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Sayin O, Altinkaynak H. Macular Pigment Optical Density in First Degree Relatives of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Patients. Curr Eye Res 2023; 48:1057-1062. [PMID: 37494149 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2242012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To measure the macular pigment optical density in first-degree relatives of patients with age-related macular degeneration and compare it with a healthy control group. METHODS One hundred and twenty-eight healthy subjects who were first-degree relatives of age-related macular degeneration patients were included in the study (Group 1). As the control group, 74 healthy subjects were included in the study (Group 2). The right eyes of all cases were included in the study. Macular pigment optical density was measured with a commercially available device (MPSII®, Elektron Technology, Switzerland) using technology based on heterochromatic flicker photometry. Central foveal thickness and subfoveal choroidal thickness were measured with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Values were compared between the two groups. RESULTS There were 54 males and 74 females in Group 1 and 32 males and 42 females in Group 2. The mean ± SD ages of Group 1 and Group 2 were 49.0 ± 7.6 and 41.8 ± 8.6, respectively. Mean ± SD macular pigment optical density values of Group 1 and Group 2 were 0.43 ± 0.09 and 0.47 ± 0.12 (p = 0.048), mean ± SD central foveal thickness were 208 ± 19 and 216 ± 8 µm (p = 0.014), and mean ± SD subfoveal choroidal thickness were 232 ± 29 and 250 ± 21 µm (p = 0.002), respectively. CONCLUSION The macular pigment optical density values were significantly lower in the first-degree relatives of patients with age-related macular degeneration than in the control group. Macular pigment optical density may be a marker for the development of age-related macular degeneration in the future in the first-degree relatives of age-related macular degeneration patients. Further prospective studies with a larger number of participants will be needed to confirm our results moreover, to clarify its benefit as an early diagnostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Sayin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konya City Hospital, Konya, Turkey
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Hu W, Zheng R, Feng Y, Tan D, Chan Chung-Tsing G, Su X, Kim JE. Impacts of regular consumption of grapes on macular pigment accumulation in Singapore older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Food Funct 2023; 14:8321-8330. [PMID: 37605542 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02105j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Background: Oxidative stress is a key risk factor for visual impairment and consuming dietary antioxidant-rich foods may help in managing visual impairments. However, a limited number of studies have investigated the effect of dietary antioxidant-rich food including grapes on eye health in older adults. Objectives: To assess the effects on macular pigment accumulation of regular consumption of grapes in Singapore older adults. Methods: This was a 16 week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Thirty-four Singapore older adults were randomized into regularly consuming either 46 g day-1 of freeze-dried table grape powder (the intervention group) or the same amount of placebo powder (the control group). Macular pigment optical density (MPOD), skin carotenoid status, advanced glycation end product (AGEs) status and dietary lutein intake were assessed every 4 weeks, and plasma lutein concentration, total antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content were measured every 8 weeks. Results: A significant time effect (p = 0.007) was observed for MPOD, and this is largely attributed to the improvement in the MPOD for the intervention group, as a significant increase was observed only in this group (week 0: 0.56 ± 0.04 D.U.; week 16: 0.61 ± 0.04 D.U., p < 0.01). Additionally, a significant increase in plasma total antioxidant capacity (week 0: 0.26 ± 0.13 mM TEAC; week 16: 0.36 ± 0.20 mM TEAC, p < 0.01) and total phenolic content (week 0: 10.50 ± 0.44 mg L-1 GAE; week 16: 12.58 ± 0.55 mg L-1 GAE, p < 0.001) was observed for the intervention group only. In contrast, a significant increase in skin AGE status was observed in the control group (week 0: 2.47 ± 0.24; week 16: 2.99 ± 0.12, p < 0.05) while this was mitigated in the intervention group. There were no differences in dietary lutein intake, plasma lutein concentration and skin carotenoid status between groups throughout the study. Conclusions: Regular intake of grapes may improve eye health in Singapore older adults, specifically in augmenting MPOD, which can be explained by an increase in plasma total antioxidant capacity and phenolic content, and the downregulation of AGEs. This study was registered at clinicatrials.gov as NCT05064865.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Hu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Ruoxi Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Yuting Feng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Denise Tan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
- Science and Technology Department, Nestlé R&D Center (Pte) Ltd, Singapore 618802, Singapore
| | - Gregory Chan Chung-Tsing
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Xinyi Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Jung Eun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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Bartlett H, Howells O, Eperjesi F. The role of macular pigment assessment in clinical practice: a review. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 93:300-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2010.00499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Bartlett
- Ophthalmic Research Group, School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
E‐mail:
| | - Olivia Howells
- Ophthalmic Research Group, School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
E‐mail:
| | - Frank Eperjesi
- Ophthalmic Research Group, School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
E‐mail:
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Rutledge GA, Pratt SG, Richer SP, Huntjens B, Perry CB, Pratt G, Podella C. Foveal macular pigment dip in offspring of age-related macular degeneration patients is inversely associated with omega-3 index. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20:473. [PMID: 33267825 PMCID: PMC7709463 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Offspring of parent(s) with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have a 45% lifetime risk of developing the disease. High foveal macular pigment optical density (MPOD) is protective, whereas individuals with a “foveal macular pigment dip” (FMPD) are at increased risk. Shortage of the dietary carotenoids lutein, zeaxanthin as well as fish consumption are reported AMD risk factors. This Early Biomarkers of AMD (EBAMD) study evaluates serum factors that protect foveal MPOD architecture in Caucasian offspring of parent(s) with AMD. Methods N = 130 subjects [mean (SD) age 62.8 (8.6) years; 36/94 male/female] were recruited from Scripps Health/ Scripps Memorial Hospital/ Scripps Mericos Eye Institute between 2012 and 2017. Macula pigment 3D topography was evaluated using specular reflectance. Buccal genetic cheek swab, circulating serum dietary carotenoids and long-term RBC omega-3 fatty acid status, as well as common secondary clinical structural and vision function parameters were obtained. Results 41 % of offspring of AMD parent(s) presented with FMPD. These offspring were about 4 years younger than those without FMPD (controls; P = 0.012) and had thinner foveas (P = 0.010). There were no differences in gender, BMI, % body fat, visual acuity or contrast sensitivity between those with and without FMPD. % RBC membrane docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was reduced in FMPD offspring vs. control offspring (P = 0.04). The Omega-3 Index was significantly decreased in the FMPD group (P = 0.03). Conclusions The percentage of FMPD in AMD offspring is nearly twice that reported for the general population in the scientific literature. Offspring presenting FMPD had similar AMD genetic risk, but significantly reduced % RBC membrane omega-3 fatty acids and thinner foveas compared with those without FMPD. Our data supports the importance of ‘essential fatty’ acids as an independent AMD risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant A Rutledge
