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Sautour M, Guilloteau A, Valot S, Basmaciyan L, Bailly E, Sixt N, Tetu J, Lafon I, Caillot D, Dalle F. Risk of fungal exposure in the homes of patients with hematologic malignancies. J Mycol Med 2024; 34:101492. [PMID: 38865808 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2024.101492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with hematological malignancies are at a high risk of developing invasive fungal infections (IFI) because they undergo several cycles of treatment leading to episodes of neutropenia. In addition, they alternate between hospital stays and periods spent at home. Thus, when an IFI is diagnosed during their hospital stays, it is highly challenging to identify the origin of the fungal contamination. The objective of this study was to analyze at home fungal exposure of 20 patients with leukemia by taking air and water samples in their living residence. METHODS Air was sampled in 3 rooms of each home with a portable air system impactor. Tap water was collected at 3 water distribution points of each home. For positive samples, fungi were identified by mass spectrometry or on the basis of their morphological features. RESULTS 85 % of homes revealed the presence in air of Aspergillus spp. and those belonging to the section Fumigati presented the highest concentrations and the greatest frequency of isolation. Concerning mucorales, Rhizopus spp. and Mucor spp. were isolated in air of 20 % and 5 % of dwellings, respectively. In 4 homes, more than 70 % of the fungal species identified in air were potential opportunists; these were mainly Aspergillus spp. with concentrations greater than 20 cfu/m3. The water samples revealed the presence of Fusarium in 3 dwellings, with concentrations up to 80 cfu/L. Finally, for one patient, fungal species isolated during a period of hospitalization were phenotypically similar to those isolated in samples taken at home. For a second patient, a PCR Mucorale was positive on a sample of bronchoalveolar fluid while air samples taken at his home also revealed also the presence of mucorales. CONCLUSION The presence of opportunistic fungal species in the air of all the explored homes suggests the need for strengthened preventive measures in the home of immunocompromised patients. It would be interesting to compare the fungi isolated (from patients and from their environment) by genotyping studies aimed at specifying the correspondence existing between fungal species present in the patients' homes and those responsible for IFI in the same patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Sautour
- Parasitology and Mycology Laboratory, University Hospital of Dijon, 21070 BP, Dijon 37013 CEDEX, France; UMR PAM A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup, Dijon, France.
| | - Adrien Guilloteau
- Hospital Hygiene and Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital of Dijon, BP, 21070, Dijon 37013 CEDEX, France
| | - Stéphane Valot
- Parasitology and Mycology Laboratory, University Hospital of Dijon, 21070 BP, Dijon 37013 CEDEX, France
| | - Louise Basmaciyan
- Parasitology and Mycology Laboratory, University Hospital of Dijon, 21070 BP, Dijon 37013 CEDEX, France; UMR PAM A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup, Dijon, France
| | - Eloise Bailly
- UMR PAM A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup, Dijon, France
| | - Nathalie Sixt
- Department of Bacteriology, University Hospital of Dijon, BP, 21070, Dijon 37013 CEDEX, France
| | - Jennifer Tetu
- Department of Bacteriology, University Hospital of Dijon, BP, 21070, Dijon 37013 CEDEX, France
| | - Ingrid Lafon
- Clinical Haematology unit, University Hospital of Dijon, BP, 21070, Dijon 37013 CEDEX, France
| | - Denis Caillot
- Clinical Haematology unit, University Hospital of Dijon, BP, 21070, Dijon 37013 CEDEX, France
| | - Frédéric Dalle
- Parasitology and Mycology Laboratory, University Hospital of Dijon, 21070 BP, Dijon 37013 CEDEX, France; UMR PAM A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup, Dijon, France
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2
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Hebden J, Monsees EA. Commentary: "Effectiveness of the systematic use of antimicrobial filters in the water taps of critical care units for the prevention of healthcare-associated infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa". Am J Infect Control 2022; 50:473-474. [PMID: 35369938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Hebden
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Baltimore, MD; President, IPC Consulting Group LLC.
