, 7th Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90027, United States
| | - Jennifer Jackson Bloom
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Division of Adolescent
Medicine, 5000 Sunset Boulevard, 7th Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90027, United States
| | - Ellen Iverson
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Division of Adolescent
Medicine, 5000 Sunset Boulevard, 7th Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90027, United States
| | - Stephen E. Lankenau
- Drexel University, School of Public Health, Department of
Community Health and Prevention, 1505 Race Street, 11th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19102,
United States
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21
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Hanson CL, Burton SH, Giraud-Carrier C, West JH, Barnes MD, Hansen B. Tweaking and tweeting: exploring Twitter for nonmedical use of a psychostimulant drug (Adderall) among college students. J Med Internet Res 2013; 15:e62. [PMID: 23594933 PMCID: PMC3636321 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.2503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adderall is the most commonly abused prescription stimulant among college students. Social media provides a real-time avenue for monitoring public health, specifically for this population. Objective This study explores discussion of Adderall on Twitter to identify variations in volume around college exam periods, differences across sets of colleges and universities, and commonly mentioned side effects and co-ingested substances. Methods Public-facing Twitter status messages containing the term “Adderall” were monitored from November 2011 to May 2012. Tweets were examined for mention of side effects and other commonly abused substances. Tweets from likely students containing GPS data were identified with clusters of nearby colleges and universities for regional comparison. Results 213,633 tweets from 132,099 unique user accounts mentioned “Adderall.” The number of Adderall tweets peaked during traditional college and university final exam periods. Rates of Adderall tweeters were highest among college and university clusters in the northeast and south regions of the United States. 27,473 (12.9%) mentioned an alternative motive (eg, study aid) in the same tweet. The most common substances mentioned with Adderall were alcohol (4.8%) and stimulants (4.7%), and the most common side effects were sleep deprivation (5.0%) and loss of appetite (2.6%). Conclusions Twitter posts confirm the use of Adderall as a study aid among college students. Adderall discussions through social media such as Twitter may contribute to normative behavior regarding its abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl L Hanson
- Computational Health Science Research Group, Department of Health Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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22
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Understanding nonprescription and prescription drug misuse in late adolescence/young adulthood. JOURNAL OF ADDICTION 2013; 2013:709207. [PMID: 24826368 PMCID: PMC4007747 DOI: 10.1155/2013/709207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the extent to which nonprescription and prescription drugs misuse among adolescents/young adults are related to their perception that it is safer than illicit drugs, ease of access, and lower societal stigma. Adolescents/young adults (N = 465; Mage = 18.57, SD = 0.86) completed an online survey about their nonprescription and prescription drug misuse, other substance use, and correlates of use. Perceived risk, societal stigma, and access to nonprescription and prescription drugs were predictive of misuse. Results support program planners working towards targeting perceived risk and societal stigma in reducing misuse and the need to restrict and monitor access to nonprescription and prescription drugs for adolescents/young adults.
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23
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Parent and peer influence on recreational use of pain medication: are their influences similar to that of marijuana use? ISRN ADDICTION 2013; 2013:236249. [PMID: 25938113 PMCID: PMC4392963 DOI: 10.1155/2013/236249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parent and peer disapproval were examined as potential predictors of recreational use of over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription pain medication. Risk perception was studied as a potential mediator of the effects of parent and peer disapproval. Four hundred and sixty-five college students (Mage = 18.57, SD = 0.86) were recruited between September 2009 and September 2010. Participants completed an online survey about their recreational medication use, other substance use, and correlates of use. Path analyses showed that predictors of OTC and prescription pain medication recreational use are largely similar to predictors of marijuana use in college students such that risk perception mediated both the effect of parent and peer disapproval on dichotomous misuse, and peer disapproval had a significant direct effect on dichotomous misuse. Prevention interventions for recreational use of pain medication should target risk perception and peer disapproval.
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24
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Lankenau SE, Schrager SM, Silva K, Kecojevic A, Bloom JJ, Wong C, Iverson E. Misuse of prescription and illicit drugs among high-risk young adults in Los Angeles and New York. J Public Health Res 2012; 1:22-30. [PMID: 22798990 PMCID: PMC3396434 DOI: 10.4081/jphr.2012.e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prescription drug misuse among young adults is increasingly viewed as a public health concern, yet most research has focused on student populations and excluded high-risk groups. Furthermore, research on populations who report recent prescription drug misuse is limited. This study examined patterns of prescription drug misuse among high-risk young adults in Los Angeles (LA) and New York (NY), which represent different local markets for illicit and prescription drugs. Design and Methods Between 2009 and 2011, 596 young adults (16 to 25 years old) who had misused prescription drugs within the past 90 days were interviewed in Los Angeles and New York. Sampling was stratified to enroll three groups of high-risk young adults: injection drug users (IDUs); homeless persons; and polydrug users. Results In both sites, lifetime history of receiving a prescription for an opioid, tranquilizer, or stimulant was high and commonly preceded misuse. Moreover, initiation of opioids occurred before heroin and initiation of prescription stimulants happened prior to illicit stimulants. NY participants more frequently misused oxycodone, heroin, and cocaine, and LA participants more frequently misused codeine, marijuana, and methamphetamine. Combining prescription and illicit drugs during drug using events was commonly reported in both sites. Opioids and tranquilizers were used as substitutes for other drugs, e.g., heroin, when these drugs were not available. Conclusion Patterns of drug use among high-risk young adults in Los Angeles and New York appear to be linked to differences in local markets in each city for illicit drugs and diverted prescription drugs.
