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Naik S, Soumya V, Mamledesai SN, Manickavasagam M, Choudhari P, Rathod S. Discovery of Substituted 2-oxoquinolinylthiazolidin-4-one Analogues as Potential EGFRK Inhibitors in Lung Cancer Treatment. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2024; 74:227-240. [PMID: 38830371 DOI: 10.1055/a-2305-2789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally and is responsible for an estimated 9.6 million deaths in 2018. Globally, about 1 in 6 deaths is due to cancer and the chemotherapeutic drugs available have high toxicity and have reported side effects hence, there is a need for the synthesis of novel drugs in the treatment of cancer. METHODS The current research work dealt with the synthesis of a series of 3-(3-acetyl-2-oxoquinolin-1-(2H)-yl-2-(substitutedphenyl)thiazolidin-4-one (Va-j) derivatives and evaluation of their in-vitro anticancer activity. All the synthesized compounds were satisfactorily characterized by IR and NMR data. Compounds were further evaluated for their in-vitro anticancer activity against A-549 (lung cancer) cell lines. The in-vitro anticancer activity was based upon the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay method. RESULTS The synthesized compounds exhibited satisfactory anticancer properties against the A-549 cell line. The compound (VH): showed the highest potency amongst the tested derivatives against the A-549 cell line with IC50 values of 100 µg/ml respectively and was also found to be more potent than Imatinib (150 µg/ml) which was used as a standard drug. Molecular docking studies of the titled compounds (Va-j) were carried out using AutoDock Vina/PyRx software. The synthesized compounds exhibited well-conserved hydrogen bonds with one or more amino acid residues in the active pocket of the EGFRK tyrosine kinase domain (PDB 1m17). CONCLUSION Among all the synthesized analogues, the binding affinity of the compound (Vh) was found to be higher than other synthesized derivatives and a molecular dynamics simulation study explored the stability of the docked complex system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soniya Naik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, P.E.S's Rajaram and Tarabai Bandekar College of Pharmacy, Farmagudi, Ponda, Goa, India
| | - Vasu Soumya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Shivlingrao N Mamledesai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, P.E.S's Rajaram and Tarabai Bandekar College of Pharmacy, Farmagudi, Ponda, Goa, India
| | - M Manickavasagam
- Department of Oncology, SRMC & RI, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Prafulla Choudhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanket Rathod
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
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Hayhow TG, Williamson B, Lawson M, Cureton N, Braybrooke EL, Campbell A, Carbajo RJ, Cheraghchi-Bashi A, Chiarparin E, Diène CR, Fallan C, Fisher DI, Goldberg FW, Hopcroft L, Hopcroft P, Jackson A, Kettle JG, Klinowska T, Künzel U, Lamont G, Lewis HJ, Maglennon G, Martin S, Gutierrez PM, Morrow CJ, Nikolaou M, Nissink JWM, O'Shea P, Polanski R, Schade M, Scott JS, Smith A, Weber J, Wilson J, Yang B, Crafter C. Metabolism-driven in vitro/in vivo disconnect of an oral ERɑ VHL-PROTAC. Commun Biol 2024; 7:563. [PMID: 38740899 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06238-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeting the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) pathway is validated in the clinic as an effective means to treat ER+ breast cancers. Here we present the development of a VHL-targeting and orally bioavailable proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) degrader of ERα. In vitro studies with this PROTAC demonstrate excellent ERα degradation and ER antagonism in ER+ breast cancer cell lines. However, upon dosing the compound in vivo we observe an in vitro-in vivo disconnect. ERα degradation is lower in vivo than expected based on the in vitro data. Investigation into potential causes for the reduced maximal degradation reveals that metabolic instability of the PROTAC linker generates metabolites that compete for binding to ERα with the full PROTAC, limiting degradation. This observation highlights the requirement for metabolically stable PROTACs to ensure maximal efficacy and thus optimisation of the linker should be a key consideration when designing PROTACs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anne Jackson
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bin Yang
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA, USA
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Kang C, Bernaldez M, Stamatis SD, Rose JP, Sun R. Interaction between Permeation Enhancers and Lipid Bilayers. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:1668-1679. [PMID: 38232311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Permeation enhancers (PEs) are a class of molecules that interact with the epithelial membrane and transiently increase its transcellular permeability. Although there have been few clinical trials of PE coformulated drugs, the mechanism of action of PEs remains elusive. In this paper, the interaction between two archetypes of PEs [salcaprozate sodium (SNAC) and sodium caprate (C10)] and membranes is investigated with extensive all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. The simulations show that (1) the association between the neutral PEs and membranes is favored in free energy, (2) the propensity of neutral PE aggregation is larger in aqueous solution than in lipid bilayers, (3) the equilibrium distribution of neutral PEs in membranes is fast, e.g., accessible with unbiased MD simulations, and (4) the micelle of neutral PEs formed in aqueous solution does not rupture the membranes (e.g., not forming pores or breaking up the membrane) under simulation conditions. All results combined, this study indicates that PEs insert into the membranes in an equilibrium or near equilibrium process. This study lays the foundation for future investigations of how PEs impact the free energy of permeation for small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Mabel Bernaldez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Stephen D Stamatis
- Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - John P Rose
- Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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Subbaiah MAM, Rautio J, Meanwell NA. Prodrugs as empowering tools in drug discovery and development: recent strategic applications of drug delivery solutions to mitigate challenges associated with lead compounds and drug candidates. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2099-2210. [PMID: 38226865 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00957a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The delivery of a drug to a specific organ or tissue at an efficacious concentration is the pharmacokinetic (PK) hallmark of promoting effective pharmacological action at a target site with an acceptable safety profile. Sub-optimal pharmaceutical or ADME profiles of drug candidates, which can often be a function of inherently poor physicochemical properties, pose significant challenges to drug discovery and development teams and may contribute to high compound attrition rates. Medicinal chemists have exploited prodrugs as an informed strategy to productively enhance the profiles of new chemical entities by optimizing the physicochemical, biopharmaceutical, and pharmacokinetic properties as well as selectively delivering a molecule to the site of action as a means of addressing a range of limitations. While discovery scientists have traditionally employed prodrugs to improve solubility and membrane permeability, the growing sophistication of prodrug technologies has enabled a significant expansion of their scope and applications as an empowering tool to mitigate a broad range of drug delivery challenges. Prodrugs have emerged as successful solutions to resolve non-linear exposure, inadequate exposure to support toxicological studies, pH-dependent absorption, high pill burden, formulation challenges, lack of feasibility of developing solid and liquid dosage forms, first-pass metabolism, high dosing frequency translating to reduced patient compliance and poor site-specific drug delivery. During the period 2012-2022, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved 50 prodrugs, which amounts to 13% of approved small molecule drugs, reflecting both the importance and success of implementing prodrug approaches in the pursuit of developing safe and effective drugs to address unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugaiah A M Subbaiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra Phase IV, Bangalore, PIN 560099, India.
| | - Jarkko Rautio
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Roskoski R. Properties of FDA-approved small molecule protein kinase inhibitors: A 2024 update. Pharmacol Res 2024; 200:107059. [PMID: 38216005 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Owing to the dysregulation of protein kinase activity in many diseases including cancer, this enzyme family has become one of the most important drug targets in the 21st century. There are 80 FDA-approved therapeutic agents that target about two dozen different protein kinases and seven of these drugs were approved in 2023. Of the approved drugs, thirteen target protein-serine/threonine protein kinases, four are directed against dual specificity protein kinases (MEK1/2), twenty block nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinases, and 43 inhibit receptor protein-tyrosine kinases. The data indicate that 69 of these drugs are prescribed for the treatment of neoplasms. Six drugs (abrocitinib, baricitinib, deucravacitinib, ritlecitinib, tofacitinib, upadacitinib) are used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases (atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, alopecia areata, and ulcerative colitis). Of the 80 approved drugs, nearly two dozen are used in the treatment of multiple diseases. The following seven drugs received FDA approval in 2023: capivasertib (HER2-positive breast cancer), fruquintinib (metastatic colorectal cancer), momelotinib (myelofibrosis), pirtobrutinib (mantle cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, small lymphocytic lymphoma), quizartinib (Flt3-mutant acute myelogenous leukemia), repotrectinib (ROS1-positive lung cancer), and ritlecitinib (alopecia areata). All of the FDA-approved drugs are orally effective with the exception of netarsudil, temsirolimus, and trilaciclib. This review summarizes the physicochemical properties of all 80 FDA-approved small molecule protein kinase inhibitors including the molecular weight, number of hydrogen bond donors/acceptors, polar surface area, potency, solubility, lipophilic efficiency, and ligand efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 221 Haywood Knolls Drive, Hendersonville, NC 28791, United States.