| | - Elizabeth A Monsees
- Children's Mercy, Kansas City, MO; University of Missouri Kansas City, School of Medicine, MO
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3
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Proctor CR, Rhoads WJ, Keane T, Salehi M, Hamilton K, Pieper KJ, Cwiertny DM, Prévost M, Whelton AJ. Considerations for large building water quality after extended stagnation. AWWA WATER SCIENCE 2020; 2:e1186. [PMID: 32838226 DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/qvj3b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented number of building closures related to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is concerning because water stagnation will occur in many buildings that do not have water management plans in place. Stagnant water can have chemical and microbiological contaminants that pose potential health risks to occupants. Health officials, building owners, utilities, and other entities are rapidly developing guidance to address this issue, but the scope, applicability, and details included in the guidance vary widely. To provide a primer of large building water system preventative and remedial strategies, peer-reviewed, government, industry, and nonprofit literature relevant to water stagnation and decontamination practices for plumbing was synthesized. Preventative practices to help avoid the need for recommissioning (e.g., routine flushing) and specific actions, challenges, and limitations associated with recommissioning were identified and characterized. Considerations for worker and occupant safety were also indicated. The intended audience of this work includes organizations developing guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin R Proctor
- Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana
| | - William J Rhoads
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia
| | - Tim Keane
- Legionella Risk Management, Inc. Chalfont Pennsylvania
| | - Maryam Salehi
- Department of Civil Engineering University of Memphis Memphis Tennessee
| | - Kerry Hamilton
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment Arizona State University Tempe Arizona
| | - Kelsey J Pieper
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts
| | - David M Cwiertny
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa
- Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa
- Public Policy Center University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa
| | - Michele Prévost
- Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Polytechnique Montreal Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Andrew J Whelton
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana
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4
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Proctor CR, Rhoads WJ, Keane T, Salehi M, Hamilton K, Pieper KJ, Cwiertny DM, Prévost M, Whelton AJ. Considerations for Large Building Water Quality after Extended Stagnation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 2:e1186. [PMID: 32838226 PMCID: PMC7323006 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented number of building closures related to the coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic is concerning because water stagnation will occur in many buildings that do not have water management plans in place. Stagnant water can have chemical and microbiological contaminants that pose potential health risks to occupants. Health officials, building owners, utilities, and other entities are rapidly developing guidance to address this issue, but the scope, applicability, and details included in the guidance vary widely. To provide a primer of large building water system preventative and remedial strategies, peer‐reviewed, government, industry, and nonprofit literature relevant to water stagnation and decontamination practices for plumbing was synthesized. Preventative practices to help avoid the need for recommissioning (e.g., routine flushing) and specific actions, challenges, and limitations associated with recommissioning were identified and characterized. Considerations for worker and occupant safety were also indicated. The intended audience of this work includes organizations developing guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin R Proctor
- Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette IN
| | - William J Rhoads
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
| | - Tim Keane
- Consulting Engineer, Legionella Risk Management, Inc PA
| | - Maryam Salehi
- Department of Civil Engineering University of Memphis Memphis TN
| | - Kerry Hamilton
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment Arizona State University Tempe AZ
| | - Kelsey J Pieper
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Northeastern University Boston MA
| | - David M Cwiertny
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 4105 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences University of Iowa Iowa City IA.,Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination, 251 North Capitol Street, Chemistry Building - Room W195 University of Iowa Iowa City IA.,Public Policy Center, 310 South Grand Ave, 209 South Quadrangle University of Iowa Iowa City IA
| | - Michele Prévost
- Professor and Principal Chairholder, NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal CP Québec Canada
| | - Andrew J Whelton
- Purdue University, Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering West Lafayette IN
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5
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Parkinson J, Baron JL, Hall B, Bos H, Racine P, Wagener MM, Stout JE. Point-of-use filters for prevention of health care-acquired Legionnaires' disease: Field evaluation of a new filter product and literature review. Am J Infect Control 2020; 48:132-138. [PMID: 31668765 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services requires that health care facilities assess their building water systems and minimize the risk of growth and spread of Legionella and other waterborne pathogens. Increasingly, point-of-use (POU) filters are being used to prevent exposure to these pathogens. This study provides efficacy and performance specifications (membrane size, pore size, and use restrictions), which will aid in selecting POU filters. METHODS New faucet and shower filters rated for 62 days of use were evaluated at an acute care facility in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. Five faucets and 5 showers served as controls or were equipped with filters. Hot water samples were collected weekly for 12 weeks and cultured for Legionella, heterotrophic plate count, and Pseudomonas. Literature searches for articles on POU filters used in health care settings were performed using PubMed and Google Scholar. Filter specifications from 5 manufacturers were also compared. RESULTS The 62-day POU filters installed on both faucets and showers eliminated Legionella and reduced heterotrophic plate count concentrations for 12 weeks. No Pseudomonas was recovered during this study. Twenty peer-reviewed studies are summarized, and 21 features of 53 POU filters have been compiled. CONCLUSIONS The information provides infection preventionists and facility engineers with information to verify claims from manufacturers and compare differences among POU products, including validated efficacy, filter design, and operational specifications.
