1
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Ma K, Huang S, Ng KK, Lake NJ, Joseph S, Xu J, Lek A, Ge L, Woodman KG, Koczwara KE, Cohen J, Ho V, O'Connor CL, Brindley MA, Campbell KP, Lek M. Deep Mutational Scanning in Disease-related Genes with Saturation Mutagenesis-Reinforced Functional Assays (SMuRF). BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.07.12.548370. [PMID: 37873263 PMCID: PMC10592615 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.12.548370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Interpretation of disease-causing genetic variants remains a challenge in human genetics. Current costs and complexity of deep mutational scanning methods hamper crowd-sourcing approaches toward genome-wide resolution of variants in disease-related genes. Our framework, Saturation Mutagenesis-Reinforced Functional assays (SMuRF), addresses these issues by offering simple and cost-effective saturation mutagenesis, as well as streamlining functional assays to enhance the interpretation of unresolved variants. Applying SMuRF to neuromuscular disease genes FKRP and LARGE1, we generated functional scores for all possible coding single nucleotide variants, which aid in resolving clinically reported variants of uncertain significance. SMuRF also demonstrates utility in predicting disease severity, resolving critical structural regions, and providing training datasets for the development of computational predictors. Our approach opens new directions for enabling variant-to-function insights for disease genes in a manner that is broadly useful for crowd-sourcing implementation across standard research laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue Ma
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shushu Huang
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Equal second authors
| | - Kenneth K Ng
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Equal second authors
| | - Nicole J Lake
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Soumya Joseph
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Specialized Research Center, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Department of Neurology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jenny Xu
- Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Angela Lek
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Muscular Dystrophy Association, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lin Ge
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Keryn G Woodman
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Justin Cohen
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vincent Ho
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Melinda A Brindley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Senior Authors
| | - Kevin P Campbell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Specialized Research Center, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Department of Neurology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Senior Authors
| | - Monkol Lek
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Senior Authors
- Lead Contact
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2
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Rajasingham T, Rodriguez HM, Betz A, Sproule DM, Sinha U. Validation of a novel western blot assay to monitor patterns and levels of alpha dystroglycan in skeletal muscle of patients with limb girdle muscular dystrophies. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2024:10.1007/s10974-024-09670-y. [PMID: 38635147 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-024-09670-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The cell membrane protein, dystroglycan, plays a crucial role in connecting the cytoskeleton of a variety of mammalian cells to the extracellular matrix. The α-subunit of dystroglycan (αDG) is characterized by a high level of glycosylation, including a unique O-mannosyl matriglycan. This specific glycosylation is essential for binding of αDG to extracellular matrix ligands effectively. A subset of muscular dystrophies, called dystroglycanopathies, are associated with aberrant, dysfunctional glycosylation of αDG. This defect prevents myocytes from attaching to the basal membrane, leading to contraction-induced injury. Here, we describe a novel Western blot (WB) assay for determining levels of αDG glycosylation in skeletal muscle tissue. The assay described involves extracting proteins from fine needle tibialis anterior (TA) biopsies and separation using SDS-PAGE followed by WB. Glycosylated and core αDG are then detected in a multiplexed format using fluorescent antibodies. A practical application of this assay is demonstrated with samples from normal donors and patients diagnosed with LGMD2I/R9. Quantitative analysis of the WB, which employed the use of a normal TA derived calibration curve, revealed significantly reduced levels of αDG in patient biopsies relative to unaffected TA. Importantly, the assay was able to distinguish between the L276I homozygous patients and a more severe form of clinical disease observed with other FKRP variants. Data demonstrating the accuracy and reliability of the assay are also presented, which further supports the potential utility of this novel assay to monitor changes in ⍺DG of TA muscle biopsies in the evaluation of potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thulashitha Rajasingham
- Department of Preclinical/Clinical Pharmacology, ML Bio Solutions, a BridgeBio company, Palo Alto, USA.
| | - Hector M Rodriguez
- Department of Preclinical/Clinical Pharmacology, ML Bio Solutions, a BridgeBio company, Palo Alto, USA
| | - Andreas Betz
- Department of Preclinical/Clinical Pharmacology, ML Bio Solutions, a BridgeBio company, Palo Alto, USA
| | - Douglas M Sproule
- Department of Clinical Development, ML Bio Solutions, a BridgeBio company, Palo Alto, USA
| | - Uma Sinha
- Department of Preclinical/Clinical Pharmacology, ML Bio Solutions, a BridgeBio company, Palo Alto, USA
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3
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Raynor A, Haouari W, Lebredonchel E, Foulquier F, Fenaille F, Bruneel A. Biochemical diagnosis of congenital disorders of glycosylation. Adv Clin Chem 2024; 120:1-43. [PMID: 38762238 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are one of the fastest growing groups of inborn errors of metabolism, comprising over 160 described diseases to this day. CDG are characterized by a dysfunctional glycosylation process, with molecular defects localized in the cytosol, the endoplasmic reticulum, or the Golgi apparatus. Depending on the CDG, N-glycosylation, O-glycosylation and/or glycosaminoglycan synthesis can be affected. Various proteins, lipids, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors bear glycan chains, with potential impacts on their folding, targeting, secretion, stability, and thus, functionality. Therefore, glycosylation defects can have diverse and serious clinical consequences. CDG patients often present with a non-specific, multisystemic syndrome including neurological involvement, growth delay, hepatopathy and coagulopathy. As CDG are rare diseases, and typically lack distinctive clinical signs, biochemical and genetic testing bear particularly important and complementary diagnostic roles. Here, after a brief introduction on glycosylation and CDG, we review historical and recent findings on CDG biomarkers and associated analytical techniques, with a particular emphasis on those with relevant use in the specialized clinical chemistry laboratory. We provide the reader with insights and methods which may help them properly assist the clinician in navigating the maze of glycosylation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Raynor
- AP-HP, Biochimie Métabolique et Cellulaire, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Walid Haouari
- INSERM UMR1193, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | | | - François Foulquier
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - François Fenaille
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, MetaboHUB, Gif sur Yvette, France.
| | - Arnaud Bruneel
- AP-HP, Biochimie Métabolique et Cellulaire, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France; INSERM UMR1193, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.
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4
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Karas BF, Terez KR, Mowla S, Battula N, Flannery KP, Gural BM, Aboussleman G, Mubin N, Manzini MC. Removal of pomt1 in zebrafish leads to loss of α-dystroglycan glycosylation and dystroglycanopathy phenotypes. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:709-723. [PMID: 38272461 PMCID: PMC11000664 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Biallelic mutations in Protein O-mannosyltransferase 1 (POMT1) are among the most common causes of a severe group of congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) known as dystroglycanopathies. POMT1 is a glycosyltransferase responsible for the attachment of a functional glycan mediating interactions between the transmembrane glycoprotein dystroglycan and its binding partners in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Disruptions in these cell-ECM interactions lead to multiple developmental defects causing brain and eye malformations in addition to CMD. Removing Pomt1 in the mouse leads to early embryonic death due to the essential role of dystroglycan during placental formation in rodents. Here, we characterized and validated a model of pomt1 loss of function in the zebrafish showing that developmental defects found in individuals affected by dystroglycanopathies can be recapitulated in the fish. We also discovered that pomt1 mRNA provided by the mother in the oocyte supports dystroglycan glycosylation during the first few weeks of development. Muscle disease, retinal synapse formation deficits, and axon guidance defects can only be uncovered during the first week post fertilization by generating knock-out embryos from knock-out mothers. Conversely, maternal pomt1 from heterozygous mothers was sufficient to sustain muscle, eye, and brain development only leading to loss of photoreceptor synapses at 30 days post fertilization. Our findings show that it is important to define the contribution of maternal mRNA while developing zebrafish models of dystroglycanopathies and that offspring generated from heterozygous and knock-out mothers can be used to differentiate the role of dystroglycan glycosylation in tissue formation and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany F Karas
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Kristin R Terez
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Shorbon Mowla
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Namarata Battula
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Kyle P Flannery
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Brian M Gural
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Grace Aboussleman
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Numa Mubin
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - M Chiara Manzini
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
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5
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Ling D, Xie W, Mao X, Yang S, Pang H, Yang P, Shen P, Tang Y. Compound heterozygous B3GALNT2 mutations in a fetus with encephalocele: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2024; 12:e8691. [PMID: 38585583 PMCID: PMC10997814 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.8691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
An encephalocele is a congenital malformation characterized by protrusion of the intracranial contents through a cranial defect. We report that a fetus of a pregnant mother who had two consecutive pregnancies with ultrasound-detected encephalocele carried compound heterozygous variants in B3GALNT2 NM_152490.5:c.[1423C > T (p.Gln475Ter)]; [261-2A > G] of maternal and paternal origins, respectively, as confirmed by exome sequencing followed by Sanger sequencing validation. The present case implies that mutations in B3GALNT2, a well-known dystroglycanopathy causative gene, may result in a phenotype of neural tube defect, providing new insights into the clinical spectrum of B3GALNT2-related disorders. Our study may contribute to prenatal screening/diagnosis and genetic counseling of congenital brain malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Ling
- Clinical Research Center For Placental Medicine In Hunan ProvinceChangsha CityChina
- Department of ObstetricsHunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care HospitalChangsha CityChina
| | - Wanqin Xie
- Clinical Research Center For Placental Medicine In Hunan ProvinceChangsha CityChina
- NHC key labratory of birth defects for research and prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care HospitalChangsha CityChina
| | - Xiao Mao