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Yang W, Lipert M, Nofsinger R. Current screening, design, and delivery approaches to address low permeability of chemically synthesized modalities in drug discovery and early clinical development. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103685. [PMID: 37356613 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
A drug's permeability across biological membranes is a key property associated with the successful development of an orally absorbed drug candidate. Although a variety of methods are available for predicting and assessing permeability, some are more preferred than others at specific stages of drug discovery and development across the pharmaceutical industry. Permeability measurements may be interpreted differently depending on the chosen method. Herein, we present a refreshed perspective on the screening approaches and philosophy in permeability evaluation, from early drug discovery to early clinical development. Additionally, we review and discuss chemical design and drug delivery technologies that can be leveraged to overcome permeability challenges, which are increasingly being used with emerging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhan Yang
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA.
| | - Maya Lipert
- Molecular Profiling and Drug Delivery, Small Molecule CMC Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
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Schlauersbach J, Werthmüller D, Harlacher C, Galli B, Hanio S, Lenz B, Endres S, Pöppler AC, Scherf-Clavel O, Meinel L. Harnessing Bile for Drug Absorption through Rational Excipient Selection. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:3864-3875. [PMID: 37406305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Bile solubilization and apparent solubility at resorption sites critically affect the bioavailability of orally administered and poorly water-soluble drugs. Therefore, identification of drug-bile interaction may critically determine the overall formulation success. For the case of the drug candidate naporafenib, drug in solution at phase separation onset significantly improved with polyethylene glycol-40 hydrogenated castor oil (RH40) and amino methacrylate copolymer (Eudragit E) but not with hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) in both phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and PBS supplemented with bile components. Naporafenib interacted with bile as determined by 1H and 2D 1H-1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and so did Eudragit E and RH40 but not HPC. Flux across artificial membranes was reduced in the presence of Eudragit E. RH40 reduced the naporafenib supersaturation duration. HPC on the other side stabilized naporafenib's supersaturation and did not substantially impact flux. These insights on bile interaction correlated with pharmacokinetics (PK) in beagle dogs. HPC preserved naporafenib bile solubilization in contrast to Eudragit E and RH40, resulting in favorable PK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Schlauersbach
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Bruno Galli
- Novartis Pharma AG, Lichtstrasse 35, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Hanio
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Lenz
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Endres
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Pöppler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Scherf-Clavel
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Biology (HIRI), Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2/D15, DE-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
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Roskoski R. Small molecule protein kinase inhibitors approved by regulatory agencies outside of the United States. Pharmacol Res 2023; 194:106847. [PMID: 37454916 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Owing to genetic alterations and overexpression, the dysregulation of protein kinases plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune and neoplastic disorders and protein kinase antagonists have become an important drug target. Although the efficacy of imatinib in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia in the United States in 2001 was the main driver of protein kinase inhibitor drug discovery, this was preceded by the approval of fasudil (a ROCK antagonist) in Japan in 1995 for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm. There are 21 small molecule protein kinase inhibitors that are approved in China, Japan, Europe, and South Korea that are not approved in the United Sates and 75 FDA-approved inhibitors in the United States. Of the 21 agents, eleven target receptor protein-tyrosine kinases, eight inhibit nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinases, and two block protein-serine/threonine kinases. All 21 drugs are orally bioavailable or topically effective. Of the non-FDA approved drugs, sixteen are prescribed for the treatment of neoplastic diseases, three are directed toward inflammatory disorders, one is used for glaucoma, and fasudil is used in the management of vasospasm. The leading targets of kinase inhibitors approved by both international regulatory agencies and by the FDA are members of the EGFR family, the VEGFR family, and the JAK family. One-third of the 21 internationally approved drugs are not compliant with Lipinski's rule of five for orally bioavailable drugs. The rule of five relies on four parameters including molecular weight, number of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, and the Log of the partition coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 221 Haywood Knolls Drive, Hendersonville, NC 28791-8717, United States.
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Young RJ. Today's drug discovery and the shadow of the rule of 5. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:965-972. [PMID: 37378429 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2228199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The rule of 5 developed by Lipinski et al., a landmark and prescient piece of scholarship, focused the minds of drug hunters by systematically characterizing the physical make-up of drug molecules for the first time, noting many sub-optimal compounds identified by high-throughput screening practices. Its profound influence on thinking and practices, whilst providing benefit, perhaps etched the guidelines too strongly in the minds of some drug hunters who applied the bounds too literally without understanding the implications of the underlying statistics. AREAS COVERED This opinion is based on recent key developments that take thinking, measurements, and standards beyond those first set out, particularly the influences of molecular weight and the understanding, measurement, and calculation of lipophilicity. EXPERT OPINION Techniques and technologies for physicochemical estimations set new standards. It is timely to celebrate the significance and influence of the rule of 5, whilst taking thinking to new levels with better characterizations. The shadow of the rule of 5 may be long, but it is not dark, as new measurements, predictions and principles emerge as guiding lights in the design and prioritization of higher-quality molecules redefining the meaning of beyond the rule of 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Young
- Blue Burgundy (Drug Discovery Consultancy) Ltd, Bedford, UK
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Jacques Dit Lapierre TJW, Cruz MGFDML, Brito NPF, Resende DDM, Souza FDO, Pilau EJ, da Silva MFB, Neves BJ, Murta SMF, Rezende Júnior CDO. Hit-to-lead optimization of a pyrazinylpiperazine series against Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 256:115445. [PMID: 37156183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
An early hit-to-lead optimization of a novel pyrazinylpiperazine series against L. infantum and L. braziliensis has been performed after an extensive SAR focusing on the benzoyl fragment of hit (4). Deletion of the meta-Cl of (4) led to the obtention of the para-hydroxyl derivative (12), on which the design of most monosubstituted derivatives of the SAR was based. Further optimization of the series, involving disubstituted benzoyl fragments and the hydroxyl substituent of (12), allowed the obtention of a total of 15 compounds with increased antileishmanial potency (IC50 < 10 μM), nine of which displayed activity in the low micromolar range (IC50 < 5 μM). This optimization ultimately identified the ortho, meta-dihydroxyl derivative (46) as an early lead for this series (IC50 (L. infantum) = 2.8 μM, IC50 (L. braziliensis) = 0.2 μM). Additional assessment of some selected compounds against other trypanosomatid parasites revealed that this series is selective towards Leishmania parasites, and in silico ADMET predictions revealed satisfactory profiles for these compounds, allowing further lead optimization of the pyrazinylpiperazine class against Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nícolas Peterson Ferreira Brito
- Laboratório de Síntese de Candidatos a Fármacos, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Daniela de Melo Resende
- Grupo de Genômica Funcional de Parasitos, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ Minas), Belo Horizonte, MG, 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Felipe de Oliveira Souza
- Laboratório de Biomoléculas e Espectrometria de Massas (LaBioMass), Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Maringá, PR, 807020-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Jorge Pilau
- Laboratório de Biomoléculas e Espectrometria de Massas (LaBioMass), Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Maringá, PR, 807020-900, Brazil
| | - Meryck Felipe Brito da Silva
- Laboratory of Cheminformatics (LabChem), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Bruno Junior Neves
- Laboratory of Cheminformatics (LabChem), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Silvane Maria Fonseca Murta
- Grupo de Genômica Funcional de Parasitos, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ Minas), Belo Horizonte, MG, 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Celso de Oliveira Rezende Júnior
- Laboratório de Síntese de Candidatos a Fármacos, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil.
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Roskoski R. Rule of five violations among the FDA-approved small molecule protein kinase inhibitors. Pharmacol Res 2023; 191:106774. [PMID: 37075870 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Because genetic alterations including mutations, overexpression, translocations, and dysregulation of protein kinases are involved in the pathogenesis of many illnesses, this enzyme family is the target of many drug discovery programs in the pharmaceutical industry. Overall, the US FDA has approved 74 small molecule protein kinase inhibitors, nearly all of which are orally effective. Of the 74 approved drugs, forty block receptor protein-tyrosine kinases, eighteen target nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinases, twelve are directed against protein-serine/threonine protein kinases, and four target dual specificity protein kinases. The data indicate that 63 of these medicinals are approved for the management of neoplasms (51 against solid tumors such as breast, colon, and lung cancers, eight against nonsolid tumors such as leukemia, and four against both types of tumors). Seven of the FDA-approved kinase inhibitors form covalent bonds with their target enzymes and they are accordingly classified as TCIs (targeted covalent inhibitors). Medicinal chemists have examined the physicochemical properties of drugs that are orally effective. Lipinski's rule of five (Ro5) is a computational procedure that is used to estimate solubility, membrane permeability, and pharmacological effectiveness in the drug-discovery setting. It relies on four parameters including molecular weight, number of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, and the Log of the partition coefficient. Other important descriptors include the lipophilic efficiency, the polar surface area, and the number of rotatable bonds and aromatic rings. We tabulated these and other properties of the FDA-approved kinase inhibitors. Of the 74 approved drugs, 30 fail to comply with the rule of five.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 221 Haywood Knolls Drive, Hendersonville, NC 28791-8717, United States.