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6
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Desoubeaux G, Debourgogne A, Wiederhold NP, Zaffino M, Sutton D, Burns RE, Frasca S, Hyatt MW, Cray C. Multi-locus sequence typing provides epidemiological insights for diseased sharks infected with fungi belonging to the Fusarium solani species complex. Med Mycol 2018; 56:591-601. [PMID: 29420818 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium spp. are saprobic moulds that are responsible for severe opportunistic infections in humans and animals. However, we need epidemiological tools to reliably trace the circulation of such fungal strains within medical or veterinary facilities, to recognize environmental contaminations that might lead to infection and to improve our understanding of factors responsible for the onset of outbreaks. In this study, we used molecular genotyping to investigate clustered cases of Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) infection that occurred in eight Sphyrnidae sharks under managed care at a public aquarium. Genetic relationships between fungal strains were determined by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) analysis based on DNA sequencing at five loci, followed by comparison with sequences of 50 epidemiologically unrelated FSSC strains. Our genotyping approach revealed that F. keratoplasticum and F. solani haplotype 9x were most commonly isolated. In one case, the infection proved to be with another Hypocrealian rare opportunistic pathogen Metarhizium robertsii. Twice, sharks proved to be infected with FSSC strains with the same MLST sequence type, supporting the hypothesis the hypothesis that common environmental populations of fungi existed for these sharks and would suggest the longtime persistence of the two clonal strains within the environment, perhaps in holding pools and life support systems of the aquarium. This study highlights how molecular tools like MLST can be used to investigate outbreaks of microbiological disease. This work reinforces the need for regular controls of water quality to reduce microbiological contamination due to waterborne microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Desoubeaux
- University of Miami, Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL - USA.,CHU de Tours, Service de Parasitologie - Mycologie - Médecine tropicale, Tours - France.,Université François-Rabelais, CEPR - INSERM U1100/Équipe 3, Faculté de Médecine, Tours - France
| | - Anne Debourgogne
- CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Brabois, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy - France.,Université de Lorraine, SIMPA - EA 7300, Faculté de Médecine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy - France
| | - Nathan P Wiederhold
- Fungus Testing Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX - USA
| | - Marie Zaffino
- Université de Lorraine, SIMPA - EA 7300, Faculté de Médecine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy - France
| | - Deanna Sutton
- Fungus Testing Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX - USA
| | - Rachel E Burns
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT - USA
| | - Salvatore Frasca
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT - USA
| | | | - Carolyn Cray
- University of Miami, Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology ?& Laboratory Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL - USA
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7
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Liu T, Zhang Y, Wan Q. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia among liver transplant recipients. Infect Drug Resist 2018; 11:2345-2356. [PMID: 30532566 PMCID: PMC6247952 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s180283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia remains as a life-threatening complication after liver transplantation (LT) and is intractable because of the high rate of drug resistance to commonly used antibiotics. To better understand the characteristics of this postoperative complication, PubMed and Embase searches as well as reference mining was done for relevant literature from the start of the databases through August 2018. Among LT recipients, the incidence of P. aeruginosa bacteremia ranged from 0.5% to 14.4% and mortality rates were up to 40%. Approximately 35% of all episodes of bloodstream infections (BSIs) were P. aeruginosa bacteremia, of which 47% were multidrug resistant and 63% were extensively drug resistant. Several factors are known to affect the mortality of LT recipients with P. aeruginosa bacteremia, including hypotension, mechanical ventilation, and increasing severity of illness. In LT recipients with P. aeruginosa bacteremia, alteration in DNA gyrase A genes and overexpression of proteins involved in efflux systems, namely the expression of KPC-2-type carbapenemase, NDM-1, and VIM-2-type MBL, contribute to the high resistance of P. aeruginosa to a wide variety of antibiotics. Because of complicated mechanisms of drug resistance, P. aeruginosa causes high morbidity and mortality in bacteremic LT patients. Consequently, early detection and treatment with adequate early targeted coverage for P. aeruginosa BSI are of paramount importance in the early posttransplantation period to obtain a better prognosis for LT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taohua Liu
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yuezhong Zhang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Qiquan Wan
- Department of Transplant Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China,
