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Raggatt M, Wright CJC, Sacks-Davis R, Dietze PM, Hellard ME, Hocking JS, Lim MSC. Identifying the Most Effective Recruitment Strategy Using Financial Reimbursements for a Web-Based Peer Network Study With Young People Aged 16-18 Years: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e44813. [PMID: 37566448 PMCID: PMC10457703 DOI: 10.2196/44813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peers are an important determinant of health and well-being during late adolescence; however, there is limited quantitative research examining peer influence. Previous peer network research with adolescents faced methodological limitations and difficulties recruiting young people. OBJECTIVE This study aims to determine whether a web-based peer network survey is effective at recruiting adolescent peer networks by comparing 2 strategies for reimbursement. METHODS This study will use a 2-group randomized trial design to test the effectiveness of reimbursements for peer referral in a web-based cross-sectional peer network survey. Young people aged 16-18 years recruited through Instagram, Snapchat, and a survey panel will be randomized to receive either scaled group reimbursement (the experimental group) or fixed individual reimbursement (the control group). All participants will receive a reimbursement of Aus $5 (US $3.70) for their own survey completion. In the experimental group (scaled group reimbursement), all participants within a peer network will receive an additional Aus $5 (US $3.70) voucher for each referred participant who completes the study, up to a maximum total value of Aus $30 (US $22.20) per participant. In the control group (fixed individual reimbursement), participants will only be reimbursed for their own survey completion. Participants' peer networks are assessed during the survey by asking about their close friends. A unique survey link will be generated to share with the participant's nominated friends for the recruitment of secondary participants. Outcomes are the proportion of a participant's peer network and the number of referred peers who complete the survey. The required sample size is 306 primary participants. Using a multilevel logistic regression model, we will assess the effect of the reimbursement intervention on the proportion of primary participants' close friends who complete the survey. The secondary aim is to determine participant characteristics that are associated with successfully recruiting close friends. Young people aged 16-18 years were involved in the development of the study design through focus groups and interviews (n=26). RESULTS Participant recruitment commenced in 2022. CONCLUSIONS A longitudinal web-based social network study could provide important data on how social networks and their influence change over time. This trial aims to determine whether scaled group reimbursement can increase the number of peers referred. The outcomes of this trial will improve the recruitment of young people to web-based network studies of sensitive health issues. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/44813.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Raggatt
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cassandra J C Wright
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia
| | - Rachel Sacks-Davis
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Paul M Dietze
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Margaret E Hellard
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jane S Hocking
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Megan S C Lim
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Richard J, Temcheff C, Fletcher É, Lemieux A, Derevensky J, Déry M. Externalizing and internalizing trajectories to adolescent gambling: a longitudinal study. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2022.2154378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Richard
- International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Caroline Temcheff
- International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Émilie Fletcher
- International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Annie Lemieux
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Derevensky
- International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michèle Déry
- Groupe de recherche et d’intervention sur les adaptations sociales de l’enfance, Département de Psychoéducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
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Zhai ZW, Hoff RA, Howell JC, Wampler J, Krishnan-Sarin S, Potenza MN. Lottery-Purchasing Adolescents: Gambling Perceptions, Problems, and Characteristics. J Gambl Stud 2021; 37:1177-1195. [PMID: 33528742 PMCID: PMC8326295 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-021-10004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gambling on the lottery is a prevalent behavior, and lottery products are increasingly available in online and electronic formats. As lottery-purchasing is prevalent in adolescents, this study systematically examined relationships between lottery-purchasing and problem-gambling severity and gambling perceptions and attitudes, as well as differences in the relationships between problem-gambling severity and measures of health/functioning and gambling characteristics among lottery-purchasing groups. Participants were 1517 Connecticut high-school adolescents with past-year gambling. Chi-square and logistic regression models were conducted, and interactions between problem-gambling severity and lottery-purchasing status on multiple outcomes were determined. Lottery-purchasing, compared to non-lottery-purchasing, adolescents had greater problem-gambling severity and reported more permissive gambling attitudes and greater parental approval of gambling. Significant between-group differences were observed, with at-risk/problem-gambling more strongly associated with having friends and adult gambling partners among non-lottery-purchasing adolescents, and machine and online gambling, and gambling alone more strongly associated among lottery-purchasing adolescents. Greater problem-gambling severity, permissive gambling attitudes, and parental approval of gambling in lottery-purchasing adolescents suggest that parenting contexts are important considerations in prevention efforts targeting problem gambling in youths. Between-group differences in associations between problem-gambling severity and gambling types and partners may identify high-risk groups associated with more solitary gambling behaviors for whom targeted interventions may be adapted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu Wei Zhai
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Rani A Hoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Jordan C Howell
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA
| | | | | | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
- The Connecticut Council On Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, 06109, USA.
