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Siviy SM, Martin MA, Campbell CM. Noradrenergic modulation of play in Sprague-Dawley and F344 rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023:10.1007/s00213-023-06419-2. [PMID: 37428218 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE For many mammals, engaging in social play behavior as a juvenile is important for cognitive, social, and emotional health as an adult. A playful phenotype reflects a dynamic interplay between genetic framework and experiences that operate on hard-wired brain systems so the relative lack of play in an otherwise playful species may be useful for identifying neural substrates that modulate play behavior. The inbred F344 rat has been identified as a strain that is consistently less playful than other strains commonly used in behavioral research. Norepinephrine (NE) acting on alpha-2 receptors has an inhibitory effect on play and F344 rats differ from a number of other strains in NE functioning. As such, the F344 rat may be particularly useful for gaining insight into NE involvement in play. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether the F344 rat is differentially sensitive to compounds that affect NE functioning and that are known to affect play behavior. METHODS Using pouncing and pinning to quantify play, the effects of the NE reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine, the NE alpha-2 receptor agonist guanfacine, and the NE alpha-2 receptor antagonist RX821002 on play behavior were assessed in juvenile Sprague-Dawley (SD) and F344 rats. RESULTS Atomoxetine and guanfacine reduced play in both SD and F344 rats. RX821002 increased pinning to a comparable extent in both strains but F344 rats were more sensitive to the play-enhancing effects of RX821002 on pounces. CONCLUSIONS Strain differences in NE alpha-2 receptor dynamics may contribute to the lower levels of play in F344 rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Siviy
- Department of Psychology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, 17325, USA.
| | - Michelle A Martin
- Department of Psychology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, 17325, USA
| | - Celeste M Campbell
- Department of Psychology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, 17325, USA
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2
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Panfil K, Small R, Kirkpatrick K. Effects of methylphenidate on impulsive choice and delay aversion in Lewis rats. Behav Pharmacol 2023; 34:169-Btii. [PMID: 36752349 PMCID: PMC10006322 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a common behavioral disorder in children and young adults, is characterized by symptoms of impulsivity, inattention, and hyperactivity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Lewis rat strain as a model of ADHD by testing their impulsive choices. Lewis rats were compared to their source strain, the Wistar rat, on an impulsive choice task. Rats completed the tasks on and off methylphenidate, a commonly prescribed medication for ADHD. Off methylphenidate, Lewis rats made more impulsive choices than Wistar rats. Analyses of acquisition of choice behavior suggested that both strains were able to discriminate reward sizes, but Lewis rats still chose the smaller-sooner option more than the larger-later (LL) option when the delays to reward were the same. This may be due to an aversion to the LL lever, which was associated with the longest delays to reward. Higher doses of methylphenidate increased LL choices in Lewis rats but decreased LL choices in Wistar rats. Altogether, these results suggest Lewis rats may be a viable model for ADHD in individuals whose symptoms are characterized by impulsive choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Panfil
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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Czarna M, Kuchniak K, Chrapusta SJ, Turzyńska D, Płaźnik A, Taracha E. Diverging changes in rat striatal extracellular dopamine and DOPAC levels and in frequency-modulated 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations rate during repeated amphetamine treatment. Behav Brain Res 2020; 393:112745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Glantz MD. Addiction Models and the Challenge of Having Impact. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:1823-1828. [PMID: 31237982 PMCID: PMC6722013 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meyer D Glantz
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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Brewer A, Johnson P, Stein J, Schlund M, Williams DC. Aversive properties of negative incentive shifts in Fischer 344 and Lewis rats. Behav Brain Res 2016; 319:174-180. [PMID: 27864048 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Research on incentive contrast highlights that reward value is not absolute but rather is based upon comparisons we make to rewards we have received and expect to receive. Both human and nonhuman studies on incentive contrast show that shifting from a larger more-valued reward to a smaller less-valued reward is associated with long periods of nonresponding - a negative contrast effect. In this investigation, we used two different genetic rat strains, Fischer 344 and Lewis rats that putatively differ in their sensitivity to aversive stimulation, to assess the aversive properties of large-to-small reward shifts (negative incentive shifts). Additionally, we examined the extent to which increasing cost (fixed-ratio requirements) modulates negative contrast effects. In the presence of a cue that signaled the upcoming reward magnitude, lever pressing was reinforced with one of two different magnitudes of food (large or small). This design created two contrast shifts (small-to-large, large-to-small) and two shifts used as control conditions (small-to-small, large-to-large). Results showed a significant interaction between rat strain and cost requirements only during the negative incentive shift with the emotionally reactive Fischer 344 rats exhibiting significantly longer response latencies with increasing cost, highlighting greater negative contrast. These findings are more consistent with emotionality accounts of negative contrast and results of neurophysiological research that suggests shifting from a large to a small reward is aversive. Findings also highlight how subjective reward value and motivation is a product of gene-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeff Stein
