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Chatzi D, Kyriakoudi SA, Dermitzakis I, Manthou ME, Meditskou S, Theotokis P. Clinical and Genetic Correlation in Neurocristopathies: Bridging a Precision Medicine Gap. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2223. [PMID: 38673496 PMCID: PMC11050951 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13082223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurocristopathies (NCPs) encompass a spectrum of disorders arising from issues during the formation and migration of neural crest cells (NCCs). NCCs undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and upon key developmental gene deregulation, fetuses and neonates are prone to exhibit diverse manifestations depending on the affected area. These conditions are generally rare and often have a genetic basis, with many following Mendelian inheritance patterns, thus making them perfect candidates for precision medicine. Examples include cranial NCPs, like Goldenhar syndrome and Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome; cardiac-vagal NCPs, such as DiGeorge syndrome; truncal NCPs, like congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and Waardenburg syndrome; and enteric NCPs, such as Hirschsprung disease. Additionally, NCCs' migratory and differentiating nature makes their derivatives prone to tumors, with various cancer types categorized based on their NCC origin. Representative examples include schwannomas and pheochromocytomas. This review summarizes current knowledge of diseases arising from defects in NCCs' specification and highlights the potential of precision medicine to remedy a clinical phenotype by targeting the genotype, particularly important given that those affected are primarily infants and young children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paschalis Theotokis
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.C.); (S.A.K.); (I.D.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.)
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2
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Chen X, Ma J, Zhang T. Genetics and Epigenetics in the Genesis and Development of Microtia. J Craniofac Surg 2024; 35:00001665-990000000-01343. [PMID: 38345940 PMCID: PMC11045557 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microtia is a congenital malformation of the external and middle ear associated with varying degrees of severity that range from mild structural abnormalities to the absence of the external ear and auditory canal. Globally, it is the second most common congenital craniofacial malformation and is typically caused by inherited defects, external factors, or the interaction between genes and external factors. Epigenetics notably represents a bridge between genetics and the environment. This review has devoted attention to the current proceedings of the genetics and epigenetics of microtia and related syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, ENT Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, ENT Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, ENT Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Wei X, Fang X, Yu X, Li H, Guo Y, Qi Y, Sun C, Han D, Liu X, Li N, Hu H. Integrative analysis of single-cell embryo data reveals transcriptome signatures for the human pre-implantation inner cell mass. Dev Biol 2023; 502:39-49. [PMID: 37437860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
As the source of embryonic stem cells (ESCs), inner cell mass (ICM) can form all tissues of the embryo proper, however, its role in early human lineage specification remains controversial. Although a stepwise differentiation model has been proposed suggesting the existence of ICM as a distinct developmental stage, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we perform an integrated analysis on the public human preimplantation embryonic single-cell transcriptomic data and apply a trajectory inference algorithm to measure the cell plasticity. In our results, ICM population can be clearly discriminated on the dimension-reduced graph and confirmed by compelling evidences, thus validating the two-step hypothesis of lineage commitment. According to the branch probabilities and differentiation potential, we determine the precise time points for two lineage segregations. Further analysis on gene expression dynamics and regulatory network indicates that transcription factors including GSC, PRDM1, and SPIC may underlie the decisions of ICM fate. In addition, new human ICM marker genes, such as EPHA4 and CCR8 are discovered and validated by immunofluorescence. Given the potential clinical applications of ESCs, our analysis provides a further understanding of human ICM cells and facilitates the exploration of more unique characteristics in early human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinshu Wei
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China; Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, China
| | - Xiu Yu
- School of Medicine, Jiaying University, Meizhou, 514015, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hong Li
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Yuyang Guo
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Yifei Qi
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Chuanbo Sun
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Dingding Han
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Department of Assisted Reproductive Technology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Na Li
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou, 510623, China.
| | - Hao Hu
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Third Affiliatied Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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4
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Yuan L, Yang R, Deng H. Auricular fistula: a review of its clinical manifestations, genetics, and treatments. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:1041-1058. [PMID: 37458758 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02343-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Auricular fistula is a common congenital auricular malformation, characterized as a small opening in the skin and a subcutaneous cyst. It can be classified in different ways according to positions of pits and directions of fistula tracts. The term preauricular fistula and variant type of preauricular fistula (postauricular fistula) are used. Auricular fistula prevalence varies in countries and populations, and its actual prevalence is presently unknown. The most accepted and widely cited theory of auricular fistula etiopathogenesis is an incorrect or incomplete fusion of six auricular hillocks that are mesenchymal proliferations. Auricular fistula can occur either sporadically or genetically. The pattern in inherited cases is thought to be incomplete autosomal dominant, with variable expressions, reduced penetrance, and inapparent gender differences. Auricular fistula has several forms and is reported as being a component of many syndromes. In the field of genetics, currently, there is no related review to comprehensively summarize the genetic basis of auricular fistula and related disorders. This article provides a comprehensive review of auricular fistula, especially congenital preauricular fistula, which accounts for the majority of auricular fistula, by summarizing the clinical manifestations, histological and embryological development, genetics, examinations, and treatments, as well as syndromes with auricular fistula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamei Yuan
- Health Management Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Center for Experimental Medicine, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Disease Genome Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Ruikang Yang
