1
|
Hawley LE, Stringer M, Deal AJ, Folz A, Goodlett CR, Roper RJ. Sex-specific developmental alterations in DYRK1A expression in the brain of a Down syndrome mouse model. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 190:106359. [PMID: 37992782 PMCID: PMC10843801 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant neurodevelopment in Down syndrome (DS)-caused by triplication of human chromosome 21-is commonly attributed to gene dosage imbalance, linking overexpression of trisomic genes with disrupted developmental processes, with DYRK1A particularly implicated. We hypothesized that regional brain DYRK1A protein overexpression in trisomic mice varies over development in sex-specific patterns that may be distinct from Dyrk1a transcription, and reduction of Dyrk1a copy number from 3 to 2 in otherwise trisomic mice reduces DYRK1A, independent of other trisomic genes. DYRK1A overexpression varied with age, sex, and brain region, with peak overexpression on postnatal day (P) 6 in both sexes. Sex-dependent differences were also evident from P15-P24. Reducing Dyrk1a copy number confirmed that these differences depended on Dyrk1a gene dosage and not other trisomic genes. Trisomic Dyrk1a mRNA and protein expression were not highly correlated. Sex-specific patterns of DYRK1A overexpression during trisomic neurodevelopment may provide mechanistic targets for therapeutic intervention in DS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Hawley
- Department of Biology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 W. Michigan Street, SL306, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Megan Stringer
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford Street, LD124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Abigail J Deal
- Department of Biology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 W. Michigan Street, SL306, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Andrew Folz
- Department of Biology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 W. Michigan Street, SL306, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Charles R Goodlett
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford Street, LD124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Randall J Roper
- Department of Biology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 W. Michigan Street, SL306, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jin L, Liu Y, Wu Y, Huang Y, Zhang D. REST Is Not Resting: REST/NRSF in Health and Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1477. [PMID: 37892159 PMCID: PMC10605157 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin modifications play a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression. The repressor element-1 (RE1) silencing transcription factor (REST), also known as neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) and X2 box repressor (XBR), was found to regulate gene transcription by binding to chromatin and recruiting chromatin-modifying enzymes. Earlier studies revealed that REST plays an important role in the development and disease of the nervous system, mainly by repressing the transcription of neuron-specific genes. Subsequently, REST was found to be critical in other tissues, such as the heart, pancreas, skin, eye, and vascular. Dysregulation of REST was also found in nervous and non-nervous system cancers. In parallel, multiple strategies to target REST have been developed. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive summary of the research progress made over the past 28 years since the discovery of REST, encompassing both physiological and pathological aspects. These insights into the effects and mechanisms of REST contribute to an in-depth understanding of the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of genes and their roles in the development and progression of disease, with a view to discovering potential therapeutic targets and intervention strategies for various related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Dianbao Zhang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hogg EKJ, Findlay GM. Functions of SRPK, CLK and DYRK kinases in stem cells, development, and human developmental disorders. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:2375-2415. [PMID: 37607329 PMCID: PMC10952393 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Human developmental disorders encompass a wide range of debilitating physical conditions and intellectual disabilities. Perturbation of protein kinase signalling underlies the development of some of these disorders. For example, disrupted SRPK signalling is associated with intellectual disabilities, and the gene dosage of DYRKs can dictate the pathology of disorders including Down's syndrome. Here, we review the emerging roles of the CMGC kinase families SRPK, CLK, DYRK, and sub-family HIPK during embryonic development and in developmental disorders. In particular, SRPK, CLK, and DYRK kinase families have key roles in developmental signalling and stem cell regulation, and can co-ordinate neuronal development and function. Genetic studies in model organisms reveal critical phenotypes including embryonic lethality, sterility, musculoskeletal errors, and most notably, altered neurological behaviours arising from defects of the neuroectoderm and altered neuronal signalling. Further unpicking the mechanisms of specific kinases using human stem cell models of neuronal differentiation and function will improve our understanding of human developmental disorders and may provide avenues for therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K. J. Hogg
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeUK
| | - Greg M. Findlay
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeUK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lam XJ, Maniam S, Cheah PS, Ling KH. REST in the Road Map of Brain Development. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3417-3433. [PMID: 37517069 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01394-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) or also known as neuron-restrictive silencing factor (NRSF), is the key initiator of epigenetic neuronal gene-expression modification. Identification of a massive number of REST-targeted genes in the brain signifies its broad involvement in maintaining the functionality of the nervous system. Additionally, REST plays a crucial role in conferring neuroprotection to the neurons against various stressors or insults during injuries. At the cellular level, nuclear localisation of REST is a key determinant for the functional transcriptional regulation of REST towards its target genes. Emerging studies reveal the implication of REST nuclear mislocalisation or dysregulation in several neurological diseases. The expression of REST varies depending on different types of neurological disorders, which has created challenges in the discovery of REST-targeted interventions. Hence, this review presents a comprehensive summary on the physiological roles of REST throughout brain development and its implications in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, brain tumours and cerebrovascular diseases. This review offers valuable insights to the development of potential therapeutic approaches targeting REST to improve pathologies in the brain. The important roles of REST as a key player in the nervous system development, and its implications in several neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jieh Lam
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sandra Maniam
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Pike-See Cheah
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Malaysian Research Institute on Ageing (MyAgeing), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - King-Hwa Ling
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Malaysian Research Institute on Ageing (MyAgeing), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang T, Fakurazi S, Cheah PS, Ling KH. REST Targets JAK-STAT and HIF-1 Signaling Pathways in Human Down Syndrome Brain and Neural Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9980. [PMID: 37373133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most frequently diagnosed chromosomal disorder of chromosome 21 (HSA21) aneuploidy, characterized by intellectual disability and reduced lifespan. The transcription repressor, Repressor Element-1 Silencing Transcription factor (REST), which acts as an epigenetic regulator, is a crucial regulator of neuronal and glial gene expression. In this study, we identified and investigated the role of REST-target genes in human brain tissues, cerebral organoids, and neural cells in Down syndrome. Gene expression datasets generated from healthy controls and DS samples of human brain tissues, cerebral organoids, NPC, neurons, and astrocytes were retrieved from the Gene Ontology (GEO) and Sequence Read Archive (SRA) databases. Differential expression analysis was performed on all datasets to produce differential expression genes (DEGs) between DS and control groups. REST-targeted DEGs were subjected to functional ontologies, pathways, and network analyses. We found that REST-targeted DEGs in DS were enriched for the JAK-STAT and HIF-1 signaling pathways across multiple distinct brain regions, ages, and neural cell types. We also identified REST-targeted DEGs involved in nervous system development, cell differentiation, fatty acid metabolism and inflammation in the DS brain. Based on the findings, we propose REST as the critical regulator and a promising therapeutic target to modulate homeostatic gene expression in the DS brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tan Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharida Fakurazi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Pike-See Cheah
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - King-Hwa Ling
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Malaysian Research Institute on Ageing (MyAgeingTM), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stagni F, Bartesaghi R. The Challenging Pathway of Treatment for Neurogenesis Impairment in Down Syndrome: Achievements and Perspectives. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:903729. [PMID: 35634470 PMCID: PMC9130961 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.903729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by triplication of Chromosome 21. Gene triplication may compromise different body functions but invariably impairs intellectual abilities starting from infancy. Moreover, after the fourth decade of life people with DS are likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease. Neurogenesis impairment during fetal life stages and dendritic pathology emerging in early infancy are thought to be key determinants of alterations in brain functioning in DS. Although the progressive improvement in medical care has led to a notable increase in life expectancy for people with DS, there are currently no treatments for intellectual disability. Increasing evidence in mouse models of DS reveals that pharmacological interventions in the embryonic and neonatal periods may greatly benefit brain development and cognitive performance. The most striking results have been obtained with pharmacotherapies during embryonic life stages, indicating that it is possible to pharmacologically rescue the severe neurodevelopmental defects linked to the trisomic condition. These findings provide hope that similar benefits may be possible for people with DS. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding (i) the scope and timeline of neurogenesis (and dendritic) alterations in DS, in order to delineate suitable windows for treatment; (ii) the role of triplicated genes that are most likely to be the key determinants of these alterations, in order to highlight possible therapeutic targets; and (iii) prenatal and neonatal treatments that have proved to be effective in mouse models, in order to rationalize the choice of treatment for human application. Based on this body of evidence we will discuss prospects and challenges for fetal therapy in individuals with DS as a potential means of drastically counteracting the deleterious effects of gene triplication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenza Stagni
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Renata Bartesaghi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- *Correspondence: Renata Bartesaghi,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rammohan M, Harris E, Bhansali RS, Zhao E, Li LS, Crispino JD. The chromosome 21 kinase DYRK1A: emerging roles in cancer biology and potential as a therapeutic target. Oncogene 2022; 41:2003-2011. [PMID: 35220406 PMCID: PMC8977259 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02245-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1 A (DYRK1A) is a serine/threonine kinase that belongs to the DYRK family of proteins, a subgroup of the evolutionarily conserved CMGC protein kinase superfamily. Due to its localization on chromosome 21, the biological significance of DYRK1A was initially characterized in the pathogenesis of Down syndrome (DS) and related neurodegenerative diseases. However, increasing evidence has demonstrated a prominent role in cancer through its ability to regulate biologic processes including cell cycle progression, DNA damage repair, transcription, ubiquitination, tyrosine kinase activity, and cancer stem cell maintenance. DYRK1A has been identified as both an oncogene and tumor suppressor in different models, underscoring the importance of cellular context in its function. Here, we review mechanistic contributions of DYRK1A to cancer biology and its role as a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malini Rammohan
- Driskill Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ethan Harris
- University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rahul S Bhansali
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emily Zhao
- Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Loretta S Li
- Molecular and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John D Crispino
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cell models for Down syndrome-Alzheimer’s disease research. Neuronal Signal 2022; 6:NS20210054. [PMID: 35449591 PMCID: PMC8996251 DOI: 10.1042/ns20210054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal abnormality and leads to intellectual disability, increased risk of cardiac defects, and an altered immune response. Individuals with DS have an extra full or partial copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21) and are more likely to develop early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD) than the general population. Changes in expression of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21)-encoded genes, such as amyloid precursor protein (APP), play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD in DS (DS-AD). However, the mechanisms of DS-AD remain poorly understood. To date, several mouse models with an extra copy of genes syntenic to Hsa21 have been developed to characterise DS-AD-related phenotypes. Nonetheless, due to genetic and physiological differences between mouse and human, mouse models cannot faithfully recapitulate all features of DS-AD. Cells differentiated from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), isolated from individuals with genetic diseases, can be used to model disease-related cellular and molecular pathologies, including DS. In this review, we will discuss the limitations of mouse models of DS and how these can be addressed using recent advancements in modelling DS using human iPSCs and iPSC-mouse chimeras, and potential applications of iPSCs in preclinical studies for DS-AD.