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12
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Bhat SA, Hasan SK, Parray ZA, Siddiqui ZI, Ansari S, Anwer A, Khan S, Amir F, Mehmankhah M, Islam A, Minuchehr Z, Kazim SN. Potential antiviral activities of chrysin against hepatitis B virus. Gut Pathog 2023; 15:11. [PMID: 36895013 PMCID: PMC9995728 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-023-00531-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon and nucleos(t)ide analogues are current therapeutic treatments for chronic Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection with the limitations of a functional cure. Chrysin (5, 7-dihydroxyflavone) is a natural flavonoid, known for its antiviral and hepatoprotective activities. However, its anti-HBV activity is unexplored. METHODS In the present study, the anti-hepatitis B activity of chrysin was investigated using the in vitro experimental cell culture model, HepG2 cells. In silico studies were performed where chrysin and lamivudine (used here as a positive control) were docked with high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1). For the in vitro studies, wild type HBV genome construct (pHBV 1.3X) was transiently transfected in HepG2. In culture supernatant samples, HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Secreted HBV DNA and intracellular covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) were measured by SYBR green real-time PCR. The 3D crystal structure of HMGB1 (1AAB) protein was developed and docked with the chrysin and lamivudine. In silico drug-likeness, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity (ADMET) properties of finest ligands were performed by using SwissADME and admetSAR web servers. RESULTS Data showed that chrysin significantly decreases HBeAg, HBsAg secretion, supernatant HBV DNA and cccDNA, in a dose dependent manner. The docking studies demonstrated HMGB1 as an important target for chrysin as compared to lamivudine. Chrysin revealed high binding affinity and formed a firm kissing complex with HMGB1 (∆G = - 5.7 kcal/mol), as compared to lamivudine (∆G = - 4.3 kcal/mol), which might be responsible for its antiviral activity. CONCLUSIONS The outcome of our study establishes chrysin as a new antiviral against HBV infection. However, using chrysin to treat chronic HBV disease needs further endorsement and optimization by in vivo studies in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Ahmad Bhat
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Syed Kazim Hasan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Zahoor Ahmad Parray
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Zaheenul Islam Siddiqui
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Shabnam Ansari
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Ayesha Anwer
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Saniya Khan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Fatima Amir
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.,Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Mahboubeh Mehmankhah
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Zarrin Minuchehr
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Syed Naqui Kazim
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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13
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Hamed R, Eyal AD, Berman E, Eyal S. In silico screening for clinical efficacy of antiseizure medications: Not all central nervous system drugs are alike. Epilepsia 2023; 64:311-319. [PMID: 36478573 PMCID: PMC10107105 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roaa Hamed
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amit David Eyal
- Computational Medicine Program, School of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Erez Berman
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sara Eyal
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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14
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Moseson DE, Benson EG, Cao Z, Bhalla S, Wang F, Wang M, Zheng K, Narwankar PK, Simpson GJ, Taylor LS. Impact of Aluminum Oxide Nanocoating on Drug Release from Amorphous Solid Dispersion Particles. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:593-605. [PMID: 36346665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Atomic layer coating (ALC) is emerging as a particle engineering strategy to inhibit surface crystallization of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). In this study, we turn our attention to evaluating drug release behavior from ALC-coated ASDs, and begin to develop a mechanistic framework. Posaconazole/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate was used as a model system at both 25% and 50% drug loadings. ALC-coatings of aluminum oxide up to 40 nm were evaluated for water sorption kinetics and dissolution performance under a range of pH conditions. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis was used to investigate the microstructure of partially released ASD particles. Coating thickness and defect density (inferred from deposition rates) were found to impact water sorption kinetics. Despite reduced water sorption kinetics, the presence of a coating was not found to impact dissolution rates under conditions where rapid drug release was observed. Under slower releasing conditions, underlying matrix crystallization was reduced by the coating, enabling greater levels of drug release. These results demonstrate that water was able to penetrate through the ALC coating, hydrating the amorphous solid, which can initiate dissolution of drug and/or polymer (depending on pH conditions). Swelling of the ASD substrate subsequently occurs, disrupting and cracking the coating, which serves to facilitate rapid drug release. Water sorption kinetics are highlighted as a potential predictive tool to investigate the coating quality and its potential impact on dissolution performance. This study has implications for formulation design and evaluation of ALC-coated ASD particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana E Moseson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Emily G Benson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ziyi Cao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Shradha Bhalla
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Fei Wang
- Applied Materials, Inc., 3100 Bowers Ave, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - Miaojun Wang
- Applied Materials, Inc., 3100 Bowers Ave, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - Kai Zheng
- Applied Materials, Inc., 3100 Bowers Ave, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - Pravin K Narwankar
- Applied Materials, Inc., 3100 Bowers Ave, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - Garth J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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15
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Properties of FDA-approved small molecule protein kinase inhibitors: A 2023 update. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106552. [PMID: 36403719 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the dysregulation of protein kinase activity in many diseases including cancer, this enzyme family has become one of the most important drug targets in the 21st century. There are 72 FDA-approved therapeutic agents that target about two dozen different protein kinases and three of these drugs were approved in 2022. Of the approved drugs, twelve target protein-serine/threonine protein kinases, four are directed against dual specificity protein kinases (MEK1/2), sixteen block nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinases, and 40 target receptor protein-tyrosine kinases. The data indicate that 62 of these drugs are prescribed for the treatment of neoplasms (57 against solid tumors including breast, lung, and colon, ten against nonsolid tumors such as leukemia, and four against both solid and nonsolid tumors: acalabrutinib, ibrutinib, imatinib, and midostaurin). Four drugs (abrocitinib, baricitinib, tofacitinib, upadacitinib) are used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases (atopic dermatitis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn disease, and ulcerative colitis). Of the 72 approved drugs, eighteen are used in the treatment of multiple diseases. The following three drugs received FDA approval in 2022 for the treatment of these specified diseases: abrocitinib (atopic dermatitis), futibatinib (cholangiocarcinomas), pacritinib (myelofibrosis). All of the FDA-approved drugs are orally effective with the exception of netarsudil, temsirolimus, and trilaciclib. This review summarizes the physicochemical properties of all 72 FDA-approved small molecule protein kinase inhibitors including lipophilic efficiency and ligand efficiency.
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16
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Amado PM, Woodley C, Cristiano MLS, O’Neill PM. Recent Advances of DprE1 Inhibitors against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Computational Analysis of Physicochemical and ADMET Properties. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:40659-40681. [PMID: 36406587 PMCID: PMC9670723 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribose 2'-epimerase (DprE1) is a critical flavoenzyme in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, catalyzing a vital step in the production of lipoarabinomannan and arabinogalactan, both of which are essential for cell wall biosynthesis. Due to its periplasmic localization, DprE1 is a susceptible target, and several compounds with diverse scaffolds have been discovered that inhibit this enzyme, covalently or noncovalently. We evaluated a total of ∼1519 DprE1 inhibitors disclosed in the literature from 2009 to April 2022 by performing an in-depth analysis of physicochemical descriptors and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET), to gain new insights into these properties in DprE1 inhibitors. Several molecular properties that should facilitate the design and optimization of future DprE1 inhibitors are described, allowing for the development of improved analogues targeting M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia
S. M. Amado
- Center
of Marine Sciences - CCMAR, University of
Algarve, P-8005-039 Faro, Portugal
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, FCT, University
of Algarve, P-8005-039 Faro, Portugal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Woodley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Maria L. S. Cristiano
- Center
of Marine Sciences - CCMAR, University of
Algarve, P-8005-039 Faro, Portugal
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, FCT, University
of Algarve, P-8005-039 Faro, Portugal
- Email
for M.L.S.C.:
| | - Paul M. O’Neill
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
- Email for P.M.O.:
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17
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Agarwal P, Huckle J, Newman J, Reid DL. Trends in small molecule drug properties: A developability molecule assessment perspective. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:103366. [PMID: 36122862 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Developability molecule assessment is a key interfacial capability across the biopharmaceutical industry, screening and staging molecules discovered by medicinal chemists for successful chemistry manufacturing controls (CMC) development and launch. The breadth of responsibility and expertise such teams possess puts them in a unique position to understand the impact of the physicochemical properties of a drug during its initial discovery and subsequent development. However, most of the publications describing trends in physicochemical properties are written from a medicinal chemistry perspective with the aim to identify molecules with better ADMET profiles that are either lead-like or drug-like, failing to describe the impact these properties have on CMC development. To systematically uncover knowledge obtained from recent trends in physicochemical properties and the corresponding impact on CMC development, a comprehensive analysis was conducted on molecules in the drug repurposing hub dataset. The only physicochemical property that seems to have been preserved in FDA-approved oral molecules over the decades (1900-2020) is a constant H-bond donor count, highlighting the importance this property has on cell permeability and lattice energy. Pharmaceutical attrition analysis suggests that partition-distribution coefficient, H-bond acceptors, polar surface area and the fraction of sp3 carbons are properties that are associated with compound attrition. Looking at pharmaceutical attrition asynchronously with the temporal analysis of FDA-approved oral molecules highlights the opposing trends, risks and diminishing effects some of these physiochemical properties (cLogP, cLogD and Fsp3) have on describing compound attrition during the past decade. Trellising the dataset by target class suggests that certain formulation and drug delivery strategies can be anticipated or put into place based on target class of a molecule. For example, molecules binding to nuclear hormone receptors are amenable to lipid-based drug delivery systems with proven commercial success. Although the poor solubility of kinase inhibitors is a combination of hydrophobicity (due to aromaticity) required to bind to its target and high lattice energy (melting point), they are a challenging target class to formulate. The influence of drug targets on physicochemical properties and the temporal nature of these properties is highlighted when comparing molecules in the drug repurposing dataset to those developed at Amgen. An improved understanding of the impact of molecular properties on performance attributes can accelerate decisions and facilitate risk assessments during candidate selection and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Agarwal