- Scripps Health/Scripps Memorial Hospital/Scripps Mericos Eye Institute - Scripps Clinical Research Service, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA. .,USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Steven G Pratt
- Scripps Health/Scripps Memorial Hospital/Scripps Mericos Eye Institute - Scripps Clinical Research Service, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stuart P Richer
- Eye Clinics, Captain James A. Lovell Federal Health Care Center, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Byki Huntjens
- Centre for Applied Vision Research, Division of Optometry and Vision Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - C Blake Perry
- Scripps Health/Scripps Memorial Hospital/Scripps Mericos Eye Institute - Scripps Clinical Research Service, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gunilla Pratt
- Scripps Health/Scripps Memorial Hospital/Scripps Mericos Eye Institute - Scripps Clinical Research Service, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carla Podella
- Eye Clinics, Captain James A. Lovell Federal Health Care Center, North Chicago, IL, USA
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Investigation of Surrogate Biomarkers Associated with Macular Pigment Status in a Group of Older Irish Adults. Optom Vis Sci 2020; 97:879-888. [PMID: 33055512 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Macular pigment (MP) confers potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects at the macula; however, its optical density in the eye is not routinely measured in clinical practice. PURPOSE This study explored a range of surrogate biomarkers including anthropometric, clinical, and plasma measures that may be associated with lower MP optical density (MPOD). METHODS Two thousand five hundred ninety-four subjects completed a full MP assessment as part of wave 1 of The Irish Longitudinal Study of Aging. Macular pigment optical density was measured using customized heterochromatic flicker photometry. Clinical (blood pressure), plasma (lipoproteins, inflammatory markers), and anthropometric (waist, hip, height, weight) biomarkers were measured for each participant. RESULTS Mean (standard deviation) MPOD for the study group was 0.223 (0.161), with a range of 0 to 1.08. One-way ANOVA revealed that MPOD was significantly lower among participants with low plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL; P = .04), raised plasma triglyceride-to-HDL ratio (P = .003), and raised total cholesterol-to-HDL ratio (P = .03). Subjects with an elevated waist circumference (WC) had a significantly lower MPOD (mean, 0.216 [0.159]) compared with those with an ideal WC (mean, 0.229 [0.162]; P = .03). Significant correlates of MPOD on mixed linear model analysis included education, smoking status, and WC. CONCLUSIONS Higher abdominal fat is associated with lower MPOD in this representative sample of older Irish adults. Although altered lipoprotein profiles (low HDL, raised triglyceride-to-HDL ratio, raised total cholesterol-to-HDL ratio) may affect the transport, uptake, and stabilization of carotenoids in the retina, these plasma biomarkers were not predictive of low MPOD after adjustment for abdominal circumference. Although WC emerged as a viable anthropometric predictor of lower MPOD, its effect size seems to be small.
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Hong IH, Jung WH, Lee JH, Chang IB. Macular Pigment Optical Density in the Korean Population: a Cross Sectional Study. J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35:e30. [PMID: 32030919 PMCID: PMC7008070 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the macular pigment optical density (MPOD) with age in the Korean population using the Macular Pigment Screener II (MPSII®). METHODS One hundred and twenty-six eyes were retrospectively reviewed. MPOD was measured using MPSII®, which uses a heterochromatic flicker photometry method, and the estimated values were analyzed. Spearman's correlation test was used to evaluate correlations between MPOD and age. The association between MPOD and age was determined using a simple linear regression analysis. MPODs among the four groups were compared via the post hoc analysis with Bonferroni correction, MPODs between the age-related macular degeneration (AMD) group and aged-matched healthy subjects were compared via the Mann-Whitney U test. Other risk factors for AMD were identified via a logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Estimated MPOD decreased significantly with increasing age in the general population. In the simple regression analysis, a statistically significant linear regression model was observed, and the estimated values of MPOD decreased by ?0.005 as age increased by 1 year. Aged (> 50 years) showed lower MPOD than younger (30-49 years) subjects. But, in the healthy population, the estimated MPOD values exhibited a decreasing trend with age, but there were no significant differences according to age, after excluding patients with AMD. MPOD was significantly lower in patients with AMD than in aged healthy controls. Furthermore, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and smoking were identified as risk factors for AMD. CONCLUSION MPOD measured with MPSII® reflects the MP density in healthy individuals and patients with dry AMD. Aging was not significantly associated with low MPOD in healthy population, but the presence of dry AMD was significantly associated with low MPOD. Then, low MPOD may be a risk factor for development of dry AMD. Furthermore, routine screening with MPS II® for ages 50 and older is thought to help detect early low MPOD and identify individuals who should take supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Hwan Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Woo Hyun Jung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Jae Hyup Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - In Boem Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
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Obana A, Gohto Y, Sasano H, Gellermann W, Sharifzadeh M, Seto T, Bernstein PS. Spatial distribution of macular pigment estimated by autofluorescence imaging in elderly Japanese individuals. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2020; 64:160-170. [PMID: 31989400 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-020-00716-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the spatial distribution types of macular pigment (MP) in elderly Japanese individuals and to consider their origin. STUDY DESIGN Observational case series. METHODS Local MP optical density (MPOD) at some eccentricities and MP volume were measured using the MPOD module of a MultiColor Spectralis in 96 pseudophakic eyes of 96 participants (age range, 52-86 years; mean age, 72.8 ± 8.3 years). The MP distribution types were determined from the MP spatial profiles. The retinal thickness (RT) at the foveal center, at both 0.5° and 0.9° eccentricities, and the foveal width were measured using optical coherence tomography. RESULTS The mean local MPOD at the foveal center was 0.79. Spatial distribution was classified into four types: central peak (24.0%), ring-like (40.6%), intermediate (22.9%), and central dip (12.5%). The ring-like type was the most frequent in these Japanese participants. The central-peak type showed lower MPOD than did the other types in the area outside 0.9°. The ring-like type occurred frequently in eyes with small RT at 0.5° and wider foveal width. A rough contour of the Müller cell cone was found more frequently in the central-dip type than in the other types. CONCLUSIONS The present characteristics of the different distribution patterns could be explained by the hypothesis that MP presents mainly in the Müller cell cone within 0.5° and in Müller cells in the outer and inner plexiform layers in the area outside 0.5°. The anatomic characteristics of Müller cells at the fovea and parafovea likely affect the MP distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Obana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, 2-12-12 Sumiyoshi, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 430-8558, Japan. .,Hamamatsu BioPhotonics Innovation Chair, Institute for Medical Photonics Research, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
| | - Yuko Gohto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, 2-12-12 Sumiyoshi, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 430-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sasano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, 2-12-12 Sumiyoshi, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 430-8558, Japan