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8
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Lalancette C, Charron D, Laferrière C, Dolcé P, Déziel E, Prévost M, Bédard E. Hospital Drains as Reservoirs of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Multiple-Locus Variable-Number of Tandem Repeats Analysis Genotypes Recovered from Faucets, Sink Surfaces and Patients. Pathogens 2017; 6:pathogens6030036. [PMID: 28792484 PMCID: PMC5617993 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6030036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying environmental sources of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) related to hospital-acquired infections represents a key challenge for public health. Biofilms in water systems offer protection and favorable growth conditions, and are prime reservoirs of microorganisms. A comparative genotyping survey assessing the relationship between Pa strains recovered in hospital sink biofilm and isolated in clinical specimens was conducted. Environmental strains from drain, faucet and sink-surface biofilm were recovered by a culture method after an incubation time ranging from 48 to 240 h. The genotyping of 38 environmental and 32 clinical isolates was performed using a multiple-locus variable-number of tandem repeats analysis (MLVA). More than one-third of Pa isolates were only cultivable following ≥48 h of incubation, and were predominantly from faucet and sink-surface biofilms. In total, 41/70 strains were grouped within eight genotypes (A to H). Genotype B grouped a clinical and an environmental strain isolated in the same ward, 5 months apart, suggesting this genotype could thrive in both contexts. Genotype E grouped environmental isolates that were highly prevalent throughout the hospital and that required a longer incubation time. The results from the multi-hospital follow-up study support the drain as an important reservoir of Pa dissemination to faucets, sink surfaces and patients. Optimizing the recovery of environmental strains will strengthen epidemiological investigations, facilitate pathway identification, and assist in identifying and controlling the reservoirs potentially associated to hospital-acquired infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominique Charron
- Department of Civil Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Céline Laferrière
- Department of microbiology, infectious diseases and immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Patrick Dolcé
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Régional de Rimouski, Rimouski, QC G5L 5T1, Canada.
| | - Eric Déziel
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada.
| | - Michèle Prévost
- Department of Civil Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Emilie Bédard
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada.
- Department of Civil Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
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9
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Li W, Wang F, Zhang J, Qiao Y, Xu C, Liu Y, Qian L, Li W, Dong B. Community shift of biofilms developed in a full-scale drinking water distribution system switching from different water sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 544:499-506. [PMID: 26674678 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial community of biofilms in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) with various water sources has been rarely reported. In this research, biofilms were sampled at three points (A, B, and C) during the river water source phase (phase I), the interim period (phase II) and the reservoir water source phase (phase III), and the biofilm community was determined using the 454-pyrosequencing method. Results showed that microbial diversity declined in phase II but increased in phase III. The primary phylum was Proteobacteria during three phases, while the dominant class at points A and B was Betaproteobacteria (>49%) during all phases, but that changed to Holophagae in phase II (62.7%) and Actinobacteria in phase III (35.6%) for point C, which was closely related to its water quality. More remarkable community shift was found at the genus level. In addition, analysis results showed that water quality could significantly affect microbial diversity together, while the nutrient composition (e.g. C/N ration) of the water environment might determine the microbial community. Furthermore, Mycobacterium spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were detected in the biofilm, which should give rise to attention. This study revealed that water source switching produced substantial impact on the biofilm community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiying Li
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Junpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yu Qiao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chen Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yao Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lin Qian
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenming Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bingzhi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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10