- Clinical Research Center For Placental Medicine In Hunan ProvinceChangsha CityChina
- NHC key labratory of birth defects for research and prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care HospitalChangsha CityChina
| | - Shengzhi Yang
- Department of PediatricsHunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care HospitalChangsha CityChina
| | - Haiyan Pang
- Department of Reproductive MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Ping Yang
- Clinical Research Center For Placental Medicine In Hunan ProvinceChangsha CityChina
- Department of ObstetricsHunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care HospitalChangsha CityChina
| | - Ping Shen
- Clinical Research Center For Placental Medicine In Hunan ProvinceChangsha CityChina
- Department of ObstetricsHunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care HospitalChangsha CityChina
| | - Yabing Tang
- Clinical Research Center For Placental Medicine In Hunan ProvinceChangsha CityChina
- Department of ObstetricsHunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care HospitalChangsha CityChina
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6
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Pan R, Qi L, Xu Z, Zhang D, Nie Q, Zhang X, Luo W. Weighted single-step GWAS identified candidate genes associated with carcass traits in a Chinese yellow-feathered chicken population. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103341. [PMID: 38134459 PMCID: PMC10776626 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcass traits in broiler chickens are complex traits that are influenced by multiple genes. To gain deeper insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying carcass traits, here we conducted a weighted single-step genome-wide association study (wssGWAS) in a population of Chinese yellow-feathered chicken. The objective was to identify genomic regions and candidate genes associated with carcass weight (CW), eviscerated weight with giblets (EWG), eviscerated weight (EW), breast muscle weight (BMW), drumstick weight (DW), abdominal fat weight (AFW), abdominal fat percentage (AFP), gizzard weight (GW), and intestine length (IL). A total of 1,338 broiler chickens with phenotypic and pedigree information were included in this study. Of these, 435 chickens were genotyped using a 600K single nucleotide polymorphism chip for association analysis. The results indicate that the most significant regions for 9 traits explained 2.38% to 5.09% of the phenotypic variation, from which the region of 194.53 to 194.63Mb on chromosome 1 with the gene RELT and FAM168A identified on it was significantly associated with CW, EWG, EW, BMW, and DW. Meanwhile, the 5 traits have a strong genetic correlation, indicating that the region and the genes can be used for further research. In addition, some candidate genes associated with skeletal muscle development, fat deposition regulation, intestinal repair, and protection were identified. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses suggested that the genes are involved in processes such as vascular development (CD34, FGF7, FGFR3, ITGB1BP1, SEMA5A, LOXL2), bone formation (FGFR3, MATN1, MEF2D, DHRS3, SKI, STC1, HOXB1, HOXB3, TIPARP), and anatomical size regulation (ADD2, AKT1, CFTR, EDN3, FLII, HCLS1, ITGB1BP1, SEMA5A, SHC1, ULK1, DSTN, GSK3B, BORCS8, GRIP2). In conclusion, the integration of phenotype, genotype, and pedigree information without creating pseudo-phenotype will facilitate the genetic improvement of carcass traits in chickens, providing valuable insights into the genetic architecture and potential candidate genes underlying carcass traits, enriching our understanding and contributing to the breeding of high-quality broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, & Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Xugang Yellow Poultry Seed Industry Group Co., Ltd, Jiangmen City, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, & Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhenqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, & Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dexiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, & Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qinghua Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, & Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiquan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, & Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, & Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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7
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Koff M, Monagas-Valentin P, Novikov B, Chandel I, Panin V. Protein O-mannosylation: one sugar, several pathways, many functions. Glycobiology 2023; 33:911-926. [PMID: 37565810 PMCID: PMC10859634 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has unveiled numerous important functions of protein glycosylation in development, homeostasis, and diseases. A type of glycosylation taking the center stage is protein O-mannosylation, a posttranslational modification conserved in a wide range of organisms, from yeast to humans. In animals, protein O-mannosylation plays a crucial role in the nervous system, whereas protein O-mannosylation defects cause severe neurological abnormalities and congenital muscular dystrophies. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying protein O-mannosylation functions and biosynthesis remain not well understood. This review outlines recent studies on protein O-mannosylation while focusing on the functions in the nervous system, summarizes the current knowledge about protein O-mannosylation biosynthesis, and discusses the pathologies associated with protein O-mannosylation defects. The evolutionary perspective revealed by studies in the Drosophila model system are also highlighted. Finally, the review touches upon important knowledge gaps in the field and discusses critical questions for future research on the molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with protein O-mannosylation functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Koff
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Pedro Monagas-Valentin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Boris Novikov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Ishita Chandel
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Vladislav Panin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, College Station, TX 77843, United States
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8
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Yang T, Chandel I, Gonzales M, Okuma H, Prouty SJ, Zarei S, Joseph S, Garringer KW, Landa SO, Yonekawa T, Walimbe AS, Venzke DP, Anderson ME, Hord JM, Campbell KP. Identification of a short, single site matriglycan that maintains neuromuscular function in the mouse. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.20.572361. [PMID: 38187633 PMCID: PMC10769215 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.20.572361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Matriglycan (-1,3-β-glucuronic acid-1,3-α-xylose-) is a polysaccharide that is synthesized on α-dystroglycan, where it functions as a high-affinity glycan receptor for extracellular proteins, such as laminin, perlecan and agrin, thus anchoring the plasma membrane to the extracellular matrix. This biological activity is closely associated with the size of matriglycan. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry and site-specific mutant mice, we show for the first time that matriglycan on the T317/T319 and T379 sites of α-dystroglycan are not identical. T379-linked matriglycan is shorter than the previously characterized T317/T319-linked matriglycan, although it maintains its laminin binding capacity. Transgenic mice with only the shorter T379-linked matriglycan exhibited mild embryonic lethality, but those that survived were healthy. The shorter T379-linked matriglycan exists in multiple tissues and maintains neuromuscular function in adult mice. In addition, the genetic transfer of α-dystroglycan carrying just the short matriglycan restored grip strength and protected skeletal muscle from eccentric contraction-induced damage in muscle-specific dystroglycan knock-out mice. Due to the effects that matriglycan imparts on the extracellular proteome and its ability to modulate cell-matrix interactions, our work suggests that differential regulation of matriglycan length in various tissues optimizes the extracellular environment for unique cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiandi Yang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ishita Chandel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Miguel Gonzales
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Hidehiko Okuma
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Sally J Prouty
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Sanam Zarei
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Soumya Joseph
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Keith W Garringer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Saul Ocampo Landa
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Takahiro Yonekawa
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Ameya S Walimbe
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - David P Venzke
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Mary E Anderson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Jeffery M Hord
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Kevin P Campbell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
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9
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Salih MA. The Meryon Lecture at the 24th annual meeting of the Meryon Society, St. Anne's College, Oxford, UK, 15th July 2022: Neuromuscular diseases in the Arab population. Neuromuscul Disord 2023; 33:792-799. [PMID: 37679229 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa A Salih
- Consultant Pediatric Neurologist, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
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10
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Tesoriero C, Greco F, Cannone E, Ghirotto F, Facchinello N, Schiavone M, Vettori A. Modeling Human Muscular Dystrophies in Zebrafish: Mutant Lines, Transgenic Fluorescent Biosensors, and Phenotyping Assays. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8314. [PMID: 37176020 PMCID: PMC10179009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies (MDs) are a heterogeneous group of myopathies characterized by progressive muscle weakness leading to death from heart or respiratory failure. MDs are caused by mutations in genes involved in both the development and organization of muscle fibers. Several animal models harboring mutations in MD-associated genes have been developed so far. Together with rodents, the zebrafish is one of the most popular animal models used to reproduce MDs because of the high level of sequence homology with the human genome and its genetic manipulability. This review describes the most important zebrafish mutant models of MD and the most advanced tools used to generate and characterize all these valuable transgenic lines. Zebrafish models of MDs have been generated by introducing mutations to muscle-specific genes with different genetic techniques, such as (i) N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) treatment, (ii) the injection of specific morpholino, (iii) tol2-based transgenesis, (iv) TALEN, (v) and CRISPR/Cas9 technology. All these models are extensively used either to study muscle development and function or understand the pathogenetic mechanisms of MDs. Several tools have also been developed to characterize these zebrafish models by checking (i) motor behavior, (ii) muscle fiber structure, (iii) oxidative stress, and (iv) mitochondrial function and dynamics. Further, living biosensor models, based on the expression of fluorescent reporter proteins under the control of muscle-specific promoters or responsive elements, have been revealed to be powerful tools to follow molecular dynamics at the level of a single muscle fiber. Thus, zebrafish models of MDs can also be a powerful tool to search for new drugs or gene therapies able to block or slow down disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tesoriero
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (C.T.); (F.G.); (F.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Francesca Greco
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (C.T.); (F.G.); (F.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Elena Cannone
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Francesco Ghirotto
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (C.T.); (F.G.); (F.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Nicola Facchinello
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Schiavone
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Andrea Vettori
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (C.T.); (F.G.); (F.G.); (A.V.)