- Health Management Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Center for Experimental Medicine, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Disease Genome Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Health Management Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
- Center for Experimental Medicine, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
- Disease Genome Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
- Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
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Liu X, Jones WD, Quesnel-Vallières M, Devadiga SA, Lorent K, Valvezan AJ, Myers RL, Li N, Lengner CJ, Barash Y, Pack M, Klein PS. The Tumor Suppressor Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (apc) Is Required for Neural Crest-Dependent Craniofacial Development in Zebrafish. J Dev Biol 2023; 11:29. [PMID: 37489330 PMCID: PMC10366761 DOI: 10.3390/jdb11030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural crest (NC) is a unique vertebrate cell type arising from the border of the neural plate and epidermis that gives rise to diverse tissues along the entire body axis. Roberto Mayor and colleagues have made major contributions to our understanding of NC induction, delamination, and migration. We report that a truncating mutation of the classical tumor suppressor Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (apc) disrupts craniofacial development in zebrafish larvae, with a marked reduction in the cranial neural crest (CNC) cells that contribute to mandibular and hyoid pharyngeal arches. While the mechanism is not yet clear, the altered expression of signaling molecules that guide CNC migration could underlie this phenotype. For example, apcmcr/mcr larvae express substantially higher levels of complement c3, which Mayor and colleagues showed impairs CNC cell migration when overexpressed. However, we also observe reduction in stroma-derived factor 1 (sdf1/cxcl12), which is required for CNC migration into the head. Consistent with our previous work showing that APC directly enhances the activity of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) and, independently, that GSK-3 phosphorylates multiple core mRNA splicing factors, we identify 340 mRNA splicing variations in apc mutant zebrafish, including a splice variant that deletes a conserved domain in semaphorin 3f (sema3f), an axonal guidance molecule and a known regulator of CNC migration. Here, we discuss potential roles for apc in CNC development in the context of some of the seminal findings of Mayor and colleagues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Liu
- Department of Medicine (Hematology-Oncology), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - William D. Jones
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mathieu Quesnel-Vallières
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sudhish A. Devadiga
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kristin Lorent
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexander J. Valvezan
- Department of Medicine (Hematology-Oncology), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Myers
- Department of Medicine (Hematology-Oncology), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher J. Lengner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yoseph Barash
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael Pack
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peter S. Klein
- Department of Medicine (Hematology-Oncology), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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de Toledo VHC, Feltrin AS, Barbosa AR, Tahira AC, Brentani H. Sex differences in gene regulatory networks during mid-gestational brain development. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:955607. [PMID: 36061507 PMCID: PMC9428411 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.955607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders differ considerably between males and females, and fetal brain development is one of the most critical periods to determine risk for these disorders. Transcriptomic studies comparing male and female fetal brain have demonstrated that the highest difference in gene expression occurs in sex chromosomes, but several autossomal genes also demonstrate a slight difference that has not been yet explored. In order to investigate biological pathways underlying fetal brain sex differences, we applied medicine network principles using integrative methods such as co-expression networks (CEMiTool) and regulatory networks (netZoo). The pattern of gene expression from genes in the same pathway tend to reflect biologically relevant phenomena. In this study, network analysis of fetal brain expression reveals regulatory differences between males and females. Integrating two different bioinformatics tools, our results suggest that biological processes such as cell cycle, cell differentiation, energy metabolism and extracellular matrix organization are consistently sex-biased. MSET analysis demonstrates that these differences are relevant to neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hugo Calegari de Toledo
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Psicopatologia e Terapêutica Psiquiátrica (LIM23), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Carolina Tahira
- Laboratório de Expressão Gênica, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena Brentani
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Psicopatologia e Terapêutica Psiquiátrica (LIM23), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Helena Brentani
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陈 曦, 王 斯, 薛 恩, 王 雪, 彭 和, 范 梦, 王 梦, 武 轶, 秦 雪, 李 劲, 吴 涛, 朱 洪, 李 静, 周 治, 陈 大, 胡 永. [Exploring the association between de novo mutations and non-syndromic cleft lip with or without palate based on whole exome sequencing of case-parent trios]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2022; 54:387-393. [PMID: 35701113 PMCID: PMC9197716 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the association between de novo mutations (DNM) and non-syndromic cleft lip with or without palate (NSCL/P) using case-parent trio design. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing was conducted for twenty-two NSCL/P trios and Genome Analysis ToolKit (GATK) was used to identify DNM by comparing the alleles of the cases and their parents. Information of predictable functions was annotated to the locus with SnpEff. Enrichment analysis for DNM was conducted to test the difference between the actual number and the expected number of DNM, and to explore whether there were genes with more DNM than expected. NSCL/P-related genes indicated by previous studies with solid evidence were selected by literature reviewing. Protein-protein interactions analysis was conducted among the genes with protein-altering DNM and NSCL/P-related genes. R package "denovolyzeR" was used for the enrichment analysis (Bonferroni correction: P=0.05/n, n is the number of genes in the whole genome range). Protein-protein interactions among genes with DNM and genes with solid evidence on the risk factors of NSCL/P were predicted depending on the information provided by STRING database. RESULTS A total of 339 908 SNPs were qualified for the subsequent analysis after quality control. The number of high confident DNM identified by GATK was 345. Among those DNM, forty-four DNM were missense mutations, one DNM was nonsense mutation, two DNM were splicing site mutations, twenty DNM were synonymous mutations and others were located in intron or intergenic regions. The results of enrichment analysis showed that the number of protein-altering DNM on the exome regions was larger than expected (P < 0.05), and five genes (KRTCAP2, HMCN2, ANKRD36C, ADGRL2 and DIPK2A) had more DNM than expected (P < 0.05/(2×19 618)). Protein-protein interaction analysis was conducted among forty-six genes with protein-altering DNM and thirteen genes associated with NSCL/P selected by literature reviewing. Six pairs of interactions occurred between the genes with DNM and known NSCL/P-related genes. The score measuring the confidence level of the predicted interaction between RGPD4 and SUMO1 was 0.868, which was higher than the scores for other pairs of genes. CONCLUSION Our study provided novel insights into the development of NSCL/P and demonstrated that functional analyses of genes carrying DNM were warranted to understand the genetic architecture of complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- 曦 陈