- The Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience and Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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4
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Farhat LC, Foster DW, Wampler J, Krishnan-Sarin S, Hoff RA, Potenza MN. Casino Gambling in Adolescents: Gambling-Related Attitudes and Behaviors and Health and Functioning Relationships. J Gambl Stud 2021; 38:719-735. [PMID: 34731390 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-021-10083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recreational and problem gambling have been linked with adverse health and functioning outcomes among adolescents. Youth may gamble and engage in other risk-taking behaviors in casinos. There are limited data available regarding casino gambling in high-school students, and factors linked to adolescent gambling in casinos have yet to be systematically investigated. To address this gap, we analyzed cross-sectional data from 2010 Connecticut high-school students with chi-square tests and logistic regression models to examine casino gambling in relation to at-risk/problem gambling (ARPG) with respect to sociodemographic characteristics, gambling perceptions & attitudes, health/functioning measures and gambling behaviors. Approximately 11 % of adolescents acknowledged gambling in casinos. ARPG was more frequent and gambling perceptions were more permissive among adolescents endorsing casino gambling. Stronger relationships between ARPG and heavy alcohol and drug use and weaker relationships between ARPG and engagement in extracurricular activities, gambling with friends, gambling with strangers and gambling for financial reasons were observed among adolescents endorsing casino gambling. In conclusion, gambling in casinos was endorsed by a sizable minority of adolescents who gamble, and prevention efforts should consider targeting permissive attitudes towards gambling, adolescent drinking and participation in extracurricular activities when addressing underage casino gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis C Farhat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Dawn W Foster
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jeremy Wampler
- Problem Gambling Services, Middletown, CT, United States
| | - Suchitra Krishnan-Sarin
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Rani A Hoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Northeast Program Evaluation Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States. .,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, United States. .,Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Guilford, CT, United States. .,Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States. .,Departments of Neuroscience, Yale University, 1 Church Street, Room 726, 06510, New Haven, CT, United States.
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Riley BJ, Oster C, Rahamathulla M, Lawn S. Attitudes, Risk Factors, and Behaviours of Gambling among Adolescents and Young People: A Literature Review and Gap Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:984. [PMID: 33499418 PMCID: PMC7908209 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18030984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Gambling is occurring in a rapidly changing landscape, with new trends and technologies affecting gambling behaviour and problem gambling across a range of populations. Gambling activity among adolescents and young people has received considerable research attention due to a high prevalence of gambling reported among these groups in recent years. Despite legislation worldwide to constrain gambling among adolescents and young people, modern technology, such as online gaming apps and online gambling venues, has significantly increased their exposure to the risks of problem gambling. It is important, therefore, to have up to date information about what is currently known about gambling and to explore gaps in our knowledge. This gap analysis presents the results of a systematic approach to reviewing the current literature on gambling behaviour, attitudes, and associated risk factors for gambling and problem gambling among adolescents and young adults (aged 10-25 years). The review included studies published between January 2015 and August 2020 and included 85 studies for final synthesis. Findings reveal further research is needed on the implications for young people of emerging technologies and new trends in gambling in the digital age. The current gap analysis reveals that this should include more research on the development and impact of both treatment and intervention strategies, and policy and regulatory frameworks from a public health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J. Riley
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (B.J.R.); (C.O.)
| | - Candice Oster
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (B.J.R.); (C.O.)
| | - Mubarak Rahamathulla
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Social Work, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia;
| | - Sharon Lawn
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (B.J.R.); (C.O.)