| | | | | | - Takahiko Seto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, 2-12-12 Sumiyoshi, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 430-8558, Japan
| | - Paul S Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA
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Zarubina AV, Huisingh CE, Clark ME, Sloan KR, McGwin G, Crosson JN, Curcio CA, Owsley C. Rod-Mediated Dark Adaptation and Macular Pigment Optical Density in Older Adults with Normal Maculas. Curr Eye Res 2018; 43:913-920. [PMID: 29634370 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1460380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the association between macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and rod-mediated dark adaptation (RMDA) in persons ≥60 years old with normal maculas as determined by an accepted color fundus photography grading system. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis used baseline data from eyes in the Alabama Study on Early Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Eyes at step 1 in the AREDS 9-step grading system were considered normal. Eyes were additionally assessed by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Foveal MPOD was estimated via heterochromatic flicker photometry, and RMDA was assessed with a computerized dark adaptometer. The association between RMDA and MPOD was examined via Spearman correlation coefficients adjusted for age. RESULTS In 306 eyes from 306 persons (mean age 68.2 years) in normal macular health, MPOD was not associated with RMDA (age-adjusted rank correlation = 0.043, p = 0.45). After 81 eyes with incidental macular findings by SD-OCT evaluation were excluded, the association between MPOD and RMDA remained null (N = 225, age-adjusted r = 0.015, p = 0.82). CONCLUSION In a large sample of normal aged eyes, RMDA, a visual function that is rate limited by retinoid availability to photoreceptors across the complex of retinal pigment epithelium, Bruch's membrane, and choriocapillaris, is not related to MPOD in the neurosensory retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Zarubina
- a Department of Ophthalmology , School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | - Carrie E Huisingh
- a Department of Ophthalmology , School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | - Mark E Clark
- a Department of Ophthalmology , School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | - Kenneth R Sloan
- a Department of Ophthalmology , School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA.,b Department of Computer Science , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | - Gerald McGwin
- a Department of Ophthalmology , School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA.,c Department of Epidemiology , School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | - Jason N Crosson
- a Department of Ophthalmology , School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA.,d Retina Consultants of Alabama , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | - Christine A Curcio
- a Department of Ophthalmology , School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | - Cynthia Owsley
- a Department of Ophthalmology , School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
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Ozyurt A, Kocak N, Akan P, Calan OG, Ozturk T, Kaya M, Karahan E, Kaynak S. Comparison of macular pigment optical density in patients with dry and wet age-related macular degeneration. Indian J Ophthalmol 2017. [PMID: 28643712 PMCID: PMC5508458 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_365_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the macular pigment optical density (MPOD) levels in patients with wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD), dry AMD, and also in healthy controls. Settings and Design: This study was conducted at Department of Ophthalmology, and the study design was a prospective study. Patients and Methods: Forty-eight patients with wet AMD, 51 patients with dry AMD, and 50 controls were included in the study. All patients were naive to both previous lutein or zeaxanthin administration and any previous intravitreal injections. Fundus reflectance (VISUCAM 500, reflectance of a single 460 nm wavelength) was used to measure the MPOD levels. Three groups were compared regarding age, gender, serum lutein, and zeaxanthin concentrations as well as MPOD levels. Results: Serum lutein and zeaxanthin levels were significantly higher in control group when compared with wet AMD (Group 1) and dry AMD (Group 2) (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Mean MPOD was found to be similar in all of the three study subgroups (P = 0.630). However, maximum MPOD was significantly higher in control group when compared with Group 1 and 2 (P = 0.003). There was no correlation between serum lutein or zeaxanthin concentrations and mean MPOD levels (P = 0.815, r = 0.014 and P = 0.461, r = 0.043, respectively), but there was a weak correlation between serum zeaxanthin concentration and maximum MPOD level (P = 0.042, r = 0.124). Maximum MPOD level was found to be correlated with the level of AMD (Group 1, 2, and 3; r = 0.184, P = 0.041). Conclusion: Maximum MPOD level was found to be lower in patients with AMD when compared with control cases. Mean MPOD and maximum MPOD levels were similar in wet and dry AMD Groups. These results can be applied clinically keeping in mind that MPOD measurements with one wavelength reflectometry may not be completely reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayhan Ozyurt
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nilufer Kocak
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Pınar Akan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Gursoy Calan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Taylan Ozturk
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Kaya
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Eyup Karahan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Karatas Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Kaynak
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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Azar G, Quaranta-El Maftouhi M, Masella JJ, Mauget-Faÿsse M. Macular pigment density variation after supplementation of lutein and zeaxanthin using the Visucam ® 200 pigment module: Impact of age-related macular degeneration and lens status. J Fr Ophtalmol 2017; 40:303-313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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The Association between Foveal Morphology and Macular Pigment Spatial Distribution: An Ethnicity Study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169520. [PMID: 28068388 PMCID: PMC5221785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Macular pigment (MP) spatial distribution varies considerably among individuals. We investigated ethnic variations in MP spatial distribution in relation to foveal architecture. Methods We measured MP optical density (MPOD) using heterochromatic flicker photometry (MAP test, City, University of London) in 76 white, 80 South Asian and 70 black volunteers (18 to 39 years). MPOD spatial profiles were classified objectively as exponential, ring-like or central dip, based on deviations away from an exponential fit. Measurements including total retinal thickness (RT), inner retinal layer (IRL), inner and outer plexiform layer (IPL and OPL) thickness, foveal width and foveal pit slope were taken from Spectralis SD-OCT (Heidelberg, Germany) scans. Results Integrated MPOD up to 1.8° (MPODint) was higher in South Asian (0.84±0.26) and black (0.84±0.31) than whites (0.63±0.24, P<0.0005). Ethnicity explained around 10% of the variance while gender played no significant role. MPOD profile phenotypes were associated with ethnicity: 58% with ring profiles were South Asian and 43% with dip profiles were black (χ2(4,226) = 13.4, P = 0.009). MPODint was lower in exponential (0.66±0.21) compared to ring-like (0.96±0.26) and central dip (1.00±0.32, P<0.0005) groups. White subjects had thicker IRL at 0° (130±21μm) than South Asian (123±16μm) and blacks (116±14μm; F(2) = 12.4, P<0.0005), with comparable results for IPL (P<0.0005) and OPL (P = 0.03). There was no significant difference in IRL, IPL or OPL (from 0 to 3.8° retinal eccentricity) or foveal width between MP profile groups (P>0.05). Conclusion We report a significant difference in the amount and distribution of MP between ethnicities that is not explained by variations in foveal morphology.