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11
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Yoldas Celik M, Yazici H, Erdem F, Yuksel Yanbolu A, Aykut A, Durmaz A, Zeybek S, Canda E, Kalkan Ucar S, Coker M. Unique clinical presentations and follow-up outcomes from experience with congenital disorders of glycosylation: PMM2-PGM1-DPAGT1-MPI-POMT2-B3GALNT2-DPM1-SRD5A3-CDG. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2023:jpem-2022-0641. [PMID: 37042760 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2022-0641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Congenital Glycosylation Disorders (CDG) are a large group of inherited metabolic diseases with multi-organ involvement. Herein, we aimed to expand the clinical characteristics of patients with CDG based on our experience with diagnoses and follow-up of CDG patients from different subtypes. METHODS The clinical and laboratory findings from the last 15 years were reviewed retrospectively in Ege University Child Metabolism and Nutrition Department. RESULTS There were 8 (57.2 %) females and 6 (42.8 %) males. Diagnoses of the patients were PMM2-CDG (n=4), PGM1-CDG (n=2), DPAGT1-CDG (n=2), SRD5A3-CDG (n=2), MPI-CDG (n=1), POMT2-CDG (n=1), B3GALNT2-CDG (n=1), DPM1-CDG (n=1). The clinical findings of the patients were dysmorphia (85.7 %), developmental delay (85.7 %), intellectual disability (85.7 %), ocular abnormalities (64.2 %), skeletal malformations (64.2 %), failure to thrive (57.1 %), microcephaly (57.1 %), hepatomegaly (35.7 %), hearing loss (35.7 %), seizures (28.5 %), gastrointestinal symptoms (21.4 %), endocrine abnormalities (21.4 %), and cardiac abnormalities (7.1 %). Laboratory findings were abnormal TIEF (92.8 %), abnormal liver enzymes (64.2 %), decreased protein C (64.2 %), decreased antithrombin III (64.2 %), decreased protein S (42.8 %), hypogammaglobulinemia (35.7 %), cerebellar hypoplasia (28.5 %), CK elevation (7.1 %), and hypoglycemia (7.1 %). CONCLUSIONS This study contributes to the literature by sharing our ultra-rare DPM1-CDG case with less than 20 cases in the literature and expanding the clinical and molecular characteristics of other CDG patients. Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, short stature, hypothyroidism, growth hormone deficiency, hypogammaglobulinemia, pericardial effusion, elevated CK, congenital myasthenia, and anorectal malformation were unique findings that were observed. Cerebello-ocular findings accompanying multi-organ involvement were an essential clue for a possible CDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Yoldas Celik
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Havva Yazici
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Fehime Erdem
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Ayse Yuksel Yanbolu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Ayca Aykut
- Department of Genetics, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Asude Durmaz
- Department of Genetics, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Selcan Zeybek
- Department of Genetics, Tinaztepe University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Ebru Canda
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Sema Kalkan Ucar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Mahmut Coker
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Türkiye
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12
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Munch TN, Hedley PL, Hagen CM, Bækvad-Hansen M, Geller F, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Nordentoft M, Børglum AD, Werge TM, Melbye M, Hougaard DM, Larsen LA, Christensen ST, Christiansen M. The genetic background of hydrocephalus in a population-based cohort: implication of ciliary involvement. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad004. [PMID: 36694575 PMCID: PMC9866251 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrocephalus is one of the most common congenital disorders of the central nervous system and often displays psychiatric co-morbidities, in particular autism spectrum disorder. The disease mechanisms behind hydrocephalus are complex and not well understood, but some association with dysfunctional cilia in the brain ventricles and subarachnoid space has been indicated. A better understanding of the genetic aetiology of hydrocephalus, including the role of ciliopathies, may bring insights into a potentially shared genetic aetiology. In this population-based case-cohort study, we, for the first time, investigated variants of postulated hydrocephalus candidate genes. Using these data, we aimed to investigate potential involvement of the ciliome in hydrocephalus and describe genotype-phenotype associations with an autism spectrum disorder. One-hundred and twenty-one hydrocephalus candidate genes were screened in a whole-exome-sequenced sub-cohort of the Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research study, comprising 72 hydrocephalus patients and 4181 background population controls. Candidate genes containing high-impact variants of interest were systematically evaluated for their involvement in ciliary function and an autism spectrum disorder. The median age at diagnosis for the hydrocephalus patients was 0 years (range 0-27 years), the median age at analysis was 22 years (11-35 years), and 70.5% were males. The median age for controls was 18 years (range 11-26 years) and 53.3% were males. Fifty-two putative hydrocephalus-associated variants in 34 genes were identified in 42 patients (58.3%). In hydrocephalus cases, we found increased, but not significant, enrichment of high-impact protein altering variants (odds ratio 1.51, 95% confidence interval 0.92-2.51, P = 0.096), which was driven by a significant enrichment of rare protein truncating variants (odds ratio 2.71, 95% confidence interval 1.17-5.58, P = 0.011). Fourteen of the genes with high-impact variants are part of the ciliome, whereas another six genes affect cilia-dependent processes during neurogenesis. Furthermore, 15 of the 34 genes with high-impact variants and three of eight genes with protein truncating variants were associated with an autism spectrum disorder. Because symptoms of other diseases may be neglected or masked by the hydrocephalus-associated symptoms, we suggest that patients with congenital hydrocephalus undergo clinical genetic assessment with respect to ciliopathies and an autism spectrum disorder. Our results point to the significance of hydrocephalus as a ciliary disease in some cases. Future studies in brain ciliopathies may not only reveal new insights into hydrocephalus but also, brain disease in the broadest sense, given the essential role of cilia in neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina N Munch
- Correspondence to: Tina Nørgaard Munch, MD Associate Professor, Department of Neurosurgery 6031 Copenhagen University Hospital, Inge Lehmanns Vej 6 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark E-mail:
| | - Paula L Hedley
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark,Brazen Bio, Los Angeles, 90502 CA, USA
| | - Christian M Hagen
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marie Bækvad-Hansen
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark,Mental Health Centre, Capital Region of Denmark, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark,Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas M Werge
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark,Mental Health Centre, Capital Region of Denmark, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo 0473, Norway,K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - David M Hougaard
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars A Larsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren T Christensen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Christiansen
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark,Department of Biomedical Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Younger DS. Childhood muscular dystrophies. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 195:461-496. [PMID: 37562882 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98818-6.00024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Infancy- and childhood-onset muscular dystrophies are associated with a characteristic distribution and progression of motor dysfunction. The underlying causes of progressive childhood muscular dystrophies are heterogeneous involving diverse genetic pathways and genes that encode proteins of the plasma membrane, extracellular matrix, sarcomere, and nuclear membrane components. The prototypical clinicopathological features in an affected child may be adequate to fully distinguish it from other likely diagnoses based on four common features: (1) weakness and wasting of pelvic-femoral and scapular muscles with involvement of heart muscle; (2) elevation of serum muscle enzymes in particular serum creatine kinase; (3) necrosis and regeneration of myofibers; and (4) molecular neurogenetic assessment particularly utilizing next-generation sequencing of the genome of the likeliest candidates genes in an index case or family proband. A number of different animal models of therapeutic strategies have been developed for gene transfer therapy, but so far these techniques have not yet entered clinical practice. Treatment remains for the most part symptomatic with the goal of ameliorating locomotor and cardiorespiratory manifestations of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Younger
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Neuroscience, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine and Neurology, White Plains Hospital, White Plains, NY, United States.
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14
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Chen Y, Ding W, Xu Y, Li S, Zhang W. Exploratory application of an integrated topic-based curriculum in biochemistry experimental teaching. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION : A BIMONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 50:561-570. [PMID: 36082801 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.21564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biochemistry, a complicated basic course in health sciences, plays a fundamental role in describing pathogenic mechanism of illness in molecular terms, and is required to be learned for all medical students. Due to various obstacles to biochemistry learning and teaching, there is a pressing issue of curriculum reform to arouse the student's enthusiasm in biochemistry learning. In this study, an integrated topic-based biochemistry training program (TBBTP) combining the traditional lectures, question-based learning and experimental practices, was introduced in biochemistry teaching. Its effectiveness was evaluated through examination and questionnaire analyses. Consequently, we found that TBBTP promoted the dissemination of biochemical knowledge via traditional lecture, designated learning issues and experimental practices, and acquisition of various skills through practical operation, presentation, and independent learning. It motivated students to study biochemistry with intense interest and enthusiasm. This study explored the feasibility of the topic-based biochemistry teaching as a supplement to biochemistry curriculum in medical education and as a mainstream pedagogy in biochemistry lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfei Chen
- Grade 2020, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyong Ding
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department of College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuefei Xu
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department of College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department of College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department of College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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15
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Fasano G, Compagnucci C, Dallapiccola B, Tartaglia M, Lauri A. Teleost Fish and Organoids: Alternative Windows Into the Development of Healthy and Diseased Brains. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:855786. [PMID: 36034498 PMCID: PMC9403253 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.855786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The variety in the display of animals’ cognition, emotions, and behaviors, typical of humans, has its roots within the anterior-most part of the brain: the forebrain, giving rise to the neocortex in mammals. Our understanding of cellular and molecular events instructing the development of this domain and its multiple adaptations within the vertebrate lineage has progressed in the last decade. Expanding and detailing the available knowledge on regionalization, progenitors’ behavior and functional sophistication of the forebrain derivatives is also key to generating informative models to improve our characterization of heterogeneous and mechanistically unexplored cortical malformations. Classical and emerging mammalian models are irreplaceable to accurately elucidate mechanisms of stem cells expansion and impairments of cortex development. Nevertheless, alternative systems, allowing a considerable reduction of the burden associated with animal experimentation, are gaining popularity to dissect basic strategies of neural stem cells biology and morphogenesis in health and disease and to speed up preclinical drug testing. Teleost vertebrates such as zebrafish, showing conserved core programs of forebrain development, together with patients-derived in vitro 2D and 3D models, recapitulating more accurately human neurogenesis, are now accepted within translational workflows spanning from genetic analysis to functional investigation. Here, we review the current knowledge of common and divergent mechanisms shaping the forebrain in vertebrates, and causing cortical malformations in humans. We next address the utility, benefits and limitations of whole-brain/organism-based fish models or neuronal ensembles in vitro for translational research to unravel key genes and pathological mechanisms involved in neurodevelopmental diseases.
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16
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Seizures and EEG characteristics in a cohort of pediatric patients with dystroglycanopathies. Seizure 2022; 101:39-47. [PMID: 35863218 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To delineate the seizure type, phenotype and V-EEG patterns of dystroglycanopathy (DGP) and correlate them with the neuroradiological and genetic results. METHODS Patients with seizures were screened from our dystroglycanopathy database from January 2010 to March 2021. Detailed clinical information, including seizure type, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), EEG and genetic analysis, was collected. RESULTS Thirteen patients (15.1%, 13/86) had seizures. Most patients had a severe phenotype. The mean age at first seizure onset was 2 years and 8 months. The most common seizure type was generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS), with 92.3% (12/13) induced by fever. Three patients were diagnosed with epilepsy. Most patients did not take any medicine. A few patients had irregular use of antiseizure medications (ASMs). Of the 13 patients, seven patients were diagnosed with MEB, four patients with POMGNT1 mutations, two with ISPD mutations, and one with POMT1 mutation. Three patients were diagnosed with FCMD with FKTN mutations. Two patients were diagnosed with CMD-MR, one patient with ISPD mutation, and one with POMT1 mutation. One patient was diagnosed with LGMD with FKRP mutation. Nine patients underwent EEG examination, and eight patients had abnormal EEG results, including abnormal background activities in three patients, abnormal background activities combined with paroxysmal discharges in three patients, pure paroxysmal discharges in one patient and positive phase sharp waves in the occipital region in one patient. For radiology, brain MRI was available for 12 patients. The brain MRI of nine patients showed type II lissencephaly. Two patients showed cerebellar hypoplasia and brainstem hypoplasia. One patient had a normal brain MRI result. Patients with type II lissencephaly usually had abnormal background activities and paroxysmal discharges. CONCLUSION The seizure phenotype of dystroglycanopathy (DGP) is characterized by GTCS, which was the most common seizure type, while focal seizures and epileptic spasms could also occur in DGP patients. Most seizures were induced by fever. Seizures were relatively more frequent in severe phenotypes of DGP, such as FCMD and MEB. Abnormal background activities were the most common EEG patterns, which were closely related to type II lissencephaly.