- Virginia Tech Carillion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
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Cope ZA, Halberstadt AL, van Enkhuizen J, Flynn AD, Breier M, Swerdlow NR, Geyer MA, Young JW. Premature responses in the five-choice serial reaction time task reflect rodents' temporal strategies: evidence from no-light and pharmacological challenges. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:3513-25. [PMID: 27534540 PMCID: PMC5023490 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4389-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) is regularly used to study attention and impulsivity. In the 5-CSRTT, rodents initiate a trial, then after an inter-trial interval (ITI), a light appears in one of five holes. Responding in the lit vs. unlit hole reflects attention (accuracy), while responding prematurely before a light appears is suggested to reflect impulsivity/response disinhibition. Comparison of rat and mouse 5-CSRTT performance has raised questions on the validity of premature responses as measuring impulsivity/response inhibition. To minimize effort, rodents may use a temporal strategy, enabling their "timing" of the ITI, minimizing the need to attend during this delay. Greater reliance on this strategy could result in premature responses due to "guesses" if their timing was poor/altered. OBJECTIVES To assess the degree to which rats and/or mice utilize a temporal strategy, we challenged performance using infrequent no-light trials during 5-CSRTT performance. RESULTS Even when no light appeared when one was expected, rats responded ~60 % compared to ~40 % in mice, indicating a greater reliance on a temporal strategy by rats than by mice. Consistent with this hypothesis, rats made more premature responses than mice. Additional studies using a temporal discrimination task and a 5-CSRTT variant demonstrated that delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the active ingredient in cannabis, slowed temporal perception and reduced premature responses. CONCLUSIONS These data provide behavioral and pharmacological evidence indicating that premature responses are heavily influenced by temporal perception. Hence, they may reflect an aspect of waiting impulsivity, but not response disinhibition, an important distinction for translational clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zackary A. Cope
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804
| | - Adam L. Halberstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jordy van Enkhuizen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aaron D. Flynn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804
| | - Michelle Breier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804
| | - Neal R. Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804
| | - Mark A. Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804,Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Jared W. Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804,Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA,Correspondence: Jared W. Young, Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, California, 92093-0804, Tel: +1 619 543 3582, Fax: +1 619 735 9205,
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Bhandari J, Daya R, Mishra RK. Improvements and important considerations for the 5-choice serial reaction time task-An effective measurement of visual attention in rats. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 270:17-29. [PMID: 27265297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) is an automated operant conditioning task that measures rodent attention. The task allows the measurement of several parameters such as response accuracy, speed of processing, motivation, and impulsivity. The task has been widely used to investigate attentional processes in rodents for attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and has expanded to other illnesses such as Alzheimer's disease, depression, and schizophrenia. NEW METHOD The 5-CSRTT is accompanied with two significant caveats: a time intensive training period and largely varied individual rat capability to learn and perform the task. Here we provide a regimented acquisition protocol to enhance training for the 5-CSRTT and discuss important considerations for researchers using the 5-CSRTT. RESULTS We offer guidelines to ensure that inferences on performance in the 5-CSRTT are in fact a result of experimental manipulation rather than training differences, or individual animal capability. According to our findings only rats that have been trained successfully within a limited time frame should be used for the remainder of the study. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) Currently the 5-CSRTT employs a training period of variable duration and procedure, and its inferences on attention must overcome heterogeneous innate animal differences. CONCLUSIONS The 5-CSRTT offers valuable and valid insights on various rodent attentional processes and their translation to the underpinnings of illnesses such as schizophrenia. The recommendations made here provide important criteria to ensure inferences made from this task are in fact relevant to the attentional processes being measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Bhandari
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, Health Sciences Centre 4N73, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S4L8 Ontario, Canada.