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Ren XT, Gu H, Han X, Zhang JY, Li X, Yang XF, Xu J, Snellingen T, Liu XP, Wang NL, Liu NP. Measurement of macular pigment optical density among healthy Chinese people and patients with early-stage age-related macular degeneration. Int J Ophthalmol 2015; 8:1190-5. [PMID: 26682171 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.06.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To measure the macular pigment optical density (MPOD) in healthy Chinese people and patients with early age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS Cross-sectional population based study. Demographic and lifestyle characteristics were ascertained by questionnaire. A food frequency questionnaire was completed for all participants. Participants underwent general physical and ophthalmic examinations and MPOD was measured by heterochromatic flicker photometry. Foveal architecture was measured by optical coherence tomography. RESULTS MPOD of 225 participants (122 healthy and 103 early AMD) was 0.48±0.18. Patients with early AMD (0.52±0.19) tended to have higher MPOD levels than healthy people (0.47±0.17), but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.06). Participants with carrot or corn oil intake every week tended to have higher levels of MPOD (P=0.002 and 0.008 respectively) while those with corn intake had relatively lower level of MPOD (P=0.01). MPOD increased with the center foveal thickness (P=0.01). CONCLUSION Our findings show that there is no statistically significant association between MPOD and early AMD in the studied population. MPOD is related to center foveal thickness and diets would influence MPOD levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Tao Ren
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hong Gu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xu Han
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jun-Yan Zhang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xue Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiu-Fen Yang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
| | | | - Xi-Pu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Hospital of Tsinghua University, Beijing 100016, China
| | - Ning-Li Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ning-Pu Liu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
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Ji Y, Zhang X, Wu K, Su Y, Zuo C, Chen H, Li M, Wen F. Macular pigment optical density in a healthy Chinese population. Acta Ophthalmol 2015; 93:e550-5. [PMID: 25588897 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To measure the macular pigment optical density (MPOD) values in a healthy Chinese population using the one-wavelength reflectometry method and to investigate the relationships of MPOD with age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking and lens opacities. METHODS A total of 441 healthy participants, aged 3-81 years old (242 male and 199 female subjects), were enrolled in this study. Demographic and lifestyle data were recorded based on physical examinations and questionnaires. Lens opacities were measured according to the Lens Opacities Classification System III (LOCS III). MPOD values were measured at 7° of eccentricity, using the one-wavelength reflectometry method (Visucam 200; Carl Zeiss Meditec). MPOD values were reported in parameters including 'max' and 'mean' optical density (OD). The original MPOD values without automated correction were used for analysis. RESULTS The average values were 0.303 ± 0.097 d.u. (initials of density units) for the max OD and 0.109 ± 0.031 d.u. for the mean OD. A significant inverse relationship was found between age and MPOD (for max OD, β = -0.716, p < 0.001; for mean OD, β = -0.669, p < 0.001). Participants with no lens opacities had higher MPOD values than those with moderate lens opacities (p < 0.001). The MPOD values were not associated with sex, BMI or smoking status. CONCLUSION MPOD within 7° of eccentricity, as measured by one-wavelength reflectometry, was found to decrease with increasing age in a healthy Chinese population, and lens opacities had an impact on these measurements. These results provide a reference value for future studies in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Xiongze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Kunfang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Yu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Chengguo Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Feng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
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Thiele S, Rauscher FG, Wiedemann P, Dawczynski J. Influence of macular oedema on the measurement of macular pigment optical density. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 254:455-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-3079-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Macular pigment optical density measurements by one-wavelength reflection photometry--influence of cataract surgery on the measurement results. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 252:1717-27. [PMID: 24752832 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2627-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The main objective of the present study was the investigation of possible influence of lens opacification on macular pigment optical density (MPOD) measurements. METHODS Eighty-six eyes of 64 patients (mean age 73.4 ± 8.3 years) were included in the study. MPOD was prospectively measured using the one-wavelength reflection method (Visucam500, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG) before and after cataract extraction, with implantation of a blue-light filtering intraocular lens (AlconSN60WF). The median of the maximum optical density (MaxOD) and the median of the mean optical density (MeanOD) measurements of macular pigment across the subject group were evaluated. RESULTS Statistically significant differences were noticed between pre-operative and post-operative measurements, the absolute values were generally lower after cataract extraction. The following median (lower/upper quartile) differences across the group were determined: MaxOD -33.8 % (-46.2 to -19.1 %), MeanOD -44.0 % (-54.6 to -26.6 %). Larger changes were observed in elderly patients [<70 years of age (n = 25 eyes): MaxOD -13.4 % (-20.5 to 3.6 %), MeanOD -23.6 % (-30.5 to -15.3 %) versus patients ≥70 years (n = 61 eyes) MaxOD -40.5 % (-53.2 to -30.1 %), MeanOD -47.2 % (-57.8 to -40.1 %)] and in patients with progressed stage of cataract. MaxOD for lens opacification grade 1 (n = 9 eyes): -27.4 % (-42.1 to -19.6 %), grade 2 (n = 26 eyes): -35.0 % (-44.2 to -25.3 %), grade 3 (n = 21 eyes): -34.4 % (-45.4 to -11.4 %), grade 4 (n = 25 eyes): -32.6 % (-53.2 to -6.4 %), and grade 5 (n = 5 eyes): -53.5 % (-61.7 to -38.7 %) and MeanOD for cataract stage 1 (n = 9 eyes): -42.6 % (-46.0 to -26.0 %), stage 2 (n = 26 eyes): -44.1 % (-51.8 to -26.2 %), stage 3 (n = 21 eyes): -45.7 % (-54.7 to -24.7 %), stage 4 (n = 25 eyes): -39.5 % (-59.4 to -26.1 %), and stage 5 (n = 5 eyes): -57.0 % (-66.1 to -51.4 %). CONCLUSIONS As established by comparison of pre- to post-operative measurements, cataract presented a strong effect on MPOD measured by one-wavelength reflection method. Particular care should therefore be taken when evaluating MPOD using this method in elderly patients with progressed stage of cataract. Future optimization of correcting parameters of scattered light and consideration of cataract influence may allow more precise evaluation of MPOD.