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King DL, Russell A, Hing N. Adolescent Land-Based and Internet Gambling: Australian and International Prevalence Rates and Measurement Issues. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-020-00311-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Andrie EK, Tzavara CK, Tzavela E, Richardson C, Greydanus D, Tsolia M, Tsitsika AK. Gambling involvement and problem gambling correlates among European adolescents: results from the European Network for Addictive Behavior study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2019; 54:1429-1441. [PMID: 31062040 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-019-01706-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Worldwide, concern has grown over the expansion of gambling among adolescents, who have an increased likelihood of developing risk-taking behaviors. This study aimed to increase knowledge of problem gambling among adolescents in seven European countries and to assess the effect of demographic and lifestyle factors recorded in the European Network for Addictive Behavior survey (https://www.eunetadb.eu). METHODS A cross-sectional school-based study (n = 13,284) was conducted in Germany, Greece, Iceland, The Netherlands, Poland, Romania and Spain. Anonymous self-completed questionnaires included socio-demographic data, internet usage characteristics, school achievement, parental control, the Internet Addiction Test, the South Oaks Gambling Screen-Revised for Adolescents Test and Achenbach's Youth Self-Report. RESULTS 12.5% of the participants reported last year gambling activities either online or offline. 3.6% of the study participants and 28.1% of gamblers (either online or offline) were at risk or had a gambling problem. The study results showed that a higher proportion of adolescents was either at risk or had a gambling problem among males, in the older age group, when the parental educational level was lower/middle, and in the absence of siblings. Furthermore, being at risk or having a gambling problem was associated with lower age at first use of the internet, lower school grades, using the internet 6-7 days per week, and problematic internet use. At risk or problem gamblers had higher scores on all scales of problem behavior and lower scores (lower competence) on activities and academic performance. CONCLUSIONS Our findings underline the need for better gambling legislation and suggest the importance of developing social responsibility tools that may help diminish adolescent gambling involvement, with special attention to males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth K Andrie
- Adolescent Health Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Leoforos Mesogeion 24, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Chara K Tzavara
- Adolescent Health Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Leoforos Mesogeion 24, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Tzavela
- Adolescent Health Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Leoforos Mesogeion 24, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Clive Richardson
- Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, 136, Sygrou Avenue, 17671, Athens, Greece
| | - Donald Greydanus
- Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Maria Tsolia
- Second Department of Pediatrics, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon and Livadeias, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Artemis K Tsitsika
- Adolescent Health Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Leoforos Mesogeion 24, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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Livazović G, Bojčić K. Problem gambling in adolescents: what are the psychological, social and financial consequences? BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:308. [PMID: 31640621 PMCID: PMC6878669 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2293-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The paper examines the roles of sociodemographic traits, family quality and risk behaviour in adolescent problem gambling, with focus on the psychological, social and financial consequences from the socio-ecological model approach. This model emphasizes the most important risk-protective factors in the development and maintenance of problem gambling on an individual level, a relationship level, as well as a community and societal level. METHODS The research was done using the Canadian Adolescent Gambling Inventory with a sample of 366 participants, 239 females (65.3%) using descriptive statistics and t-test, ANOVA, correlation and hierarchical regression analysis. RESULTS Males reported significantly higher gambling consequences on all scales (p < .001) and significantly more risk behaviour (p < .05). Age was significant for psychological consequences (p < .01), problem gambling (p < .01) and risk behaviour (p < .001) with older participants scoring higher. Students with lower school success reported significantly higher psychological consequences of gambling (p < .01), higher risk behaviour activity (p < .001) and lower family life satisfaction (p < .001). The psychological, financial and social consequences were positively correlated with problem gambling (p < .001). Age (p < .05), gender (p < .001), school success (p < .01) and the father's education level (p. < 05) were significant predictors of problem gambling, with older male adolescents who struggle academically and have lower educated fathers being at greater risk. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate an important relation between adolescent gambling behaviour and very serious psychological, social and financial consequences. There is a constellation of risk factors that likely place certain individuals at high risk for problem gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Livazović