- Drug Product Technologies, Process Development, Amgen, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
| | - James Huckle
- Drug Product Technologies, Process Development, Amgen, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Jake Newman
- Drug Product Technologies, Process Development, Amgen, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Darren L Reid
- Drug Product Technologies, Process Development, Amgen, 360 Binney St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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18
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Avdeef A, Kansy M. Trends in PhysChem Properties of Newly Approved Drugs over the Last Six Years; Predicting Solubility of Drugs Approved in 2021. J SOLUTION CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-022-01199-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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Chavarria D, Benfeito S, Soares P, Lima C, Garrido J, Serrão P, Soares-da-Silva P, Remião F, Oliveira PJ, Borges F. Boosting caffeic acid performance as antioxidant and monoamine oxidase B/catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114740. [PMID: 36116233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress (OS) and depletion of nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) are closely linked to the neurodegeneration observed in Parkinson's Disease (PD). Caffeic acid (CA)-based antioxidants were developed, and their inhibitory activities towards monoamine oxidases (MAOs) and catechol O-methyltransferases (COMT) were screened. The results showed that the incorporation of an extra double bond maintained or even boosted the antioxidant properties of CA. α-CN derivatives displayed redox potentials (Ep) similar to CA (1) and inhibited hMAO-B with low μM IC50 values. Moreover, catechol amides acted as MB-COMT inhibitors, showing IC50 values within the low μM range. In general, CA derivatives presented safe cytotoxicity profiles at concentrations up to 10 μM. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by CA derivatives may be underlying the cytotoxic effects observed at higher concentrations. Catechol amides 3-6, 8-11 at 10 μM protected cells against oxidative damage. Compounds 3 and 8 were predicted to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by passive diffusion. In summary, we report for the first time BBB-permeant CA-based multitarget lead compounds that may restore DAergic neurotransmission (dual hMAO-B/MB-COMT inhibition) and prevent oxidative damage. The data represents a groundbreaking advancement towards the discovery of the next generation of new drugs for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chavarria
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Benfeito
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Soares
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Lima
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Garrido
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering (ISEP), Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Serrão
- Department of Biomedicine - Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal; MedInUP - Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrício Soares-da-Silva
- Department of Biomedicine - Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal; MedInUP - Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology. University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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20
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Roskoski R. Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors in the treatment of neoplastic and inflammatory disorders. Pharmacol Res 2022; 183:106362. [PMID: 35878738 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK) family of nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinases consists of JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2 (Tyrosine Kinase 2). Each of these proteins contains a JAK homology pseudokinase (JH2) domain that interacts with and regulates the activity of the adjacent protein kinase domain (JH1). The Janus kinase family is regulated by numerous cytokines including interferons, interleukins, and hormones such as erythropoietin and thrombopoietin. Ligand binding to cytokine receptors leads to the activation of associated Janus kinases, which then catalyze the phosphorylation of the receptors. The SH2 domain of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) binds to the cytokine receptor phosphotyrosines thereby promoting STAT phosphorylation and activation by the Janus kinases. STAT dimers are then translocated into the nucleus where they participate in the regulation and expression of dozens of proteins. JAK1/3 signaling participates in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders while JAK1/2 signaling contributes to the development of myeloproliferative neoplasms as well as several malignancies including leukemias and lymphomas. An activating JAK2 V617F mutation occurs in 95% of people with polycythemia vera and about 50% of cases of myelofibrosis and essential thrombocythemia. Abrocitinib, ruxolitinib, and upadacitinib are JAK inhibitors that are FDA-approved for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Baricitinib is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and covid 19. Tofacitinib and upadacitinib are JAK antagonists that are used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis. Additionally, ruxolitinib is approved for the treatment of polycythemia vera while fedratinib, pacritinib, and ruxolitinib are approved for the treatment of myelofibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 3754 Brevard Road, Suite 106, Box 19, Horse Shoe, NC 28742, United States.
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21
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Janicka M, Śliwińska A. Quantitative Retention (Structure)–Activity Relationships in Predicting the Pharmaceutical and Toxic Properties of Potential Pesticides. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113599. [PMID: 35684533 PMCID: PMC9182382 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The micellar liquid chromatography technique and quantitative retention (structure)–activity relationships method were used to predict properties of carbamic and phenoxyacetic acids derivatives, newly synthesized in our laboratory and considered as potential pesticides. Important properties of the test substances characterizing their potential significance as pesticides as well as threats to humans were considered: the volume of distribution, the unbonded fractions, the blood–brain distribution, the rate of skin and cell permeation, the dermal absorption, the binding to human serum albumin, partitioning between water and plants’ cuticles, and the lethal dose. Pharmacokinetic and toxicity parameters were predicted as functions of the solutes’ lipophilicities and the number of hydrogen bond donors, the number of hydrogen bond acceptors, and the number of rotatable bonds. The equations that were derived were evaluated statistically and cross-validated. Important features of the molecular structure influencing the properties of the tested substances were indicated. The QSAR models that were developed had high predictive ability and high reliability in modeling the properties of the molecules that were tested. The investigations highlighted the applicability of combined chromatographic technique and QS(R)ARs in modeling the important properties of potential pesticides and reducing unethical animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Janicka
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Śliwińska
- Doctoral School of Quantitative and Natural Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
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22
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Ahmad Bhat S, Islam Siddiqui Z, Ahmad Parray Z, Sultan A, Afroz M, Ali Azam S, Rahman Farooqui S, Naqui Kazim S. Naturally occurring HMGB1 inhibitor delineating the anti-hepatitis B virus mechanism of glycyrrhizin via in vitro and in silico studies. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Hill J, Crich D. The N,N,O-Trisubstituted Hydroxylamine Isostere and Its Influence on Lipophilicity and Related Parameters. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:799-806. [PMID: 35586423 PMCID: PMC9109164 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of substitution of an N,N,O-trisubstituted hydroxylamine (-NR-OR'-) unit for a hydrocarbon (-CHR-CH2-), ether (-CHR-OR'-), or amine (-NR-CHR'-) moiety on lipophilicity and other ADME parameters is described. A matched molecular pair analysis was conducted across five series of compounds, which showed that the replacement of carbon-carbon bonds by N,N,O-trisubstituted hydroxylamines typically leads to a reduction in logP comparable to that achieved with a tertiary amine group. In contrast, the weakly basic N,N,O-trisubstituted hydroxylamines have greater logD 7.4 values than tertiary amines. It is also demonstrated that the N,N,O-trisubstituted hydroxylamine moiety can improve metabolic stability and reduce human plasma protein binding relative to the corresponding hydrocarbon and ether units. Coupled with recent synthetic methods for hydroxylamine assembly by N-O bond formation, these results provide support for the re-evaluation of the N,N,O-trisubstituted hydroxylamine moiety in small-molecule optimization schemes in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarvis Hill
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - David Crich
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend
Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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24
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Andrographolide in Atherosclerosis: Integrating Network Pharmacology and In Vitro Pharmacological Evaluation. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:231291. [PMID: 35543243 PMCID: PMC9251584 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees is a medicinal plant that has been traditionally used as an anti-inflammatory and antibacterial remedy for several conditions. Andrographolide (AG), the active constituent of A. paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, has anti-lipidic and anti-inflammatory properties as well as cardiovascular protective effects. The present study aimed to explore the effects of AG on the progression of atherosclerosis and to investigate related mechanisms via network pharmacology. Materials and methods: Compound-related information was obtained from the PubChem database. Potential target genes were identified using STITCH, SwissTargetPrediction, Bioinformatics Analysis Tool for Molecular mechANism of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Comparative Toxicogenomics Database. Genes involved in atherosclerosis were obtained from DisGeNet and compared with AG target genes to obtain an overlapping set. Protein–protein interactions were determined by STRING. Gene ontology (GO) analysis was performed at WebGestalt, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment was analyzed using Metascape. The final network showing the relationship between compounds, targets, and pathways was constructed using Cytoscape. After that, oxLDL-induced RAW264.7 cells were used to further validate a part of the network pharmacology results. Result: Eighty-one potential AG target genes were identified. PPI, GO, and KEGG enrichment revealed genes closely related to tumor progression, lipid transport, inflammation, and related pathways. AG improves the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) through NF-κB/CEBPB/PPARG signaling in oxLDL-induced RAW264.7 cells. Conclusion: We successfully predict AG’s potential targets and pathways in atherosclerosis and illustrate the mechanism of action. AG may regulate NF-κB/CEBPB/PPARG signaling to alleviate atherosclerosis.
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25
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Identification and development of a series of disubstituted piperazines for the treatment of Chagas disease. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114421. [PMID: 35594652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 6-7 million people around the world are estimated to be infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. The current treatments are inadequate and therefore new medical interventions are urgently needed. In this paper we describe the identification of a series of disubstituted piperazines which shows good potency against the target parasite but is hampered by poor metabolic stability. We outline the strategies used to mitigate this issue such as lowering logD, bioisosteric replacements of the metabolically labile piperazine ring and use of plate-based arrays for quick diversity scoping. We discuss the success of these strategies within the context of this series and highlight the challenges faced in phenotypic programs when attempting to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of compounds whilst maintaining potency against the desired target.