Collapse
|
9
|
Su XJ, Shen BD, Wang K, Song QX, Yang X, Wu DS, Shen HX, Zhu C. Roles of the Neuron-Restrictive Silencer Factor in the Pathophysiological Process of the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:834620. [PMID: 35300407 PMCID: PMC8921553 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.834620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF), also known as repressor element 1 (RE-1) silencing transcription factor (REST) or X2 box repressor (XBR), is a zinc finger transcription factor that is widely expressed in neuronal and non-neuronal cells. It is a master regulator of the nervous system, and the function of NRSF is the basis of neuronal differentiation, diversity, plasticity, and survival. NRSF can bind to the neuron-restrictive silencer element (NRSE), recruit some co-repressors, and then inhibit transcription of NRSE downstream genes through epigenetic mechanisms. In neurogenesis, NRSF functions not only as a transcriptional silencer that can mediate the transcriptional inhibition of neuron-specific genes in non-neuronal cells and thus give neuron cells specificity, but also as a transcriptional activator to induce neuronal differentiation. Many studies have confirmed the association between NRSF and brain disorders, such as brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Overexpression, underexpression, or mutation may lead to neurological disorders. In tumorigenesis, NRSF functions as an oncogene in neuronal tumors, such as neuroblastomas, medulloblastomas, and pheochromocytomas, stimulating their proliferation, which results in poor prognosis. Additionally, NRSF-mediated selective targets gene repression plays an important role in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain caused by nerve injury, cancer, and diabetes. At present, several compounds that target NRSF or its co-repressors, such as REST-VP16 and X5050, have been shown to be clinically effective against many brain diseases, such as seizures, implying that NRSF and its co-repressors may be potential and promising therapeutic targets for neural disorders. In the present review, we introduced the biological characteristics of NRSF; reviewed the progress to date in understanding the roles of NRSF in the pathophysiological processes of the nervous system, such as neurogenesis, brain disorders, neural tumorigenesis, and neuropathic pain; and suggested new therapeutic approaches to such brain diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jin Su
- Department of Spine Surgery, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei-Duo Shen
- Department of Spine Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Xin Song
- Department of Spine Surgery, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - De-Sheng Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Xing Shen
- Department of Spine Surgery, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
A reassessment of Jackson's checklist and identification of two Down syndrome sub-phenotypes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3104. [PMID: 35210468 PMCID: PMC8873406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06984-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is characterised by several clinical features including intellectual disability (ID) and craniofacial dysmorphisms. In 1976, Jackson and coll. identified a checklist of signs for clinical diagnosis of DS; the utility of these checklists in improving the accuracy of clinical diagnosis has been recently reaffirmed, but they have rarely been revised. The purpose of this work is to reassess the characteristic phenotypic signs and their frequencies in 233 DS subjects, following Jackson's checklist. 63.77% of the subjects showed more than 12 signs while none showed less than 5, confirming the effectiveness of Jackson's checklist for the clinical diagnosis of DS. An association between three phenotypic signs emerged, allowing us to distinguish two sub-phenotypes: Brachycephaly, short and broad Hands, short Neck (BHN), which is more frequent, and "non-BHN". The strong association of these signs might be interpreted in the context of the growth defects observed in DS children suggesting decreased cell proliferation. Lastly, cognitive assessments were investigated for 114 subjects. The lack of association between the presence of a physical sign or the number of signs present in a subject and cognitive skills disproves the stereotype that physical characteristics are predictive of degree of ID.
Collapse
|
11
|
New insights into the roles for DYRK family in mammalian development and congenital diseases. Genes Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
12
|
Osuna-Marco MP, López-Barahona M, López-Ibor B, Tejera ÁM. Ten Reasons Why People With Down Syndrome are Protected From the Development of Most Solid Tumors -A Review. Front Genet 2021; 12:749480. [PMID: 34804119 PMCID: PMC8602698 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.749480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
People with Down syndrome have unique characteristics as a result of the presence of an extra chromosome 21. Regarding cancer, they present a unique pattern of tumors, which has not been fully explained to date. Globally, people with Down syndrome have a similar lifetime risk of developing cancer compared to the general population. However, they have a very increased risk of developing certain tumors (e.g., acute leukemia, germ cell tumors, testicular tumors and retinoblastoma) and, on the contrary, there are some other tumors which appear only exceptionally in this syndrome (e.g., breast cancer, prostate cancer, medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma and Wilms tumor). Various hypotheses have been developed to explain this situation. The genetic imbalance secondary to the presence of an extra chromosome 21 has molecular consequences at several levels, not only in chromosome 21 but also throughout the genome. In this review, we discuss the different proposed mechanisms that protect individuals with trisomy 21 from developing solid tumors: genetic dosage effect, tumor suppressor genes overexpression, disturbed metabolism, impaired neurogenesis and angiogenesis, increased apoptosis, immune system dysregulation, epigenetic aberrations and the effect of different microRNAs, among others. More research into the molecular pathways involved in this unique pattern of malignancies is still needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pilar Osuna-Marco
- Biology of Ageing Group, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain.,Pediatric Oncology and Hematology Unit, HM Hospitals, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Águeda Mercedes Tejera
- Biology of Ageing Group, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kawatani K, Nambara T, Nawa N, Yoshimatsu H, Kusakabe H, Hirata K, Tanave A, Sumiyama K, Banno K, Taniguchi H, Arahori H, Ozono K, Kitabatake Y. A human isogenic iPSC-derived cell line panel identifies major regulators of aberrant astrocyte proliferation in Down syndrome. Commun Biol 2021; 4:730. [PMID: 34127780 PMCID: PMC8203796 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02242-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes exert adverse effects on the brains of individuals with Down syndrome (DS). Although a neurogenic-to-gliogenic shift in the fate-specification step has been reported, the mechanisms and key regulators underlying the accelerated proliferation of astrocyte precursor cells (APCs) in DS remain elusive. Here, we established a human isogenic cell line panel based on DS-specific induced pluripotent stem cells, the XIST-mediated transcriptional silencing system in trisomic chromosome 21, and genome/chromosome-editing technologies to eliminate phenotypic fluctuations caused by genetic variation. The transcriptional responses of genes observed upon XIST induction and/or downregulation are not uniform, and only a small subset of genes show a characteristic expression pattern, which is consistent with the proliferative phenotypes of DS APCs. Comparative analysis and experimental verification using gene modification reveal dose-dependent proliferation-promoting activity of DYRK1A and PIGP on DS APCs. Our collection of human isogenic cell lines provides a comprehensive set of cellular models for further DS investigations. Keiji Kawatani et al. developed a panel of Down syndrome (DS) isogenic astrocytes derived from iPSCs to observe the consequence of DS on astrocyte precursor proliferation, differentiation, and gene expression. Their results suggest a dose-dependent effect of DYRK1A and PIGP on DS-derived astrocyte precursor proliferation, and represent a valuable resource and cellular model for future DS research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Kawatani
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Nambara
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Nawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Yoshimatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruna Kusakabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuya Hirata
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Neonatal Medicine, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Izumi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Tanave
- Laboratory for Mouse Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenta Sumiyama
- Laboratory for Mouse Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Banno
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Physiology II, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Taniguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitomi Arahori
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ozono
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuji Kitabatake
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
You Y, Cui Y, Li Y, Zhang M, Wang X, Ji J, Zhang X, Zhou M, Zhang Z, Ye SD, Wang X. Inhibition of MTA2 and MTA3 induces mesendoderm specification of human embryonic stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 552:142-149. [PMID: 33744762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fully understanding the regulatory network under the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells (ESC) is a prerequisite for their safe application. Here, we addressed the characteristics of metastasis-associated (MTA) family members in human ESCs and found that knockdown of the expression of MTA2 and MTA3, but not MTA1, would induce differentiation. High-throughput sequence and quantitative real-time PCR showed that the decreased MTA2 or MTA3 gene transcript mainly led to the emergence of mesendoderm associated markers. Finally, based on the chemical small molecule library screening, we observed that addition of ID8, a specific inhibitor of the dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinases (DYRKs), was able to impair the differentiation phenotype induced by MTA2 and MTA3 reduction. Functional assay showed that ID8 could mediate differentiation caused by MTA2 or MTA3 knockdown mainly through inhibition of DYRK4 activity. Therefore, our finding provides the evidence that the functions of MTA family genes in human ESCs are different. Revealing the function of MTA in ESCs with different pluripotency states will help us better understand and apply stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu You
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Yandi Cui
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Yuting Li
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Junxiang Ji
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Xinbao Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Min Zhou
- Anhui Provincial Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Zhonglin Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Shou-Dong Ye
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China; Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Anhui Provincial Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Puente-Bedia A, Berciano MT, Tapia O, Martínez-Cué C, Lafarga M, Rueda N. Nuclear Reorganization in Hippocampal Granule Cell Neurons from a Mouse Model of Down Syndrome: Changes in Chromatin Configuration, Nucleoli and Cajal Bodies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031259. [PMID: 33514010 PMCID: PMC7865916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) or trisomy of chromosome 21 (Hsa21) is characterized by impaired hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. These alterations are due to defective neurogenesis and to neuromorphological and functional anomalies of numerous neuronal populations, including hippocampal granular cells (GCs). It has been proposed that the additional gene dose in trisomic cells induces modifications in nuclear compartments and on the chromatin landscape, which could contribute to some DS phenotypes. The Ts65Dn (TS) mouse model of DS carries a triplication of 92 genes orthologous to those found in Hsa21, and shares many phenotypes with DS individuals, including cognitive and neuromorphological alterations. Considering its essential role in hippocampal memory formation, we investigated whether the triplication of this set of Hsa21 orthologous genes in TS mice modifies the nuclear architecture of their GCs. Our results show that the TS mouse presents alterations in the nuclear architecture of its GCs, affecting nuclear compartments involved in transcription and pre-rRNA and pre-mRNA processing. In particular, the GCs of the TS mouse show alterations in the nucleolar fusion pattern and the molecular assembly of Cajal bodies (CBs). Furthermore, hippocampal GCs of TS mice present an epigenetic dysregulation of chromatin that results in an increased heterochromatinization and reduced global transcriptional activity. These nuclear alterations could play an important role in the neuromorphological and/or functional alterations of the hippocampal GCs implicated in the cognitive dysfunction characteristic of TS mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Puente-Bedia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain; (A.P.-B.); (C.M.-C.)