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25
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Steele JL, Peralta RL, Elman C. The Co-Ingestion of Nonmedical Prescription Drugs and Alcohol: A Partial Test of Social Learning Theory. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/002204261104100406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, scholars have examined simultaneous polydrug use among illicit drug users; however, the co-ingestion of nonmedical prescription drug (NMPD) use and alcohol has been largely overlooked. Also overlooked have been the incorporation and testing of theoretical explanations for this type of substance use behavior. In the current paper, we test social learning theory as an explanation for NMPD use and the co-ingestion of nonmedical prescription drugs and alcohol on a Midwest university sample using a bivariate probit equation model. Support is found for the influence of differential association, social reinforcement, and definitions of use on the co-ingestion of NMPDs and alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cheryl Elman
- University of Akron, Social Science Research, Demography, Social Science and Medicine, and the American Journal of Sociology
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26
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Fleary SA, Heffer RW, McKyer ELJ. Dispositional, ecological and biological influences on adolescent tranquilizer, Ritalin, and narcotics misuse. J Adolesc 2011; 34:653-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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McCauley JL, Amstadter AB, Macdonald A, Danielson CK, Ruggiero KJ, Resnick HS, Kilpatrick DG. Non-medical use of prescription drugs in a national sample of college women. Addict Behav 2011; 36:690-5. [PMID: 21356576 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) is one of the fastest growing forms of illicit drug use, with research indicating that college students represent a particularly high risk population. The current study examined demographic characteristics, health/mental health, substance misuse, and rape experiences as potential risk correlates of NMUPD among a national sample of college women (N=2000). Interviews were conducted via telephone using Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing technology. NMUPD was assessed by asking if, participants had used a prescription drug non-medically in the past year. NMUPD was endorsed by 7.8% of the sample (n=155). Although incapacitated and drug-alcohol facilitated rape were associated with NMUPD in the initial model, the final multivariable model showed that only lifetime major depression and other forms of substance use/abuse were significantly uniquely associated with an increased likelihood of NMUPD. Implications for primary and secondary prevention and subsequent research are addressed.
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28
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Watkins WC, Ford JA. Prescription drug misuse among Asian-American adults: results from a national survey. Subst Use Misuse 2011; 46:1700-8. [PMID: 21877940 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2011.605415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Asians have low levels of substance use compared with other groups in the United States. Given the increase in Asian population, we believe it is important to study substance use in this population. Data from the 2002-2003 National Latino and Asian American Study are examined to address two questions. First, which Asian ethnic subgroup is at greatest risk for prescription drug misuse? Second, is acculturation significantly correlated with prescription drug misuse among Asians? Findings indicate that Filipinos are at the greater risk for prescription drug misuse. Also, Asians who are more acculturated are at greater risk for prescription drug misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Watkins
- Department of Sociology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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29
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Ford JA, Lacerenza C. The relationship between source of diversion and prescription drug misuse, abuse, and dependence. Subst Use Misuse 2011; 46:819-27. [PMID: 21174499 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2010.538461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The current research examines the relationship between how people obtain prescription drugs (source of diversion) and how people misuse prescription drugs (i.e., frequency, abuse, and dependence). We analyzed data from the 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health public use file, a sample of 68,736 persons aged 12 and older that is generalizable to the noninstitutionalized population of the United States. A number of regression models were estimated, and findings indicate that source of diversion was significantly correlated to frequency of prescription drug misuse, abuse, and dependence. Given these findings, we believe any attempt to classify prescription drug misusers based on certain characteristics should include source of diversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Ford
- Department of Sociology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816,USA.
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30
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Lanier C, Farley EJ. What matters most? Assessing the influence of demographic characteristics, college-specific risk factors, and poly-drug use on nonmedical prescription drug use. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2011; 59:721-727. [PMID: 21950253 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2010.546463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although prior recent research has revealed a significant relationship between the nonmedical use of prescription drugs, demographic characteristics, college-specific risk factors, and other substance use among college students, there remains a need to conduct a comparative analysis on the differential impact these factors may have on predicting nonmedical prescription drug use. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS In 2008 a convenience sample of 599 undergraduate students attending a southeastern university completed a self-report survey measuring substance use behaviors. RESULTS Males, Greeks, and freshman were more likely than females, non-Greeks, and upperclassman to use nonmedical prescription drugs in the past year. Multivariate analyses, however, indicate that the excessive use of alcohol and other illicit drugs are more influential than demographic and college-specific risk factors. CONCLUSION Poly-drug use was found to be the most significant predictor of the use of nonmedical prescription drugs as compared to demographic and college-specific risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lanier
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
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31
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Peralta RL, Steele JL. Nonmedical prescription drug use among US college students at a Midwest university: a partial test of social learning theory. Subst Use Misuse 2010; 45:865-87. [PMID: 20397873 DOI: 10.3109/10826080903443610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We estimate the prevalence of nonmedical prescription drug (NMPD) use and test social learning theory as an explanation for NMPD use based upon data from a large pilot study. Data were collected from 465 college students at a Midwestern university in the USA using a self-administered questionnaire. The sample was predominantly white (88%), 43% were female and the mean age was 22. Most participants (80%) were not members of social fraternities or sororities. A majority of students did not report NMPD use: 39.4% of respondents reported lifetime NMPD use, 31% reported past-year use, and 14.4% reported past-month use. Multivariate regression results partially supported social learning theory as an explanation for lifetime NMPD use. Limitations and suggestions for future research are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Peralta
- Department of Sociology, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-1905, USA.
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