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26
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Targeting BCR-Abl in the treatment of Philadelphia-chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemia. Pharmacol Res 2022; 178:106156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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de Sá ÉRA, Souza JL, Costa RKM, Barros RO, de Lima CEB, Lima FDCA, Ramos RM. Computational investigation of the alkaloids of Pilocarpus microphyllus species as phytopharmaceuticals for the inhibition of sterol 14α-demethylase protease of Trypanosoma cruzi. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 41:2555-2573. [PMID: 35132947 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2035819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan transmitted by the insect Triatoma infestans, popularly known as kissing bug. This protozoan causes the Chagas disease, a Neglected Tropical Disease. This study aimed to investigate, through DFT method and B3LYP hybrid functional, the physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties of the alkaloids present in the leaves of the species Pilocarpus microphyllus (jaborandi) as a potential inhibitory activity on the protease sterol 14α-demethylase of T. cruzi associated with the techniques of molecular docking, molecular dynamics, MM-PBSA and ADMET predictions. The molecules of isopilosine, epiisopiloturine, epiisopilosine, and pilosine showed up the lowest binding energies by molecular docking, good human intestinal absorption, low penetration in the blood-brain barrier, antiprotozoal and anticarcinogenic activities in ADMET studies. It has been observed a better binding affinity of the sterol 14α-demethylase protease with isopilosine in molecular dynamics and MM-PBSA studies, which indicates it as a potential drug candidate for Chagas disease.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ézio R. A. de Sá
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Piauí, IFPI, Picos, Piauí, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, PPGQ/UFPI, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
- Research Laboratory of the Computational Quantum Chemistry and Drug Planning Group, Chemistry Department, State University of Piauí, GQQC&PF/UESPI, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
- Research Laboratory in Information Systems, Information Department, Environment, Health and Food Production, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Piauí, LaPeSI/IFPI, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Janilson L. Souza
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão, IFMA, Bacabal, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Rayla K. M. Costa
- Research Laboratory of the Computational Quantum Chemistry and Drug Planning Group, Chemistry Department, State University of Piauí, GQQC&PF/UESPI, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Rômulo O. Barros
- Research Laboratory in Information Systems, Information Department, Environment, Health and Food Production, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Piauí, LaPeSI/IFPI, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Carlos E. B. de Lima
- University Hospital, Federal University of Piauí, Discipline of Cardiology, Department of General Practice - Cardiology and Health Sciences Center, DCG/CCS/UFPI, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Francisco das C. A. Lima
- Research Laboratory of the Computational Quantum Chemistry and Drug Planning Group, Chemistry Department, State University of Piauí, GQQC&PF/UESPI, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Ricardo M. Ramos
- Research Laboratory in Information Systems, Information Department, Environment, Health and Food Production, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Piauí, LaPeSI/IFPI, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
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Avdeef A, Kansy M. Predicting Solubility of Newly-Approved Drugs (2016–2020) with a Simple ABSOLV and GSE(Flexible-Acceptor) Consensus Model Outperforming Random Forest Regression. J SOLUTION CHEM 2022; 51:1020-1055. [PMID: 35153342 PMCID: PMC8818506 DOI: 10.1007/s10953-022-01141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study applies the ‘Flexible-Acceptor’ variant of the General Solubility Equation, GSE(Φ,B), to the prediction of the aqueous intrinsic solubility, log10S0, of FDA recently-approved (2016–2020) ‘small-molecule’ new molecular entities (NMEs). The novel equation had been shown to predict the solubility of drugs beyond Lipinski’s ‘Rule of 5’ chemical space (bRo5) to a precision nearly matching that of the Random Forest Regression (RFR) machine learning method. Since then, it was found that the GSE(Φ,B) appears to work well not only for bRo5 NMEs, but also for Ro5 drugs. To put context to GSE(Φ,B), Yalkowsky’s GSE(classic), Abraham’s ABSOLV, and Breiman’s RFR models were also applied to predict log10 S0 of 72 newly-approve NMEs, for which useable reported solubility values could be accessed (nearly 60% from FDA New Drug Application published reports). Except for GSE (classic), the prediction models were retrained with an enlarged version of the Wiki-pS0 database (nearly 400 added log10 S0 entries since our recent previous study). Thus, these four models were further validated by the additional independent solubility measurements which the newly-approved drugs introduced. The prediction methods ranked RFR ~ GSE (Φ,B) > ABSOLV > GSE (classic) in performance. It was further demonstrated that the biases generated in the four separate models could be nearly eliminated in a consensus model based on the average of just two of the methods: GSE (Φ,B) and ABSOLV. The resulting consensus prediction equation is simple in form and can be easily incorporated into spreadsheet calculations. Even more significant, it slightly outperformed the RFR method.
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Kok LY, Bannigan P, Sanaee F, Evans JC, Dunne M, Regenold M, Ahmed L, Dubins D, Allen C. Development and pharmacokinetic evaluation of a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system for the oral delivery of cannabidiol. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 168:106058. [PMID: 34763088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The number of lipophilic drug candidates in pharmaceutical discovery pipelines has increased in recent years. These drugs often possess physicochemical properties that result in poor oral bioavailability, and their clinical potential may be limited without adequate formulation strategies. Cannabidiol (CBD) is an excellent example of a highly lipophilic compound with poor oral bioavailability, due to low water solubility and extensive first-pass metabolism. An approach that may overcome these limitations is formulation of the drug in self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS). Herein, CBD-SNEDDS formulations were prepared and evaluated in vitro. Promising formulations (F2, F4) were administered to healthy female Sprague-Dawley rats via oral gavage (20 mg/kg CBD). Resulting pharmacokinetic parameters of CBD were compared to those obtained following administration of CBD in two oil-based formulations: a medium-chain triglyceride oil vehicle (MCT-CBD), and a sesame oil-based formulation similar in composition to an FDA-approved formulation of CBD, Epidiolex® (SO-CBD). Compared to MCT-CBD, administration of the SNEDDS formulations led to more rapid absorption of CBD (median Tmax values: 0.5 h (F2), 1 h (F4), 6 h (MCT-CBD)). Administration of F2 and F4 formulations also improved the systemic exposure to CBD by 2.2 and 2.8-fold compared to MCT-CBD; however, no improvement was found compared to SO-CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lie Yun Kok
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Pauric Bannigan
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Forugh Sanaee
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - James C Evans
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Dunne
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Lubabah Ahmed
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - David Dubins
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Christine Allen
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Canada.
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30
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Zhang TJ, Zhang Y, Zhang ZH, Wang ZR, Zhang X, Hu SS, Lu PF, Guo S, Meng FH. Discovery of 4-(phenoxymethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 60:128582. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Roskoski R. Properties of FDA-approved small molecule protein kinase inhibitors: A 2022 update. Pharmacol Res 2021; 175:106037. [PMID: 34921994 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the dysregulation of protein kinase activity in many diseases including cancer, this enzyme family has become one of the most important drug targets in the 21st century. There are 68 FDA-approved therapeutic agents that target about two dozen different protein kinases and six of these drugs were approved in 2021. Of the approved drugs, twelve target protein-serine/threonine protein kinases, four are directed against dual specificity protein kinases (MEK1/2), thirteen block nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinases, and 39 target receptor protein-tyrosine kinases. The data indicate that 58 of these drugs are prescribed for the treatment of neoplasms (49 against solid tumors including breast, lung, and colon, five against nonsolid tumors such as leukemias, and four against both solid and nonsolid tumors: acalabrutinib, ibrutinib, imatinib, and midostaurin). Three drugs (baricitinib, tofacitinib, upadacitinib) are used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis. Of the 68 approved drugs, eighteen are used in the treatment of multiple diseases. The following six drugs received FDA approval in 2021 for the treatment of these specified diseases: belumosudil (graft vs. host disease), infigratinib (cholangiocarcinomas), mobocertinib and tepotinib (specific forms of non-small cell lung cancer), tivozanib (renal cell carcinoma), and trilaciclib (to decrease chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression). All of the FDA-approved drugs are orally effective with the exception of netarsudil, temsirolimus, and the newly approved trilaciclib. This review summarizes the physicochemical properties of all 68 FDA-approved small molecule protein kinase inhibitors including lipophilic efficiency and ligand efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 3754 Brevard Road, Suite 106, Box 19, Horse Shoe, NC 28742-8814, United States.