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Patryas L, Parry NRA, Carden D, Aslam T, Murray IJ. The association between dark adaptation and macular pigment optical density in healthy subjects. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 252:657-63. [PMID: 24413682 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2564-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether macular pigment optical density (MPOD) is related to dark adaptation in healthy subjects. METHODS Dark adaptation was measured after a minimum 30 % pigment bleach in 33 subjects (aged 15-68), using a white 1° stimulus presented 11° below fixation on a cathode ray tube monitor. The luminance range of the monitor was extended using neutral density filters. A heterochromatic flicker photometry based instrument (MPS 9000) was used to measure MPOD. RESULTS The average MPOD for the whole group was 0.37 ± 0.21 optical density units. Subjects with lighter irides had on average 40 % lower MPOD compared to those with darker irides (0.3 ± 0.20 vs 0.5 ± 0.19). Group mean MPOD was weakly associated with second (r = 0.32, p = 0.07) and third rod-mediated recovery rates (r = 0.31, p = 0.08) and with the rod threshold (r = -0.24, p = 0.18) 30 min after the onset of bleach. MPOD was unrelated to cone time constant (r = -0.02, p = 0.91), cone threshold (r = -0.01, p = 0.96), rod-cone break (r = 0.13, p = 0.45) or the rod-rod break (r = 0.11, p = 0.52). The second rod-mediated recovery rate (S2) for the lower 10th percentile of MPOD (n = 4) was 0.18 log cd.m(-2).min(-1) and 0.24 log cd.m(-2).min(-1) for the upper 10th percentile (n = 4). The two groups were significantly different (t = -2.67, p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS We report a statistically significant difference between subjects falling in the 10th percentile extremes of MPOD and rod-mediated but not cone-mediated sensitivity recovery. Further investigation into the relationship between MPOD and rod function is warranted, particularly extending the work to encompass those with low MPOD and poor night vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Patryas
- The Vision Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Carys Bannister Building, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK,
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The use of heterochromatic flicker photometry to determine macular pigment optical density in a healthy Australian population. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 252:417-21. [PMID: 24390399 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-013-2554-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish the normal macular pigment density (MPOD) in a healthy adult Australian sample using heterochromatic flicker photometry (HFP). METHODS Macular pigment density was measured using heterochromatic flicker photometry in a total of 201 subjects ranging in age from 21 to 84 years with healthy macula. Fifty-seven of the healthy subjects also completed a food-frequency dietary questionnaire. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was measured using logMAR, chart and macular morphological profiles were assessed using high-resolution integrated Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). RESULTS The average MPOD value was 0.41 ± 0.20 (range 0.07-0.79). There was no statistically significant difference between values in the left and right eye, with good interocular agreement (0.41 vs 0.40, r = 0.893, p < 0.01). Age significantly predicted MPOD score (R (2) = 0.07, p < 0.05). A subgroup analysis of patients who completed the dietary questionnaire revealed a close correlation between higher diet scores and higher MPOD (r = 0.720 p = 0.031). There was no effect of smoking, gender, or iris colour on MPOD values. There was no significant correlation between BCVA, macular OCT profiles, and MPOD. CONCLUSION Given that MPOD values are potentially affected by geographical variation, we have determined a mean MPOD value for healthy subjects in a population south of the equator, providing a reference point for future studies on Caucasian samples.
