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Payne K, Suriyanarayanan H, Brooks J, Mehanna H, Nankivell P, Gendoo D. Exploring the impact of intra-tumoural heterogeneity on liquid biopsy cell-free DNA methylation and copy number in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2024; 158:107011. [PMID: 39236578 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2024.107011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy profiling is gaining increasing promise towards biomarker-led identification and disease stratification of tumours, particularly for tumours displaying significant intra-tumoural heterogeneity (ITH). For head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), which display high levels of genetic ITH, identification of epigenetic modifications and methylation signatures has shown multiple uses in stratification of HNSCC for prognosis, treatment, and HPV status. In this study, we investigated the potential of liquid biopsy methylomics and genomic copy number to profile HNSCC. We conducted multi-region sampling of tumour core, tumour margin and normal adjacent mucosa, as well as plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) across 9 HNSCC patients. Collectively, our work highlights the prevalence of methylomic ITH in HNSCC, and demonstrates the potential of cfDNA methylation as a tool for ITH assessment and serial sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Payne
- Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Harini Suriyanarayanan
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Brooks
- Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Hisham Mehanna
- Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Nankivell
- Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Deena Gendoo
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Institute for Interdisciplinary Data Science and AI, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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2
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Gammall J, Lai AG. Prognostic determinants in cancer survival: a multidimensional evaluation of clinical and genetic factors across 10 cancer types in the participants of Genomics England's 100,000 Genomes Project. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:448. [PMID: 39277826 PMCID: PMC11402888 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is a complex disease, caused and impacted by a combination of genetic, demographic, clinical, environmental and lifestyle factors. Analysis of cancer characteristics, risk factors, treatment options and the heterogeneity across cancer types has been the focus of medical research for years. The aim of this study is to describe and summarise genetic, clinicopathological, behavioural and demographic characteristics and their differences across ten common cancer types and evaluate their impact on overall survival outcomes. METHODS This study included data from 9977 patients with bladder, breast, colorectal, endometrial, glioma, leukaemia, lung, ovarian, prostate, and renal cancers. Genetic data collected through the 100,000 Genomes Project was linked with clinical and demographic data provided by the National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service (NCRAS), Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) and Office for National Statistics (ONS). Descriptive and Kaplan Meier survival analyses were performed to visualise similarities and differences across cancer types. Cox proportional hazards regression models were applied to identify statistically significant prognostic factor associations with overall survival. RESULTS 161 clinical and 124 genetic factors were evaluated for prognostic association with overall survival. Of these, 116 unique factors were found to have significant prognostic effect for overall survival across ten cancer types when adjusted for age, sex and stage. The findings confirmed prognostic associations with overall survival identified in previous studies in factors such as multimorbidity, tumour mutational burden, and mutations in genes BRAF, CDH1, NF1, NRAS, PIK3CA, PTEN, TP53. The results also identified new prognostic associations with overall survival in factors such as mental health conditions, female health-related conditions, previous hospital encounters and mutations in genes FANCE, FBXW7, GATA3, MSH6, PTPN11, RB1, RNF43. CONCLUSION This study provides a comprehensive view of clinicopathological and genetic prognostic factors across different cancer types and draws attention to less commonly known factors which might help produce more precise prognosis and survival estimates. The results from this study contribute to the understanding of cancer disease and could be used by researchers to develop complex prognostic models, which in turn could help predict cancer prognosis more accurately and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurgita Gammall
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, 222 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DA, UK.
- Oracle Global Services Limited, London, UK.
| | - Alvina G Lai
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, 222 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DA, UK.
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3
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García-Foncillas J, Arnold D, Avouac B, Lassen U, Laurent-Puig P, Taieb J, Helland Å, Stenzinger A. Overcoming barriers in biomarker testing. Letter to the Editor regarding: 'ESMO study on the availability and accessibility of biomolecular technologies in oncology in Europe', by A. Bayle et al. Ann Oncol 2024; 35:677-678. [PMID: 38723866 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2024.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J García-Foncillas
- University Cancer Institute & The Department of Oncology, University Hospital Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain.