| | - María T. Berciano
- Department of Molecular Biology, “Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)” and University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, 39011 Santander, Spain;
| | - Olga Tapia
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), “Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)” and Universidad Europea del Atlántico, 39011 Santander, Spain;
| | - Carmen Martínez-Cué
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain; (A.P.-B.); (C.M.-C.)
| | - Miguel Lafarga
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, “Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)” and University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (N.R.); Tel.: +34-942201966 (N.R.); Fax: +34-942201903 (N.R.)
| | - Noemí Rueda
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain; (A.P.-B.); (C.M.-C.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (N.R.); Tel.: +34-942201966 (N.R.); Fax: +34-942201903 (N.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wan X, Wu X, Hill MA, Ebner DV. ReN VM spheroids in matrix: A neural progenitor three-dimensional in vitro model reveals DYRK1A inhibitors as potential regulators of radio-sensitivity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 531:535-542. [PMID: 32807492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.07.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pre-clinical testing of small molecules for therapeutic development across many pathologies relies on the use of in-vitro and in-vivo models. When designed and implemented well, these models serve to predict the clinical outcome as well as the toxicity of the evaluated therapies. The two-dimensional (2D) reductionist approach where cells are incubated in a mono-layer on hard plastic microtiter plates is relatively inexpensive but not physiologically relevant. In contrast, well developed and applied three dimensional (3D) in vitro models could be employed to bridge the gap between 2D in vitro primary screening and expensive in vivo rodent models by incorporating key features of the tissue microenvironment to explore differentiation, cortical development, cancers and various neuronal dysfunctions. These features include an extracellular matrix, co-culture, tension and perfusion and could replace several hundred rodents in the drug screening validation cascade. METHODS Human neural progenitor cells from middle brain (ReN VM, Merck Millipore, UK) were expanded as instructed by the supplier (Merck Millipore, UK), and then seeded in 96-well low-attachment plates (Corning, UK) to form multicellular spheroids followed by adding a Matrigel layer to mimic extracellular matrix around neural stem cell niche. ReN VM cells were then differentiated via EGF and bFGF deprivation for 7 days and were imaged at day 7. Radiotherapy was mimicked via gamma-radiation at 2Gy in the absence and presence of selected DYRK1A inhibitors Harmine, INDY and Leucettine 41 (L41). Cell viability was measured by AlamarBlue assay. Immunofluorescence staining was used to assess cell pluripotency marker SOX2 and differentiation marker GFAP. RESULTS After 7 days of differentiation, neuron early differentiation marker (GFAP, red) started to be expressed among the cells expressing neural stem cell marker SOX2 (green). Radiation treatment caused significant morphology change including the reduced viability of the spheroids. These spheroids also revealed sensitizing potential of DYRK1A inhibitors tested in this study, including Harmine, INDY and L41. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONS Combined with the benefit of greatly reducing the issues associated with in vivo rodent models, including reducing numbers of animals used in a drug screening cascade, cost, ethics, and potential animal welfare burden, we feel the well-developed and applied 3D neural spheroid model presented in this study will provide a crucial tool to evaluate combinatorial therapies, optimal drug concentrations and treatment dosages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wan
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Xiaoning Wu
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Mark A Hill
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Daniel V Ebner
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ, Oxford, England, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ma M, Zhou Y, Sun R, Shi J, Tan Y, Yang H, Zhang M, Shen R, Xu L, Wang Z, Fei J. STAT3 and AKT signaling pathways mediate oncogenic role of NRSF in hepatocellular carcinoma. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:1063-1070. [PMID: 32556117 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) is a zinc finger protein that acts as a negative transcriptional regulator by recruiting histone deacetylases and other co-factors. It plays a crucial role in nervous system development and is recently reported to be involved in tumorigenesis in a tumor type-dependent manner; however, the role of NRSF in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumorigenesis remains unclear. Here, we found that NRSF expression was up-regulated in 27 of 49 human HCC tissue samples examined. Additionally, mice with conditional NRSF-knockout in the liver exhibited a higher tolerance against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced acute liver injury and were less sensitive to DEN-induced HCC initiation. Our results showed that silencing NRSF in HepG2 cells using RNAi technology significantly inhibited HepG2 cell proliferation and severely hindered their migration and invasion potentials. Our results demonstrated that NRSF plays a pivotal role in promoting DEN-induced HCC initiation via a mechanism related to the STAT3 and AKT signaling pathways. Thus, NRSF could be a potential therapeutic target for treating human HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ma
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yunhe Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Sports and Health Research Center, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ruilin Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, SMOC, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Jiahao Shi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yutong Tan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hua Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ruling Shen
- Joint Laboratory for Model Organism, Shanghai Laboratory Animal Research Center, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Leon Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhugang Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, SMOC, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Jian Fei
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, SMOC, Shanghai 201318, China
- Joint Laboratory for Model Organism, Shanghai Laboratory Animal Research Center, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bhardwaj VK, Singh R, Sharma J, Das P, Purohit R. Structural based study to identify new potential inhibitors for dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation- regulated kinase. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 194:105494. [PMID: 32447145 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives The Dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation regulated kinase-1A (DYRK1A) a serine/threonine kinase that has freshly gained recognition as an essential drug target due to the discovery of its involvement in pathological diseases. The development of new potent inhibitors of DYRK1A would contribute to clarify the molecular mechanisms of associated diseases. It would administer a new lead compound for molecular-targeted protein, which was the primary focus of our study. Methods The library of in-house synthesized pyrrolone-fused benzosuberene (PBS) compounds was docked with DYRK1A receptor. Further, molecular mechanics-Poisson Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) estimations were conducted to confirm our docking outcomes and compared the stability of chosen complexes with the 2C3 (standard molecule) complex. Results This study reports Ligand15, Ligand14, and Ligand11 as potent inhibitors which showed higher ligand efficiency, binding affinity, lipophilic ligand efficiency, and favorable torsion values as compared to 2C3. Conclusion The stated methodologies revealed a unique mechanism of active site binding. The binding interactions within the active site showed that the chosen molecules had notable interactions than the standard molecule, which led to the generation of potential compounds to inhibit DYRK1A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar Bhardwaj
- Structural Bioinformatics Lab, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India; Biotechnology division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IHBT Campus, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
| | - Rahul Singh
- Structural Bioinformatics Lab, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India; Biotechnology division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
| | - Jatin Sharma
- Structural Bioinformatics Lab, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India; Biotechnology division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
| | - Pralay Das
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IHBT Campus, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India; Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rituraj Purohit
- Structural Bioinformatics Lab, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India; Biotechnology division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IHBT Campus, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Boni J, Rubio-Perez C, López-Bigas N, Fillat C, de la Luna S. The DYRK Family of Kinases in Cancer: Molecular Functions and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082106. [PMID: 32751160 PMCID: PMC7465136 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
DYRK (dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinases) are an evolutionary conserved family of protein kinases with members from yeast to humans. In humans, DYRKs are pleiotropic factors that phosphorylate a broad set of proteins involved in many different cellular processes. These include factors that have been associated with all the hallmarks of cancer, from genomic instability to increased proliferation and resistance, programmed cell death, or signaling pathways whose dysfunction is relevant to tumor onset and progression. In accordance with an involvement of DYRK kinases in the regulation of tumorigenic processes, an increasing number of research studies have been published in recent years showing either alterations of DYRK gene expression in tumor samples and/or providing evidence of DYRK-dependent mechanisms that contribute to tumor initiation and/or progression. In the present article, we will review the current understanding of the role of DYRK family members in cancer initiation and progression, providing an overview of the small molecules that act as DYRK inhibitors and discussing the clinical implications and therapeutic opportunities currently available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Boni
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlota Rubio-Perez
- Cancer Science Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (C.R.-P.); (N.L.-B.)
| | - Nuria López-Bigas
- Cancer Science Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (C.R.-P.); (N.L.-B.)