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17
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Sheikh MO, Capicciotti CJ, Liu L, Praissman J, Ding D, Mead DG, Brindley MA, Willer T, Campbell KP, Moremen KW, Wells L, Boons GJ. Cell surface glycan engineering reveals that matriglycan alone can recapitulate dystroglycan binding and function. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3617. [PMID: 35750689 PMCID: PMC9232514 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31205-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Dystroglycan (α-DG) is uniquely modified on O-mannose sites by a repeating disaccharide (-Xylα1,3-GlcAβ1,3-)n termed matriglycan, which is a receptor for laminin-G domain-containing proteins and employed by old-world arenaviruses for infection. Using chemoenzymatically synthesized matriglycans printed as a microarray, we demonstrate length-dependent binding to Laminin, Lassa virus GP1, and the clinically-important antibody IIH6. Utilizing an enzymatic engineering approach, an N-linked glycoprotein was converted into a IIH6-positive Laminin-binding glycoprotein. Engineering of the surface of cells deficient for either α-DG or O-mannosylation with matriglycans of sufficient length recovers infection with a Lassa-pseudovirus. Finally, free matriglycan in a dose and length dependent manner inhibits viral infection of wildtype cells. These results indicate that matriglycan alone is necessary and sufficient for IIH6 staining, Laminin and LASV GP1 binding, and Lassa-pseudovirus infection and support a model in which it is a tunable receptor for which increasing chain length enhances ligand-binding capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Osman Sheikh
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Chantelle J Capicciotti
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Departments of Chemistry, Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, and Surgery, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Lin Liu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jeremy Praissman
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Dahai Ding
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel G Mead
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Tobias Willer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Specialized Research Center, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kevin P Campbell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Specialized Research Center, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lance Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Cancer Malignancy Is Correlated with Upregulation of PCYT2-Mediated Glycerol Phosphate Modification of α-Dystroglycan. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126662. [PMID: 35743105 PMCID: PMC9223686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The dystrophin–glycoprotein complex connects the cytoskeleton with base membrane components such as laminin through unique O-glycans displayed on α-dystroglycan (α-DG). Genetic impairment of elongation of these glycans causes congenital muscular dystrophies. We previously identified that glycerol phosphate (GroP) can cap the core part of the α-DG O-glycans and terminate their further elongation. This study examined the possible roles of the GroP modification in cancer malignancy, focusing on colorectal cancer. We found that the GroP modification critically depends on PCYT2, which serves as cytidine 5′-diphosphate-glycerol (CDP-Gro) synthase. Furthermore, we identified a significant positive correlation between cancer progression and GroP modification, which also correlated positively with PCYT2 expression. Moreover, we demonstrate that GroP modification promotes the migration of cancer cells. Based on these findings, we propose that the GroP modification by PCYT2 disrupts the glycan-mediated cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix and thereby enhances cancer metastasis. Thus, the present study suggests the possibility of novel approaches for cancer treatment by targeting the PCYT2-mediated GroP modification.
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Masri AT, Oweis L, Qudah AA, El-Shanti H. Congenital muscle dystrophies: Role of singleton whole exome sequencing in countries with limited resources. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2022; 217:107271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2022.107271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Expanding the Phenotype of B3GALNT2-Related Disorders. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040694. [PMID: 35456500 PMCID: PMC9024883 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystroglycanopathies are a group of congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) that include a broad phenotypic spectrum ranging from late-onset limb-girdle muscular dystrophy to severe muscle–eye–brain disease, Walker–Warburg syndrome, and Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy. In addition to clinical heterogeneity, CMDs are characterized by genetic heterogeneity. To date, 18 genes have been associated with CMDs. One of them is B3GALNT2, which encodes the β-1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 that glycosylates α-dystroglycan. In this study, using exome sequencing, we identify a homozygous frameshift variant in B3GALNT2 due to a mixed uniparental disomy of chromosome 1 in a 7-year-old girl with global developmental delay, severely delayed active language development, and autism spectrum disorder but without any symptoms of muscular dystrophy. In addition to this case, we also provide an overview of all previously reported cases, further expanding the phenotypic spectrum.
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21
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Wang P, Jin P, Zhu L, Chen M, Qian Y, Zeng W, Wang M, Xu Y, Xu Y, Dong M. Prenatal Diagnosis of Walker-Warburg Syndrome due to Compound Mutations in the B3GALNT2 Gene. J Gene Med 2022; 24:e3417. [PMID: 35338537 PMCID: PMC9286840 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Congenital hydrocephalus is one of the symptoms of Walker–Warburg syndrome that is attributed to the disruptions of the genes, among which the B3GALNT2 gene is rarely reported. A diagnosis of the Walker–Warburg syndrome depends on the clinical manifestations and the whole‐exome sequencing after birth, which is unfavorable for an early diagnosis. Methods Walker–Warburg Syndrome was suspected in two families with severe fetal congenital hydrocephalus. Whole‐exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were performed on the affected fetuses. Results The compound heterozygous variants c.1A>G p.(Met1Val) and c.1151+1G>A, and c.1068dupT p.(D357*) and c.1052 T>A p.(L351*) in the B3GALNT2 gene were identified, which were predicted to be pathogenic and likely pathogenic, respectively. Walker–Warburg syndrome was prenatally diagnosed on the basis of fetal imaging and whole‐exome sequencing. Conclusions Our findings expand the spectrum of pathogenic mutations in Walker–Warburg syndrome and provide new insights into the prenatal diagnosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengzhen Jin
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linyan Zhu
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Chen
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yeqing Qian
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenshan Zeng
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Xu
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanfei Xu
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minyue Dong
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
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22
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Rikitake M, Hata J, Iida M, Seki F, Ito R, Komaki Y, Yamada C, Yoshimaru D, Okano HJ, Shirakawa T. Analysis of Brain Structure and Neural Organization in Dystrophin-Deficient Model Mice with Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 7 T. Open Neuroimag J 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/18744400-v15-e2202040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Dystrophin strengthens muscle cells; however, in muscular dystrophy, dystrophin is deficient due to an abnormal sugar chain. This abnormality occurs in skeletal muscle and in brain tissue.
Objective:
This study aimed to non-invasively analyze the neural organization of the brain in muscular dystrophy. We used a mouse model of muscular dystrophy to study whether changes in brain structure and neurodegeneration following dystrophin deficiency can be assessed by 7T magnetic resonance imaging.
Methods:
C57BL/10-mdx (X chromosome-linked muscular dystrophy) mice were used as the dystrophic mouse model and healthy mice were used as controls. Ventricular enlargement is one of the most common brain malformations in dystrophin-deficient patients. Therefore, we examined whether ventricular enlargement was observed in C57BL/10-mdx using transverse-relaxation weighted images. Brain parenchyma analysis was performed using diffusion MRI with diffusion tensor images and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging. Parenchymal degeneration was assessed in terms of directional diffusion, nerve fiber diffusion, and dendritic scattering density.
Results:
For the volume of brain ventricles analyzed by T2WI, the average size was 1.5 times larger in mdx mice compared to control mice. In the brain parenchyma, a significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed in parameters indicating disturbances in the direction of nerve fibers and dendritic scattering density in the white matter region.
Conclusion:
Our results show that changes in brain structure due to dystrophin deficiency can be assessed in detail without tissue destruction by combining diffusion tensor images and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging analyses.
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23
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Morton SU, Christodoulou J, Costain G, Muntoni F, Wakeling E, Wojcik MH, French CE, Szuto A, Dowling JJ, Cohn RD, Raymond FL, Darras BT, Williams DA, Lunke S, Stark Z, Rowitch DH, Agrawal PB. Multicenter Consensus Approach to Evaluation of Neonatal Hypotonia in the Genomic Era: A Review. JAMA Neurol 2022; 79:405-413. [PMID: 35254387 PMCID: PMC10134401 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Importance Infants with hypotonia can present with a variety of potentially severe clinical signs and symptoms and often require invasive testing and multiple procedures. The wide range of clinical presentations and potential etiologies leaves diagnosis and prognosis uncertain, underscoring the need for rapid elucidation of the underlying genetic cause of disease. Observations The clinical application of exome sequencing or genome sequencing has dramatically improved the timely yield of diagnostic testing for neonatal hypotonia, with diagnostic rates of greater than 50% in academic neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) across Australia, Canada, the UK, and the US, which compose the International Precision Child Health Partnership (IPCHiP). A total of 74% (17 of 23) of patients had a change in clinical care in response to genetic diagnosis, including 2 patients who received targeted therapy. This narrative review discusses the common causes of neonatal hypotonia, the relative benefits and limitations of available testing modalities used in NICUs, and hypotonia management recommendations. Conclusions and Relevance This narrative review summarizes the causes of neonatal hypotonia and the benefits of prompt genetic diagnosis, including improved prognostication and identification of targeted treatments which can improve the short-term and long-term outcomes. Institutional resources can vary among different NICUs; as a result, consideration should be given to rule out a small number of relatively unique conditions for which rapid targeted genetic testing is available. Nevertheless, the consensus recommendation is to use rapid genome or exome sequencing as a first-line testing option for NICU patients with unexplained hypotonia. As part of the IPCHiP, this diagnostic experience will be collected in a central database with the goal of advancing knowledge of neonatal hypotonia and improving evidence-based practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah U Morton
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John Christodoulou
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gregory Costain
- Division of Clinical & Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Program for Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- National Institute for Health Research Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,North East Thames Regional Genetic Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Wakeling
- North East Thames Regional Genetic Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Monica H Wojcik
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Courtney E French
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anna Szuto
- Department of Genetic Counselling, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James J Dowling
- Program for Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ronald D Cohn
- Division of Clinical & Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Program for Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - F Lucy Raymond
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Basil T Darras
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David A Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sebastian Lunke
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zornitza Stark
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Australian Genomics Health Alliance, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Pankaj B Agrawal
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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24
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Wu WJ, Sun SZ, Li BG. Congenital muscular dystrophy caused by beta1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 gene mutation: Two case reports. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:1056-1066. [PMID: 35127920 PMCID: PMC8790464 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i3.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the beta1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (B3GALNT2) gene can lead to impaired glycosylation of α-dystroglycan, which, in turn, causes congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD). The clinical phenotypes of CMD are broad, and there are only a few reports of CMD worldwide.
CASE SUMMARY This report describes the cases of two children with CMD caused by B3GALNT2 gene mutation. The main manifestations of the two cases were abnormal walking posture, language development delay, and abnormal development of the white matter. Case 2 also had unreported symptoms of meningocele and giant arachnoid cyst. Both cases had compound heterozygous mutations of the B3GALNT2 gene, each containing a truncated mutation and a missense mutation, and three of the four loci had not been reported. Nineteen patients with CMD caused by B3GALNT2 gene mutation were found in the literature. Summary and analysis of the characteristics of CMD caused by B3GALNT2 gene mutation showed that 100% of the cases had nervous system involvement. Head magnetic resonance imaging often showed abnormal manifestations, and more than half of the children had eye and muscle involvement; some of the gene-related symptoms were self-healing.