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Capelletti RV, Moraes ÂM. Waterborne microorganisms and biofilms related to hospital infections: strategies for prevention and control in healthcare facilities. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2016; 14:52-67. [PMID: 26837830 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2015.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Water is the main stimulus for the development of microorganisms, and its flow has an important role in the spreading of contaminants. In hospitals, the water distribution system requires special attention since it can be a source of pathogens, including those in the form of biofilms often correlated with resistance of microorganisms to various treatments. In this paper, information relevant to cases of nosocomial infections involving water circuits as a source of contaminants is compiled, with emphasis on the importance of microbiological control strategies to prevent the installation, spreading and growth of microorganisms in hospitals. An overview of the worldwide situation is provided, with emphasis on Brazilian hospitals. Different approaches normally used to control the occurrence of nosocomial infections due to waterborne contaminants are analyzed, and the use of the polysaccharide chitosan for this specific application is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Vannucci Capelletti
- Department of Engineering of Materials and of Bioprocesses, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CEP 13083-852, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Ângela Maria Moraes
- Department of Engineering of Materials and of Bioprocesses, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CEP 13083-852, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil E-mail:
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11
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Litvinov N, da Silva MTN, van der Heijden IM, Graça MG, Marques de Oliveira L, Fu L, Giudice M, Zilda de Aquino M, Odone-Filho V, Marques HH, Costa SF, Levin AS. An outbreak of invasive fusariosis in a children's cancer hospital. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 21:268.e1-7. [PMID: 25658562 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium is considered an emerging pathogen, and there are few reports of fusariosis in children. The objective of this study was to describe an outbreak of invasive fusariosis in a children's cancer hospital. A neutropenic 17-year-old male patient hospitalized for 10 days for a relapse of acute myeloid leukaemia, under chemotherapy, presented fever without any other symptoms; a thoracic computerized tomography showed bilateral pulmonary nodules. During voriconazole treatment, 1-cm reddened and painful subcutaneous nodules appeared on arms and legs and the culture of a skin biopsy revealed F. solani. Another case occurred 11 days later and started an outbreak investigation. Water samples for cultures were collected from taps, showers and water reservoirs. Air from all patient rooms was sampled. Faucets and the drains of sinks and showers were swabbed and cultured. Environmental and clinical isolates were typed. There were 10 confirmed cases of infection caused by Fusarium spp. F. oxysporum and F. solani were isolated from water, swabs and air in patient rooms. Many control measures were instituted, but the outbreak was only controlled 1 year after the first case, when water filters filtering 0.2 μm were installed at the exit of all faucets and showers in all patient rooms (points-of-use). Typing demonstrated that clinical isolates of F. oxysporum were similar to those of the environment. In conclusion, to our knowledge this is the first reported outbreak of invasive fusariosis in children with oncohaematologic disease. It was controlled using 0.2-μm filters in all tap faucets and showers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Litvinov
- Instituto de Tratamento de Cancer Infantil (ITACI), Children's Institute, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariama Tomaz N da Silva
- Infection Control Department and LIM -54, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Inneke M van der Heijden
- Infection Control Department and LIM -54, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana G Graça
- Infection Control Department and LIM -54, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Marques de Oliveira
- Infection Control Department and LIM -54, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liang Fu
- Infection Control Department and LIM -54, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauro Giudice
- Infection Control Department and LIM -54, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Zilda de Aquino
- Instituto de Tratamento de Cancer Infantil (ITACI), Children's Institute, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vicente Odone-Filho
- Instituto de Tratamento de Cancer Infantil (ITACI), Children's Institute, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Silvia F Costa
- Infection Control Department and LIM -54, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna S Levin
- Infection Control Department and LIM -54, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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12
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Cateau E, Delafont V, Hechard Y, Rodier M. Free-living amoebae: what part do they play in healthcare-associated infections? J Hosp Infect 2014; 87:131-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Kozicki ZA, Baiyasi-Kozicki SJS, Cwiek MA, Tymes N. Waterborne pathogen treatment of surgical water in U.S. hospitals: negative implications for vulnerable patient populations (elderly, immunosuppressed, and pediatric). J Am Geriatr Soc 2012; 60:1178-9. [PMID: 22690993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03970.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Sautour M, Edel-Hermann V, Steinberg C, Sixt N, Laurent J, Dalle F, Aho S, Hartemann P, L’Ollivier C, Goyer M, Bonnin A. Fusarium species recovered from the water distribution system of a French university hospital. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2012; 215:286-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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15