- 北京大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系,北京 100191Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 斯悦 王
- 北京大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系,北京 100191Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 恩慈 薛
- 北京大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系,北京 100191Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 雪珩 王
- 北京大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系,北京 100191Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 和香 彭
- 北京大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系,北京 100191Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 梦 范
- 北京大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系,北京 100191Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 梦莹 王
- 北京大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系,北京 100191Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 轶群 武
- 北京大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系,北京 100191Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 雪英 秦
- 北京大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系,北京 100191Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 劲 李
- 北京大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系,北京 100191Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 涛 吴
- 北京大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系,北京 100191Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 洪平 朱
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔颌面外科,国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔生物材料和数字诊疗装备国家工程研究中心,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,国家卫生健康委员会口腔医学计算机应用工程技术研究中心,国家药品监督管理局口腔生物材料重点实验室,北京 100081Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 静 李
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院儿童口腔科,国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔生物材料和数字诊疗装备国家工程研究中心,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,国家卫生健康委员会口腔医学计算机应用工程技术研究中心,国家药品监督管理局口腔生物材料重点实验室,北京 100081Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 治波 周
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔颌面外科,国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔生物材料和数字诊疗装备国家工程研究中心,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,国家卫生健康委员会口腔医学计算机应用工程技术研究中心,国家药品监督管理局口腔生物材料重点实验室,北京 100081Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 大方 陈
- 北京大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系,北京 100191Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 永华 胡
- 北京大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系,北京 100191Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
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8
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Cerrizuela S, Vega-Lopez GA, Méndez-Maldonado K, Velasco I, Aybar MJ. The crucial role of model systems in understanding the complexity of cell signaling in human neurocristopathies. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1537. [PMID: 35023327 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are useful to study the molecular, cellular, and morphogenetic mechanisms underlying normal and pathological development. Cell-based study models have emerged as an alternative approach to study many aspects of human embryonic development and disease. The neural crest (NC) is a transient, multipotent, and migratory embryonic cell population that generates a diverse group of cell types that arises during vertebrate development. The abnormal formation or development of the NC results in neurocristopathies (NCPs), which are characterized by a broad spectrum of functional and morphological alterations. The impaired molecular mechanisms that give rise to these multiphenotypic diseases are not entirely clear yet. This fact, added to the high incidence of these disorders in the newborn population, has led to the development of systematic approaches for their understanding. In this article, we have systematically reviewed the ways in which experimentation with different animal and cell model systems has improved our knowledge of NCPs, and how these advances might contribute to the development of better diagnostic and therapeutic tools for the treatment of these pathologies. This article is categorized under: Congenital Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Congenital Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Cerrizuela
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Guillermo A Vega-Lopez
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Karla Méndez-Maldonado
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Iván Velasco
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular del Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Manuel J Aybar
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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9
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Fabik J, Psutkova V, Machon O. The Mandibular and Hyoid Arches-From Molecular Patterning to Shaping Bone and Cartilage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7529. [PMID: 34299147 PMCID: PMC8303155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mandibular and hyoid arches collectively make up the facial skeleton, also known as the viscerocranium. Although all three germ layers come together to assemble the pharyngeal arches, the majority of tissue within viscerocranial skeletal components differentiates from the neural crest. Since nearly one third of all birth defects in humans affect the craniofacial region, it is important to understand how signalling pathways and transcription factors govern the embryogenesis and skeletogenesis of the viscerocranium. This review focuses on mouse and zebrafish models of craniofacial development. We highlight gene regulatory networks directing the patterning and osteochondrogenesis of the mandibular and hyoid arches that are actually conserved among all gnathostomes. The first part of this review describes the anatomy and development of mandibular and hyoid arches in both species. The second part analyses cell signalling and transcription factors that ensure the specificity of individual structures along the anatomical axes. The third part discusses the genes and molecules that control the formation of bone and cartilage within mandibular and hyoid arches and how dysregulation of molecular signalling influences the development of skeletal components of the viscerocranium. In conclusion, we notice that mandibular malformations in humans and mice often co-occur with hyoid malformations and pinpoint the similar molecular machinery controlling the development of mandibular and hyoid arches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Fabik
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (V.P.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Viktorie Psutkova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (V.P.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Machon
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (V.P.)