CONCLUSION B3GALNT2 gene can be used as one of the candidate genes for screening CMD, cognitive development retardation, epilepsy, and multiple brain developmental malformations in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Children's Hospital, Hebei Children's Hospital Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050031, Hebei Province, China
| | - Su-Zhen Sun
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Children's Hospital, Hebei Children's Hospital Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050031, Hebei Province, China
| | - Bao-Guang Li
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Children's Hospital, Hebei Children's Hospital Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050031, Hebei Province, China
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25
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Molecular and cellular basis of genetically inherited skeletal muscle disorders. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:713-732. [PMID: 34257452 PMCID: PMC9686310 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00389-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuromuscular disorders comprise a diverse group of human inborn diseases that arise from defects in the structure and/or function of the muscle tissue - encompassing the muscle cells (myofibres) themselves and their extracellular matrix - or muscle fibre innervation. Since the identification in 1987 of the first genetic lesion associated with a neuromuscular disorder - mutations in dystrophin as an underlying cause of Duchenne muscular dystrophy - the field has made tremendous progress in understanding the genetic basis of these diseases, with pathogenic variants in more than 500 genes now identified as underlying causes of neuromuscular disorders. The subset of neuromuscular disorders that affect skeletal muscle are referred to as myopathies or muscular dystrophies, and are due to variants in genes encoding muscle proteins. Many of these proteins provide structural stability to the myofibres or function in regulating sarcolemmal integrity, whereas others are involved in protein turnover, intracellular trafficking, calcium handling and electrical excitability - processes that ensure myofibre resistance to stress and their primary activity in muscle contraction. In this Review, we discuss how defects in muscle proteins give rise to muscle dysfunction, and ultimately to disease, with a focus on pathologies that are most common, best understood and that provide the most insight into muscle biology.
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26
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Diaphragmatic hernia with focal megaoesophagus: An extremely rare combination. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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The promiscuous binding pocket of SLC35A1 ensures redundant transport of CDP-ribitol to the Golgi. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100789. [PMID: 34015330 PMCID: PMC8192872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycoprotein α-dystroglycan helps to link the intracellular cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. A unique glycan structure attached to this protein is required for its interaction with extracellular matrix proteins such as laminin. Up to now, this is the only mammalian glycan known to contain ribitol phosphate groups. Enzymes in the Golgi apparatus use CDP-ribitol to incorporate ribitol phosphate into the glycan chain of α-dystroglycan. Since CDP-ribitol is synthesized in the cytoplasm, we hypothesized that an unknown transporter must be required for its import into the Golgi apparatus. We discovered that CDP-ribitol transport relies on the CMP-sialic acid transporter SLC35A1 and the transporter SLC35A4 in a redundant manner. These two transporters are closely related, but bulky residues in the predicted binding pocket of SLC35A4 limit its size. We hypothesized that the large binding pocket SLC35A1 might accommodate the bulky CMP-sialic acid and the smaller CDP-ribitol, whereas SLC35A4 might only accept CDP-ribitol. To test this, we expressed SLC35A1 with mutations in its binding pocket in SLC35A1 KO cell lines. When we restricted the binding site of SLC35A1 by introducing the bulky residues present in SLC35A4, the mutant transporter was unable to support sialylation of proteins in cells but still supported ribitol phosphorylation. This demonstrates that the size of the binding pocket determines the substrate specificity of SLC35A1, allowing a variety of cytosine nucleotide conjugates to be transported. The redundancy with SLC35A4 also explains why patients with SLC35A1 mutations do not show symptoms of α-dystroglycan deficiency.
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28
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Brown SC, Fernandez-Fuente M, Muntoni F, Vissing J. Phenotypic Spectrum of α-Dystroglycanopathies Associated With the c.919T>a Variant in the FKRP Gene in Humans and Mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 79:1257-1264. [PMID: 33051673 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the fukutin-related protein gene, FKRP, are the most frequent single cause of α-dystroglycanopathy. Rare FKRP mutations are clinically not well characterized. Here, we review the phenotype associated with the rare c.919T>A mutation in FKRP in humans and mice. We describe clinical and paraclinical findings in 6 patients, 2 homozygous, and 4-compound heterozygous for c.919T>A, and compare findings with a mouse model we generated, which is homozygous for the same mutation. In patients, the mutation at the homozygous state is associated with a severe congenital muscular dystrophy phenotype invariably characterized by severe multisystem disease and early death. Compound heterozygous patients have a severe limb-girdle muscular dystrophy phenotype, loss of ambulation before age 20 and respiratory insufficiency. In contrast, mice homozygous for the same mutation show no symptoms or signs of muscle disease. Evidence therefore defines the FKRP c.919T>A as a very severe mutation in humans. The huge discrepancy between phenotypes in humans and mice suggests that differences in protein folding/processing exist between human and mouse Fkrp. This emphasizes the need for more detailed structural analyses of FKRP and shows the challenges of developing appropriate animal models of dystroglycanopathies that mimic the disease course in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Brown
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | | | - Francesco Muntoni
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK and National Institute for Health Research Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London
| | - John Vissing
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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Ferent J, Zaidi D, Francis F. Extracellular Control of Radial Glia Proliferation and Scaffolding During Cortical Development and Pathology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:578341. [PMID: 33178693 PMCID: PMC7596222 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.578341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
During the development of the cortex, newly generated neurons migrate long-distances in the expanding tissue to reach their final positions. Pyramidal neurons are produced from dorsal progenitors, e.g., radial glia (RGs) in the ventricular zone, and then migrate along RG processes basally toward the cortex. These neurons are hence dependent upon RG extensions to support their migration from apical to basal regions. Several studies have investigated how intracellular determinants are required for RG polarity and subsequent formation and maintenance of their processes. Fewer studies have identified the influence of the extracellular environment on this architecture. This review will focus on extracellular factors which influence RG morphology and pyramidal neuronal migration during normal development and their perturbations in pathology. During cortical development, RGs are present in different strategic positions: apical RGs (aRGs) have their cell bodies located in the ventricular zone with an apical process contacting the ventricle, while they also have a basal process extending radially to reach the pial surface of the cortex. This particular conformation allows aRGs to be exposed to long range and short range signaling cues, whereas basal RGs (bRGs, also known as outer RGs, oRGs) have their cell bodies located throughout the cortical wall, limiting their access to ventricular factors. Long range signals impacting aRGs include secreted molecules present in the embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (e.g., Neuregulin, EGF, FGF, Wnt, BMP). Secreted molecules also contribute to the extracellular matrix (fibronectin, laminin, reelin). Classical short range factors include cell to cell signaling, adhesion molecules and mechano-transduction mechanisms (e.g., TAG1, Notch, cadherins, mechanical tension). Changes in one or several of these components influencing the RG extracellular environment can disrupt the development or maintenance of RG architecture on which neuronal migration relies, leading to a range of cortical malformations. First, we will detail the known long range signaling cues impacting RG. Then, we will review how short range cell contacts are also important to instruct the RG framework. Understanding how RG processes are structured by their environment to maintain and support radial migration is a critical part of the investigation of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Ferent
- Inserm, U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, IFM, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer á Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Donia Zaidi
- Inserm, U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, IFM, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer á Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Fiona Francis
- Inserm, U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, IFM, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer á Moulin, Paris, France
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30
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Barnett R, Westbury MV, Sandoval-Velasco M, Vieira FG, Jeon S, Zazula G, Martin MD, Ho SYW, Mather N, Gopalakrishnan S, Ramos-Madrigal J, de Manuel M, Zepeda-Mendoza ML, Antunes A, Baez AC, De Cahsan B, Larson G, O'Brien SJ, Eizirik E, Johnson WE, Koepfli KP, Wilting A, Fickel J, Dalén L, Lorenzen ED, Marques-Bonet T, Hansen AJ, Zhang G, Bhak J, Yamaguchi N, Gilbert MTP. Genomic Adaptations and Evolutionary History of the Extinct Scimitar-Toothed Cat, Homotherium latidens. Curr Biol 2020; 30:5018-5025.e5. [PMID: 33065008 PMCID: PMC7762822 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Homotherium was a genus of large-bodied scimitar-toothed cats, morphologically distinct from any extant felid species, that went extinct at the end of the Pleistocene [1, 2, 3, 4]. They possessed large, saber-form serrated canine teeth, powerful forelimbs, a sloping back, and an enlarged optic bulb, all of which were key characteristics for predation on Pleistocene megafauna [5]. Previous mitochondrial DNA phylogenies suggested that it was a highly divergent sister lineage to all extant cat species [6, 7, 8]. However, mitochondrial phylogenies can be misled by hybridization [9], incomplete lineage sorting (ILS), or sex-biased dispersal patterns [10], which might be especially relevant for Homotherium since widespread mito-nuclear discrepancies have been uncovered in modern cats [10]. To examine the evolutionary history of Homotherium, we generated a ∼7x nuclear genome and a ∼38x exome from H. latidens using shotgun and target-capture sequencing approaches. Phylogenetic analyses reveal Homotherium as highly divergent (∼22.5 Ma) from living cat species, with no detectable signs of gene flow. Comparative genomic analyses found signatures of positive selection in several genes, including those involved in vision, cognitive function, and energy consumption, putatively consistent with diurnal activity, well-developed social behavior, and cursorial hunting [5]. Finally, we uncover relatively high levels of genetic diversity, suggesting that Homotherium may have been more abundant than the limited fossil record suggests [3, 4, 11, 12, 13, 14]. Our findings complement and extend previous inferences from both the fossil record and initial molecular studies, enhancing our understanding of the evolution and ecology of this remarkable lineage. Nuclear genome and exome analyses of extinct scimitar-toothed cat, Homotherium latidens Homotherium was a highly divergent lineage from all living cat species (∼22.5 Ma) Genetic adaptations to cursorial and diurnal hunting behaviors Relatively high levels of genetic diversity in this individual
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Barnett
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael V Westbury
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Marcela Sandoval-Velasco
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filipe Garrett Vieira
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sungwon Jeon
- Korean Genomics Center (KOGIC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Grant Zazula
- Yukon Palaeontology Program, Department of Tourism and Culture, Government of Yukon, PO Box 2703, Whitehorse, YT Y1A 2C6, Canada
| | - Michael D Martin
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim NO-7491, Norway
| | - Simon Y W Ho
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Niklas Mather
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Shyam Gopalakrishnan
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, Copenhagen 1352, Denmark
| | - Jazmín Ramos-Madrigal
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, Copenhagen 1352, Denmark
| | - Marc de Manuel
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), PRBB, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - M Lisandra Zepeda-Mendoza
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Agostinho Antunes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, Porto 4450-208, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Aldo Carmona Baez
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Binia De Cahsan
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Greger Larson
- The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, 1 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK
| | - Stephen J O'Brien
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, Center for Computer Technologies, ITMO University, 49 Kronverkskiy Pr., St. Petersburg 197101, Russia; Guy Harvey Oceanographic Center, Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, 8000 North Ocean Drive. Ft Lauderdale, FL 33004, USA
| | - Eduardo Eizirik
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biology, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; INCT Ecologia, Evolução e Conservação da Biodiversidade (INCT-EECBio), Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia, SP, Brazil
| | - Warren E Johnson
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA; The Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Museum Support Center MRC-534, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Rd., Suitland, MD 20746-2863, USA; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Klaus-Peter Koepfli
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Andreas Wilting
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, Berlin 10315, Germany
| | - Jörns Fickel
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, Berlin 10315, Germany; Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Love Dalén
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden; Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, Stockholm 10405, Sweden
| | - Eline D Lorenzen
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, Copenhagen 1352, Denmark
| | - Tomas Marques-Bonet
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), PRBB, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 4, Barcelona 08028, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, ICREA, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Anders J Hansen
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, Copenhagen 1352, Denmark; Section for GeoGenetics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guojie Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, Denmark; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Jong Bhak
- Korean Genomics Center (KOGIC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Clinomics, Inc., Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Personal Genomics Institute (PGI), Genome Research Foundation (GRF), Osong 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Nobuyuki Yamaguchi
- Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 21030, Malaysia
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim NO-7491, Norway; Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, Copenhagen 1352, Denmark.
