1
|
Gerba CP, Boone S, Nims RW, Maillard JY, Sattar SA, Rubino JR, McKinney J, Ijaz MK. Mechanisms of action of microbicides commonly used in infection prevention and control. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0020522. [PMID: 38958456 PMCID: PMC11426018 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00205-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYUnderstanding how commonly used chemical microbicides affect pathogenic microorganisms is important for formulation of microbicides. This review focuses on the mechanism(s) of action of chemical microbicides commonly used in infection prevention and control. Contrary to the typical site-specific mode of action of antibiotics, microbicides often act via multiple targets, causing rapid and irreversible damage to microbes. In the case of viruses, the envelope or protein capsid is usually the primary structural target, resulting in loss of envelope integrity or denaturation of proteins in the capsid, causing loss of the receptor-binding domain for host cell receptors, and/or breakdown of other viral proteins or nucleic acids. However, for certain virucidal microbicides, the nucleic acid may be a significant site of action. The region of primary damage to the protein or nucleic acid is site-specific and may vary with the virus type. Due to their greater complexity and metabolism, bacteria and fungi offer more targets. The rapid and irreversible damage to microbes may result from solubilization of lipid components and denaturation of enzymes involved in the transport of nutrients. Formulation of microbicidal actives that attack multiple sites on microbes, or control of the pH, addition of preservatives or potentiators, and so on, can increase the spectrum of action against pathogens and reduce both the concentrations and times needed to achieve microbicidal activity against the target pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles P Gerba
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Stephanie Boone
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Jean-Yves Maillard
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Syed A Sattar
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Julie McKinney
- Global Research and Development for Lysol and Dettol, Reckitt Benckiser LLC, Montvale, New Jersey, USA
| | - M Khalid Ijaz
- Global Research and Development for Lysol and Dettol, Reckitt Benckiser LLC, Montvale, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chanakya B, Karunakaran K, Dsa OC, Sanghvi AP, Mukhopadhyay C, Mudgal PP. Leveraging virucidal potential of an anti-microbial coating agent to mitigate fomite transmission of respiratory viruses. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2024; 7:100261. [PMID: 39104780 PMCID: PMC11299590 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2024.100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, respiratory tract infections have emerged as a significant global threat, yet their impact on public health was previously underappreciated. This study investigated the antiviral efficacy of the nano-coating agent BARRIER90, composed of silicon-quaternary ammonium compound and a naturally derived biopolymer, against three distinct respiratory viruses: Influenza A (H1N1), Adenovirus Type 1, and Enterovirus-Coxsackie B1. BARRIER90 exhibited robust and sustained virucidal activity, persisting up to 90 days post-coating, against the enveloped virus, Influenza A, with significant reduction in viral plaques. Contrastingly, its efficacy against non-enveloped viruses revealed transient activity against Enterovirus-Coxsackie B1, with almost no antiviral activity observed against Adenovirus Type 1. These findings indicate the potential of antimicrobial coatings in mitigating viral transmission through contaminated surfaces (fomites), which harbour pathogenic viruses for longer periods. Antimicrobial coatings may facilitate infection control in various settings, including healthcare facilities and shared workspaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bommana Chanakya
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Kavitha Karunakaran
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Oliver Christy Dsa
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | | | - Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Piya Paul Mudgal
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hirao R, Takeuchi H, Kawada J, Ishida N. Polypropylene-Rendered Antiviral by Three-Dimensionally Surface-Grafted Poly( N-benzyl-4-vinylpyridinium bromide). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:10590-10600. [PMID: 38343039 PMCID: PMC10910468 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
To inhibit viral infection, it is necessary for the surface of polypropylene (PP), a polymer of significant industrial relevance, to possess biocidal properties. However, due to its low surface energy, PP weakly interacts with other organic molecules. The biocidal effects of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) have inspired the development of nonwoven PP fibers with surface-bound quaternary ammonium (QA). Despite this advancement, there is limited knowledge regarding the durability of these coatings against scratching and abrasion. It is hypothesized that the durability could be improved if the thickness of the coating layer were controlled and increased. We herein functionalized PP with three-dimensionally surface-grafted poly(N-benzyl-4-vinylpyridinium bromide) (PBVP) by a simple and rapid method involving graft polymerization and benzylation and examined the influence of different factors on the antiviral effect of the resulting plastic by using a plaque assay. The thickness of the PBVP coating, surface roughness, and amount of QACs, which jointly determine biocidal activity, could be controlled by adjusting the duration and intensity of the ultraviolet irradiation used for grafting. The best-performing sample reduced the viral infection titer of an enveloped model virus (bacteriophage ϕ6) by approximately 5 orders of magnitude after 60 min of contact and retained its antiviral activity after surface polishing-simulated scratching and abrasion, which indicated the localization of QACs across the coating interior. Our method may expand the scope of application to resin plates as well as fibers of PP. Given that the developed approach is not limited to PP and may be applied to other low-surface-energy olefinic polymers such as polyethylene and polybutene, our work paves the way for the fabrication of a wide range of biocidal surfaces for use in diverse environments, helping to prevent viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rie Hirao
- Toyota
Central R&D Labs, Inc., Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Hisato Takeuchi
- Toyota
Central R&D Labs, Inc., Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Jumpei Kawada
- Toyota
Central R&D Labs, Inc., Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Ishida
- Toyota
Central R&D Labs, Inc., Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang L. Biomedical equipments, vaccine and drug in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18089. [PMID: 37483808 PMCID: PMC10362228 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus caused an infectious disease, named COVID-19. Biomedical equipments, vaccine and drug have played a crucial role in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Nevertheless, up to now, there still has been no literature summarizing the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of this infectious disease from the perspective of biomedical equipments. Thus, this review wants to give an overview on the biomedical equipments, vaccine and drug in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of this disease, and avoids the overlap with previous research, more emphasis on biomedical equipments, and less emphasis on biomaterials. The existing problems in the current research and application were summarized, and the future research direction was proposed, so as to provide reference to deal with similar viral infections in the future.