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10
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Mozaffari M, Nash R, Tucker AS. Anatomy and Development of the Mammalian External Auditory Canal: Implications for Understanding Canal Disease and Deformity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:617354. [PMID: 33553153 PMCID: PMC7857502 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.617354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian ear is made up of three parts (the outer, middle, and inner ear), which work together to transmit sound waves into neuronal signals perceived by our auditory cortex as sound. This review focuses on the often-neglected outer ear, specifically the external auditory meatus (EAM), or ear canal. Within our complex hearing pathway, the ear canal is responsible for funneling sound waves toward the tympanic membrane (ear drum) and into the middle ear, and as such is a physical link between the tympanic membrane and the outside world. Unique anatomical adaptations, such as its migrating epithelium and cerumen glands, equip the ear canal for its function as both a conduit and a cul-de-sac. Defects in development, or later blockages in the canal, lead to congenital or acquired conductive hearing loss. Recent studies have built on decades-old knowledge of ear canal development and suggest a novel multi-stage, complex and integrated system of development, helping to explain the mechanisms underlying congenital canal atresia and stenosis. Here we review our current understanding of ear canal development; how this biological lumen is made; what determines its location; and how its structure is maintained throughout life. Together this knowledge allows clinical questions to be approached from a developmental biology perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mozaffari
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Nash
- Department of Paediatric Otolaryngology, Cochlear Implants, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail S Tucker
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Orthopaedic Aspects of SAMS Syndrome. J Pediatr Genet 2020; 11:51-58. [PMID: 35186391 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1714700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The combination of short stature, auditory canal atresia, mandibular hypoplasia, and skeletal abnormalities (SAMS, OMIM: 602471) has been reported as an ultra-rare, autosomal-recessive developmental disorder with unique skeletal anomalies. To the present date, only four affected individuals have been reported. There are several striking orthopaedic diagnoses within the SAMS syndrome. In particular, the scapulohumoral synostosis and the bilateral congenital ventral dislocation of the hips. The purpose of this report is to underline the importance of recognizing pathognomic features of SAMS syndrome. Whenever a bilateral congenital ventral dislocation of the hips and/or a scapulohumoral synostosis is found or clinically suspected, SAMS syndrome should be considered as the primary diagnosis until proven otherwise.
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12
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Wang Y, Urioste RT, Wei Y, Wilder DM, Arun P, Sajja V, Gist ID, Fitzgerald TS, Chang W, Kelley MW, Long JB. Blast-induced hearing impairment in rats is associated with structural and molecular changes of the inner ear. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10652. [PMID: 32606369 PMCID: PMC7327022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Auditory dysfunction is the most prevalent injury associated with blast overpressure exposure (BOP) in Warfighters and civilians, yet little is known about the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. To gain insights into these injuries, an advanced blast simulator was used to expose rats to BOP and assessments were made to identify structural and molecular changes in the middle/inner ears utilizing otoscopy, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and histopathological analysis. Deficits persisting up to 1 month after blast exposure were observed in the distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) and the auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) across the entire range of tested frequencies (4–40 kHz). During the recovery phase at sub-acute time points, low frequency (e.g. 4–8 kHz) hearing improved relatively earlier than for high frequency (e.g. 32–40 kHz). Perforation of tympanic membranes and middle ear hemorrhage were observed at 1 and 7 days, and were restored by day 28 post-blast. A total of 1,158 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly altered in the cochlea on day 1 (40% up-regulated and 60% down-regulated), whereas only 49 DEGs were identified on day 28 (63% up-regulated and 37% down-regulated). Seven common DEGs were identified at both days 1 and 28 following blast, and are associated with inner ear mechanotransduction, cytoskeletal reorganization, myelin development and axon survival. Further studies on altered gene expression in the blast-injured rat cochlea may provide insights into new therapeutic targets and approaches to prevent or treat similar cases of blast-induced auditory damage in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Rodrigo T Urioste
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yanling Wei
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Donna M Wilder
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peethambaran Arun
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Venkatasivasaisujith Sajja
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Irene D Gist
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Weise Chang
- Section on Developmental Neuroscience, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew W Kelley
- Section on Developmental Neuroscience, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joseph B Long
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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13
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Mozaffari M, Jiang D, Tucker AS. Developmental aspects of the tympanic membrane: Shedding light on function and disease. Genesis 2019; 58:e23348. [PMID: 31763764 PMCID: PMC7154630 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ear drum, or tympanic membrane (TM), is a key component in the intricate relay that transmits air-borne sound to our fluid-filled inner ear. Despite early belief that the mammalian ear drum evolved as a transformation of a reptilian drum, newer fossil data suggests a parallel and independent evolution of this structure in mammals. The term "drum" belies what is in fact a complex three-dimensional structure formed from multiple embryonic cell lineages. Intriguingly, disease affects the ear drum differently in its different parts, with the superior and posterior parts being much more frequently affected. This suggests a key role for the developmental details of TM formation in its final form and function, both in homeostasis and regeneration. Here we review recent studies in rodent models and humans that are beginning to address large knowledge gaps in TM cell dynamics from a developmental biologist's point of view. We outline the biological and clinical uncertainties that remain, with a view to guiding the indispensable contribution that developmental biology will be able to make to better understanding the TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mozaffari
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Dan Jiang
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.,ENT Department, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Abigail S Tucker
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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14
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USP21 modulates Goosecoid function through deubiquitination. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20182148. [PMID: 31253698 PMCID: PMC6620385 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20182148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeobox gene Goosecoid (GSC), which is known to regulate craniofacial development, is activated by mono-ubiquitination; however, the deubiquitylase responsible for GSC deubiquitination and inhibition has yet to be identified. In the present study, we constructed the recombinant plasmid pFlag-CMV-2-GSC and the SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 6 (Sox6) reporter gene system to identify deubiquitylases that regulate GSC expression. We demonstrate that the ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 21 (USP21) regulates the deubiquitination of GSC negatively, as demonstrated by its inhibition of Sox6 reporter gene transcription. USP21 interacted with GSC to promote GSC deubiquitination while having no effect on GSC protein stability. Cell viability, migration, and function in ATDC5 cells were probably influenced by USP21 through GSC. These findings suggest that USP21 modulates GSC function through deubiquitination.