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Control of bacterial contamination of washbasin taps and output water using Ecasol: a one-year study. J Hosp Infect 2012; 80:288-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging multidrug-resistant global opportunistic pathogen. The increasing incidence of nosocomial and community-acquired S. maltophilia infections is of particular concern for immunocompromised individuals, as this bacterial pathogen is associated with a significant fatality/case ratio. S. maltophilia is an environmental bacterium found in aqueous habitats, including plant rhizospheres, animals, foods, and water sources. Infections of S. maltophilia can occur in a range of organs and tissues; the organism is commonly found in respiratory tract infections. This review summarizes the current literature and presents S. maltophilia as an organism with various molecular mechanisms used for colonization and infection. S. maltophilia can be recovered from polymicrobial infections, most notably from the respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis patients, as a cocolonizer with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Recent evidence of cell-cell communication between these pathogens has implications for the development of novel pharmacological therapies. Animal models of S. maltophilia infection have provided useful information about the type of host immune response induced by this opportunistic pathogen. Current and emerging treatments for patients infected with S. maltophilia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna S Brooke
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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17
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Kozicki ZA, Cwiek MA, Jr. JEL, Rodabaugh G, Jr. NT, Baiyasi-Kozicki SJ. Waterborne pathogens: A public health risk in US hospitals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5942/jawwa.2012.104.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Waines PL, Moate R, Moody AJ, Allen M, Bradley G. The effect of material choice on biofilm formation in a model warm water distribution system. BIOFOULING 2011; 27:1161-1174. [PMID: 22117115 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2011.636807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Water distribution systems (WDS) are composed of a variety of materials and may harbour potential pathogens within surface-attached microbial biofilms. Biofilm formation on four plumbing materials, viz. copper, stainless steel 316 (SS316), ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) and cross-linked polyethylene (PEX), was investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM)/confocal microscopy, ATP-/culture-based analysis, and molecular analysis. Material 'inserts' were incorporated into a mains water fed, model WDS. All materials supported biofilm growth to various degrees. After 84 days, copper and SS316 showed no significant overall differences in terms of the level of biofilm formation observed, whilst PEX supported a significantly higher level of biofilm. EPDM exhibited gross contamination by a complex, multispecies biofilm, at a level significantly higher than was observed on the other materials, regardless of the analytical method used. PCR-DGGE analysis showed clear differences in the composition of the biofilm community on all materials after 84 days. The primary conclusion of this study has been to identify EPDM as a potentially unsuitable material for use as a major component in WDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Waines
- School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK.
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19
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Lin YE, Stout JE, Yu VL. Controlling Legionella in hospital drinking water: an evidence-based review of disinfection methods. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011; 32:166-73. [PMID: 21460472 DOI: 10.1086/657934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hospital-acquired Legionnaires' disease is directly linked to the presence of Legionella in hospital drinking water. Disinfecting the drinking water system is an effective preventive measure. The efficacy of any disinfection measures should be validated in a stepwise fashion from laboratory assessment to a controlled multiple-hospital evaluation over a prolonged period of time. In this review, we evaluate systemic disinfection methods (copper-silver ionization, chlorine dioxide, monochloramine, ultraviolet light, and hyperchlorination), a focal disinfection method (point-of-use filtration), and short-term disinfection methods in outbreak situations (superheat-and-flush with or without hyperchlorination). The infection control practitioner should take the lead in selection of the disinfection system and the vendor. Formal appraisals by other hospitals with experience of the system under consideration is indicated. Routine performance of surveillance cultures of drinking water to detect Legionella and monitoring of disinfectant concentrations are necessary to ensure long-term efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusen E Lin