- Department for Pedagogy, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of J. J. Strossmayer in Osijek, Lorenz Jaeger Street 9, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Karlo Bojčić
- Department for Pedagogy, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of J. J. Strossmayer in Osijek, Lorenz Jaeger Street 9, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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9
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Sanscartier MD, Edgerton JD, Keough MT. Attitudes towards gambling in a Canadian university sample of young adults. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2019.1649448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason D. Edgerton
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Zhai ZW, Yip SW, Steinberg MA, Wampler J, Hoff RA, Krishnan-Sarin S, Potenza MN. Relationships Between Perceived Family Gambling and Peer Gambling and Adolescent Problem Gambling and Binge-Drinking. J Gambl Stud 2018; 33:1169-1185. [PMID: 28101835 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-017-9670-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The study systematically examined the relative relationships between perceived family and peer gambling and adolescent at-risk/problem gambling and binge-drinking. It also determined the likelihood of at-risk/problem gambling and binge-drinking as a function of the number of different social groups with perceived gambling. A multi-site high-school survey assessed gambling, alcohol use, presence of perceived excessive peer gambling (peer excess-PE), and family gambling prompting concern (family concern-FC) in 2750 high-school students. Adolescents were separately stratified into: (1) low-risk, at-risk, and problem/pathological gambling groups; and, (2) non-binge-drinking, low-frequency-binge-drinking, and high-frequency-binge-drinking groups. Multinomial logistic regression showed that relative to each other, FC and PE were associated with greater likelihoods of at-risk and problem/pathological gambling. However, only FC was associated with binge-drinking. Logistic regression revealed that adolescents who endorsed either FC or PE alone, compared to no endorsement, were more likely to have at-risk and problem/pathological gambling, relative to low-risk gambling. Adolescents who endorsed both FC and PE, compared to PE alone, were more likely to have problem/pathological gambling relative to low-risk and at-risk gambling. Relative to non-binge-drinking adolescents, those who endorsed both FC and PE were more likely to have low- and high-frequency-binge-drinking compared to FC alone or PE alone, respectively. Family and peer gambling individually contribute to adolescent at-risk/problem gambling and binge-drinking. Strategies that target adolescents as well as their closely affiliated family and peer members may be an important step towards prevention of harm-associated levels of gambling and alcohol use in youths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu Wei Zhai
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Sarah W Yip
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.,The National Center on Addictions and Substance Abuse, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | | | | | - Rani A Hoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Suchitra Krishnan-Sarin
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.,The Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.,The National Center on Addictions and Substance Abuse, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.,The Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
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Reliability of Instruments Measuring At-Risk and Problem Gambling Among Young Individuals: A Systematic Review Covering Years 2009-2015. J Adolesc Health 2016; 58:600-15. [PMID: 27151759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to clarify which instruments measuring at-risk and problem gambling (ARPG) among youth are reliable and valid in light of reported estimates of internal consistency, classification accuracy, and psychometric properties. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Medline, and PsycInfo covering the years 2009-2015. In total, 50 original research articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria: target age under 29 years, using an instrument designed for youth, and reporting a reliability estimate. Articles were evaluated with the revised Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool. Reliability estimates were reported for five ARPG instruments. Most studies (66%) evaluated the South Oaks Gambling Screen Revised for Adolescents. The Gambling Addictive Behavior Scale for Adolescents was the only novel instrument. In general, the evaluation of instrument reliability was superficial. Despite its rare use, the Canadian Adolescent Gambling Inventory (CAGI) had a strong theoretical and methodological base. The Gambling Addictive Behavior Scale for Adolescents and the CAGI were the only instruments originally developed for youth. All studies, except the CAGI study, were population based. ARPG instruments for youth have not been rigorously evaluated yet. Further research is needed especially concerning instruments designed for clinical use.
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