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15
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Baird DA, Evans DS, Kamanu FK, Gregory JS, Saunders FR, Giuraniuc CV, Barr RJ, Aspden RM, Jenkins D, Kiel DP, Orwoll ES, Cummings SR, Lane NE, Mullin BH, Williams FMK, Richards JB, Wilson SG, Spector TD, Faber BG, Lawlor DA, Grundberg E, Ohlsson C, Pettersson‐Kymmer U, Capellini TD, Richard D, Beck TJ, Evans DM, Paternoster L, Karasik D, Tobias JH. Identification of Novel Loci Associated With Hip Shape: A Meta-Analysis of Genomewide Association Studies. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:241-251. [PMID: 30320955 PMCID: PMC6375741 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to report the first genomewide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived hip shape, which is thought to be related to the risk of both hip osteoarthritis and hip fracture. Ten hip shape modes (HSMs) were derived by statistical shape modeling using SHAPE software, from hip DXA scans in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC; adult females), TwinsUK (mixed sex), Framingham Osteoporosis Study (FOS; mixed), Osteoporotic Fractures in Men study (MrOS), and Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF; females) (total N = 15,934). Associations were adjusted for age, sex, and ancestry. Five genomewide significant (p < 5 × 10-9 , adjusted for 10 independent outcomes) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with HSM1, and three SNPs with HSM2. One SNP, in high linkage disequilibrium with rs2158915 associated with HSM1, was associated with HSM5 at genomewide significance. In a look-up of previous GWASs, three of the identified SNPs were associated with hip osteoarthritis, one with hip fracture, and five with height. Seven SNPs were within 200 kb of genes involved in endochondral bone formation, namely SOX9, PTHrP, RUNX1, NKX3-2, FGFR4, DICER1, and HHIP. The SNP adjacent to DICER1 also showed osteoblast cis-regulatory activity of GSC, in which mutations have previously been reported to cause hip dysplasia. For three of the lead SNPs, SNPs in high LD (r2 > 0.5) were identified, which intersected with open chromatin sites as detected by ATAC-seq performed on embryonic mouse proximal femora. In conclusion, we identified eight SNPs independently associated with hip shape, most of which were associated with height and/or mapped close to endochondral bone formation genes, consistent with a contribution of processes involved in limb growth to hip shape and pathological sequelae. These findings raise the possibility that genetic studies of hip shape might help in understanding potential pathways involved in hip osteoarthritis and hip fracture. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis A Baird
- Musculoskeletal Research UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Daniel S Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research InstituteSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Frederick K Kamanu
- Institute for Aging ResearchHebrew SeniorLifeDepartment of MedicineBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | | | - Fiona R Saunders
- Arthritis and Musculoskeletal MedicineUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | | | - Rebecca J Barr
- Arthritis and Musculoskeletal MedicineUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
- MEMO ResearchUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Richard M Aspden
- Arthritis and Musculoskeletal MedicineUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | | | - Douglas P Kiel
- Institute for Aging ResearchHebrew SeniorLifeDepartment of MedicineBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardBostonMAUSA
| | - Eric S Orwoll
- School of MedicineOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
| | - Steven R Cummings
- California Pacific Medical Center Research InstituteSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Nancy E Lane
- University of California at DavisSacramentoCAUSA
| | - Benjamin H Mullin
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesSir Charles Gairdner HospitalNedlandsAustralia
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia
| | - Frances MK Williams
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic EpidemiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - J Brent Richards
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic EpidemiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, Epidemiology, and BiostatisticsJewish General HospitalMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Scott G Wilson
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesSir Charles Gairdner HospitalNedlandsAustralia
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic EpidemiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic EpidemiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | | | | | - Elin Grundberg
- Department of Human GeneticsMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis ResearchInstitute of MedicineUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | | | - Terence D Capellini
- Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardBostonMAUSA
- Human Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | | | | | - David M Evans
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- University of Queensland Diamantina InstituteTranslational Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | | | - David Karasik
- Institute for Aging ResearchHebrew SeniorLifeDepartment of MedicineBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Azrieli Faculty of MedicineBar Ilan UniversitySafedIsrael
| | - Jonathan H Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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16
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Ritter KE, Martin DM. Neural crest contributions to the ear: Implications for congenital hearing disorders. Hear Res 2018; 376:22-32. [PMID: 30455064 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Congenital hearing disorders affect millions of children worldwide and can significantly impact acquisition of speech and language. Efforts to identify the developmental genetic etiologies of conductive and sensorineural hearing losses have revealed critical roles for cranial neural crest cells (NCCs) in ear development. Cranial NCCs contribute to all portions of the ear, and defects in neural crest development can lead to neurocristopathies associated with profound hearing loss. The molecular mechanisms governing the development of neural crest derivatives within the ear are partially understood, but many questions remain. In this review, we describe recent advancements in determining neural crest contributions to the ear, how they inform our understanding of neurocristopathies, and highlight new avenues for further research using bioinformatic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Elaine Ritter
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Donna M Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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17
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Neurocristopathies: New insights 150 years after the neural crest discovery. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S110-S143. [PMID: 29802835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a transient, multipotent and migratory cell population that generates an astonishingly diverse array of cell types during vertebrate development. These cells, which originate from the ectoderm in a region lateral to the neural plate in the neural fold, give rise to neurons, glia, melanocytes, chondrocytes, smooth muscle cells, odontoblasts and neuroendocrine cells, among others. Neurocristopathies (NCP) are a class of pathologies occurring in vertebrates, especially in humans that result from the abnormal specification, migration, differentiation or death of neural crest cells during embryonic development. Various pigment, skin, thyroid and hearing disorders, craniofacial and heart abnormalities, malfunctions of the digestive tract and tumors can also be considered as neurocristopathies. In this review we revisit the current classification and propose a new way to classify NCP based on the embryonic origin of the affected tissues, on recent findings regarding the molecular mechanisms that drive NC formation, and on the increased complexity of current molecular embryology techniques.