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Fillat
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Susana de la Luna
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-933-160-144
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gough G, O'Brien NL, Alic I, Goh PA, Yeap YJ, Groet J, Nizetic D, Murray A. Modeling Down syndrome in cells: From stem cells to organoids. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 251:55-90. [PMID: 32057312 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Down Syndrome (DS) is a complex chromosomal disorder, with neurological issues, featuring among the symptoms. Primary neuronal cells and tissues are extremely useful, but limited both in supply and experimental manipulability. To better understand the cellular, molecular and pathological mechanisms involved in DS neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration, a range of different cellular models have been developed over the years including human: mouse hybrid cells, transchromosomic mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and human ESC and induced pluripotent stem cells derived from different sources. All of these model systems have provided useful information in the study of DS. Furthermore, different technologies to genetically modify or correct trisomy of either single genes or the whole chromosome have been developed using these cellular models. New techniques and protocols to allow better modeling of cellular mechanisms and disease processes are being developed and the use of cerebral organoids offers great promise for future research into the neural phenotypes seen in DS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Gough
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Niamh L O'Brien
- The Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; LonDownS Consortium, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Alic
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Pollyanna A Goh
- The Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; LonDownS Consortium, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yee Jie Yeap
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jurgen Groet
- The Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; LonDownS Consortium, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dean Nizetic
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; The Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; LonDownS Consortium, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Aoife Murray
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cortés-Sarabia K, Medina-Flores Y, Alarcón-Romero LDC, Mata-Ruíz O, Vences-Velázquez A, Rodríguez-Ruíz HA, Valdés J, Ortuño-Pineda C. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against the DNA binding domain of the RE1-silencing transcription factor. J Biochem 2019; 166:393-402. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The use of monoclonal antibodies for the detection of cellular biomarkers during carcinogenesis provides new strategies for cancer diagnosis or prognosis in patients. Loss of the Restrictive Element 1-Silencing Transcription (REST) factor has been observed in previous molecular and immunological approaches in aggressive breast cancer, small cell lung cancer, liver carcinoma, and colo-rectal cancer; however, for clinic diagnosis, monoclonal antibodies for REST recognition are unavailable. The goal of this work was to design, produce and characterize monoclonal antibodies against the REST DNA binding damain (DBD) that would be suitable for immunoassays. We searched for conserved domains, and immunogenic and antigenic sites in the REST structure via in silico analysis. For mice immunization, we used a recombinant REST DBD purified by affinity chromatography, and then Hybridomas were generated by mouse spleen fusion with myeloma cells. Finally, for monoclonal antibody characterization, we performed enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA), western blot, dot blot, immunocytochemistry (ICC) and immunoprecipitation assays. Results showed that the DBD is conserved in REST isoforms and contains immunogenic and antigenic sites. We generated three clones producing monoclonal antibodies against REST DBD, one of them specifically recognized native REST and was suitable for ICC in samples from patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Cortés-Sarabia
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Chilpancingo, Guerrero
| | - Yolanda Medina-Flores
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos “Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez”, Francisco de P. Miranda 177, Lomas de Plateros, Ciudad de México
| | - Luz Del Carmen Alarcón-Romero
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Chilpancingo, Guerrero
| | - Olga Mata-Ruíz
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos “Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez”, Francisco de P. Miranda 177, Lomas de Plateros, Ciudad de México
| | - Amalia Vences-Velázquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Chilpancingo, Guerrero
| | - Hugo Alberto Rodríguez-Ruíz
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Chilpancingo, Guerrero
| | - Jesús Valdés
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 2508, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carlos Ortuño-Pineda
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Chilpancingo, Guerrero
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Guard SE, Poss ZC, Ebmeier CC, Pagratis M, Simpson H, Taatjes DJ, Old WM. The nuclear interactome of DYRK1A reveals a functional role in DNA damage repair. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6539. [PMID: 31024071 PMCID: PMC6483993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42990-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromosome 21 encoded protein kinase DYRK1A is essential for normal human development. Mutations in DYRK1A underlie a spectrum of human developmental disorders, and increased dosage in trisomy 21 is implicated in Down syndrome related pathologies. DYRK1A regulates a diverse array of cellular processes through physical interactions with substrates and binding partners in various subcellular compartments. Despite recent large-scale protein-protein interaction profiling efforts, DYRK1A interactions specific to different subcellular compartments remain largely unknown, impeding progress toward understanding emerging roles for this kinase. Here, we used immunoaffinity purification and quantitative mass spectrometry to identify nuclear interaction partners of endogenous DYRK1A. This interactome was enriched in DNA damage repair factors, transcriptional elongation factors and E3 ubiquitin ligases. We validated an interaction with RNF169, a factor that promotes homology directed repair upon DNA damage, and found that DYRK1A expression and kinase activity are required for maintenance of 53BP1 expression and subsequent recruitment to DNA damage loci. Further, DYRK1A knock out conferred resistance to ionizing radiation in colony formation assays, suggesting that DYRK1A expression decreases cell survival efficiency in response to DNA damage and points to a tumor suppressive role for this kinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Guard
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Zachary C Poss
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Christopher C Ebmeier
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Maria Pagratis
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Helen Simpson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Dylan J Taatjes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - William M Old
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Stagni F, Giacomini A, Emili M, Guidi S, Bartesaghi R. Neurogenesis impairment: An early developmental defect in Down syndrome. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 114:15-32. [PMID: 28756311 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is characterized by brain hypotrophy and intellectual disability starting from early life stages. Accumulating evidence shows that the phenotypic features of the DS brain can be traced back to the fetal period since the DS brain exhibits proliferation potency reduction starting from the critical time window of fetal neurogenesis. This defect is worsened by the fact that neural progenitor cells exhibit reduced acquisition of a neuronal phenotype and an increase in the acquisition of an astrocytic phenotype. Consequently, the DS brain has fewer neurons in comparison with the typical brain. Although apoptotic cell death may be increased in DS, this does not seem to be the major cause of brain hypocellularity. Evidence obtained in brains of individuals with DS, DS-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and DS mouse models has provided some insight into the mechanisms underlying the developmental defects due to the trisomic condition. Although many triplicated genes may be involved, in the light of the studies reviewed here, DYRK1A, APP, RCAN1 and OLIG1/2 appear to be particularly important determinants of many neurodevelopmental alterations that characterize DS because their triplication affects both the proliferation and fate of neural precursor cells as well as apoptotic cell death. Based on the evidence reviewed here, pathways downstream to these genes may represent strategic targets, for the design of possible interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenza Stagni
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Giacomini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Emili
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sandra Guidi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Renata Bartesaghi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nakano-Kobayashi A, Awaya T, Kii I, Sumida Y, Okuno Y, Yoshida S, Sumida T, Inoue H, Hosoya T, Hagiwara M. Prenatal neurogenesis induction therapy normalizes brain structure and function in Down syndrome mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:10268-10273. [PMID: 28874550 PMCID: PMC5617268 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704143114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) caused by trisomy of chromosome 21 is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability. Although the prenatal diagnosis of DS has become feasible, there are no therapies available for the rescue of DS-related neurocognitive impairment. A growth inducer newly identified in our screen of neural stem cells (NSCs) has potent inhibitory activity against dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) and was found to rescue proliferative deficits in Ts65Dn-derived neurospheres and human NSCs derived from individuals with DS. The oral administration of this compound, named ALGERNON (altered generation of neurons), restored NSC proliferation in murine models of DS and increased the number of newborn neurons. Moreover, administration of ALGERNON to pregnant dams rescued aberrant cortical formation in DS mouse embryos and prevented the development of abnormal behaviors in DS offspring. These data suggest that the neurogenic phenotype of DS can be prevented by ALGERNON prenatal therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Nakano-Kobayashi
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tomonari Awaya
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Isao Kii
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuto Sumida
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Yukiko Okuno
- Medical Research Support Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Suguru Yoshida
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Tomoe Sumida
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Inoue
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Drug-Discovery Cellular Basis Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hagiwara
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bellmaine SF, Ovchinnikov DA, Manallack DT, Cuddy CE, Elefanty AG, Stanley EG, Wolvetang EJ, Williams SJ, Pera M. Inhibition of DYRK1A disrupts neural lineage specificationin human pluripotent stem cells. eLife 2017; 6:e24502. [PMID: 28884684 PMCID: PMC5656431 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic analysis has revealed that the dual specificity protein kinase DYRK1A has multiple roles in the development of the central nervous system. Increased DYRK1A gene dosage, such as occurs in Down syndrome, is known to affect neural progenitor cell differentiation, while haploinsufficiency of DYRK1A is associated with severe microcephaly. Using a set of known and newly synthesized DYRK1A inhibitors, along with CRISPR-mediated gene activation and shRNA knockdown of DYRK1A, we show here that chemical inhibition or genetic knockdown of DYRK1A interferes with neural specification of human pluripotent stem cells, a process equating to the earliest stage of human brain development. Specifically, DYRK1A inhibition insulates the self-renewing subpopulation of human pluripotent stem cells from powerful signals that drive neural induction. Our results suggest a novel mechanism for the disruptive effects of the absence or haploinsufficiency of DYRK1A on early mammalian development, and reveal a requirement for DYRK1A in the acquisition of competence for differentiation in human pluripotent stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie F Bellmaine
- School of ChemistryUniversity of MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity of MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Dmitry A Ovchinnikov