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Exploring the Antiglioma Mechanisms of Luteolin Based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Verification. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:7765658. [PMID: 34873410 PMCID: PMC8643232 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7765658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Luteolin, a natural flavone compound, exists in a variety of fruits and vegetables, and its anticancer effect has been shown in many studies. However, its use in glioma treatment is hampered due to the fact that the underlying mechanism of action has not been fully explored. Therefore, we elucidated the potential antiglioma targets and pathways of luteolin systematically with the help of network pharmacology and molecular docking technology. The druggability of luteolin, including absorption, excretion, distribution, and metabolism, was assessed via the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP). The potential targets of luteolin and glioma were extracted from public databases, and the intersecting targets between luteolin and glioma were integrated and visualized by a Venn diagram. In addition, GO and KEGG pathway analysis was engaged in Metascape. The network of the luteolin-target-pathway was visualized by Cytoscape. Ultimately, the interactions between luteolin and predicted key targets were confirmed by Discovery studio software. According to the ADME results, luteolin shows great potential for development into a drug. 4860 glioma-associated targets and 280 targets of luteolin were identified, of which 205 were intersection targets. 6 core targets of luteolin against glioma, including AKT1, JUN, ALB, MAPK3, MAPK1, and TNF, were identified via PPI network analysis of which AKT1, JUN, ALB, MAPK1, and TNF harbor diagnostic value. The biological processes of luteolin are mainly involved in the response to inorganic substances, response to oxidative stress, and apoptotic signaling pathway. The essential pathways of luteolin against glioma involve pathways in cancer, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, the TNF signaling pathway, and more. Meanwhile, luteolin's interaction with six core targets was verified by molecular docking simulation and its antiglioma effect was verified by in vitro experiments. This study suggests that luteolin has a promising potential for development into a drug and, moreover, it displays preventive effects against glioma by targeting various genes and pathways.
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33
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Steiner D, Bunjes H. Influence of process and formulation parameters on the preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles by dual centrifugation. Int J Pharm X 2021; 3:100085. [PMID: 34159313 PMCID: PMC8193364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2021.100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A promising strategy to formulate poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is the application of these substances in solid lipid nanoparticles. These drug carrier systems are commonly prepared by high-pressure homogenization above the melting temperature of the utilized lipid. While being very useful for large-scale production this method is quite resource-consuming and does not allow simultaneous processing of multiple samples, e.g. for screening purposes. For this reason, an alternative manufacturing process, dual centrifugation, is introduced to prepare solid lipid nanoparticles. The ingredients of the dispersions were directly weighed into 2 mL vessels at room temperature without the need to prepare a pre-mix emulsion. Due to an additional rotation of the samples in the heated centrifuge as well as the addition of grinding media an intensive stressing of the samples was achieved. The emulsification process was finished within 10 min with sample temperatures of up to 90 °C being obtained. Dependent on the process set-up like grinding media size, filling ratio or process temperature and the composition of the lipid formulation, the achieved particles sizes were below 200 nm and had a narrow, monomodal size distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Steiner
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie, Mendelssohnstraße 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Zentrum für Pharmaverfahrenstechnik (PVZ), Franz-Liszt-Straße 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Heike Bunjes
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie, Mendelssohnstraße 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Zentrum für Pharmaverfahrenstechnik (PVZ), Franz-Liszt-Straße 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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34
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He W, Zhang T, Bai H, Kwok RTK, Lam JWY, Tang BZ. Recent Advances in Aggregation-Induced Emission Materials and Their Biomedical and Healthcare Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2101055. [PMID: 34418306 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the concept of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) has opened new opportunities in many research areas, such as biopsy analysis, biological processes monitoring, and elucidation of key physiological and pathological behaviors. As a new class of luminescent materials, AIE luminogens (AIEgens) possess many prominent advantages such as tunable molecular structures, high molar absorptivity, high brightness, large Stokes shift, excellent photostability, and good biocompatibility. The past two decades have witnessed a dramatic growth of research interest in AIE, and many AIE-based bioprobes with excellent performance have been widely explored in biomedical fields. This review summarizes some of the latest advancements of AIE molecular probes and AIE nanoparticles (NPs) with regards to biomedical and healthcare applications. According to the research areas, the review is divided into five sections, which are imaging and identification of cells and bacteria, photodynamic therapy, multimodal theranostics, deep tissue imaging, and fluorescence-guided surgery. The challenges and future opportunities of AIE materials in the advanced biomedical fields are briefly discussed. In perspective, the AIE-based bioprobes play vital roles in the exploration of advanced bioapplications for the ultimate goal of addressing more healthcare issues by integrating various cutting-edge modalities and techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area Hi‐tech Park, Nanshan Shenzhen 518057 China
| | - Tianfu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Haotian Bai
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Ryan T. K. Kwok
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area Hi‐tech Park, Nanshan Shenzhen 518057 China
| | - Jacky W. Y. Lam
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area Hi‐tech Park, Nanshan Shenzhen 518057 China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area Hi‐tech Park, Nanshan Shenzhen 518057 China
- Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Aggregate Science and Engineering School of Science and Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 2001 Longxiang Boulevard, Longgang District Shenzhen Guangdong 518172 China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Center for Aggregation‐Induced Emission (Guangzhou International Campus) South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
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Nicolov M, Cocora M, Buda V, Danciu C, Duse AO, Watz C, Borcan F. Hydrosoluble and Liposoluble Vitamins: New Perspectives through ADMET Analysis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:1204. [PMID: 34833423 PMCID: PMC8622797 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57111204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The present study demonstrates that apart from the well-known toxicity of liposoluble vitamins, some hydrosoluble vitamins may also exert toxicity; thus, routine supplementation with vitamins or ingestion of fortified foods should not be considered harmless. The study addresses the possible correlations between the physico-chemical properties and the side effects of vitamins when taken in high doses or for a too long a period. Materials and Methods: The FAFDrugs4.0 computational tool was used for computational assessment of the ADMET profile of several hydro- and liposoluble vitamins. Results: ADMET analysis revealed the following major data: vitamin B3 and B13 showed reduced structural complexity; thus, a relative toxicological potential may be exerted. Vitamins B1 and B7 were found to have good oral absorption and thus good bioavailability, while Vitamin B3 was found to have decreased oral absorption. In addition, all of the liposoluble vitamins reflected higher complexity, much greater than most of the potentially therapeutically-proven compounds. Conclusions: The present study emphasizes the importance between the physico-chemical properties of vitamins and their possible toxicological impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Nicolov
- Departament of Pharmaceutical Physics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Mioara Cocora
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timișoara, 13A Gh Adam Street, 300310 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Valentina Buda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Communication in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Corina Danciu
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Adina Octavia Duse
- Department of Balneology, Medical Recovery and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Claudia Watz
- Departament of Pharmaceutical Physics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Florin Borcan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
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Truong J, George A, Holien JK. Analysis of physicochemical properties of protein-protein interaction modulators suggests stronger alignment with the "rule of five". RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1731-1749. [PMID: 34778774 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00213a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the important roles played by protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in disease, they have been long considered as 'undruggable'. However, recent advances have suggested that PPIs are druggable but may not follow conventional rules of 'drug ability'. Here we explore which physicochemical parameters are essential for a PPI modulator to be a clinical drug by analysing the physicochemical properties of small-molecule PPI modulators in the market, in clinical trials, and published. Our analysis reveals that those compounds currently on the market have a larger range of values for most of the physicochemical parameters, whereas those in clinical trials fit much more stringently to standard drug-like parameters. This observation was particularly true for molecular weight, clog P and topological polar surface area, where aside from a few outliers, most of the compounds in clinical trials fit within standard drug-like parameters. This implies that the newer PPI modulators are more drug-like than those currently on the market, suggesting that designing new PPI-specific screening libraries should remain within standard drug-like parameters in order to obtain a clinical candidate. Taken together, our analysis has important implications for designing future drug discovery campaigns aimed at targeting PPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Truong
- STEM College, RMIT University Vic Australia
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Forte B, Ottilie S, Plater A, Campo B, Dechering KJ, Gamo FJ, Goldberg DE, Istvan ES, Lee M, Lukens AK, McNamara CW, Niles JC, Okombo J, Pasaje CFA, Siegel MG, Wirth D, Wyllie S, Fidock DA, Baragaña B, Winzeler EA, Gilbert IH. Prioritization of Molecular Targets for Antimalarial Drug Discovery. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2764-2776. [PMID: 34523908 PMCID: PMC8608365 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
There is a shift
in antimalarial drug discovery from phenotypic
screening toward target-based approaches, as more potential drug targets
are being validated in Plasmodium species. Given
the high attrition rate and high cost of drug discovery, it is important
to select the targets most likely to deliver progressible drug candidates.