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18
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Zhang W, Zhou X, Liu L, Zhu Y, Liu C, Pan H, Xing Q, Wang J, Wang X, Zhang X, Cao Y, Wang B. Identification and functional analysis of a novel LHX1 mutation associated with congenital absence of the uterus and vagina. Oncotarget 2018; 8:8785-8790. [PMID: 28061432 PMCID: PMC5352441 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital absence of the uterus and vagina (CAUV) is the most extreme female Müllerian duct abnormality. Several researches proposed that genetic factors contributed to this disorder, whereas the precise genetic mechanism is far from full elucidation. Here, utilizing whole-exome sequencing (WES), we identified one novel missense mutation in LHX1 (NM_005568: c.G1108A, p.A370T) in one of ten unrelated patients diagnosed with CAUV. This mutation was absent from public databases and our internal database. Through the luciferase reporter analysis, we found that the mutation could change the transcriptional activity of LHX1 and its effect on the regulation of the downstream target gene GSC, which might be associated with urogenital system development. In short, we concluded that the LHX1 may be a pathogenic gene of CAUV. Our results demonstrate the power of whole exome sequencing and gene prioritization approach as diagnostic tools in clinical practice that help make genetic diagnosis of CAUV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Center for Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Xueya Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Division and Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, TNLIST/Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychiatry and Centre for Genomic Sciences, Li KaShing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Liyang Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Division and Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, TNLIST/Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chunmei Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Pan
- Center for Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Xing
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Center for Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Xuegong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Division and Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, TNLIST/Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunxia Cao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Binbin Wang
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Center for Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
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19
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Yu Y, Zuo X, He M, Gao J, Fu Y, Qin C, Meng L, Wang W, Song Y, Cheng Y, Zhou F, Chen G, Zheng X, Wang X, Liang B, Zhu Z, Fu X, Sheng Y, Hao J, Liu Z, Yan H, Mangold E, Ruczinski I, Liu J, Marazita ML, Ludwig KU, Beaty TH, Zhang X, Sun L, Bian Z. Genome-wide analyses of non-syndromic cleft lip with palate identify 14 novel loci and genetic heterogeneity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14364. [PMID: 28232668 PMCID: PMC5333091 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-syndromic cleft lip with palate (NSCLP) is the most serious sub-phenotype of non-syndromic orofacial clefts (NSOFC), which are the most common craniofacial birth defects in humans. Here we conduct a GWAS of NSCLP with multiple independent replications, totalling 7,404 NSOFC cases and 16,059 controls from several ethnicities, to identify new NSCLP risk loci, and explore the genetic heterogeneity between sub-phenotypes of NSOFC. We identify 41 SNPs within 26 loci that achieve genome-wide significance, 14 of which are novel (RAD54B, TMEM19, KRT18, WNT9B, GSC/DICER1, PTCH1, RPS26, OFCC1/TFAP2A, TAF1B, FGF10, MSX1, LINC00640, FGFR1 and SPRY1). These 26 loci collectively account for 10.94% of the heritability for NSCLP in Chinese population. We find evidence of genetic heterogeneity between the sub-phenotypes of NSOFC and among different populations. This study substantially increases the number of genetic susceptibility loci for NSCLP and provides important insights into the genetic aetiology of this common craniofacial malformation. Non-syndromic cleft lip with palate is a common birth defect of unknown aetiology. Here, the authors discover 14 new genes associated with this condition, and show genetic heterogeneity in this and other non-syndromic orofacial clefting disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Yu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Xianbo Zuo
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.,State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, China.,Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Heifei, China.,Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Miao He
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Jinping Gao
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.,State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, China.,Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Heifei, China.,Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yuchuan Fu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Chuanqi Qin
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Liuyan Meng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.,State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, China.,Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Heifei, China.,Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yaling Song
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Fusheng Zhou
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.,State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, China.,Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Heifei, China.,Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.,State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, China.,Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Heifei, China.,Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.,State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, China.,Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Heifei, China.,Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xinhuan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Bo Liang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.,State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, China.,Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Heifei, China.,Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Zhengwei Zhu
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.,State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, China.,Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Heifei, China.,Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xiazhou Fu
- Department of Genetics and Centre for Developmental Biology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Yujun Sheng
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.,State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, China.,Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Heifei, China.,Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Jiebing Hao
- The Second Charity Hospital of Henan Province, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, China
| | - Zhongyin Liu
- Stomatological Hospital of Nanyang, Nanyang, Henan 473013, China
| | - Hansong Yan
- Stomatological Hospital of Xiangyang, Xiangyang, Hubei 441011, China
| | - Elisabeth Mangold
- Institute of Human Genetics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ingo Ruczinski
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.,State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, China.,Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Heifei, China.,Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Department of Oral Biology and Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.,Clinical and Translational Science, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Kerstin U Ludwig
- Institute of Human Genetics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Terri H Beaty
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.,State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, China.,Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Heifei, China.,Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.,Department of Dermatology at No. 2 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China.,Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Liangdan Sun