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - David T Manallack
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityVictoriaAustralia
| | - Claire E Cuddy
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity of MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Andrew G Elefanty
- Murdoch Childrens Research InstituteThe Royal Children’s HospitalVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health SciencesUniversity of MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health SciencesMonash UniversityVictoriaAustralia
| | - Edouard G Stanley
- Murdoch Childrens Research InstituteThe Royal Children’s HospitalVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health SciencesUniversity of MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health SciencesMonash UniversityVictoriaAustralia
| | - Ernst J Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Spencer J Williams
- School of ChemistryUniversity of MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Martin Pera
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity of MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchFlorey Neuroscience and Mental Health InstituteVictoriaAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dobson THW, Hatcher RJ, Swaminathan J, Das CM, Shaik S, Tao RH, Milite C, Castellano S, Taylor PH, Sbardella G, Gopalakrishnan V. Regulation of USP37 Expression by REST-Associated G9a-Dependent Histone Methylation. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1073-1084. [PMID: 28483947 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The deubiquitylase (DUB) USP37 is a component of the ubiquitin system and controls cell proliferation by regulating the stability of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B, (CDKN1B/p27Kip1). The expression of USP37 is downregulated in human medulloblastoma tumor specimens. In the current study, we show that USP37 prevents medulloblastoma growth in mouse orthotopic models, suggesting that it has tumor-suppressive properties in this neural cancer. Here, we also report on the mechanism underlying USP37 loss in medulloblastoma. Previously, we observed that the expression of USP37 is transcriptionally repressed by the RE1 silencing transcription factor (REST), which requires chromatin remodeling factors for its activity. Genetic and pharmacologic approaches were employed to identify a specific role for G9a, a histone methyltransferase (HMT), in promoting methylation of histone H3 lysine-9 (H3K9) mono- and dimethylation, and surprisingly trimethylation, at the USP37 promoter to repress its gene expression. G9a inhibition also blocked the tumorigenic potential of medulloblastoma cells in vivo Using isogenic low- and high-REST medulloblastoma cells, we further showed a REST-dependent elevation in G9a activity, which further increased mono- and trimethylation of histone H3K9, accompanied by downregulation of USP37 expression. Together, these findings reveal a role for REST-associated G9a and histone H3K9 methylation in the repression of USP37 expression in medulloblastoma.Implications: Reactivation of USP37 by G9a inhibition has the potential for therapeutic applications in REST-expressing medulloblastomas. Mol Cancer Res; 15(8); 1073-84. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara H W Dobson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rashieda J Hatcher
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Chandra M Das
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shavali Shaik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rong-Hua Tao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ciro Milite
- Epigenetic Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Sabrina Castellano
- Epigenetic Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Pete H Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gianluca Sbardella
- Epigenetic Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Vidya Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Center for Cancer Epigenetics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Brain Tumor Center, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Program in Neuroscience, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhao ZR, Yu WD, Shi C, Liang R, Chen X, Feng X, Zhang X, Mu Q, Shen H, Guo JZ. Correlation between receptor-interacting protein 140 expression and directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into neural stem cells. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:118-124. [PMID: 28250757 PMCID: PMC5319216 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.198997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of receptor-interacting protein 140 (RIP140) promotes neuronal differentiation of N2a cells via extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling. However, involvement of RIP140 in human neural differentiation remains unclear. We found both RIP140 and ERK1/2 expression increased during neural differentiation of H1 human embryonic stem cells. Moreover, RIP140 negatively correlated with stem cell markers Oct4 and Sox2 during early stages of neural differentiation, and positively correlated with the neural stem cell marker Nestin during later stages. Thus, ERK1/2 signaling may provide the molecular mechanism by which RIP140 takes part in neural differentiation to eventually affect the number of neurons produced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Ran Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Dong Yu
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Zhu Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Çağlayan ES. Generation of improved human cerebral organoids from single copy DYRK1A knockout induced pluripotent stem cells in trisomy 21: hypothetical solutions for neurodevelopmental models and therapeutic alternatives in down syndrome. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:1256-1270. [PMID: 27743462 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Dual-specificity thyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) is a strong therapeutic target to ameliorate cognitive functions of Down Syndrome (DS). Genetic normalization of Dyrk1a is sufficient to normalize early cortical developmental phenotypes in DS mouse models. Gyrencephalic human neocortical development is more complex than that in lissencephalic mice; hence, cerebral organoids (COs) can be used to model early neurodevelopmental defects of DS. Single copy DYRK1A knockout COs (scDYRK1AKO-COs) can be generated from manipulated DS derived (DS-) induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and genetic normalization of DYRK1A is expected to result in corrected neurodevelopmental phenotypes that can be reminiscent of normal COs. DYRK1A knock-in (DYRK1AKI) COs can be derived after genetic manipulations of normal iPSCs and would be valuable to evaluate impaired neocortical development as can be seen in DS-COs. DYRK1A mutations cause severe human primary microcephaly; hence, dose optimization studies of DYRK1A inhibitors will be critical for prenatal therapeutic applications in DS. Several doses of DYRK1A inhibitors can be tested in the neurodevelopment process of DS-COs and DS-scDYRK1AKO-COs would be used as optimum models for evaluating phenotypic ameliorations. Overdose drug exposure in DS-COs can be explained by similar defects present in DS-baDYRK1AKO-COs and DYRK1AKO-COs. There are several limitations in the current CO technology, which can be reduced by the generation of vascularized brain-like organoids giving opportunities to mimic late-stage corticogenesis and complete hippocampal development. In the future, improved DS-DYRK1AKO-COs can be efficient in studies that aim to generate efficiently transplantable and implantable neurons for tissue regeneration alternatives in DS individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Sacide Çağlayan
- Faculty of Health Science, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, 06010, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
McElyea SD, Starbuck JM, Tumbleson-Brink DM, Harrington E, Blazek JD, Ghoneima A, Kula K, Roper RJ. Influence of prenatal EGCG treatment and Dyrk1a dosage reduction on craniofacial features associated with Down syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:4856-4869. [PMID: 28172997 PMCID: PMC6049609 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Trisomy 21 (Ts21) affects craniofacial precursors in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). The resultant craniofacial features in all individuals with Ts21 may significantly affect breathing, eating and speaking. Using mouse models of DS, we have traced the origin of DS-associated craniofacial abnormalities to deficiencies in neural crest cell (NCC) craniofacial precursors early in development. Hypothetically, three copies of Dyrk1a (dual-specificity tyrosine-(Y)-phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A), a trisomic gene found in most humans with DS and mouse models of DS, may significantly affect craniofacial structure. We hypothesized that we could improve DS-related craniofacial abnormalities in mouse models using a Dyrk1a inhibitor or by normalizing Dyrk1a gene dosage. In vitro and in vivo treatment with Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a Dyrk1a inhibitor, modulated trisomic NCC deficiencies at embryonic time points. Furthermore, prenatal EGCG treatment normalized some craniofacial phenotypes, including cranial vault in adult Ts65Dn mice. Normalization of Dyrk1a copy number in an otherwise trisomic Ts65Dn mice normalized many dimensions of the cranial vault, but did not correct all craniofacial anatomy. These data underscore the complexity of the gene–phenotype relationship in trisomy and suggest that changes in Dyrk1a expression play an important role in morphogenesis and growth of the cranial vault. These results suggest that a temporally specific prenatal therapy may be an effective way to ameliorate some craniofacial anatomical changes associated with DS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha D McElyea
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 W. Michigan Street, SL306, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - John M Starbuck
- Department of Orthodontics and Facial Genetics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, 1121 W. Michigan Street, DS 250B, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Howard Phillips Hall, Room 309F, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Danika M Tumbleson-Brink
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 W. Michigan Street, SL306, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Emily Harrington
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 W. Michigan Street, SL306, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Joshua D Blazek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 W. Michigan Street, SL306, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ahmed Ghoneima
- Department of Orthodontics and Facial Genetics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, 1121 W. Michigan Street, DS 250B, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Katherine Kula
- Department of Orthodontics and Facial Genetics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, 1121 W. Michigan Street, DS 250B, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Randall J Roper
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 W. Michigan Street, SL306, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Disruption of Rest Leads to the Early Onset of Cataracts with the Aberrant Terminal Differentiation of Lens Fiber Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163042. [PMID: 27631609 PMCID: PMC5025245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
REST (RE1-silencing transcription factor, also called Nrsf) is involved in the maintenance of the undifferentiated state of neuronal stem/progenitor cells in vitro by preventing precocious expression of neuronal genes. REST expression was then decreased in developing neurons to down-regulate neuronal genes which allow their maturation. However, the function of REST during neurogenesis in vivo remains to be elucidated because of the early embryonic lethal phenotype of conventional Rest knockout mice. In order to investigate the role of REST in ocular tissues, we generated and examined the mice evoking genetic ablation to Rest specifically to neural tissues including ocular tissue. We used a Sox1-Cre allele to excise the floxed Rest gene in the early neural tissues including the lens and retinal primordia. The resulting Rest conditional knockout (CKO) and co cntrol mice were used in comparative morphological, histological, and gene expression analyses. Rest CKO mice had an abnormal lens morphology after birth. The proliferation of lens epithelial cells was likely to be slightly reduced, and vacuoles formed without a visible increase in apoptotic cells. Although the aberrant expression of late onset cataract marker proteins was not detected, the expression of Notch signaling-related genes including a previously identified REST-target gene was up-regulated around birth, and this was followed by the down-regulated expression of lens fiber regulators such as c-Maf and Prox1. Rest CKO induces a unique cataract phenotype just after birth. Augmented Notch signaling and the down-regulated expression of lens fiber regulator genes may be responsible for this phenotype. Our results highlight the significance of REST function in lens fiber formation, which is necessary for maintaining an intact lens structure.