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Ma L, Song J, Sun X, Ding W, Fan K, Qi M, Xu Y, Zhang W. Role of microtubule-associated protein 6 glycosylated with Gal-(β-1,3)-GalNAc in Parkinson's disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:4597-4610. [PMID: 31289257 PMCID: PMC6660046 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation of proteins has major implications for human diseases. To determine whether protein glycosylation contributes to the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD), a mouse model of PD was established by injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Induction of PD-like features was verified by assessing motor impairment and confirming reductions in biological markers, including dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and tyrosine hydroxylase, as well as the aggregation of α-synuclein. Altered glycosylation was detected using biotinylated agaracus bisporus lectin, which specifically binds exposed Gal-(β-1,3)-GalNAc linked to glycoproteins. Subsequent lectin affinity chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry revealed enhanced glycosylation of microtubule-associated protein 6 (MAP6) in PD mice as compared to healthy controls. In situ dual co-immunofluorescence analysis and immunoblotting confirmed that MAP6 is glycosylated with Gal-(β-1,3)-GalNAc oligosaccharides, which in turn alters the distribution and structure of MAP6 complexes within neurons. This is the first study to described MAP6 as a glycoprotein containing Gal-(β-1,3)-GalNAc oligosaccharides and to show that hyperglycosylation of MAP6 is strongly associated with the pathogenesis of PD. These findings provide potentially valuable information for developing new therapeutic targets for the treatment of PD as well as reliably prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jiaxin Song
- Department of Epidemiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xueying Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Wenyong Ding
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department of College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Kaiyang Fan
- Medical Administration Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, China
| | - Minghua Qi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department of College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yuefei Xu
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department of College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department of College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
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Congenital hearing impairment associated with peripheral cochlear nerve dysmyelination in glycosylation-deficient muscular dystrophy. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008826. [PMID: 32453729 PMCID: PMC7274486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss (HL) is one of the most common sensory impairments and etiologically and genetically heterogeneous disorders in humans. Muscular dystrophies (MDs) are neuromuscular disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle accompanied by non-muscular symptoms. Aberrant glycosylation of α-dystroglycan causes at least eighteen subtypes of MD, now categorized as MD-dystroglycanopathy (MD-DG), with a wide spectrum of non-muscular symptoms. Despite a growing number of MD-DG subtypes and increasing evidence regarding their molecular pathogeneses, no comprehensive study has investigated sensorineural HL (SNHL) in MD-DG. Here, we found that two mouse models of MD-DG, Largemyd/myd and POMGnT1-KO mice, exhibited congenital, non-progressive, and mild-to-moderate SNHL in auditory brainstem response (ABR) accompanied by extended latency of wave I. Profoundly abnormal myelination was found at the peripheral segment of the cochlear nerve, which is rich in the glycosylated α-dystroglycan–laminin complex and demarcated by “the glial dome.” In addition, patients with Fukuyama congenital MD, a type of MD-DG, also had latent SNHL with extended latency of wave I in ABR. Collectively, these findings indicate that hearing impairment associated with impaired Schwann cell-mediated myelination at the peripheral segment of the cochlear nerve is a notable symptom of MD-DG. Hearing loss (HL) is one of the most common sensory impairments and heterogeneous disorders in humans. Up to 60% of HL cases are caused by genetic factors, and approximately 30% of genetic HL cases are syndromic. Although 400–700 genetic syndromes are associated with sensorineural HL (SNHL), caused due to problems in the nerve pathways from the cochlea to the brain, only about 45 genes are known to be associated with syndromic HL. Muscular dystrophies (MDs) are neuromuscular disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle accompanied by non-muscular symptoms. MD-dystroglycanopathy (MD-DG), caused by aberrant glycosylation of α-dystroglycan, is an MD subtype with a wide spectrum of non-muscular symptoms. Despite a growing number of MD-DG subtypes (at least 18), no comprehensive study has investigated SNHL in MD-DG. Here, we found that hearing impairment was associated with abnormal myelination of the peripheral segment of the cochlear nerve caused by impaired dystrophin–dystroglycan complex in two mouse models (type 3 and 6) of MD-DG and in patients (type 4) with MD-DG. This is the first comprehensive study investigating SNHL in MD-DG. Our findings may provide new insights into understanding the pathogenic characteristics and mechanisms underlying inherited syndromic hearing impairment.
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Kim J, Lana B, Torelli S, Ryan D, Catapano F, Ala P, Luft C, Stevens E, Konstantinidis E, Louzada S, Fu B, Paredes‐Redondo A, Chan AWE, Yang F, Stemple DL, Liu P, Ketteler R, Selwood DL, Muntoni F, Lin Y. A new patient-derived iPSC model for dystroglycanopathies validates a compound that increases glycosylation of α-dystroglycan. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e47967. [PMID: 31566294 PMCID: PMC6832011 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201947967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystroglycan, an extracellular matrix receptor, has essential functions in various tissues. Loss of α-dystroglycan-laminin interaction due to defective glycosylation of α-dystroglycan underlies a group of congenital muscular dystrophies often associated with brain malformations, referred to as dystroglycanopathies. The lack of isogenic human dystroglycanopathy cell models has limited our ability to test potential drugs in a human- and neural-specific context. Here, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a severe dystroglycanopathy patient with homozygous FKRP (fukutin-related protein gene) mutation. We showed that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene correction of FKRP restored glycosylation of α-dystroglycan in iPSC-derived cortical neurons, whereas targeted gene mutation of FKRP in wild-type cells disrupted this glycosylation. In parallel, we screened 31,954 small molecule compounds using a mouse myoblast line for increased glycosylation of α-dystroglycan. Using human FKRP-iPSC-derived neural cells for hit validation, we demonstrated that compound 4-(4-bromophenyl)-6-ethylsulfanyl-2-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-pyridine-5-carbonitrile (4BPPNit) significantly augmented glycosylation of α-dystroglycan, in part through upregulation of LARGE1 glycosyltransferase gene expression. Together, isogenic human iPSC-derived cells represent a valuable platform for facilitating dystroglycanopathy drug discovery and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihee Kim
- Centre for Genomics and Child HealthBlizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Stem Cell LaboratoryNational Bowel Research CentreBlizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Beatrice Lana
- Centre for Genomics and Child HealthBlizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Stem Cell LaboratoryNational Bowel Research CentreBlizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Silvia Torelli
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
| | - David Ryan
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonCambridgeUK
| | | | - Pierpaolo Ala
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
| | - Christin Luft
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Evangelos Konstantinidis
- Centre for Genomics and Child HealthBlizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Stem Cell LaboratoryNational Bowel Research CentreBlizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Beiyuan Fu
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonCambridgeUK
| | - Amaia Paredes‐Redondo
- Centre for Genomics and Child HealthBlizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Stem Cell LaboratoryNational Bowel Research CentreBlizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - AW Edith Chan
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical ResearchUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | | | - Pentao Liu
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonCambridgeUK
| | - Robin Ketteler
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - David L Selwood
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical ResearchUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Great Ormond Street HospitalLondonUK
| | - Yung‐Yao Lin
- Centre for Genomics and Child HealthBlizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Stem Cell LaboratoryNational Bowel Research CentreBlizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
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Harding P, Moosajee M. The Molecular Basis of Human Anophthalmia and Microphthalmia. J Dev Biol 2019; 7:jdb7030016. [PMID: 31416264 PMCID: PMC6787759 DOI: 10.3390/jdb7030016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human eye development is coordinated through an extensive network of genetic signalling pathways. Disruption of key regulatory genes in the early stages of eye development can result in aborted eye formation, resulting in an absent eye (anophthalmia) or a small underdeveloped eye (microphthalmia) phenotype. Anophthalmia and microphthalmia (AM) are part of the same clinical spectrum and have high genetic heterogeneity, with >90 identified associated genes. By understanding the roles of these genes in development, including their temporal expression, the phenotypic variation associated with AM can be better understood, improving diagnosis and management. This review describes the genetic and structural basis of eye development, focusing on the function of key genes known to be associated with AM. In addition, we highlight some promising avenues of research involving multiomic approaches and disease modelling with induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, which will aid in developing novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, UK.
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK.