| | - Ritesh Daya
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, Health Sciences Centre 4N73, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S4L8 Ontario, Canada.
| | - Ram K Mishra
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, Health Sciences Centre 4N73, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S4L8 Ontario, Canada.
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Cadoni C. Fischer 344 and Lewis Rat Strains as a Model of Genetic Vulnerability to Drug Addiction. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:13. [PMID: 26903787 PMCID: PMC4746315 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Today it is well acknowledged that both nature and nurture play important roles in the genesis of psychopathologies, including drug addiction. Increasing evidence suggests that genetic factors contribute for at least 40–60% of the variation in liability to drug dependence. Human genetic studies suggest that multiple genes of small effect, rather than single genes, contribute to the genesis of behavioral psychopathologies. Therefore, the use of inbred rat strains might provide a valuable tool to identify differences, linked to genotype, important in liability to addiction and related disorders. In this regard, Lewis and Fischer 344 inbred rats have been proposed as a model of genetic vulnerability to drug addiction, given their innate differences in sensitivity to the reinforcing and rewarding effects of drugs of abuse, as well their different responsiveness to stressful stimuli. This review will provide evidence in support of this model for the study of the genetic influence on addiction vulnerability, with particular emphasis on differences in mesolimbic dopamine (DA) transmission, rewarding and emotional function. It will be highlighted that Lewis and Fischer 344 rats differ not only in several indices of DA transmission and adaptive changes following repeated drug exposure, but also in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responsiveness, influencing not only the ability of the individual to cope with stressful events, but also interfering with rewarding and motivational processes, given the influence of corticosteroids on dopamine neuron functionality. Further differences between the two strains, as impulsivity or anxiousness, might contribute to their different proneness to addiction, and likely these features might be linked to their different DA neurotransmission plasticity. Although differences in other neurotransmitter systems might deserve further investigation, results from the reviewed studies might open new vistas in understanding aberrant deviations in reward and motivational functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cadoni
- Institute of Neuroscience, Cagliari Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Research Council of ItalyCagliari, Italy; Centre of Excellence "Neurobiology of Dependence", University of CagliariCagliari, Italy
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Hamilton KR, Littlefield AK, Anastasio NC, Cunningham KA, Fink LHL, Wing VC, Mathias CW, Lane SD, Schütz CG, Swann AC, Lejuez CW, Clark L, Moeller FG, Potenza MN. Rapid-response impulsivity: definitions, measurement issues, and clinical implications. Personal Disord 2016; 6:168-181. [PMID: 25867840 DOI: 10.1037/per0000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Impulsivity is a multifaceted construct that is a core feature of multiple psychiatric conditions and personality disorders. However, progress in understanding and treating impulsivity is limited by a lack of precision and consistency in its definition and assessment. Rapid-response impulsivity (RRI) represents a tendency toward immediate action that occurs with diminished forethought and is out of context with the present demands of the environment. Experts from the International Society for Research on Impulsivity (InSRI) met to discuss and evaluate RRI measures in terms of reliability, sensitivity, and validity, with the goal of helping researchers and clinicians make informed decisions about the use and interpretation of findings from RRI measures. Their recommendations are described in this article. Commonly used clinical and preclinical RRI tasks are described, and considerations are provided to guide task selection. Tasks measuring two conceptually and neurobiologically distinct types of RRI, "refraining from action initiation" (RAI) and "stopping an ongoing action" (SOA) are described. RAI and SOA tasks capture distinct aspects of RRI that may relate to distinct clinical outcomes. The InSRI group recommends that (a) selection of RRI measures should be informed by careful consideration of the strengths, limitations, and practical considerations of the available measures; (b) researchers use both RAI and SOA tasks in RRI studies to allow for direct comparison of RRI types and examination of their associations with clinically relevant measures; and (c) similar considerations be made for human and nonhuman studies in an effort to harmonize and integrate preclinical and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, Maryland Neuroimaging Center, Center for Addictions, Personality, and Emotion Research, University of Maryland