Collapse
|
32
|
El Hajj N, Dittrich M, Böck J, Kraus TFJ, Nanda I, Müller T, Seidmann L, Tralau T, Galetzka D, Schneider E, Haaf T. Epigenetic dysregulation in the developing Down syndrome cortex. Epigenetics 2016; 11:563-78. [PMID: 27245352 PMCID: PMC4990229 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1192736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using Illumina 450K arrays, 1.85% of all analyzed CpG sites were significantly hypermethylated and 0.31% hypomethylated in fetal Down syndrome (DS) cortex throughout the genome. The methylation changes on chromosome 21 appeared to be balanced between hypo- and hyper-methylation, whereas, consistent with prior reports, all other chromosomes showed 3-11 times more hyper- than hypo-methylated sites. Reduced NRSF/REST expression due to upregulation of DYRK1A (on chromosome 21q22.13) and methylation of REST binding sites during early developmental stages may contribute to this genome-wide excess of hypermethylated sites. Upregulation of DNMT3L (on chromosome 21q22.4) could lead to de novo methylation in neuroprogenitors, which then persists in the fetal DS brain where DNMT3A and DNMT3B become downregulated. The vast majority of differentially methylated promoters and genes was hypermethylated in DS and located outside chromosome 21, including the protocadherin gamma (PCDHG) cluster on chromosome 5q31, which is crucial for neural circuit formation in the developing brain. Bisulfite pyrosequencing and targeted RNA sequencing showed that several genes of PCDHG subfamilies A and B are hypermethylated and transcriptionally downregulated in fetal DS cortex. Decreased PCDHG expression is expected to reduce dendrite arborization and growth in cortical neurons. Since constitutive hypermethylation of PCDHG and other genes affects multiple tissues, including blood, it may provide useful biomarkers for DS brain development and pharmacologic targets for therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nady El Hajj
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Dittrich
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Bioinformatics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Böck
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Theo F. J. Kraus
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Indrajit Nanda
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Müller
- Department of Bioinformatics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Larissa Seidmann
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tim Tralau
- Rehabilitation Clinic for Children and Adolescents, Westerland/Sylt, Germany
| | - Danuta Galetzka
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiotherapy, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eberhard Schneider
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Duchon A, Herault Y. DYRK1A, a Dosage-Sensitive Gene Involved in Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Is a Target for Drug Development in Down Syndrome. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:104. [PMID: 27375444 PMCID: PMC4891327 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is one of the leading causes of intellectual disability, and patients with DS face various health issues, including learning and memory deficits, congenital heart disease, Alzheimer's disease (AD), leukemia, and cancer, leading to huge medical and social costs. Remarkable advances on DS research have been made in improving cognitive function in mouse models for future therapeutic approaches in patients. Among the different approaches, DYRK1A inhibitors have emerged as promising therapeutics to reduce DS cognitive deficits. DYRK1A is a dual-specificity kinase that is overexpressed in DS and plays a key role in neurogenesis, outgrowth of axons and dendrites, neuronal trafficking and aging. Its pivotal role in the DS phenotype makes it a prime target for the development of therapeutics. Recently, disruption of DYRK1A has been found in Autosomal Dominant Mental Retardation 7 (MRD7), resulting in severe mental deficiency. Recent advances in the development of kinase inhibitors are expected, in the near future, to remove DS from the list of incurable diseases, providing certain conditions such as drug dosage and correct timing for the optimum long-term treatment. In addition the exact molecular and cellular mechanisms that are targeted by the inhibition of DYRK1A are still to be discovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Duchon
- Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et CellulaireIllkirch, France; UMR7104, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueIllkirch, France; U964, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleIllkirch, France; Université de StrasbourgIllkirch, France
| | - Yann Herault
- Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et CellulaireIllkirch, France; UMR7104, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueIllkirch, France; U964, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleIllkirch, France; Université de StrasbourgIllkirch, France; PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Groupement d'Intérêt Économique-Centre Européen de Recherche en Biologie et en Médecine, CNRS, INSERMIllkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Karmiloff-Smith A, Al-Janabi T, D'Souza H, Groet J, Massand E, Mok K, Startin C, Fisher E, Hardy J, Nizetic D, Tybulewicz V, Strydom A. The importance of understanding individual differences in Down syndrome. F1000Res 2016; 5:F1000 Faculty Rev-389. [PMID: 27019699 PMCID: PMC4806704 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7506.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we first present a summary of the general assumptions about Down syndrome (DS) still to be found in the literature. We go on to show how new research has modified these assumptions, pointing to a wide range of individual differences at every level of description. We argue that, in the context of significant increases in DS life expectancy, a focus on individual differences in trisomy 21 at all levels-genetic, cellular, neural, cognitive, behavioral, and environmental-constitutes one of the best approaches for understanding genotype/phenotype relations in DS and for exploring risk and protective factors for Alzheimer's disease in this high-risk population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Karmiloff-Smith
- Centre for Brain & Cognitive Development, Birkbeck University of London, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
- The London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), University College London, London, UK
| | - Tamara Al-Janabi
- The London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), University College London, London, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Hana D'Souza
- Centre for Brain & Cognitive Development, Birkbeck University of London, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
- The London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), University College London, London, UK
| | - Jurgen Groet
- The London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), University College London, London, UK
- The Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Esha Massand
- Centre for Brain & Cognitive Development, Birkbeck University of London, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
- The London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), University College London, London, UK
| | - Kin Mok
- The London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), University College London, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Carla Startin
- The London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), University College London, London, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Elizabeth Fisher
- The London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - John Hardy
- The London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), University College London, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Dean Nizetic
- The London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), University College London, London, UK
- The Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Biopolis, 138673, Singapore
| | - Victor Tybulewicz
- The London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), University College London, London, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, London, NW7 1AA, UK
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Andre Strydom
- The London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), University College London, London, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, W1T 7NF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Murray A, Letourneau A, Canzonetta C, Stathaki E, Gimelli S, Sloan-Bena F, Abrehart R, Goh P, Lim S, Baldo C, Dagna-Bricarelli F, Hannan S, Mortensen M, Ballard D, Syndercombe Court D, Fusaki N, Hasegawa M, Smart TG, Bishop C, Antonarakis SE, Groet J, Nizetic D. Brief report: isogenic induced pluripotent stem cell lines from an adult with mosaic down syndrome model accelerated neuronal ageing and neurodegeneration. Stem Cells 2016; 33:2077-84. [PMID: 25694335 PMCID: PMC4737213 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Trisomy 21 (T21), Down Syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of dementia and intellectual disability. Modeling DS is beginning to yield pharmaceutical therapeutic interventions for amelioration of intellectual disability, which are currently being tested in clinical trials. DS is also a unique genetic system for investigation of pathological and protective mechanisms for accelerated ageing, neurodegeneration, dementia, cancer, and other important common diseases. New drugs could be identified and disease mechanisms better understood by establishment of well-controlled cell model systems. We have developed a first nonintegration-reprogrammed isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) model of DS by reprogramming the skin fibroblasts from an adult individual with constitutional mosaicism for DS and separately cloning multiple isogenic T21 and euploid (D21) iPSC lines. Our model shows a very low number of reprogramming rearrangements as assessed by a high-resolution whole genome CGH-array hybridization, and it reproduces several cellular pathologies seen in primary human DS cells, as assessed by automated high-content microscopic analysis. Early differentiation shows an imbalance of the lineage-specific stem/progenitor cell compartments: T21 causes slower proliferation of neural and faster expansion of hematopoietic lineage. T21 iPSC-derived neurons show increased production of amyloid peptide-containing material, a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, and an increased number and abnormal appearance of mitochondria. Finally, T21-derived neurons show significantly higher number of DNA double-strand breaks than isogenic D21 controls. Our fully isogenic system therefore opens possibilities for modeling mechanisms of developmental, accelerated ageing, and neurodegenerative pathologies caused by T21.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Murray
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,The LonDownS Consortium, Wellcome Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Letourneau
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Canzonetta
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elisavet Stathaki
- Service of Genetic Medicine, University Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefania Gimelli
- Service of Genetic Medicine, University Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Robert Abrehart
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pollyanna Goh
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,The LonDownS Consortium, Wellcome Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shuhui Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chiara Baldo
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Saad Hannan
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Mortensen
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Ballard
- Department of Forensic and Analytical Science, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Noemi Fusaki
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Trevor G Smart
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cleo Bishop
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stylianos E Antonarakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Groet
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Stem Cell Laboratory, National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,The LonDownS Consortium, Wellcome Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dean Nizetic
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,The LonDownS Consortium, Wellcome Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Thakore-Shah K, Koleilat T, Jan M, John A, Pyle AD. REST/NRSF Knockdown Alters Survival, Lineage Differentiation and Signaling in Human Embryonic Stem Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145280. [PMID: 26690059 PMCID: PMC4699193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
REST (RE1 silencing transcription factor), also known as NRSF (neuron-restrictive silencer factor), is a well-known transcriptional repressor of neural genes in non-neural tissues and stem cells. Dysregulation of REST activity is thought to play a role in diverse diseases including epilepsy, cancer, Down’s syndrome and Huntington’s disease. The role of REST/NRSF in control of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) fate has never been examined. To evaluate the role of REST in hESCs we developed an inducible REST knockdown system and examined both growth and differentiation over short and long term culture. Interestingly, we have found that altering REST levels in multiple hESC lines does not result in loss of self-renewal but instead leads to increased survival. During differentiation, REST knockdown resulted in increased MAPK/ERK and WNT signaling and increased expression of mesendoderm differentiation markers. Therefore we have uncovered a new role for REST in regulation of growth and early differentiation decisions in human embryonic stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaushali Thakore-Shah
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States of America
| | - Tasneem Koleilat
- California State University, Northridge, CA, 91325, United States of America
| | - Majib Jan
- California State University, Northridge, CA, 91325, United States of America
| | - Alan John
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States of America
| | - April D. Pyle
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States of America
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mahamdallie SS, Hanks S, Karlin KL, Zachariou A, Perdeaux ER, Ruark E, Shaw CA, Renwick A, Ramsay E, Yost S, Elliott A, Birch J, Capra M, Gray J, Hale J, Kingston J, Levitt G, McLean T, Sheridan E, Renwick A, Seal S, Stiller C, Sebire N, Westbrook TF, Rahman N. Mutations in the transcriptional repressor REST predispose to Wilms tumor. Nat Genet 2015; 47:1471-4. [PMID: 26551668 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Wilms tumor is the most common childhood renal cancer. To identify mutations that predispose to Wilms tumor, we are conducting exome sequencing studies. Here we describe 11 different inactivating mutations in the REST gene (encoding RE1-silencing transcription factor) in four familial Wilms tumor pedigrees and nine non-familial cases. Notably, no similar mutations were identified in the ICR1000 control series (13/558 versus 0/993; P < 0.0001) or in the ExAC series (13/558 versus 0/61,312; P < 0.0001). We identified a second mutational event in two tumors, suggesting that REST may act as a tumor-suppressor gene in Wilms tumor pathogenesis. REST is a zinc-finger transcription factor that functions in cellular differentiation and embryonic development. Notably, ten of 11 mutations clustered within the portion of REST encoding the DNA-binding domain, and functional analyses showed that these mutations compromise REST transcriptional repression. These data establish REST as a Wilms tumor predisposition gene accounting for ∼2% of Wilms tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Hanks