Collapse
|
5
|
de Carvalho GR, Kudaka AM, Netto RA, Delarmelina C, Duarte MCT, Lona LMF. Antiviral and antibacterial activity of sodium alginate/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) polyelectrolyte film for packaging applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125388. [PMID: 37330082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen agents, such as bacteria and virus, can contaminate plastic surfaces, particularly those used in food packaging. This study proposed to prepare a polyelectrolyte film with antiviral and antibacterial activity based on sodium alginate (SA) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC), a cationic polymer with sanitizing properties. In addition, the physicochemical properties of the polyelectrolyte films were also evaluated. The polyelectrolyte films showed continuous, compact, and crack-free structures. The FTIR analysis confirmed the ionic interaction between SA and PDADMAC. Adding PDADMAC significantly affected the mechanical properties of the films (p < 0.05), increasing the maximum tensile strength (from 8.66 ± 1.55 MPa to 18.1 ± 1.77 MPa). However, polyelectrolyte films showed higher water vapor permeability values due to the strong hydrophilicity of PDADMAC, representing a 43 % average increase compared with the control film. Also, thermal stability improved with the incorporation of PDADMAC. The selected polyelectrolyte film inactivated 99.8 % of SARS-CoV-2 after 1 min in direct contact with the virus, in addition to having an inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. Therefore, this study demonstrated the efficacy of using PDADMAC in the preparation of polyelectrolyte sodium alginate-based films with improvements in physicochemical properties and especially with antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Ribeiro de Carvalho
- Department of Bioprocesses and Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Miki Kudaka
- Department of Bioprocesses and Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Affonso Netto
- Department of Bioprocesses and Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Delarmelina
- Chemical, Biological and Agricultural Pluridisciplinary Research Center (CPQBA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marta Cristina Teixeira Duarte
- Chemical, Biological and Agricultural Pluridisciplinary Research Center (CPQBA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liliane Maria Ferrareso Lona
- Department of Bioprocesses and Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Aranega-Bou P, Brown N, Stigling A, D’Costa W, Verlander NQ, Pottage T, Bennett A, Moore G. Laboratory Evaluation of a Quaternary Ammonium Compound-Based Antimicrobial Coating Used in Public Transport during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0174422. [PMID: 36856438 PMCID: PMC10057021 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01744-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The virucidal activity of the Zoono Z71 Microbe Shield surface sanitizer and protectant, a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC)-based antimicrobial coating that was used by the United Kingdom rail industry during the COVID-19 pandemic, was evaluated, using the bacteriophage ɸ6 as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2. Immediately after application and in the absence of interfering substances, the product effectively reduced (>3 log10) the viability of ɸ6 on some materials that are typically used in rail carriages (stainless steel, high-pressure laminate, plastic). If, after the application of the product, these surfaces remained undisturbed, the antimicrobial coating retained its efficacy for at least 28 days. However, efficacy depended on the material being coated. The product provided inconsistent results when applied to glass surfaces and was ineffective (i.e., achieved <3 log10 reduction) when applied to a train arm rest that was made of Terluran 22. Regardless of the material that was coated or the time since application, the presence of organic debris (fetal bovine serum) significantly reduced the viricidal activity of the coating. Wiping the surface with a wetted cloth after the deposition of organic debris was not sufficient to restore efficacy. We conclude that the product is likely to be of limited effectiveness in a busy, multiuser environment, such as public transport. IMPORTANCE This study evaluated the performance of a commercially available antimicrobial coating that was used by the transport industry in the United Kingdom during the COVID-19 pandemic. While the product was effective against ɸ6, the efficacy of the coating depended upon the material to which it was applied. Similarly, and regardless of the surface material, the presence of organic debris severely impaired viricidal activity, and efficacy could not be recovered through wiping (cleaning) the surface. This highlights the importance of including relevant materials and conditions when evaluating antimicrobial coatings in the laboratory. Further efforts are required to identify suitable infection prevention and control practices for the transport industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paz Aranega-Bou
- Biosafety, Air and Water Microbiology Group, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Brown
- Biosafety, Air and Water Microbiology Group, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail Stigling
- Biosafety, Air and Water Microbiology Group, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Wilhemina D’Costa
- Biosafety, Air and Water Microbiology Group, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Neville Q. Verlander
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Pottage
- Biosafety, Air and Water Microbiology Group, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Allan Bennett