In this paper, we describe the criteria that we consider important
for selecting targets for antimalarial drug discovery. We describe
the analysis of a number of drug targets in the Malaria Drug Accelerator
(MalDA) pipeline, which has allowed us to prioritize targets that
are ready to enter the drug discovery process. This selection process
has also highlighted where additional data are required to inform
target progression or deprioritization of other targets. Finally,
we comment on how additional drug targets may be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Forte
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Ottilie
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Andrew Plater
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Brice Campo
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Daniel E. Goldberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Eva S. Istvan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Marcus Lee
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda K. Lukens
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Case W. McNamara
- Calibr, a Division of The Scripps Research Institute, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jacquin C. Niles
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States
| | - John Okombo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Charisse Flerida A. Pasaje
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States
| | | | - Dyann Wirth
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Susan Wyllie
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Beatriz Baragaña
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A. Winzeler
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ian H. Gilbert
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
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Yang H, Liang J, Lin C, Zhu Y, Yan J, Zhang W, Pang J, Yang W, Yang F, Wang L. Effect of Dihydropyridine Enrichment in the Microstructure of the Palisade Layer on the Stability of Fat Nano-emulsions. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3648-3658. [PMID: 34303675 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Relationship between the stability of fat nano-emulsions and the incorporated drug at the molecular level are rarely known. Herein, fat nano-emulsions containing dihydropyridine drugs were prepared and the microstructure of their palisade layers were investigated.The prepared 1.0 mg/mL nimodipine nano-emulsion was found to contain 65.50% drug in the palisade layer. The increasing drug concentration led to a decrease-increase-decrease trend in centrifugal stability constant, particle size and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) signal intensity of the lecithin trimethyl ammonium group in the nimodipine and felodipine nano-emulsions. The 1H NMR spectra of test solutions including nano-emulsions suggest that increasing drugs penetrated into the palisade layer, resulting in the lecithin arrangement from loose to tight, and then from monolayer to bilayer. Nimodipine and felodipine nano-emulsions showed two valley values at concentrations of 0.15 and 0.75 mg/mL, and 0.30 and 0.90 mg/mL respectively, which indicated that the nano-emulsion has two more stable states corresponding to the tightly arranged mono- and bi-palisade layer. These two concentrations are positively correlated with lipophilicity of nimodipine and felodipine. Further, nimodipine liposomes were prepared to validate the effect of drugs on the arrangement of lecithin in the palisade layer. 1H NMR characterizations of the liposomes showed a similar profile to that of nano-emulsions. These results demonstrated that the increasing drug concentration could cause a rearrangement of lecithin in the palisade layer, thus affecting emulsion stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiawei Liang
- The Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Cuicui Lin
- The Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- The Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaqi Yan
- The Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenfang Zhang
- The Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiali Pang
- The Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Yang
- The Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Department of Pharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- The Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Department of Pharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Laiyou Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080,Guangdong, China.
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Pan B, Pan W, Lu Z, Xia C. Pharmacological Mechanisms Underlying the Hepatoprotective Effects of Ecliptae herba on Hepatocellular Carcinoma. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:5591402. [PMID: 34326886 PMCID: PMC8302389 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5591402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases worldwide has increased significantly. As a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with a long history, Ecliptae herba (EH) has been widely used in HCC patients in China, but its hepatoprotective mechanism is still unclear. METHODS In this study, we applied a network pharmacology-based strategy and experimental verification to systematically unravel the underlying mechanisms of EH against HCC. First, six active ingredients of EH were screened from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) by the ADME method. Subsequently, 52 potential targets of 6 active ingredients acting on HCC were screened from various databases, including TCMSP, DGIdb, SwissTargetPrediction, CTD, and GeneCards. Then, by constructing protein-protein interaction (PPI) network from STRING, we displayed the intricate connections among these 52 targets through Cytoscape software. We also applied enrichment analysis, including Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses, to provide an outline and set of concepts for describing gene functions and the advanced functions of biological systems of these 52 targets from genomic and molecular level information. Finally, molecular docking and biological experiments were used to reconfirm these results. RESULTS We hypothesized that EH might exert anti-HCC activity by acting on hub genes, including RELA, MMP9, PTGS2, ESR1, EGFR, AR, AKT1, HIF1A, AHR, CYP3A4, ABCG2, and MMP2. Moreover, based on GO and KEGG analysis, we speculated that EH may exert hepatoprotective effects on HCC through the following mechanisms: regulation of the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway to promote apoptosis and inhibit the abnormal proliferation of HCC, downregulation of HIF-1A expression by activating the HIF-1 signaling pathway, prevention of HCC by regulating lipid metabolism, and inhibition of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by the cytochrome P450 subfamily. Subsequent biological experiments verified that EH inhibits the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway through its active ingredients, quercetin, and wedelolactone, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of HCC cells and promoting the apoptosis of HCC cells. CONCLUSIONS The network pharmacological strategy provides an efficient method to systematically explore the pharmacological mechanism of EH in HCC. Our study demonstrated that the anti-HCC proliferation activity of EH is mainly exerted by two active ingredients (quercetin and wedelolactone), which inhibit the proliferation of HCC cells (HepG2 and Huh-7) by inhibiting PI3K-AKT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botao Pan
- Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Wenxiu Pan
- Department of Laboratory, Fifth People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Zheng Lu
- Wuzhou Maternal and Child Health-Care Hospital, Wuzhou 543000, China
| | - Chenglai Xia
- Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan 528000, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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40
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Leeson PD, Bento AP, Gaulton A, Hersey A, Manners EJ, Radoux CJ, Leach AR. Target-Based Evaluation of "Drug-Like" Properties and Ligand Efficiencies. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7210-7230. [PMID: 33983732 PMCID: PMC7610969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Physicochemical descriptors commonly used to define "drug-likeness" and ligand efficiency measures are assessed for their ability to differentiate marketed drugs from compounds reported to bind to their efficacious target or targets. Using ChEMBL version 26, a data set of 643 drugs acting on 271 targets was assembled, comprising 1104 drug-target pairs having ≥100 published compounds per target. Taking into account changes in their physicochemical properties over time, drugs are analyzed according to their target class, therapy area, and route of administration. Recent drugs, approved in 2010-2020, display no overall differences in molecular weight, lipophilicity, hydrogen bonding, or polar surface area from their target comparator compounds. Drugs are differentiated from target comparators by higher potency, ligand efficiency (LE), lipophilic ligand efficiency (LLE), and lower carboaromaticity. Overall, 96% of drugs have LE or LLE values, or both, greater than the median values of their target comparator compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Leeson
- Paul Leeson Consulting Ltd, The Malt House, Main Street, Congerstone, Nuneaton, Warkwickshire CV13 6LZ, United Kingdom
| | - A Patricia Bento
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Gaulton
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Hersey
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - Emma J Manners
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J Radoux
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Leach
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
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41
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Green AI, Burslem GM. Focused Libraries for Epigenetic Drug Discovery: The Importance of Isosteres. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7231-7240. [PMID: 34042449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic drug discovery provides a wealth of opportunities for the discovery of new therapeutics but has been hampered by low hit rates, frequent identification of false-positives, and poor synthetic tractability. A key reason for this is that few screening collections consider the unique requirements of epigenetic targets despite significant medicinal chemistry interest. Here we analyze the suitability of some commercially available screening collections in the context of epigenetic drug discovery, with a particular focus on lysine post-translational modifications, and show that even privileged motifs found in U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs are not present in these collections. We propose that the incorporation of epigenetic bioisosteres should become central in the design of new focused screening collections and highlight some opportunities for the development of synthetic methods which may improve the tractability of hit molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam I Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - George M Burslem
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.,Department of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Institute Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Suggest the Mechanism for Biological Activity of Rosmarinic Acid. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5190808. [PMID: 33936238 PMCID: PMC8055417 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5190808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RosA) is a natural phenolic acid compound, which is mainly extracted from Labiatae and Arnebia. At present, there is no systematic analysis of its mechanism. Therefore, we used the method of network pharmacology to analyze the mechanism of RosA. In our study, PubChem database was used to search for the chemical formula and the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) number of RosA. Then, the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) was used to evaluate the pharmacodynamics of RosA, and the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) was used to identify the potential target genes of RosA. In addition, the Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of target genes were carried out by using the web-based gene set analysis toolkit (WebGestalt). At the same time, we uploaded the targets to the STRING database to obtain the protein interaction network. Then, we carried out a molecular docking about targets and RosA. Finally, we used Cytoscape to establish a visual protein-protein interaction network and drug-target-pathway network and analyze these networks. Our data showed that RosA has good biological activity and drug utilization. There are 55 target genes that have been identified. Then, the bioinformatics analysis and network analysis found that these target genes are closely related to inflammatory response, tumor occurrence and development, and other biological processes. These results demonstrated that RosA can act on a variety of proteins and pathways to form a systematic pharmacological network, which has good value in drug development and utilization.
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Zhang C, Yue H, Sun P, Hua L, Liang S, Ou Y, Wu D, Wu X, Chen H, Hao Y, Hu W, Yang Z. Discovery of chalcone analogues as novel NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors with potent anti-inflammation activities. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 219:113417. [PMID: 33845232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
NLRP3 inflammasome activation plays a critical role in inflammation and its related disorders. Herein we report a hit-to-lead effort resulting in the discovery of a novel and potent class of NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors. Among these, the most potent lead 40 exhibited improved inhibitory potency and almost no toxicity. Further mechanistic study indicated that compound 40 inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome activation via suppressing ROS production. More importantly, treatment with 40 showed remarkable therapeutic effects on LPS-induced sepsis and DSS-induced colitis. This study encourages further development of more potent inhibitors based on this chemical scaffold and provides a chemical tool to identify its cellular binding target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China
| | - Hu Yue
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China
| | - Ping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China
| | - Lei Hua
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China
| | - Shuli Liang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China
| | - Yitao Ou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China
| | - Xinyi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China
| | - Ying Hao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China.
| | - Zhongjin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China.
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Polymerizable Matrix Metalloproteinases' Inhibitors with Potential Application for Dental Restorations. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040366. [PMID: 33807479 PMCID: PMC8065691 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen cleavage by matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) is considered a major cause of dental resins long term failure. Most MMP inhibitors display significant toxicity and are unsuitable for dental resins’ applications. Here we report a study of a new class of inhibitors that display the unique property of being co-polymerizable with other vinyl compounds present in commercial dental resins, limiting their release and potential toxicity. Computational affinity towards the active site of different MMP-1; -2; -8; -9 and -13 of several compounds showed interesting properties and were synthesized. These free compounds were tested concerning their toxicity upon contact with two different cell types, with no substantial decrease in cell viability at high concentrations. Even so, compound’s safety can be further improved upon copolymerization with commercial dental resins, limiting their release.