- National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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20
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Wingender J, Flemming HC. Biofilms in drinking water and their role as reservoir for pathogens. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2011; 214:417-23. [PMID: 21697011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Most microorganisms on Earth live in various aggregates which are generally termed "biofilms". They are ubiquitous and represent the most successful form of life. They are the active agent in biofiltration and the carriers of the self-cleaning potential in soils, sediments and water. They are also common on surfaces in technical systems where they sometimes cause biofouling. In recent years it has become evident that biofilms in drinking water distribution networks can become transient or long-term habitats for hygienically relevant microorganisms. Important categories of these organisms include faecal indicator bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli), obligate bacterial pathogens of faecal origin (e.g., Campylobacter spp.) opportunistic bacteria of environmental origin (e.g., Legionella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa), enteric viruses (e.g., adenoviruses, rotaviruses, noroviruses) and parasitic protozoa (e.g., Cryptosporidium parvum). These organisms can attach to preexisting biofilms, where they become integrated and survive for days to weeks or even longer, depending on the biology and ecology of the organism and the environmental conditions. There are indications that at least a part of the biofilm populations of pathogenic bacteria persists in a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state and remains unnoticed by the methods appointed to their detection. Thus, biofilms in drinking water systems can serve as an environmental reservoir for pathogenic microorganisms and represent a potential source of water contamination, resulting in a potential health risk for humans if left unnoticed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jost Wingender
- Biofilm Centre, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
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21
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Wingender J. Hygienically Relevant Microorganisms in Biofilms of Man-Made Water Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-19940-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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22
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Sarjomaa M, Urdahl P, Ramsli E, Borchgrevink-Lund CF, Ask E. Forebygging av legionærsykdom i sykehus. TIDSSKRIFT FOR DEN NORSKE LEGEFORENING 2011; 131:1554-7. [DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.09.0881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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23
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Hayette MP, Christiaens G, Mutsers J, Barbier C, Huynen P, Melin P, de Mol P. Filamentous fungi recovered from the water distribution system of a Belgian university hospital. Med Mycol 2010; 48:969-74. [DOI: 10.3109/13693781003639601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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24
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Vonberg RP, Sohr D, Bruderek J, Gastmeier P. Impact of a silver layer on the membrane of tap water filters on the microbiological quality of filtered water. BMC Infect Dis 2008; 8:133. [PMID: 18842119 PMCID: PMC2569947 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-8-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacteria in the hospital's drinking water system represent a risk for the acquisition of a nosocomial infection in the severely immunocompromised host. Terminal tap water filters may be used to prevent nosocomial Legionnaires' disease. We present data from water samples using an improved kind of tap water filters. Methods In a blinded study on an intermediate care unit of the thoracic surgery department, a modified type of the Germlyser water filter (Aqua-Free Membrane Technology) with a newly-introduced silver layer on the filtration membrane was compared to its preceding type without such a layer on 15 water outlets. We determined growth of Legionella, other pathogenic bacteria, and the total heterotrophic plate count in unfiltered water and filtered water samples after filter usage intervals of 1 through 4 weeks. Results A total of 299 water samples were tested. Twenty-nine of the 60 unfiltered water samples contained Legionella of various serogroups (baseline value). In contrast, all samples filtered by the original water filter and all but one of the water samples filtered by the modified filter type remained Legionella-free. No other pathogenic bacteria were detected in any filtered sample. The total plate count in water samples increased during use of both kinds of filters over time. However, for the first 7 days of use, there were significantly fewer water samples containing >100 CFU per mL when using the new filter device compared with the older filters or taps with no filter. No advantage was seen thereafter. Conclusion The use of this type of terminal water filter is an appropriate method to protect immunocompromised patients from water-borne pathogens such as Legionella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf-Peter Vonberg
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Medical School Hannover, Germany.