- Biosafety, Air and Water Microbiology Group, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Ginny Moore
- Biosafety, Air and Water Microbiology Group, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Muniz NO, Gabut S, Maton M, Odou P, Vialette M, Pinon A, Neut C, Tabary N, Blanchemain N, Martel B. Electrospun Filtering Membrane Designed as Component of Self-Decontaminating Protective Masks. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:9. [PMID: 36615926 PMCID: PMC9823851 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The 2019 coronavirus outbreak and worsening air pollution have triggered the search for manufacturing effective protective masks preventing both particulate matter and biohazard absorption through the respiratory tract. Therefore, the design of advanced filtering textiles combining efficient physical barrier properties with antimicrobial properties is more newsworthy than ever. The objective of this work was to produce a filtering electrospun membrane incorporating a biocidal agent that would offer both optimal filtration efficiency and fast deactivation of entrapped viruses and bacteria. After the eco-friendly electrospinning process, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers were stabilized by crosslinking with 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA). To compensate their low mechanical properties, nanofiber membranes with variable grammages were directly electrospun on a meltblown polypropylene (PP) support of 30 g/m2. The results demonstrated that nanofibers supported on PP with a grammage of around only 2 g/m2 presented the best compromise between filtration efficiencies of PM0.3, PM0.5, and PM3.0 and the pressure drop. The filtering electrospun membranes loaded with benzalkonium chloride (ADBAC) as a biocidal agent were successfully tested against E. coli and S. aureus and against human coronavirus strain HCoV-229E. This new biocidal filter based on electrospun nanofibers supported on PP nonwoven fabric could be a promising solution for personal and collective protection in a pandemic context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Oderich Muniz
- UMET—Unité Matériaux et Transformations, University of Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Sarah Gabut
- UMET—Unité Matériaux et Transformations, University of Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Mickael Maton
- University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1008—Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Pascal Odou
- ULR 7365—GRITA—Groupe de Recherche sur les Formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, University of Lille, CHU Lille F-59000, 59006 Lille, France
| | - Michèle Vialette
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Unité de Sécurité Microbiologique, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Anthony Pinon
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Unité de Sécurité Microbiologique, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Christel Neut
- Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1286, 59045 Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Tabary
- UMET—Unité Matériaux et Transformations, University of Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Nicolas Blanchemain
- University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1008—Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Bernard Martel
- UMET—Unité Matériaux et Transformations, University of Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Almeida CF, Purcell DFJ, Godfrey DI, McAuley JL. The Efficacy of Common Household Cleaning Agents for SARS-CoV-2 Infection Control. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040715. [PMID: 35458445 PMCID: PMC9026400 DOI: 10.3390/v14040715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is having devastating effects on a global scale. Since common household disinfectants are often used to minimise the risk of infection in the home and work environment, we investigated the ability of some of these products to inactivate the virus. We tested generic brands of vinegar, bleach, and dishwashing detergent, as well as laboratory-grade acetic acid, sodium hypochlorite, and ethanol. Assays were conducted at room temperature (18–20 °C, 40% relative humidity), and two time points were used to reflect a quick wipe (30 s) and a brief soak (5 min). Vinegar, and its active ingredient, acetic acid, were completely ineffective at virus inactivation even when exposed to the virus at 90% v/v (a final concentration equivalent to 3.6% v/v acetic acid). In contrast, ethanol was capable of inactivating the virus at dilutions as low as 40% v/v. Dishwashing detergent effectively rendered SARS-CoV-2 inactive when diluted 100-fold (1% v/v). Bleach was found to be fully effective against SARS-CoV-2 at 0.21 g/L sodium hypochlorite after a 30 s exposure (1/200 dilution of commercial product). Given reports of infectious virus recovered from the surface of frozen packaging, we tested the persistence of infectiousness after multiple freeze-thaw cycles and found no change in infectious SARS-CoV-2 titre after seven freeze-thaw cycles. These results should help inform readers of how to effectively disinfect surfaces and objects that have potentially been contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 using common household chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina F. Almeida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (C.F.A.); (D.F.J.P.); (D.I.G.)
| | - Damian F. J. Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (C.F.A.); (D.F.J.P.); (D.I.G.)
- Global Virus Network Center of Excellence at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (C.F.A.); (D.F.J.P.); (D.I.G.)
| | - Julie L. McAuley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (C.F.A.); (D.F.J.P.); (D.I.G.)
- Global Virus Network Center of Excellence at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|