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Kristen L Karlin
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anna Zachariou
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Elise Ruark
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Chad A Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alexander Renwick
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Emma Ramsay
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Shawn Yost
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Anna Elliott
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Jillian Birch
- Paediatric and Familial Cancer Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael Capra
- Haematology Oncology-National Paediatric Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Juliet Gray
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Juliet Hale
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Haematology and Oncology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Judith Kingston
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gill Levitt
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Thomas McLean
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eamonn Sheridan
- Yorkshire Clinical Genetics Service, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Anthony Renwick
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Sheila Seal
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Neil Sebire
- Department of Histopathology and Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Thomas F Westbrook
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nazneen Rahman
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,Cancer Genetics Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Schiffer D, Caldera V, Mellai M, Conforti P, Cattaneo E, Zuccato C. Repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) is present in human control and Huntington's disease neurones. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 40:899-910. [PMID: 24634989 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor/neurone-restrictive silencer factor (REST/NRSF) is a master regulator of neuronal gene expression. REST/NRSF functions by recruiting other cofactors to genomic loci that contain the repressor element 1/neurone restrictive silencer element (RE1/NRSE) binding motif. In brain, demonstration of REST protein presence in neurones has remained controversial. However, RE1/NRSE containing neuronal genes are actively modulated and REST dysregulation is implicated in Huntington's disease (HD). We aimed to investigate REST distribution in autopsy brain from control and HD patients. METHODS Brain tissues from six controls and six HD cases (Vonsattel grade 3 and 4) were investigated using immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS REST was present in neurones and glial cells of the cortex, caudate nucleus, hippocampus and cerebellum. REST labelling was mainly cytoplasmic in neurones while preferential nuclear staining of REST was found in glial cells. We also found that REST and huntingtin (HTT) colocalize in human neurones. Low levels of cytoplasmic REST were detected in neurones of the HD cortex and caudate but no direct relationship between decreased neuronal REST expression and disease grade was observed. CONCLUSIONS These data support the notion of REST presence in human brain neurones and glial cells and indicate the importance of developing compounds able to restore REST-regulated transcription of neuronal genes in HD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Schiffer
- Neuro-Bio-Oncology Research Center, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, Vercelli; Consorzio per le Neuroscienze, University of Pavia, Pavia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Blazek JD, Abeysekera I, Li J, Roper RJ. Rescue of the abnormal skeletal phenotype in Ts65Dn Down syndrome mice using genetic and therapeutic modulation of trisomic Dyrk1a. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:5687-96. [PMID: 26206885 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Trisomy 21 causes skeletal alterations in individuals with Down syndrome (DS), but the causative trisomic gene and a therapeutic approach to rescue these abnormalities are unknown. Individuals with DS display skeletal alterations including reduced bone mineral density, modified bone structure and distinctive facial features. Due to peripheral skeletal anomalies and extended longevity, individuals with DS are increasingly more susceptible to bone fractures. Understanding the genetic and developmental origin of DS skeletal abnormalities would facilitate the development of therapies to rescue these and other deficiencies associated with DS. DYRK1A is found in three copies in individuals with DS and Ts65Dn DS mice and has been hypothesized to be involved in many Trisomy 21 phenotypes including skeletal abnormalities. Return of Dyrk1a copy number to normal levels in Ts65Dn mice rescued the appendicular bone abnormalities, suggesting that appropriate levels of DYRK1A expression are critical for the development and maintenance of the DS appendicular skeleton. Therapy using the DYRK1A inhibitor epigallocatechin-3-gallate improved Ts65Dn skeletal phenotypes. These outcomes suggest that the osteopenic phenotype associated with DS may be rescued postnatally by targeting trisomic Dyrk1a.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Blazek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis and Indiana University Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Irushi Abeysekera
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis and Indiana University Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jiliang Li
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis and Indiana University Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Randall J Roper
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis and Indiana University Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Choong XY, Tosh JL, Pulford LJ, Fisher EMC. Dissecting Alzheimer disease in Down syndrome using mouse models. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:268. [PMID: 26528151 PMCID: PMC4602094 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a common genetic condition caused by the presence of three copies of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21). This greatly increases the risk of Alzheimer disease (AD), but although virtually all people with DS have AD neuropathology by 40 years of age, not all develop dementia. To dissect the genetic contribution of trisomy 21 to DS phenotypes including those relevant to AD, a range of DS mouse models has been generated which are trisomic for chromosome segments syntenic to human chromosome 21. Here, we consider key characteristics of human AD in DS (AD-DS), and our current state of knowledge on related phenotypes in AD and DS mouse models. We go on to review important features needed in future models of AD-DS, to understand this type of dementia and so highlight pathogenic mechanisms relevant to all populations at risk of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Yu Choong
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London London, UK ; The LonDownS Consortium London, UK
| | - Justin L Tosh
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London London, UK ; The LonDownS Consortium London, UK
| | - Laura J Pulford
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London London, UK ; The LonDownS Consortium London, UK
| | - Elizabeth M C Fisher
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London London, UK ; The LonDownS Consortium London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hu Y, Sun Q, Zhang C, Sha Q, Sun X. RE1 silencing transcription factor (REST) negatively regulates ALL1-fused from chromosome 1q (AF1q) gene transcription. BMC Mol Biol 2015; 16:15. [PMID: 26341630 PMCID: PMC4560861 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-015-0043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ALL1-fused from chromosome 1q (AF1q), originally considered as an oncogenic factor, has been implicated in neuronal development; however, its upstream regulatory mechanisms in neural system remained elusive. Results Our study showed that REST (RE1 silencing transcription factor), a key transcription factor in neurodevelopment, could down-regulate the gene expression of AF1q. The promoter assay identified a neuron-restrictive silencer element at −383 to −363 bp of human AF1q promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP) confirmed the binding of REST to the NRSE in AF1q gene promoter. Additionally, the negative correlation between the expression levels of Af1q and Rest in mice neurodevelopment supported the negative regulation of AF1q by REST and the potential functions of AF1q in neurodevelopment. Conclusion These results demonstrate that REST regulates AF1q gene transcription through directly binding to a NRSE at −383 to −363 bp of AF1q promoter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Hu
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Rd., Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Qianwen Sun
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Rd., Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Rd., Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Qingquan Sha
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Rd., Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Xiulian Sun
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Rd., Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China. .,Brain Research Institute, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Rd., Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wiseman FK, Al-Janabi T, Hardy J, Karmiloff-Smith A, Nizetic D, Tybulewicz VLJ, Fisher EMC, Strydom A. A genetic cause of Alzheimer disease: mechanistic insights from Down syndrome. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16:564-74. [PMID: 26243569 PMCID: PMC4678594 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome, which arises in individuals carrying an extra copy of chromosome 21, is associated with a greatly increased risk of early-onset Alzheimer disease. It is thought that this risk is conferred by the presence of three copies of the gene encoding amyloid precursor protein (APP)--an Alzheimer disease risk factor--although the possession of extra copies of other chromosome 21 genes may also play a part. Further study of the mechanisms underlying the development of Alzheimer disease in people with Down syndrome could provide insights into the mechanisms that cause dementia in the general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frances K Wiseman
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Tamara Al-Janabi
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7NF, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Annette Karmiloff-Smith
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Dean Nizetic
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Novena Campus, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232; and the Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | | | - Elizabeth M C Fisher
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - André Strydom
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7NF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Rockowitz S, Zheng D. Significant expansion of the REST/NRSF cistrome in human versus mouse embryonic stem cells: potential implications for neural development. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:5730-43. [PMID: 25990720 PMCID: PMC4499139 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have employed cross-species comparisons of transcription factor binding, reporting significant regulatory network 'rewiring' between species. Here, we address how a transcriptional repressor targets and regulates neural genes differentially between human and mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). We find that the transcription factor, Repressor Element 1 Silencing Transcription factor (REST; also called neuron restrictive silencer factor) binds to a core group of ∼1200 syntenic genomic regions in both species, with these conserved sites highly enriched with co-factors, selective histone modifications and DNA hypomethylation. Genes with conserved REST binding are enriched with neural functions and more likely to be upregulated upon REST depletion. Interestingly, we identified twice as many REST peaks in human ESCs compared to mouse ESCs. Human REST cistrome expansion involves additional peaks in genes targeted by REST in both species and human-specific gene targets. Genes with expanded REST occupancy in humans are enriched for learning or memory functions. Analysis of neurological disorder associated genes reveals that Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and oxidative stress genes are particularly enriched with human-specific REST binding. Overall, our results demonstrate that there is substantial rewiring of human and mouse REST cistromes, and that REST may have human-specific roles in brain development and functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shira Rockowitz
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
The Transcription Repressor REST in Adult Neurons: Physiology, Pathology, and Diseases. eNeuro 2015; 2:eN-REV-0010-15. [PMID: 26465007 PMCID: PMC4596026 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0010-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
REST [RE1-silencing transcription factor (also called neuron-restrictive silencer factor)] is known to repress thousands of possible target genes, many of which are neuron specific. To date, REST repression has been investigated mostly in stem cells and differentiating neurons. Current evidence demonstrates its importance in adult neurons as well. Low levels of REST, which are acquired during differentiation, govern the expression of specific neuronal phenotypes. REST-dependent genes encode important targets, including transcription factors, transmitter release proteins, voltage-dependent and receptor channels, and signaling proteins. Additional neuronal properties depend on miRNAs expressed reciprocally to REST and on specific splicing factors. In adult neurons, REST levels are not always low. Increases occur during aging in healthy humans. Moreover, extensive evidence demonstrates that prolonged stimulation with various agents induces REST increases, which are associated with the repression of neuron-specific genes with appropriate, intermediate REST binding affinity. Whether neuronal increases in REST are protective or detrimental remains a subject of debate. Examples of CA1 hippocampal neuron protection upon depolarization, and of neurodegeneration upon glutamate treatment and hypoxia have been reported. REST participation in psychiatric and neurological diseases has been shown, especially in Alzheimer’s disease and Huntington’s disease, as well as epilepsy. Distinct, complex roles of the repressor in these different diseases have emerged. In conclusion, REST is certainly very important in a large number of conditions. We suggest that the conflicting results reported for the role of REST in physiology, pathology, and disease depend on its complex, direct, and indirect actions on many gene targets and on the diverse approaches used during the investigations.