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.,State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, China.,Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Heifei, China.,Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.,The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Province, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Zhuan Bian
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
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20
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Ulmer B, Tingler M, Kurz S, Maerker M, Andre P, Mönch D, Campione M, Deißler K, Lewandoski M, Thumberger T, Schweickert A, Fainsod A, Steinbeißer H, Blum M. A novel role of the organizer gene Goosecoid as an inhibitor of Wnt/PCP-mediated convergent extension in Xenopus and mouse. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43010. [PMID: 28220837 PMCID: PMC5318956 DOI: 10.1038/srep43010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Goosecoid (Gsc) expression marks the primary embryonic organizer in vertebrates and beyond. While functions have been assigned during later embryogenesis, the role of Gsc in the organizer has remained enigmatic. Using conditional gain-of-function approaches in Xenopus and mouse to maintain Gsc expression in the organizer and along the axial midline, neural tube closure defects (NTDs) arose and dorsal extension was compromised. Both phenotypes represent convergent extension (CE) defects, arising from impaired Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling. Dvl2 recruitment to the cell membrane was inhibited by Gsc in Xenopus animal cap assays and key Wnt/PCP factors (RhoA, Vangl2, Prickle, Wnt11) rescued Gsc-mediated NTDs. Re-evaluation of endogenous Gsc functions in MO-mediated gene knockdown frog and knockout mouse embryos unearthed PCP/CE-related phenotypes as well, including cartilage defects in Xenopus and misalignment of inner ear hair cells in mouse. Our results assign a novel function to Gsc as an inhibitor of Wnt/PCP-mediated CE. We propose that in the organizer Gsc represses CE as well: Gsc-expressing prechordal cells, which leave the organizer first, migrate and do not undergo CE like the Gsc-negative notochordal cells, which subsequently emerge from the organizer. In this model, Gsc provides a switch between cell migration and CE, i.e. cell intercalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bärbel Ulmer
- University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Melanie Tingler
- University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kurz
- University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Maerker
- University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philipp Andre
- University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dina Mönch
- University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marina Campione
- University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kirsten Deißler
- University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mark Lewandoski
- Genetics of Vertebrate Development Section, Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Axel Schweickert
- University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Abraham Fainsod
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Herbert Steinbeißer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Blum
- University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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21
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Spemann organizer gene Goosecoid promotes delamination of neuroblasts from the otic vesicle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6840-E6848. [PMID: 27791112 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609146113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons of the Statoacoustic Ganglion (SAG), which innervate the inner ear, originate as neuroblasts in the floor of the otic vesicle and subsequently delaminate and migrate toward the hindbrain before completing differentiation. In all vertebrates, locally expressed Fgf initiates SAG development by inducing expression of Neurogenin1 (Ngn1) in the floor of the otic vesicle. However, not all Ngn1-positive cells undergo delamination, nor has the mechanism controlling SAG delamination been elucidated. Here we report that Goosecoid (Gsc), best known for regulating cellular dynamics in the Spemann organizer, regulates delamination of neuroblasts in the otic vesicle. In zebrafish, Fgf coregulates expression of Gsc and Ngn1 in partially overlapping domains, with delamination occurring primarily in the zone of overlap. Loss of Gsc severely inhibits delamination, whereas overexpression of Gsc greatly increases delamination. Comisexpression of Ngn1 and Gsc induces ectopic delamination of some cells from the medial wall of the otic vesicle but with a low incidence, suggesting the action of a local inhibitor. The medial marker Pax2a is required to restrict the domain of gsc expression, and misexpression of Pax2a is sufficient to block delamination and fully suppress the effects of Gsc The opposing activities of Gsc and Pax2a correlate with repression or up-regulation, respectively, of E-cadherin (cdh1). These data resolve a genetic mechanism controlling delamination of otic neuroblasts. The data also elucidate a developmental role for Gsc consistent with a general function in promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT).
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22
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Abstract
The mammalian ear is a complex structure divided into three main parts: the outer; middle; and inner ear. These parts are formed from all three germ layers and neural crest cells, which have to integrate successfully in order to form a fully functioning organ of hearing. Any defect in development of the outer and middle ear leads to conductive hearing loss, while defects in the inner ear can lead to sensorineural hearing loss. This review focuses on the development of the parts of the ear involved with sound transduction into the inner ear, and the parts largely ignored in the world of hearing research: the outer and middle ear. The published data on the embryonic origin, signalling, genetic control, development and timing of the mammalian middle and outer ear are reviewed here along with new data showing the Eustachian tube cartilage is of dual embryonic origin. The embryonic origin of some of these structures has only recently been uncovered (Science, 339, 2013, 1453; Development, 140, 2013, 4386), while the molecular mechanisms controlling the growth, structure and integration of many outer and middle ear components are hardly known. The genetic analysis of outer and middle ear development is rather limited, with a small number of genes often affecting either more than one part of the ear or having only very small effects on development. This review therefore highlights the necessity for further research into the development of outer and middle ear structures, which will be important for the understanding and treatment of conductive hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Anthwal
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell BiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Hannah Thompson
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell BiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
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23
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Takechi M, Kitazawa T, Hirasawa T, Hirai T, Iseki S, Kurihara H, Kuratani S. Developmental mechanisms of the tympanic membrane in mammals and non-mammalian amniotes. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2016; 56:12-7. [PMID: 26754466 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The tympanic membrane is a thin layer that originates from the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesenchyme. Molecular-genetic investigations have revealed that interaction between epithelial and mesenchymal cells in the pharyngeal arches is essential for development of the tympanic membrane. We have recently reported that developmental mechanisms underlying the tympanic membrane seem to be different between mouse and chicken, suggesting that the tympanic membrane evolved independently in mammals and non-mammalian amniotes. In this review, we summarize previous studies of tympanic membrane formation in the mouse. We also discuss its formation in amniotes from an evolutionary point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Takechi