| | - D Arnold
- Asklepios Tumorzentrum Hamburg, AK Altona, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - U Lassen
- Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Laurent-Puig
- Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, APHP, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - J Taieb
- Georges Pompidou European Hospital SIRIC-CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Å Helland
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Stenzinger
- Institute of Pathology and Center for Personalized Medicine (ZPM), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Zhang ZW, Zhang KX, Liao X, Quan Y, Zhang HY. Evolutionary screening of precision oncology biomarkers and its applications in prognostic model construction. iScience 2024; 27:109859. [PMID: 38799582 PMCID: PMC11126775 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomarker screening is critical for precision oncology. However, one of the main challenges in precision oncology is that the screened biomarkers often fail to achieve the expected clinical effects and are rarely approved by regulatory authorities. Considering the close association between cancer pathogenesis and the evolutionary events of organisms, we first explored the evolutionary feature underlying clinically approved biomarkers, and two evolutionary features of approved biomarkers (Ohnologs and specific evolutionary stages of genes) were identified. Subsequently, we utilized evolutionary features for screening potential prognostic biomarkers in four common cancers: head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, liver hepatocellular carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, and lung squamous cell carcinoma. Finally, we constructed an evolution-strengthened prognostic model (ESPM) for cancers. These models can predict cancer patients' survival time across different cancer cohorts effectively and perform better than conventional models. In summary, our study highlights the application potentials of evolutionary information in precision oncology biomarker screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wen Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Ke-Xin Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Liao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Quan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yu Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
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5
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Aupperle-Lellbach H, Kehl A, de Brot S, van der Weyden L. Clinical Use of Molecular Biomarkers in Canine and Feline Oncology: Current and Future. Vet Sci 2024; 11:199. [PMID: 38787171 PMCID: PMC11126050 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11050199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular biomarkers are central to personalised medicine for human cancer patients. It is gaining traction as part of standard veterinary clinical practice for dogs and cats with cancer. Molecular biomarkers can be somatic or germline genomic alterations and can be ascertained from tissues or body fluids using various techniques. This review discusses how these genomic alterations can be determined and the findings used in clinical settings as diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and screening biomarkers. We showcase the somatic and germline genomic alterations currently available to date for testing dogs and cats in a clinical setting, discussing their utility in each biomarker class. We also look at some emerging molecular biomarkers that are promising for clinical use. Finally, we discuss the hurdles that need to be overcome in going 'bench to bedside', i.e., the translation from discovery of genomic alterations to adoption by veterinary clinicians. As we understand more of the genomics underlying canine and feline tumours, molecular biomarkers will undoubtedly become a mainstay in delivering precision veterinary care to dogs and cats with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Aupperle-Lellbach
- Laboklin GmbH&Co.KG, Steubenstr. 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (H.A.-L.); (A.K.)
- School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kehl
- Laboklin GmbH&Co.KG, Steubenstr. 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (H.A.-L.); (A.K.)
- School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Simone de Brot
- Institute of Animal Pathology, COMPATH, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
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Adi-Wauran E, Clausen M, Shickh S, Gagliardi AR, Denburg A, Oldfield LE, Sam J, Reble E, Krishnapillai S, Regier DA, Baxter NN, Dawson L, Penney LS, Foulkes W, Basik M, Sun S, Schrader KA, Karsan A, Pollett A, Pugh TJ, Kim RH, Bombard Y. "I just wanted more": Hereditary cancer syndromes patients' perspectives on the utility of circulating tumour DNA testing for cancer screening. Eur J Hum Genet 2024; 32:176-181. [PMID: 37821757 PMCID: PMC10853540 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-023-01473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary cancer syndromes (HCS) predispose individuals to a higher risk of developing multiple cancers. However, current screening strategies have limited ability to screen for all cancer risks. Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) detects DNA fragments shed by tumour cells in the bloodstream and can potentially detect cancers early. This study aimed to explore patients' perspectives on ctDNA's utility to help inform its clinical adoption and implementation. We conducted a qualitative interpretive description study using semi-structured phone interviews. Participants were purposively sampled adult HCS patients recruited from a Canadian HCS research consortium. Thirty HCS patients were interviewed (n = 19 women, age range 20s-70s, n = 25 were white). Participants were highly concerned about developing cancers, particularly those without reliable screening options for early detection. They "just wanted more" than their current screening strategies. Participants were enthusiastic about ctDNA's potential to be comprehensive (detect multiple cancers), predictive (detect cancers early) and tailored (lead to personalized clinical management). Participants also acknowledged ctDNA's potential limitations, including false positives/negatives risks and experiencing additional anxiety. However, they saw ctDNA's potential benefits outweighing its limitations. In conclusion, participants' belief in ctDNA's potential to improve their care overshadowed its limitations, indicating patients' support for using ctDNA in HCS care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Adi-Wauran
- Genomics Health Services Research Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marc Clausen
- Genomics Health Services Research Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Salma Shickh
- Genomics Health Services Research Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anna R Gagliardi
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Avram Denburg
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Leslie E Oldfield
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jordan Sam
- Genomics Health Services Research Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Emma Reble
- Genomics Health Services Research Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Suvetha Krishnapillai
- Genomics Health Services Research Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dean A Regier
- BC Cancer, Vancouver, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nancy N Baxter
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lesa Dawson
- Memorial University, St. John's, Canada
- Eastern Health Authority, St. John's, Canada
| | | | - William Foulkes
- McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Canada
| | - Mark Basik
- McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Canada
| | - Sophie Sun
- BC Cancer, Vancouver, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Aly Karsan
- BC Cancer, Vancouver, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Trevor J Pugh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Raymond H Kim
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Yvonne Bombard
- Genomics Health Services Research Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada.