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Bailey EC, Alrowaished SS, Kilroy EA, Crooks ES, Drinkert DM, Karunasiri CM, Belanger JJ, Khalil A, Kelley JB, Henry CA. NAD+ improves neuromuscular development in a zebrafish model of FKRP-associated dystroglycanopathy. Skelet Muscle 2019; 9:21. [PMID: 31391079 PMCID: PMC6685180 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-019-0206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Secondary dystroglycanopathies are muscular dystrophies that result from mutations in genes that participate in Dystroglycan glycosylation. Glycosylation of Dystroglycan is essential for muscle fibers to adhere to the muscle extracellular matrix (myomatrix). Although the myomatrix is disrupted in a number of secondary dystroglycanopathies, it is unknown whether improving the myomatrix is beneficial for these conditions. We previously determined that either NAD+ supplementation or overexpression of Paxillin are sufficient to improve muscle structure and the myomatrix in a zebrafish model of primary dystroglycanopathy. Here, we investigate how these modulations affect neuromuscular phenotypes in zebrafish fukutin-related protein (fkrp) morphants modeling FKRP-associated secondary dystroglycanopathy. Results We found that NAD+ supplementation prior to muscle development improved muscle structure, myotendinous junction structure, and muscle function in fkrp morphants. However, Paxillin overexpression did not improve any of these parameters in fkrp morphants. As movement also requires neuromuscular junction formation, we examined early neuromuscular junction development in fkrp morphants. The length of neuromuscular junctions was disrupted in fkrp morphants. NAD+ supplementation prior to neuromuscular junction development improved length. We investigated NMJ formation in dystroglycan (dag1) morphants and found that although NMJ morphology is disrupted in dag1 morphants, NAD+ is not sufficient to improve NMJ morphology in dag1 morphants. Ubiquitous overexpression of Fkrp rescued the fkrp morphant phenotype but muscle-specific overexpression only improved myotendinous junction structure. Conclusions These data indicate that Fkrp plays an early and essential role in muscle, myotendinous junction, and neuromuscular junction development. These data also indicate that, at least in the zebrafish model, FKRP-associated dystroglycanopathy does not exactly phenocopy DG-deficiency. Paxillin overexpression improves muscle structure in dag1 morphants but not fkrp morphants. In contrast, NAD+ supplementation improves NMJ morphology in fkrp morphants but not dag1 morphants. Finally, these data show that muscle-specific expression of Fkrp is insufficient to rescue muscle development and homeostasis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13395-019-0206-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C Bailey
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, 217 Hitchner Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | | | - Elisabeth A Kilroy
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, 217 Hitchner Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Emma S Crooks
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Daisy M Drinkert
- Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Chaya M Karunasiri
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.,Present Address: Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Joseph J Belanger
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.,Present Address: Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, 16509, USA
| | - Andre Khalil
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, 217 Hitchner Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Joshua B Kelley
- Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, 217 Hitchner Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Clarissa A Henry
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA. .,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, 217 Hitchner Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
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Donkervoort S, Dowling JJ, Laporte J, MacArthur D, Bönnemann CG. 214th ENMC International Workshop: Establishing an international consortium for gene discovery and clinical research for Congenital Muscle Disease, Heemskerk, the Netherlands, 6-18 October 2015. Neuromuscul Disord 2019; 29:644-650. [PMID: 31400830 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Donkervoort
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James J Dowling
- Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jocelyn Laporte
- Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, IGBMC, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Carsten G Bönnemann
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Kanagawa M, Toda T. Muscular Dystrophy with Ribitol-Phosphate Deficiency: A Novel Post-Translational Mechanism in Dystroglycanopathy. J Neuromuscul Dis 2019; 4:259-267. [PMID: 29081423 PMCID: PMC5701763 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-170255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Muscular dystrophy is a group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness. In the early 2000s, a new classification of muscular dystrophy, dystroglycanopathy, was established. Dystroglycanopathy often associates with abnormalities in the central nervous system. Currently, at least eighteen genes have been identified that are responsible for dystroglycanopathy, and despite its genetic heterogeneity, its common biochemical feature is abnormal glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan. Abnormal glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan reduces its binding activities to ligand proteins, including laminins. In just the last few years, remarkable progress has been made in determining the sugar chain structures and gene functions associated with dystroglycanopathy. The normal sugar chain contains tandem structures of ribitol-phosphate, a pentose alcohol that was previously unknown in humans. The dystroglycanopathy genes fukutin, fukutin-related protein (FKRP), and isoprenoid synthase domain-containing protein (ISPD) encode essential enzymes for the synthesis of this structure: fukutin and FKRP transfer ribitol-phosphate onto sugar chains of alpha-dystroglycan, and ISPD synthesizes CDP-ribitol, a donor substrate for fukutin and FKRP. These findings resolved long-standing questions and established a disease subgroup that is ribitol-phosphate deficient, which describes a large population of dystroglycanopathy patients. Here, we review the history of dystroglycanopathy, the properties of the sugar chain structure of alpha-dystroglycan, dystroglycanopathy gene functions, and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoi Kanagawa
- Division of Neurology/Molecular Brain Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Toda
- Division of Neurology/Molecular Brain Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Nakane T, Angata K, Sato T, Kaji H, Narimatsu H. Identification of mammalian glycoproteins with type-I LacdiNAc structures synthesized by the glycosyltransferase B3GALNT2. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:7433-7444. [PMID: 30898876 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The type-I LacdiNAc (LDN; GalNAcβ1-3GlcNAc) has rarely been observed in mammalian cells except in the O-glycan of α-dystroglycan, in contrast to type-II LDN structures (GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc) in N- and O-glycans that are present in many mammalian glycoproteins, such as pituitary and hypothalamic hormones. Although a β1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (B3GALNT2; type-I LDN synthase) has been cloned, the function of type-I LDN in mammalian cells is still unclear, as its carrier protein(s) has not been identified. In this study, using HeLa cells, we demonstrate that inhibition of Golgi-resident glycosyltransferase increases the abundance of B3GALNT2-synthesized type-I LDN structures, recognized by Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA). Using isotope-coded glycosylation site-specific tagging (IGOT)-LC/MS analysis of Lec8 Chinese hamster cells lacking galactosylation and of cells transfected with the B3GALNT2 gene, we identified the glycoproteins that carry B3GALNT2-generated type-I LDN in their N-glycans. Our results further revealed that LDN presence on low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 and nicastrin depends on B3GALNT2, indicating the occurrence of type-I LDN in vivo in mammalian cells. Our analysis also uncovered that most of the identified glycoproteins localize to intracellular organelles, particularly to the endoplasmic reticulum. Whereas B4GALNT3 and B4GALNT4 synthesized LDN on extracellular glycoproteins, B3GALNT2 primarily transferred LDN to intracellular glycoproteins, thereby clearly delineating proteins that carry type-I or type-II LDNs. Taken together, our results indicate the presence of mammalian glycoproteins carrying type-I LDN on N-glycans and suggest that type-I and type-II LDNs have different roles in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Nakane
- From the Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan and.,Doctoral Program in Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Angata
- From the Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan and
| | - Takashi Sato
- From the Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan and
| | - Hiroyuki Kaji
- From the Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan and
| | - Hisashi Narimatsu
- From the Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan and .,Doctoral Program in Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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Dasgupta K, Jeong J. Developmental biology of the meninges. Genesis 2019; 57:e23288. [PMID: 30801905 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The meninges are membranous layers surrounding the central nervous system. In the head, the meninges lie between the brain and the skull, and interact closely with both during development. The cranial meninges originate from a mesenchymal sheath on the surface of the developing brain, called primary meninx, and undergo differentiation into three layers with distinct histological characteristics: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. While genetic regulation of meningeal development is still poorly understood, mouse mutants and other models with meningeal defects have demonstrated the importance of the meninges to normal development of the calvaria and the brain. For the calvaria, the interactions with the meninges are necessary for the progression of calvarial osteogenesis during early development. In later stages, the meninges control the patterning of the skull and the fate of the sutures. For the brain, the meninges regulate diverse processes including cell survival, cell migration, generation of neurons from progenitors, and vascularization. Also, the meninges serve as a stem cell niche for the brain in the postnatal life. Given these important roles of the meninges, further investigation into the molecular mechanisms underlying meningeal development can provide novel insights into the coordinated development of the head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnakali Dasgupta
- New York University College of Dentistry, Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York, New York
| | - Juhee Jeong
- New York University College of Dentistry, Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York, New York
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40
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Kolb DS, Klein C. Congenital hydrocephalus in a Belgian draft horse associated with a nonsense mutation in B3GALNT2. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2019; 60:197-198. [PMID: 30705458 PMCID: PMC6340252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Congenital hydrocephalus has been reported for a number of horse breeds, and for Friesian horses this condition has been associated with a nonsense mutation of B3GALNT2. We report the first case of congenital hydrocephalus associated with the said mutation in a Belgian draft horse. Genetic testing and consideration of the testing results in breeding programs are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Scott Kolb
- Lodi Veterinary Care, 705 North Main Street, Lodi, Wisconsin 53555, USA (Kolb); University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6 (Klein)
| | - Claudia Klein
- Lodi Veterinary Care, 705 North Main Street, Lodi, Wisconsin 53555, USA (Kolb); University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6 (Klein)
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Francisco R, Pascoal C, Marques-da-Silva D, Morava E, Gole GA, Coman D, Jaeken J, Dos Reis Ferreira V. Keeping an eye on congenital disorders of O-glycosylation: A systematic literature review. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:29-48. [PMID: 30740740 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a rapidly growing family comprising >100 genetic diseases. Some 25 CDG are pure O-glycosylation defects. Even among this CDG subgroup, phenotypic diversity is broad, ranging from mild to severe poly-organ/system dysfunction. Ophthalmic manifestations are present in 60% of these CDG. The ophthalmic manifestations in N-glycosylation-deficient patients have been described elsewhere. The present review documents the spectrum and incidence of eye disorders in patients with pure O-glycosylation defects with the aim of assisting diagnosis and management and promoting research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Francisco
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlota Pascoal
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dorinda Marques-da-Silva
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eva Morava
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
- Center for Metabolic Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Glen A Gole
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Queensland, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Coman
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, The Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jaak Jaeken
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
- Center for Metabolic Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vanessa Dos Reis Ferreira
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
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Nickolls AR, Bönnemann CG. The roles of dystroglycan in the nervous system: insights from animal models of muscular dystrophy. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/12/dmm035931. [PMID: 30578246 PMCID: PMC6307911 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.035931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystroglycan is a cell membrane protein that binds to the extracellular matrix in a variety of mammalian tissues. The α-subunit of dystroglycan (αDG) is heavily glycosylated, including a special O-mannosyl glycoepitope, relying upon this unique glycosylation to bind its matrix ligands. A distinct group of muscular dystrophies results from specific hypoglycosylation of αDG, and they are frequently associated with central nervous system involvement, ranging from profound brain malformation to intellectual disability without evident morphological defects. There is an expanding literature addressing the function of αDG in the nervous system, with recent reports demonstrating important roles in brain development and in the maintenance of neuronal synapses. Much of these data are derived from an increasingly rich array of experimental animal models. This Review aims to synthesize the information from such diverse models, formulating an up-to-date understanding about the various functions of αDG in neurons and glia of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Where possible, we integrate these data with our knowledge of the human disorders to promote translation from basic mechanistic findings to clinical therapies that take the neural phenotypes into account. Summary: Dystroglycan is a ubiquitous matrix receptor linked to brain and muscle disease. Unraveling the functions of this protein will inform basic and translational research on neural development and muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec R Nickolls
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Carsten G Bönnemann