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Kitazawa
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tamami Hirai
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan
| | - Sachiko Iseki
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurihara
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute for Biology and Mathematics of Dynamical Cell Processes (iBMath), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Logan CV, Cossins J, Rodríguez Cruz PM, Parry DA, Maxwell S, Martínez-Martínez P, Riepsaame J, Abdelhamed ZA, Lake AVR, Moran M, Robb S, Chow G, Sewry C, Hopkins PM, Sheridan E, Jayawant S, Palace J, Johnson CA, Beeson D. Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome Type 19 Is Caused by Mutations in COL13A1, Encoding the Atypical Non-fibrillar Collagen Type XIII α1 Chain. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 97:878-85. [PMID: 26626625 PMCID: PMC4678414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) consists of a tripartite synapse with a presynaptic nerve terminal, Schwann cells that ensheathe the terminal bouton, and a highly specialized postsynaptic membrane. Synaptic structural integrity is crucial for efficient signal transmission. Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMSs) are a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders that result from impaired neuromuscular transmission, caused by mutations in genes encoding proteins that are involved in synaptic transmission and in forming and maintaining the structural integrity of NMJs. To identify further causes of CMSs, we performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) in families without an identified mutation in known CMS-associated genes. In two families affected by a previously undefined CMS, we identified homozygous loss-of-function mutations in COL13A1, which encodes the alpha chain of an atypical non-fibrillar collagen with a single transmembrane domain. COL13A1 localized to the human muscle motor endplate. Using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, modeling of the COL13A1 c.1171delG (p.Leu392Sfs∗71) frameshift mutation in the C2C12 cell line reduced acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clustering during myotube differentiation. This highlights the crucial role of collagen XIII in the formation and maintenance of the NMJ. Our results therefore delineate a myasthenic disorder that is caused by loss-of-function mutations in COL13A1, encoding a protein involved in organization of the NMJ, and emphasize the importance of appropriate symptomatic treatment for these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare V Logan
- Section of Ophthalmology & Neurosciences, Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Judith Cossins
- Neurosciences Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Pedro M Rodríguez Cruz
- Neurosciences Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - David A Parry
- Section of Genetics, Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Susan Maxwell
- Neurosciences Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Pilar Martínez-Martínez
- Neuroimmunology Group, Division of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joey Riepsaame
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Zakia A Abdelhamed
- Section of Ophthalmology & Neurosciences, Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Alice V R Lake
- Section of Ophthalmology & Neurosciences, Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Maria Moran
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Stephanie Robb
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Gabriel Chow
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Caroline Sewry
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Philip M Hopkins
- Section of Translational Anaesthesia and Surgical Sciences, Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Eamonn Sheridan
- Section of Genetics, Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Sandeep Jayawant
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Jacqueline Palace
- Neurosciences Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Department of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Colin A Johnson
- Section of Ophthalmology & Neurosciences, Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - David Beeson
- Neurosciences Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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25
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Twigg SRF, Wilkie AOM. New insights into craniofacial malformations. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:R50-9. [PMID: 26085576 PMCID: PMC4571997 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of the human skull and face is a highly orchestrated and complex three-dimensional morphogenetic process, involving hundreds of genes controlling the coordinated patterning, proliferation and differentiation of tissues having multiple embryological origins. Craniofacial malformations that occur because of abnormal development (including cleft lip and/or palate, craniosynostosis and facial dysostoses), comprise over one-third of all congenital birth defects. High-throughput sequencing has recently led to the identification of many new causative disease genes and functional studies have clarified their mechanisms of action. We present recent findings in craniofacial genetics and discuss how this information together with developmental studies in animal models is helping to increase understanding of normal craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R F Twigg
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Andrew O M Wilkie
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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26
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Hernández K, Myers LG, Bowser M, Kidd T. Genetic Tools for the Analysis of Drosophila Stomatogastric Nervous System Development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128290. [PMID: 26053861 PMCID: PMC4460011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila stomatogastric nervous system (SNS) is a compact collection of neurons that arises from the migration of neural precursors. Here we describe genetic tools allowing functional analysis of the SNS during the migratory phase of development. We constructed GAL4 lines driven by fragments of the Ret promoter, which yielded expression in a subset of migrating neural SNS precursors and also included a distinct set of midgut associated cells. Screening of additional GAL4 lines driven by fragments of the Gfrl/Munin, forkhead, twist and goosecoid (Gsc) promoters identified a Gsc fragment with expression from initial selection of SNS precursors until the end of embryogenesis. Inhibition of EGFR signaling using three identified lines disrupted the correct patterning of the frontal and recurrent nerves. To manipulate the environment traveled by SNS precursors, a FasII-GAL4 line with strong expression throughout the entire intestinal tract was identified. The transgenic lines described offer the ability to specifically manipulate the migration of SNS precursors and will allow the modeling and in-depth analysis of neuronal migration in ENS disorders such as Hirschsprung’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Hernández
- Biology/MS 314, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Logan G. Myers
- Biology/MS 314, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Micah Bowser
- Biology/MS 314, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Thomas Kidd
- Biology/MS 314, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Beleza-Meireles A, Clayton-Smith J, Saraiva JM, Tassabehji M. Oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum: a review of the literature and genetic update. J Med Genet 2014; 51:635-45. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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