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Beirne RO. The macular pigment optical density spatial profile and increasing age. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013; 252:383-8. [PMID: 24081317 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-013-2471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between the central spatial profile of macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and increasing age in normal eyes. METHODS Ninety-eight individuals (aged 19-71 years) with good visual acuity, free from ocular disease, and with clear ocular media participated. MPOD was measured at 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 1.75° eccentricity from the foveal centre using a heterochromatic flicker photometry based densitometer instrument. RESULTS Linear regression analysis revealed that there was no statistically significant association between MPOD and increasing age for the group as a whole at 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00° eccentricity (p > 0.05 for all eccentricities). There was a small but statistically significant positive association between increasing age and MPOD at 1.75° eccentricity (p = 0.020), but age only accounted for 6 % of the variation in MPOD values. Fifteen percent of all participants had a non-exponential MPOD spatial profile. CONCLUSION There was no statistically significant relationship between MPOD and increasing age for three of the four locations measured. A significant proportion of individuals show an atypical MPOD spatial profile, indicating that studies on MPOD should ideally report information on the MPOD spatial profile rather than estimates from only one retinal location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond O Beirne
- Vision Science Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK,
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Demirel S, Bilici S, Batıoglu F, Ozmert E. The effect of age and cataract surgery on macular pigment optic density: a cross-sectional, comparative study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013; 252:213-8. [PMID: 23873256 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-013-2424-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To analyze the effects of age, cataract surgery and postoperative period on macular pigment optical density (MPOD). METHODS The study included cases referred to Ankara University Department of Ophthalmology, between April and June 2012, who had a transparent natural lens or had undergone cataract surgery at least a year ago with their best corrected visual acuity of ≥ 0.5 based on Snellen chart. Presence of an ocular disease that might affect lens, retina and optic nerve (cataract, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma etc.), cataract surgery within the previous year, light-colored iris, smoking and use of micronutrition supplementation were determined as exclusion criteria. After detailed opthalmologic examination of all patients, they were divided into three groups based on their age and their lens status as: group 1, patients < 50 years of age having a clear lens; group 2, patients > 50 years of age having a clear lens; and group 3, patients > 50 years of age who had cataract surgery. Age, gender, and postoperative period of the patients as well as the MPOD values of the eyes measured with heterochromatic flicker photometric (HFP) method (MacularMetricsTM) were included in the analysis. RESULTS Sixty-eight eyes of 37 cases with a mean age of 53.4 ± 15.3 years were enrolled in the study. Group 1 included 20 eyes of 10 cases (mean age 29.4 ± 9.5); group 2 included 32 eyes of 16 cases (mean age 60.3 ± 6.8); and group 3 included 16 eyes of 11 cases (mean age 65.2 ± 9.7). The mean macular pigment optical density value of all cases was 0.511 ± 0.192 log unit, while the mean MPOD values of groups 1, 2 and 3 were 0.570 ± 170, 0.528 ± 203 and 0.400 ± 180 log units, respectively. The mean MPOD values of the patients with clear lens aged < 50 and aged > 50 years did not reveal a statisticially significant difference (p = 1). However, the mean MPOD value of the cataract surgery group (group 3) was found to be statistically significantly lower than the group 1 and group 2 (p = 0.022, p = 0.039, respectively). The correlations between MPOD values and postoperative periods of the patients in group 3 showed that a decrease in MPOD values in parallel with duration of the postoperative period and this negative correlation was found to be statistically significant (r: -0.66, p = 0.005). CONCLUSION Our study has demonstrated that a significant correlation does not exist between age of the patients and MPOD values. MPOD values were lower than age-matched patients who had undergone cataract surgery and finally an inverse correlation existed between duration of the postoperative period after cataract surgery and MPOD values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Demirel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey,
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The relationship between foveal short-wavelength-sensitive visual function and macular pigment optical density in the ageing age. Vision Res 2013; 86:81-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
The lens and retina of the human eye are exposed constantly to light and oxygen. In situ phototransduction and oxidative phosphorylation within photoreceptors produces a high level of phototoxic and oxidative related stress. Within the eye, the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin are present in high concentrations in contrast to other human tissues. We discuss the role of lutein and zeaxanthin in ameliorating light and oxygen damage, and preventing age-related cellular and tissue deterioration in the eye. Epidemiologic research shows an inverse association between levels of lutein and zeaxanthin in eye tissues and age related degenerative diseases such as macular degeneration (AMD) and cataracts. We examine the role of these carotenoids as blockers of blue-light damage and quenchers of oxygen free radicals. This article provides a review of possible mechanisms of lutein action at a cellular and molecular level. Our review offers insight into current clinical trials and experimental animal studies involving lutein, and possible role of nutritional intervention in common ocular diseases that cause blindness.
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Lima VC, Rosen RB, Prata TS, Dorairaj S, Spielberg L, Maia M, Sallum JM. Association of age and macular pigment optical density using dual-wavelength autofluorescence imaging. Clin Ophthalmol 2013; 7:685-90. [PMID: 23589675 PMCID: PMC3622437 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s42549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several lines of evidence suggest that macular pigment may play a protective role against age-related macular degeneration, but the influence of age on macular pigment density levels remains unclear. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between age and the normal distribution of macular pigment optical density (MPOD) values surrounding the fovea. Methods Consecutive healthy subjects with no evidence of ocular disease were enrolled in this study. After inclusion, MPOD values were measured at specific eccentricities (0.5, 1, and 2 degrees) from the foveal center using a dual-wavelength autofluorescence method employing a modified confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Whenever both eyes were eligible, one was randomly selected for analysis. The correlation between age and MPOD values was investigated using regression analysis. Results Thirty subjects (30 eyes) were included (mean age 48.6 ± 16.4 [range 23–77] years). Significant differences were found between MPOD values measured at 0.5, 1, and 2 degrees from the center of the fovea (0.49 ± 0.12 density units, 0.37 ± 0.11 density units, and 0.13 ± 0.05 density units, respectively, P < 0.05). Significant correlations between age and MPOD values at 0.5 and 1 degree were found (P ≤ 0.02). Values measured at 2 degrees did not correlate significantly with age (P = 0.06). Conclusion In healthy subjects, MPOD values were highest near the foveal center. These values appeared to increase during adulthood (peak at 45–50 years), followed by a gradual reduction after 60 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verônica Castro Lima
- Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York, NY ; Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Tong N, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Gong Y, Wooten B, Wu X. Inverse relationship between macular pigment optical density and axial length in Chinese subjects with myopia. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012; 251:1495-500. [PMID: 23224230 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-012-2225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macular pigment (MP) has been the focus of much attention in recent years, due to its protective effect against macular degenerations. In this study, we investigated the association between macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and axial length (AL) in Chinese subjects with myopia. METHODS In total, 173 myopes (mean spherical equivalent [MSE] ≤-1.00D) were recruited for this prospective observational study. MPOD was measured in both eyes of each subject using a macular metrics densitometer. AL was measured in eyes using an IOL-Master. A raw coefficient of correlation analysis and a partial correlation analysis were used to investigate the relationship between MPOD and AL. RESULTS The age of the subjects ranged from 18 to 67 years. The overall mean MPOD for the cohort was 0.412 ± 0.119 (range, 0.105-0.812). The mean AL was 25.18 ± 1.08 mm (range, 23.14-28.19 mm). Using a raw coefficient of correlation, a significant inverse correlation was found between MPOD and AL (r= -0.134, p=0.012). When using a partial correlation analysis to eliminate the impact of covariant, a significant inverse correlation was also found between MPOD and AL (r= -0.142, p=0.008). Furthermore, when AL was divided into two groups: AL>26 mm and AL ≤ 26 mm, a significant inverse correlation was observed between MPOD and AL in the former (r= -0.253, p=0.029), but no significant relationship was observed between these in the latter (r=0.104, p=0.067). CONCLUSIONS MPOD correlated inversely with AL in this sample of Chinese subjects with myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianting Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Shanghai First People's Hospital, No.85 Wujin Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, China
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Kaya S, Weigert G, Pemp B, Sacu S, Werkmeister RM, Dragostinoff N, Garhöfer G, Schmidt-Erfurth U, Schmetterer L. Comparison of macular pigment in patients with age-related macular degeneration and healthy control subjects - a study using spectral fundus reflectance. Acta Ophthalmol 2012; 90:e399-403. [PMID: 23035764 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2012.02423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies have reported an age-dependent decline of macular pigment optical density (MPOD) as well as a relative lack of MPOD in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Results are, however, strongly dependent on the technique used. In this study, we investigated the age dependence of MPOD using spectral fundus reflectance. In addition, we hypothesized that patients with AMD have a reduced MPOD as compared to healthy controls. METHODS A total of 85 healthy subjects and 96 patients with AMD were included in this study. The healthy control subjects showed a wide range of ages (mean, 51.6 years; range, 21-79years). Patients with AMD were significantly older (mean, 71.2 years; range, 50-89 years). Spectral fundus reflectance of the fovea was measured in a 2.3° detection field with a custom built fundus reflectometer. Calculation of MPOD was based on a previously published fundus reflectance model. RESULTS Patients with AMD showed a reduced MPOD (0.35 ± 0.12) as compared to the healthy control group (0.39 ± 0.12, p = 0.013 between groups). No age dependence of MPOD (r = -0.14, p = 0.19) was found in the healthy control group. In the AMD group, however, MPOD declined with age (r = -0.24, p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that MPOD is reduced in patients with AMD. In addition, the data of this study indicate that MPOD is age dependent in AMD patients, but not in healthy controls. Taken together with data indicating that lutein supplementation increases MPOD, this provides a rationale for supplementation of the macular pigments in patients with AMD, although long-term clinical outcome data are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semira Kaya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Hogg RE, Ong EL, Chamberlain M, Dirani M, Baird PN, Guymer RH, Fitzke F. Heritability of the spatial distribution and peak density of macular pigment: a classical twin study. Eye (Lond) 2012; 26:1217-25. [PMID: 22744384 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2012.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To elucidate the heritability of peak density and spatial width of macular pigment (MP) using a Classical Twin Study. METHODS Fundus autofluorescence images were obtained at 488 nm from 86 subjects or 43 twin pairs (21 monozygotic (MZ) and 22 dizygotic (DZ)) (27 male, 59 female) aged from 55 to 76 years (mean 62.2 ± 5.3 years). The relative topographic distribution of MP was measured using a grey scale of intensity (0-255 units) in a 7° eccentricity around the fovea. Relative peak MP density (rPMPD) and relative spatial distribution of MP (rSDMP) were used as the main outcome measure in the statistical analysis. RESULTS A significantly higher correlation was found within MZ pairs as compared with that within DZ pairs for rPMPD, (r=0.99, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.93 to 1.00) and 0.22, 95% CI -0.34 to 0.71), respectively, suggesting strong heritability of this trait. When rSDMP was compared, there was no significant difference between the correlations within MZ pairs (r=0.48, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.83) and DZ pairs (r=0.63, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.83), thus rSDMP is unlikely to have a considerable heritable component. In addition, there was no difference between any MP parameter when normal maculae were compared with early age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (rPMPD 0.36 vs 0.34, t=1.18 P=0.243, rSDMP 1.75 vs 1.75, t=0.028 P=0.977). CONCLUSIONS rPMPD is a strongly heritable trait whereas rSDMP has minimal genetic influence and a greater influence by environmental factors. The presence of macular changes associated with early AMD did not appear to influence any of these pigment parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Hogg
- Centre for Vision and Vascular Science, Queen's University, Belfast, UK.
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Raman R, Biswas S, Vaitheeswaran K, Sharma T. Macular pigment optical density in wet age-related macular degeneration among Indians. Eye (Lond) 2012; 26:1052-7. [PMID: 22627475 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2012.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate the value of macular pigment optical density (MPOD) in adult south Indian population with wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS A total of 33 patients with wet AMD and 29 age-matched controls >50 years of age underwent MPOD measurement with the macular densitometer. The patients were also tested for their dietary intake of carotenoids, smoking history, and lifetime UV exposure. RESULTS The mean MPOD values in the Indian population with wet AMD was 0.23 (95% CI: 0.18-0.29) vs control was 0.43 (95% CI: 0.37-0.49), P<0.0001, at 0.5° eccentricity. Ex-smokers had a lower MPOD than non-smokers (0.16 (0.09-0.23) vs 0.28 (0.22-0.34), P=0.026) and the lowest level of carotenoids intake had 48% lower MPOD than the highest level (0.14 (0.08-0.21) vs 0.33 (0.24-0.43), P=0.012). There was no significant age-related decline or gender variation in MPOD. CONCLUSION This study establishes the MPOD in adult Indian population with wet AMD, with a lack of macular pigment in association with wet AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Raman
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Chennai, India.