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25
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Casini B, Valentini P, Baggiani A, Torracca F, Frateschi S, Nelli LC, Privitera G. Molecular epidemiology of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates following long-term chlorine dioxide treatment in a university hospital water system. J Hosp Infect 2008; 69:141-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Hygienic safety of reusable tap water filters (Germlyser) with an operating time of 4 or 8 weeks in a haematological oncology transplantation unit. BMC Infect Dis 2007; 7:45. [PMID: 17521416 PMCID: PMC1892024 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-7-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microbial safe tap water is crucial for the safety of immunosuppressed patients. Methods To evaluate the suitability of new, reusable point-of-use filters (Germlyser®, Aquafree GmbH, Hamburg, Germany), three variations of a reusable filter with the same filter principle but with different outlets (with and without silver) and inner surface coating of the filter encasements (with and without nano-crystalline silver) were tested. The filter efficacy was monitored over 1, 4 and 8 weeks operating time in a haematological oncology transplantation unit equipped with 18 water outlets (12 taps, 6 showers). Results The filtered water fulfilled the requirements of absence of pathogens over time. From 348 samples, 8 samples (2.3%) exceeded 100 cfu/ml (no sample ≥ 500 cfu/ml). As no reprocessed filter exhibited 100% filter efficacy in the final quality control after each reprocessing, these contaminations could be explained by retrograde contamination during use. Conclusion As a consequence of the study, the manufacturer recommends changing filters after 4 weeks in high risk areas and after 8 weeks in moderate infectious risk areas, together with routine weekly alcohol-based surface disinfection and additionally in case of visible contamination. The filter efficacy of the 3 filters types did not differ significantly regarding total bacterial counts. Manual reprocessing proved to be insufficient. Using a validated reprocessing in a washer/disinfector with alkaline, acid treatment and thermic disinfection, the filters were effectively reprocessable and now provide tap water meeting the German drinking water regulations as well as the WHO guidelines, including absence of pathogens.
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Documento de Consenso sobre pneumonia nosocomial11Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia e Sociedade Portuguesa de Cuidados Intensivos / Portuguese Society of Pulmonology and Intensive Care Society,22O presente documento é simultaneamente publicado na Revista Portuguesa de Medicina Intensiva (2007; 14(1):7-30) / This work is published simultaneously in the Portuguese Journal of Intensive Care Medicine (2007; 14(1):7-30). REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE PNEUMOLOGIA 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0873-2159(15)30360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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28
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Experimental based experiences with the introduction of a water safety plan for a multi-located university clinic and its efficacy according to WHO recommendations. BMC Public Health 2007; 7:34. [PMID: 17355621 PMCID: PMC1852098 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-7-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the high number of immunosuppressed and other predisposed patients hospitals have to control and ensure the microbiological water quality. The origin for the occurrence of pathogenic microorganisms in water pipes is the formation of biofilm. Methods For the permanent control of water safety a water safety plan (WSP) was realized as recommended by the WHO following the principle "search and destroy". The WSP is based on an established HACCP concept due to the special focus. The most important measures include the concept for sample taking depending on patient risk. 3 different categories) are distinguished: risk area1 (high infection risk), risk 2 (moderate infection risk), and risk area 3 (not increased infection risk). Additionally to the threshold value of the German law for the quality of drinking water (TrinkwV) three more limiting values were defined (warning, alert, and worst case) for immediate risk adapted reaction. Additional attention has to be focussed on lavatory sinks, which are an open bacterial reservoir. Therefore continuous disinfecting siphons were installed as part of the WSP in high risk areas. If extended technical equipment is not available, especially for immunocompromised patients the following measures are easy to realize: boiled (or sun exposed) water for nursing procedures as well alimentary use, no showering. Results Comparing data over 3 years the microbial water quality was significantly improved resulting in no new case of nosocomial Legionella pneumoniae and decrease in neonatal sepsis. Conclusion According to average situations with highly contaminated water system the management must be defined with implementation of water task force, immediate providing of special equipment, information of patients and staff and control of the water quality, an example for successful decontamination of the hospital within 24 hours is given.
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Tavolacci MP, Pitrou I, Merle V, Haghighat S, Thillard D, Czernichow P. Surgical hand rubbing compared with surgical hand scrubbing: comparison of efficacy and costs. J Hosp Infect 2006; 63:55-9. [PMID: 16517006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2005.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of surgical hand rubbing (SHR) with the efficacy of surgical hand scrubbing (SHS), and to determine the costs of both techniques for surgical hand disinfection. A review of studies reported in the literature that compared the efficacy of SHS and SHR was performed using MEDLINE. The costs of SHR and SHS were estimated based on standard hospital costs. The literature showed that SHR had immediate efficacy that was similar to that of SHS, but SHR had a more lasting effect. SHR reduced costs by 67%. In conclusion, SHR is a cost-effective alternative to SHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Tavolacci
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Rouen University Hospital, France.
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30
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Blanchard J. Waterborne infections; cotton swabs; patient safety goals; vancomycin; vaginal prep; battery-operated electrocautery hand pieces. AORN J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0001-2092(06)60346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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