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45
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Roskoski R. Properties of FDA-approved small molecule phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors prescribed for the treatment of malignancies. Pharmacol Res 2021; 168:105579. [PMID: 33774181 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) pathway was a major advance in understanding eukaryotic signal transduction. The high frequency of PI 3-kinase pathway mutations in many cancers stimulated the development of drugs targeting these oncogenic mutants. The PI 3-kinases are divided into three classes and Class I PI 3-kinases, which catalyze the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI-4,5-P2) to generate phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3), are the main subject of this review. The class I PI 3-kinases are made up of p110α, p110β, p110δ, and p110γ catalytic subunits. These catalytic subunits are constitutively bound to regulatory subunits (p85α, p85β, p55γ, p101, and p87 proteins). The p85/p55 regulatory subunits heterodimerize with p110α or p110δ thereby forming complexes that are regulated chiefly by receptor protein-tyrosine kinases. The p101 and p87 subunits heterodimerize with p110γ to form complexes that are regulated mainly by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Complexes containing the p110β subunit are activated by receptor protein-tyrosine kinases as well as GPCRs. Following the generation of PIP3, the AKT and mTOR protein-serine/threonine kinases are activated leading to cell growth, proliferation, and survival. Like protein kinases, the PI 3-kinase domains consist of a bilobed structure connected by a hinge-linker segment. ATP and most PI 3-kinase and protein kinase inhibitors form hydrogen bonds with hinge residues. The small and large lobes of PI 3-kinases and protein kinases have a very similar three-dimensional structure called the protein kinase fold. Both PI 3-kinases and eukaryotic protein kinases possess an activation segment that begins with a DFG triad (Asp-Phe-Gly); the activation segment of protein kinases usually ends with an APE (Ala-Pro-Glu) signature while that of PI 3-kinases ends with a PFxLT (Pro-Phe-Xxx-Leu-Thr) signature. Dormant PI 3-kinases have a collapsed activation loop and active PI 3-kinases have an extended activation loop. The distance between the α-carbon atom of the DFG-D residue at the beginning of the activation loop and that of the PFxLT-F residue at the end of the activation loop in dormant PI 3-kinases is about 13 Å; this distance in active PI 3-kinases is about 18 Å. The protein kinase catalytic loop has an HRD (His-Arg-Asp) signature while that of the PI 3-kinases reverses the order with a DRH triad. Alpelisib is an orally effective FDA-approved PI 3-kinase-α inhibitor used for the treatment of breast cancer. Copanlisib, duvelisib, idelalisib, and umbralisib are PI 3-kinase-δ inhibitors that are approved for the third-line treatment of follicular lymphomas and other hematological disorders. Copanlisib is also a potent inhibitor of PI 3-kinase-α. Of the five approved drugs, all are orally bioavailable except copanlisib. Idelalisib interacts with the active conformation of PI 3-kinase-δ and is classified as a type I inhibitor. Alpelisib and copanlisib interact with inactive PI 3-kinase-α and PI 3-kinase-γ, respectively, and are classified as a type I½ antagonists. Except for umbralisib with a molecular weight of 571.5, all five drugs conform to the Lipinski rule of five for oral effectiveness. Copanlisib, however, must be given intravenously. Alpelisib and copanlisib inhibit PI 3-kinase-α, which is involved in insulin signaling, and both drugs promote insulin-resistance and produce hyperglycemia. The five FDA-approved PI 3-kinase inhibitors produce significant on-target toxicities, more so than many approved protein kinase antagonists. The development of PI 3-kinase inhibitors with fewer toxicities is an important long-term therapeutic goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 3754 Brevard Road, Suite 116, Box 19, Horse Shoe, NC 28742-8814, United States.
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46
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Bhanot A, Sundriyal S. Physicochemical Profiling and Comparison of Research Antiplasmodials and Advanced Stage Antimalarials with Oral Drugs. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:6424-6437. [PMID: 33718733 PMCID: PMC7948433 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To understand the property space of antimalarials, we collated a large dataset of research antiplasmodial (RAP) molecules with known in vitro potencies and advanced stage antimalarials (ASAMs) with established oral bioavailability. While RAP molecules are "non-druglike", ASAM molecules display properties closer to Lipinski's and Veber's thresholds. Comparison within the different potency groups of RAP molecules indicates that the in vitro potency is positively correlated to the molecular weight, the calculated octanol-water partition coefficient (clog P), aromatic ring counts (#Ar), and hydrogen bond acceptors. Despite both categories being bioavailable, the ASAM molecules are relatively larger and more lipophilic, have a lower polar surface area, and possess a higher count of heteroaromatic rings than oral drugs. Also, antimalarials are found to have a higher proportion of aromatic (#ArN) and basic nitrogen (#BaN) counts, features implicitly used in the design of antimalarial molecules but not well studied hitherto. We also propose using descriptors scaled by the sum of #ArN and #BaN (SBAN) to define an antimalarial property space. Together, these results may have important applications in the identification and optimization of future antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amritansh Bhanot
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla
Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus,
Vidya Vihar, Pilani, Rajasthan 333 031, India
| | - Sandeep Sundriyal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla
Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus,
Vidya Vihar, Pilani, Rajasthan 333 031, India
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47
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Francke NM, Bunjes H. Drug localization and its effect on the physical stability of poloxamer 188-stabilized colloidal lipid emulsions. Int J Pharm 2021; 599:120394. [PMID: 33675931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Colloidal lipid emulsions are a promising formulation option for poorly water-soluble drugs. Due to their complex composition, they provide different sites for the localization of drugs. Drug molecules can be situated in the lipid matrix, in the aqueous phase with its structures formed by an excess of emulsifier or at the droplet interface. The interface and the mechanism of stabilization is mainly characterized by the emulsifier. In this study, the main focus was on the influence of drug localization on the stability of emulsions sterically stabilized with poloxamer188. In addition to 5% of this non-ionic emulsifier, the emulsions contained 10% soybean oil. The localization of the drugs fenofibrate, curcumin, betamethasone valerate, cinnarizine, dibucaine and flufenamic acid within the emulsion system at a physiological pH of 7.4 as well as their influence on emulsion stability were examined. The results indicated that the stability of poloxamer 188-stabilized emulsions can be influenced in a positive or negative way by the localization of drug molecules in the interface of emulsion droplets. Applying cinnarizine as model substance at pH 5, 7.4 and 10, no pronounced change in the localization was detected as a result of alterations in the charge of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine M Francke
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie, Mendelssohnstraße 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Heike Bunjes
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie, Mendelssohnstraße 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Zentrum für Pharmaverfahrenstechnik (PVZ), Franz-Liszt-Straße 35A, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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48
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Properties of FDA-approved small molecule protein kinase inhibitors: A 2021 update. Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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49
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Dolton MJ, Chiang PC, Chen Y. Mechanistic Oral Absorption Modeling of Halofantrine: Exploring the Role of Intestinal Lymphatic Transport. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1427-1430. [PMID: 33359312 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Absorption via the intestinal lymphatic system is known to be important for some highly lipophilic compounds, and can be associated with unique pharmacokinetic properties due to evasion of hepatic first-pass metabolism. This work aimed to develop a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model incorporating the role of lymphatic transport in a physiologically-based, mechanistic oral absorption model, using halofantrine as a model compound. Simcyp V19 was used for model development; oral absorption was characterized using the multi-layer gut wall (M-ADAM) model, and the model was constructed and verified using parameters derived from in vitro experiments and clinical PK data. The final model appeared to adequately capture halofantrine pharmacokinetics in the fasted state and the magnitude of the effect of food on halofantrine total exposure; the effect of food on peak exposure was slightly underpredicted, which may be due to transient post-prandial changes in protein binding. The model simulated halofantrine fraction absorbed (fa) via the lymph in the fed state was 0.26, representing 62% of the increase in fa in the fed state over fasting. This work demonstrates that a PBPK modeling approach can be used to mechanistically describe oral absorption incorporating intestinal lymphatic transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Dolton
- Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Po-Chang Chiang
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yuan Chen
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Fullam E, Young RJ. Physicochemical properties and Mycobacterium tuberculosis transporters: keys to efficacious antitubercular drugs? RSC Med Chem 2020; 12:43-56. [PMID: 34041481 PMCID: PMC8130550 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00265h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Securing novel, safe, and effective medicines to treat Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains an elusive goal, particularly influenced by the largely impervious Mtb envelope that limits exposure and thus efficacy of inhibitors at their cellular and periplasmic targets. The impact of physicochemical properties on pharmacokinetic parameters that govern oral absorption and exposure at sites of infection is considered alongside how these properties influence penetration of the Mtb envelope, with the likely influence of transporter proteins. The findings are discussed to benchmark current drugs and the emerging pipeline, whilst considering tactics for future rational and targeted design strategies, based around emerging data on Mtb transporters and their structures and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Fullam
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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