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Rowland K, Wolc A, Gallardo RA, Kelly T, Zhou H, Dekkers JCM, Lamont SJ. Genetic Analysis of a Commercial Egg Laying Line Challenged With Newcastle Disease Virus. Front Genet 2018; 9:326. [PMID: 30177951 PMCID: PMC6110172 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In low income countries, chickens play a vital role in daily life. They provide a critical source of protein through egg production and meat. Newcastle disease, caused by avian paramyxovirus type 1, has been ranked as the most devastating disease for scavenging chickens in Africa and Asia. High mortality among flocks infected with velogenic strains leads to a devastating loss of dietary protein and buying power for rural households. Improving the genetic resistance of chickens to Newcastle Disease virus (NDV), in addition to vaccination, is a practical target for improvement of poultry production in low income countries. Because response to NDV has a component of genetic control, it can be influenced through selective breeding. Adding genomic information to a breeding program can increase the amount of genetic progress per generation. In this study, we challenged a commercial egg-laying line with a lentogenic strain of NDV, measured phenotypic responses, collected genotypes, and associated genotypes with phenotypes. Collected phenotypes included viral load at 2 and 6 days post-infection (dpi), antibody levels pre-challenge and 10 dpi, and growth rates pre- and post-challenge. Six suggestive QTL associated with response to NDV and/or growth were identified, including novel and known QTL confirming previously reported associations with related traits. Additionally, previous RNA-seq analysis provided support for several of the genes located in or near the identified QTL. Considering the trend of negative genetic correlation between antibody and Newcastle Disease tolerance (growth under disease) and estimates of moderate to high heritability, we provide evidence that these NDV response traits can be influenced through selective breeding. Producing chickens that perform favorably in challenging environments will ultimately increase the supply of quality protein for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylee Rowland
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Anna Wolc
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Hy-Line International, Dallas Center, IA, United States
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Terra Kelly
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jack C M Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Susan J Lamont
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Detection of variants in dystroglycanopathy-associated genes through the application of targeted whole-exome sequencing analysis to a large cohort of patients with unexplained limb-girdle muscle weakness. Skelet Muscle 2018; 8:23. [PMID: 30060766 PMCID: PMC6066920 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-018-0170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dystroglycanopathies are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders that are typically characterised by limb-girdle muscle weakness. Mutations in 18 different genes have been associated with dystroglycanopathies, the encoded proteins of which typically modulate the binding of α-dystroglycan to extracellular matrix ligands by altering its glycosylation. This results in a disruption of the structural integrity of the myocyte, ultimately leading to muscle degeneration. Methods Deep phenotypic information was gathered using the PhenoTips online software for 1001 patients with unexplained limb-girdle muscle weakness from 43 different centres across 21 European and Middle Eastern countries. Whole-exome sequencing with at least 250 ng DNA was completed using an Illumina exome capture and a 38 Mb baited target. Genes known to be associated with dystroglycanopathies were analysed for disease-causing variants. Results Suspected pathogenic variants were detected in DPM3, ISPD, POMT1 and FKTN in one patient each, in POMK in two patients, in GMPPB in three patients, in FKRP in eight patients and in POMT2 in ten patients. This indicated a frequency of 2.7% for the disease group within the cohort of 1001 patients with unexplained limb-girdle muscle weakness. The phenotypes of the 27 patients were highly variable, yet with a fundamental presentation of proximal muscle weakness and elevated serum creatine kinase. Conclusions Overall, we have identified 27 patients with suspected pathogenic variants in dystroglycanopathy-associated genes. We present evidence for the genetic and phenotypic diversity of the dystroglycanopathies as a disease group, while also highlighting the advantage of incorporating next-generation sequencing into the diagnostic pathway of rare diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13395-018-0170-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Sarkozy A, Torelli S, Mein R, Henderson M, Phadke R, Feng L, Sewry C, Ala P, Yau M, Bertoli M, Willis T, Hammans S, Manzur A, Sframeli M, Norwood F, Rakowicz W, Radunovic A, Vaidya SS, Parton M, Walker M, Marino S, Offiah C, Farrugia ME, Mamutse G, Marini-Bettolo C, Wraige E, Beeson D, Lochmüller H, Straub V, Bushby K, Barresi R, Muntoni F. Mobility shift of beta-dystroglycan as a marker of GMPPB gene-related muscular dystrophy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2018; 89:762-768. [PMID: 29437916 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-316956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defects in glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (α-DG) cause autosomal-recessive disorders with wide clinical and genetic heterogeneity, with phenotypes ranging from congenital muscular dystrophies to milder limb girdle muscular dystrophies. Patients show variable reduction of immunoreactivity to antibodies specific for glycoepitopes of α-DG on a muscle biopsy. Recessive mutations in 18 genes, including guanosine diphosphate mannose pyrophosphorylase B (GMPPB), have been reported to date. With no specific clinical and pathological handles, diagnosis requires parallel or sequential analysis of all known genes. METHODS We describe clinical, genetic and biochemical findings of 21 patients with GMPPB-associated dystroglycanopathy. RESULTS We report eight novel mutations and further expand current knowledge on clinical and muscle MRI features of this condition. In addition, we report a consistent shift in the mobility of beta-dystroglycan (β-DG) on Western blot analysis of all patients analysed by this mean. This was only observed in patients with GMPPB in our large dystroglycanopathy cohort. We further demonstrate that this mobility shift in patients with GMPPB was due to abnormal N-linked glycosylation of β-DG. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that a change in β-DG electrophoretic mobility in patients with dystroglycanopathy is a distinctive marker of the molecular defect in GMPPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sarkozy
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Silvia Torelli
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Rachael Mein
- DNA Laboratory, Viapath, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Matt Henderson
- Rare Diseases Advisory Group Service for Neuromuscular Diseases, Muscle Immunoanalysis Unit, Dental Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rahul Phadke
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Lucy Feng
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Caroline Sewry
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, UK
| | - Pierpaolo Ala
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Michael Yau
- DNA Laboratory, Viapath, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Marta Bertoli
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases Institute of Genetic Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tracey Willis
- The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, UK
| | - Simon Hammans
- Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospital of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Adnan Manzur
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Maria Sframeli
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Fiona Norwood
- Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Wojtek Rakowicz
- Department of Neurology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Hampshire County Hospital, Winchester, UK
| | | | | | - Matt Parton
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Walker
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Southampton University Hospitals, Southampton, UK
| | - Silvia Marino
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Curtis Offiah
- Department of Radiology, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Maria Elena Farrugia
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Godwin Mamutse
- Department of Neurology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
| | - Chiara Marini-Bettolo
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases Institute of Genetic Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Elizabeth Wraige
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Service, Evelina Children's Hospital, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - David Beeson
- Neuromuscular Disorders Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases Institute of Genetic Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Volker Straub
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases Institute of Genetic Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kate Bushby
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases Institute of Genetic Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rita Barresi
- Rare Diseases Advisory Group Service for Neuromuscular Diseases, Muscle Immunoanalysis Unit, Dental Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases Institute of Genetic Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Identification of human glycosyltransferase genes expressed in erythroid cells predicts potential carbohydrate blood group loci. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6040. [PMID: 29662110 PMCID: PMC5902498 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24445-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycans are biologically important structures synthesised by glycosyltransferase (GT) enzymes. Disruptive genetic null variants in GT genes can lead to serious illness but benign phenotypes are also seen, including antigenic differences on the red blood cell (RBC) surface, giving rise to blood groups. To characterise known and potential carbohydrate blood group antigens without a known underlying gene, we searched public databases for human GT loci and investigated their variation in the 1000 Genomes Project (1000 G). We found 244 GT genes, distributed over 44 families. All but four GT genes had missense variants or other variants predicted to alter the amino acid sequence, and 149 GT genes (61%) had variants expected to cause null alleles, often associated with antigen-negative blood group phenotypes. In RNA-Seq data generated from erythroid cells, 155 GT genes were expressed at a transcript level comparable to, or higher than, known carbohydrate blood group loci. Filtering for GT genes predicted to cause a benign phenotype, a set of 30 genes remained, 16 of which had variants in 1000 G expected to result in null alleles. Our results identify potential blood group loci and could serve as a basis for characterisation of the genetic background underlying carbohydrate RBC antigens.
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Yang T, Wang Y, Dai W, Zheng X, Wang J, Song S, Fang L, Zhou J, Wu W, Gu J. Increased B3GALNT2 in hepatocellular carcinoma promotes macrophage recruitment via reducing acetoacetate secretion and elevating MIF activity. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:50. [PMID: 29618368 PMCID: PMC5885466 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-018-0595-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks as the sixth most prevalent cancer and the third leading cause of tumor-related death, so it is urgently needed to discover efficient markers and targets for therapy. β-1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase II (B3GALNT2) belongs to the β-1,3-glycosyltransferases (b3GT) family and has been reported to regulate development of both normal and tumor tissues. However, studies on the functions of B3GALNT2 in cancer are quite limited. Here we investigated the potential role of B3GALNT2 in HCC progression. METHODS Western blot, qPCR, and immunohistochemistry assays were performed to quantify the relative expression of B3GALNT2 in HCC. The functions of B3GALNT2 in tumor progression were evaluated in HCC cell lines and nude mice. Metabolomics analysis was applied to detect alternatively expressed small molecules. Enzyme activity assays were employed to determine the tautomerase activity of macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF). RESULTS For expression analysis, higher levels of B3GALNT2 were observed in tumor tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues, and upregulation of B3GALNT2 correlated with increased tumor size and worse overall survival. Changing levels of B3GALNT2 did not influence cell viability in vitro but promoted tumor growth via enhancing macrophage recruitment in vivo. Furthermore, acetoacetate was identified as a key molecule in B3GALNT2-mediated macrophage recruitment. Mechanistically, B3GALNT2 downregulated expression of enzymes involved in acetoacetate-related metabolism, and reduction of acetoacetate revived MIF activity, thus promoting macrophage recruitment. CONCLUSIONS This study evaluated B3GALNT2 as a tumor marker in HCC and revealed functions of B3GALNT2 in metabolic transformation and microenvironmental remodeling in HCC. Mechanistically, B3GALNT2 reduced expression of some metabolic enzymes and thus downregulated levels of secreted acetoacetate. This relieved the activity of MIF and enhanced macrophage recruitment to promote tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiao Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjuan Dai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xixi Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shushu Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Fang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, School of Medicine and School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangfan Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weicheng Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianxin Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Genetics and mechanisms leading to human cortical malformations. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 76:33-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Liewluck T, Milone M. Untangling the complexity of limb-girdle muscular dystrophies. Muscle Nerve 2018; 58:167-177. [PMID: 29350766 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMDs) are a group of genetically heterogeneous, autosomal inherited muscular dystrophies with a childhood to adult onset, manifesting with hip- and shoulder-girdle muscle weakness. When the term LGMD was first conceptualized in 1954, it was thought to be a single entity. Currently, there are 8 autosomal dominant (LGMD1A-1H) and 26 autosomal recessive (LGMD2A-2Z) variants according to the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man database. In addition, there are other genetically identified muscular dystrophies with an LGMD phenotype not yet classified as LGMD. This highlights the entanglement of LGMDs, which represents an area in continuous expansion. Herein we aim to simplify the complexity of LGMDs by subgrouping them on the basis of the underlying defective protein and impaired function. Muscle Nerve 58: 167-177, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teerin Liewluck
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | - Margherita Milone
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
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50
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Kanagawa M, Toda T. Ribitol-phosphate—a newly identified posttranslational glycosylation unit in mammals: structure, modification enzymes and relationship to human diseases. J Biochem 2018; 163:359-369. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Motoi Kanagawa
- Division of Molecular Brain Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Toda
- Division of Molecular Brain Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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