| | | | - Noelle C Anastasio
- Center for Addiction Research, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Kathryn A Cunningham
- Center for Addiction Research, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Latham H L Fink
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Victoria C Wing
- Schizophrenia Division, Complex Mental Illness, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
| | - Charles W Mathias
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neurobehavioral Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Scott D Lane
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Houston Medical School
| | | | - Alan C Swann
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - C W Lejuez
- Department of Psychology, Maryland Neuroimaging Center, Center for Addictions, Personality, and Emotion Research, University of Maryland
| | - Luke Clark
- Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia
| | - F Gerard Moeller
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine
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Valenza M, Picetti R, Yuferov V, Butelman ER, Kreek MJ. Strain and cocaine-induced differential opioid gene expression may predispose Lewis but not Fischer rats to escalate cocaine self-administration. Neuropharmacology 2016; 105:639-650. [PMID: 26777278 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate alterations in gene expression of opioid system components induced by extended access (18 h) cocaine self-administration and to determine the impact of genetic background in the vulnerability to escalate cocaine intake. Comparing two inbred rat strains, we previously reported that Lewis rats progressively escalated cocaine consumption compared to Fischer rats, in a new translational model of intravenous cocaine self-administration, which included 14 sessions of 18-h operant sessions in which rats were allowed to select the cocaine unit dose to self-administer. We compare here Fischer and Lewis rats in the gene expression of endogenous opioid peptides (Pomc, Penk, Pdyn) and cognate receptors (Oprm, Oprk and Oprd) in reward-related brain regions, after exposure to either cocaine self-administration or yoked-saline, in the aforementioned translational paradigm. We performed a correlation analysis between the mRNA level, found in the Dorsal Striatum (DS), Nucleus accumbens (NAcc) shell and core respectively, and individual cocaine intake. Our findings show that the gene expression of all the aforementioned opioid genes exhibit strain-dependent differences in the DS, in absence of cocaine exposure. Also, different strain-specific cocaine-induced mRNA expression of Oprm and Oprk was found in DS. Only few differences were found in the ventral parts of the striatum. Moreover, gene expression level of Pdyn, Penk, Oprk, and Oprm in the DS was significantly correlated with cocaine intake only in Fischer rats. Overall, these data shed light on potential genetic differences which may predispose of subjects to initiate and escalate cocaine consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Valenza
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Roberto Picetti
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Vadim Yuferov
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eduardo R Butelman
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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Fennis BM, Andreassen TW, Lervik-Olsen L. Behavioral Disinhibition Can Foster Intentions to Healthy Lifestyle Change by Overcoming Commitment to Past Behavior. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142489. [PMID: 26559409 PMCID: PMC4641622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To curb the trend towards obesity and unhealthy living, people may need to change their entire lifestyle to a healthier alternative, something that is frequently perceived to be problematic. The present research, using a large, representative community sample, hypothesized and found that a key factor responsible for why people do not intend to change lifestyles is a sense of commitment to past behavior. However we also found that the contribution of commitment was attenuated for individuals with a stronger tendency for behavioral disinhibition thus underscoring the “bright side” of this individual difference characteristic that traditionally has been mainly associated with impulsive and indulging behavior. Overall, the present findings add to our understanding of factors inhibiting and promoting healthy behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob M. Fennis
- University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Line Lervik-Olsen
- BI, Norwegian Business School & Center for Service Innovation (CSI), Oslo, Norway
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Keeley R, Bye C, Trow J, McDonald R. Strain and sex differences in brain and behaviour of adult rats: Learning and memory, anxiety and volumetric estimates. Behav Brain Res 2015; 288:118-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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