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7
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Teodori L, Omer M, Kjems J. RNA nanostructures for targeted drug delivery and imaging. RNA Biol 2024; 21:1-19. [PMID: 38555519 PMCID: PMC10984137 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2024.2328440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The RNA molecule plays a pivotal role in many biological processes by relaying genetic information, regulating gene expression, and serving as molecular machines and catalyzers. This inherent versatility of RNA has fueled significant advancements in the field of RNA nanotechnology, driving the engineering of complex nanoscale architectures toward biomedical applications, including targeted drug delivery and bioimaging. RNA polymers, serving as building blocks, offer programmability and predictability of Watson-Crick base pairing, as well as non-canonical base pairing, for the construction of nanostructures with high precision and stoichiometry. Leveraging the ease of chemical modifications to protect the RNA from degradation, researchers have developed highly functional and biocompatible RNA architectures and integrated them into preclinical studies for the delivery of payloads and imaging agents. This review offers an educational introduction to the use of RNA as a biopolymer in the design of multifunctional nanostructures applied to targeted delivery in vivo, summarizing physical and biological barriers along with strategies to overcome them. Furthermore, we highlight the most recent progress in the development of both small and larger RNA nanostructures, with a particular focus on imaging reagents and targeted cancer therapeutics in pre-clinical models and provide insights into the prospects of this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Teodori
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Center for Cellular Signal Patterns (CellPAT), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for RNA Therapeutics towards Metabolic Diseases (RNA-META), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marjan Omer
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Center for Cellular Signal Patterns (CellPAT), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Kjems
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Center for Cellular Signal Patterns (CellPAT), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for RNA Therapeutics towards Metabolic Diseases (RNA-META), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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8
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Sarhadi VK, Armengol G. Molecular Biomarkers in Cancer. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1021. [PMID: 35892331 PMCID: PMC9331210 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular cancer biomarkers are any measurable molecular indicator of risk of cancer, occurrence of cancer, or patient outcome. They may include germline or somatic genetic variants, epigenetic signatures, transcriptional changes, and proteomic signatures. These indicators are based on biomolecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins, that can be detected in samples obtained from tissues through tumor biopsy or, more easily and non-invasively, from blood (or serum or plasma), saliva, buccal swabs, stool, urine, etc. Detection technologies have advanced tremendously over the last decades, including techniques such as next-generation sequencing, nanotechnology, or methods to study circulating tumor DNA/RNA or exosomes. Clinical applications of biomarkers are extensive. They can be used as tools for cancer risk assessment, screening and early detection of cancer, accurate diagnosis, patient prognosis, prediction of response to therapy, and cancer surveillance and monitoring response. Therefore, they can help to optimize making decisions in clinical practice. Moreover, precision oncology is needed for newly developed targeted therapies, as they are functional only in patients with specific cancer genetic mutations, and biomarkers are the tools used for the identification of these subsets of patients. Improvement in the field of cancer biomarkers is, however, needed to overcome the scientific challenge of developing new biomarkers with greater sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virinder Kaur Sarhadi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Gemma Armengol
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology, and Ecology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Zhang Z, Lin Q, Chen Y, Su C, Lin W, Wei D, Zhang L, Liu H. Prognostic Evaluation of Metastasis-Related Lymphocyte/Monocyte Ratio in Stage Ⅰ-Ⅲ Breast Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy. Front Oncol 2022; 11:782383. [PMID: 35399820 PMCID: PMC8987500 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.782383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aims to clarify the prognostic significance of metastasis-related indicators in peripheral blood in stage I-III breast cancer (BC). Methods The clinicopathological data of 938 breast cancer patients and 509 benign breast disease patients were retrospectively analyzed, and fasting blood samples were collected before treatment. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to evaluate factors related to metastasis risk and prognosis. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to generate survival curves, and the log-rank test was used to measure differences in survival between groups. Results Use the cut-off value (3.433) of LMR, the logistic regression analysis revealed that high carbohydrate antigen 153 (CA153), carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), killer T cell level, and low lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR) level were significantly associated with BC distant metastasis. In contrast, LMR>=3.433 (HR: 0.409, 95%CI: 0.193–0.867, P = 0.020), Th/Tc ratio >=1.946 (HR: 0.378, 95% CI: 0.158–0.904, P =0.029) is regarded as a protective factor in the multivariate cox analyses. LMR is an independent prognostic factor for DFS in HER2-negative BC patients. Conclusion Peripheral blood parameters play an important role in predicting distant metastasis and prognosis of BC patients. As a potential marker, LMR can predict the metastasis and prognosis of patients with stage I-III BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Zhang
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Qian Lin
- Development Planning Office, Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Chenlin Su
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Wuye Lin
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Daoyu Wei
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Litu Zhang
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
- Department of Research, Guangxi Cancer Molecular Medicine Engineering Research Center, Nanning, China
| | - Haizhou Liu
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
- Department of Research, Guangxi Cancer Molecular Medicine Engineering Research Center, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Haizhou Liu,
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10
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Fong ELS, Iyer NG. Next generation in vitro tumor models guiding cancer therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:114047. [PMID: 34763000 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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