Collapse
|
45
|
Telias M, Ben-Yosef D. Modeling neurodevelopmental disorders using human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2015; 10:494-511. [PMID: 24728983 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9507-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs) are impairments that affect the development and growth of the brain and the central nervous system during embryonic and early postnatal life. Genetically manipulated animals have contributed greatly to the advancement of ND research, but many of them differ considerably from the human phenotype. Cellular in vitro models are also valuable, but the availability of human neuronal cells is limited and their lifespan in culture is short. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, comprise a powerful tool for studying developmentally regulated diseases, including NDs. We reviewed all recent studies in which hPSCs were used as in vitro models for diseases and syndromes characterized by impairment of neurogenesis or synaptogenesis leading to intellectual disability and delayed neurodevelopment. We analyzed their methodology and results, focusing on the data obtained following in vitro neural differentiation and gene expression and profiling of the derived neurons. Electrophysiological recording of action potentials, synaptic currents and response to neurotransmitters is pivotal for validation of the neuronal fate as well as for assessing phenotypic dysfunctions linked to the disease in question. We therefore focused on the studies which included electrophysiological recordings on the in vitro-derived neurons. Finally, we addressed specific issues that are critical for the advancement of this area of research, specifically in providing a reliable human pre-clinical research model and drug screening platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Telias
- The Wolfe PGD-Stem Cell Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ohe K, Hagiwara M. Modulation of alternative splicing with chemical compounds in new therapeutics for human diseases. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:914-24. [PMID: 25560473 DOI: 10.1021/cb500697f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing is a critical step where a limited number of human genes generate a complex and diverse proteome. Various diseases, including inherited diseases with abnormalities in the "genome code," have been found to result in an aberrant mis-spliced "transcript code" with correlation to the resulting phenotype. Chemical compound-based and nucleic acid-based strategies are trying to target this mis-spliced "transcript code". We will briefly mention about how to obtain splicing-modifying-compounds by high-throughput screening and overview of what is known about compounds that modify splicing pathways. The main focus will be on RNA-binding protein kinase inhibitors. In the main text, we will refer to diseases where splicing-modifying-compounds have been intensively investigated, with comparison to nucleic acid-based strategies. The information on their involvement in mis-splicing as well as nonsplicing events will be helpful in finding better compounds with less off-target effects for future implications in mis-splicing therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ohe
- †Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and ‡Training Program of Leaders for Integrated Medical System for Fruitful Healthy-Longevity Society (LIMS), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8315, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hagiwara
- †Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and ‡Training Program of Leaders for Integrated Medical System for Fruitful Healthy-Longevity Society (LIMS), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8315, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lu C, Shi L, Zhang J, Kong M, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Xu L, He J, Ma Z, Gu X. Neuron-restrictive silencer factor in periaqueductal gray contributes to remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia via repression of the mu-opioid receptor. J Neurol Sci 2015; 352:48-52. [PMID: 25819118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ultra-short-acting mu-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist remifentanil induces postoperative hyperalgesia both in preclinical and clinical research studies. However, the precise mechanisms remain unclear, although changes in opioid receptor expression might be a correlative feature. Neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) functions as a crucial regulator of MOR expression in specific neuronal cells. Using a mouse model of incisional postoperative pain, we assessed the expression of MOR and NRSF and investigated whether disruption of NRSF expression could prevent the postoperative nociceptive sensitization induced by surgical incision and subcutaneous infusion of remifentanil. METHODS Paw withdrawal mechanical threshold (PWMT) and paw withdrawal thermal latency (PWTL) were independently used to assess mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia after surgery and cerebral ventricle injection of NRSF antisense oligonucleotide. Western blotting analyses were preformed to assess the expression levels of MOR and NRSF. RESULTS NRSF expression levels were enhanced after intraoperative infusion of remifentanil, resulting in repression of MOR expression in the periaqueductal gray (PAG). NRSF blockade with an NRSF antisense oligonucleotide significantly enhanced the expression levels of MOR and alleviated mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia induced by intraoperative infusion of remifentanil. CONCLUSION NRSF functions as a negative regulator of MOR in PAG and contributes to remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia. NRSF in PAG may be a potential target for this pain therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cui'e Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University, 321 Zhong Shan North Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Linyu Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University, 321 Zhong Shan North Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University, 321 Zhong Shan North Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Mingjian Kong
- Drum Tower Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province China.
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University, 321 Zhong Shan North Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University, 321 Zhong Shan North Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University, 321 Zhong Shan North Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jianhua He
- Drum Tower Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province China.
| | - Zhengliang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University, 321 Zhong Shan North Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xiaoping Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University, 321 Zhong Shan North Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Fernández-Martínez P, Zahonero C, Sánchez-Gómez P. DYRK1A: the double-edged kinase as a protagonist in cell growth and tumorigenesis. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e970048. [PMID: 27308401 PMCID: PMC4905233 DOI: 10.4161/23723548.2014.970048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
DYRK1A (dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase 1A) is a kinase with multiple implications for embryonic development, especially in the nervous system where it regulates the balance between proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitors. The DYRK1A gene is located in the Down syndrome critical region and may play a significant role in the developmental brain defects, early neurodegeneration, and cancer susceptibility of individuals with this syndrome. DYRK1A is also expressed in adults, where it might participate in the regulation of cell cycle, survival, and tumorigenesis, thus representing a potential therapeutic target for certain types of cancer. However, the final readout of DYRK1A overexpression or inhibition depends strongly on the cellular context, as it has both tumor suppressor and oncogenic activities. Here, we will discuss the functions and substrates of DYRK1A associated with the control of cell growth and tumorigenesis with a focus on the potential use of DYRK1A inhibitors in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Fernández-Martínez
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada; Universidad CEU-San Pablo ; Madrid, Spain
| | - C Zahonero
- Neuro-oncology Unit; Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC ; Madrid, Spain
| | - P Sánchez-Gómez
- Neuro-oncology Unit; Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC ; Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Liu B, Filippi S, Roy A, Roberts I. Stem and progenitor cell dysfunction in human trisomies. EMBO Rep 2014; 16:44-62. [PMID: 25520324 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201439583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trisomy 21, the commonest constitutional aneuploidy in humans, causes profound perturbation of stem and progenitor cell growth, which is both cell context dependent and developmental stage specific and mediated by complex genetic mechanisms beyond increased Hsa21 gene dosage. While proliferation of fetal hematopoietic and testicular stem/progenitors is increased and may underlie increased susceptibility to childhood leukemia and testicular cancer, fetal stem/progenitor proliferation in other tissues is markedly impaired leading to the characteristic craniofacial, neurocognitive and cardiac features in individuals with Down syndrome. After birth, trisomy 21-mediated premature aging of stem/progenitor cells may contribute to the progressive multi-system deterioration, including development of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Liu
- Department of Paediatrics and Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Filippi
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anindita Roy
- Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Irene Roberts
- Department of Paediatrics and Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Orta-Salazar E, Aguilar-Vázquez A, Martínez-Coria H, Luquín-De Anda S, Rivera-Cervantes M, Beas-Zarate C, Feria-Velasco A, Díaz-Cintra S. REST/NRSF-induced changes of ChAT protein expression in the neocortex and hippocampus of the 3xTg-AD mouse model for Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci 2014; 116:83-9. [PMID: 25261598 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The cholinergic system is one of the neurotransmitter systems altered in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of human dementia. The objective of this work was to determine the REST/NRSF involvement in altered ChAT expression in the neocortex and hippocampus of an AD transgenic mouse (homozygous 3xTg-AD) that over-expresses 3 proteins, amyloid-β precursor protein, presenilin-1, and tau, all of which are associated with AD and cause cellular degeneration. MAIN METHODS Two groups (WT and 3xTg-AD) of 11-month-old female mice were analyzed and compared. Half of the brains of each group were used for ChAT immunohistochemistry, and Western Blot analyses of ChAT and REST/NRSF were performed on the other half. KEY FINDINGS We observed significant decreases in the number of ChAT-immunoreactive cells in the Meynert nucleus and of fibers in the frontal motor cortex and hippocampal CA1 area in transgenic mice compared with control mice. An increased level of REST/NRSF protein and a reduction of ChAT protein expression in the 3xTg-AD mice compared with their controls were also found in both in the latter two cerebral regions. SIGNIFICANCE The increased REST/NRSF expression reported here and its effect on the regulatory region for ChAT transcription could explain the decreased expression of ChAT in the 3xTg-AD mouse; these findings may be associated with the degeneration observed in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Orta-Salazar
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal. CP 45110, México; University of CA, Irvine Campus, USA
| | - A Aguilar-Vázquez
- Instituto de Neurobiología (INB), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla Qro, CP 76230, México
| | | | - S Luquín-De Anda
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jal. CP 44340, México
| | - M Rivera-Cervantes
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal. CP 45110, México
| | - C Beas-Zarate
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal. CP 45110, México
| | - A Feria-Velasco
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal. CP 45110, México
| | - S Díaz-Cintra
- Instituto de Neurobiología (INB), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla Qro, CP 76230, México.
| |
Collapse
|