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Short- and mid-term repeatability of macular pigment optical density measurements using spectral fundus reflectance. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012; 250:1261-6. [PMID: 22362012 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-012-1946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several methods have been proposed for measuring macular pigment optical density (MPOD). To date, none of the realized techniques can be considered as "gold standard". A key issue for the clinical applicability of a method is its repeatability. In this study, we investigated short- and mid-term repeatability of MPOD measurements using reflectometry. METHODS A total of 12 healthy young subjects were measured 5 times on 5 consecutive days. Repeatability over 6 months was investigated in patients with AMD. The data in AMD patients were taken from a recently published placebo controlled study investigating the effect of lutein supplementation on MPOD (n = 37; [1]). Four measurements over 6 months were used to calculate repeatability. Spectral fundus reflectance of the fovea was measured in a 2.3° detection field with a custom-built fundus reflectometer. Calculation of MPOD was based on a previously published fundus reflectance model. RESULTS The coefficients of variation were 6.2 ± 2.4% and 8.0 ± 5.5% in the healthy and AMD group, respectively. Bland-Altman plots indicate that the difference between measurements at day 1 and day 5 in healthy subjects and day 1 and month 6 in AMD patients was small. The maximum deviation in MPOD in a healthy subject was 0.07 (22.6%), and 0.17 (51.5%) in a patient with AMD. CONCLUSIONS Reflectometry provides adequate short-term and mid-term repeatability for measuring MPOD. Accordingly, the technique makes it possible to monitor MPOD in patients with AMD and to study the influence of supplementation in these subjects. In addition, the variability of the technique is small enough to allow for clinical trials with reasonable sample size.
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Tsika C, Tsilimbaris MK, Makridaki M, Kontadakis G, Plainis S, Moschandreas J. Assessment of macular pigment optical density (MPOD) in patients with unilateral wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Acta Ophthalmol 2011; 89:e573-8. [PMID: 21672183 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.02170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the macular pigment optical density (MPOD) of patients with unilateral wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with the MPOD of bilateral dry AMD patients and healthy elderly individuals. METHODS The MPOD of 34 patients with unilateral wet AMD was measured in their fellow eye that had the dry form of the disease (study group). The MPOD of the study group was compared with the MPOD of 33 patients with bilateral dry AMD (patients' control group) and 35 elderly subjects without any signs of retinal disease (control group). None of the subjects was under carotenoid supplementation. The MPOD was measured with Heterochromatic Flicker Photometry [QuantifEYE™- MPS 9000 (ZeaVision(©))]. The statistical package SPSS v 17.0 was used for the analysis. RESULTS The overall mean MPOD was 0.52 (SD 0.15). Patients with unilateral wet AMD have significantly higher levels of MPOD in their fellow eye compared with patients with bilateral dry AMD (0.58 versus 0.48, p = 0.026). Mean MPOD of patients with bilateral dry AMD does not differ significantly from that of healthy elderly subjects (0.48 versus 0.50, p = 0.865). In this population sample, no correlation with age was observed, while women have slightly but significantly higher levels of MPOD (0.55 versus 0.49, p = 0.029). CONCLUSION In the present study, the mean MPOD at the fellow eye of patients with unilateral wet AMD was found to be significantly higher than that of patients with bilateral dry AMD, while no other significant difference emerged between groups. Further investigation is demanded to clarify the role of macular pigment in AMD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthi Tsika
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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Macular pigment changes in pseudophakic eyes quantified with resonance Raman spectroscopy. Ophthalmology 2011; 118:1852-8. [PMID: 21641040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined changes in macular pigment optical density (MPOD) levels after cataract surgery and compared the MPOD between eyes with clear intraocular lenses (IOLs) and yellow-tinted IOLs. DESIGN Prospective, comparative case series. PARTICIPANTS The MPOD levels were measured in 480 eyes of 337 patients after cataract surgery. Among them, the data from 259 eyes (clear IOL group, 121 eyes; yellow-tinted IOL group, 138 eyes) of 259 Japanese patients were selected for statistical analyses on the basis of the inclusion criteria: a postoperative visual acuity (VA) of ≥0.8 and no fundus diseases. Only 1 eye of each patient was enrolled. Patients provided informed consent to participate in this study on the basis of the approval of the institutional review board before surgery. METHODS The patients selected the type of IOL to be implanted. The MPOD levels were measured using resonance Raman spectroscopy on day 1 (baseline value); months 1, 3, and 6; and years 1 and 2 postoperatively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The difference in MPOD levels between the IOL groups was analyzed by unpaired t tests. The following parameters were analyzed by multiple regression analysis: age, gender, body mass index (BMI), smoking history, glaucoma, diabetes, preoperative VA, preoperative refractive error, and IOL power and type. RESULTS We found no significant differences in the baseline characteristics between the 2 groups. Until 6 months postoperatively, the MPOD levels did not differ significantly between the groups. However, from 1 year onward, the levels were significantly higher in the yellow-tinted IOL group compared with the clear IOL group. By multiple regression analysis, 1 day postoperatively, older age and diabetes were correlated with lower MPOD levels; 1 year postoperatively and thereafter, however, lower MPOD levels were correlated with clear IOLs. CONCLUSIONS Cataract surgery with clear IOLs induced a greater decrease in macular pigment levels compared with yellow-tinted IOLs during a longer follow-up period. These findings agreed with observations that excessive light exposure is associated inversely with MPOD, because clear IOLs transmit higher intensities of blue light than yellow-tinted IOLs.
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Berrow EJ, Bartlett HE, Eperjesi F. Do lutein, zeaxanthin and macular pigment optical density differ with age or age-related maculopathy? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eclnm.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Barbur JL, Konstantakopoulou E, Rodriguez-Carmona M, Harlow JA, Robson AG, Moreland JD. The Macular Assessment Profile test - a new VDU-based technique for measuring the spatial distribution of the macular pigment, lens density and rapid flicker sensitivity. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2011; 30:470-83. [PMID: 20883330 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2010.00748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of macular pigment optical density (MPOD) in the eye is often carried out using optical techniques based on heterochromatic flicker photometry (HFP). These require the use of two spectrally-narrow beams, one at the wavelength of maximum absorption of the macular pigment (MP) and the other in the long wavelength region of the visible spectrum where MP absorption is negligible. A new technique for the measurement of MPOD spatial profiles has been developed by overcoming the current shortcomings associated with the use of visual displays. The new Macular Assessment Profile (MAP) test makes use of a 'notch' filter and a photometric model to measure and compute the peak MPOD value. Two other useful parameters are also computed from the same measurements. These describe the subject's sensitivity to rapid flicker and the absorption of blue light by the lens. MPOD profiles, lens density, rapid flicker sensitivity, and red/green (RG) and yellow/blue (YB) colour thresholds were measured in 54 normal subjects aged 18-61 years. The results confirm previous findings on ageing effects and demonstrate the complete absence of correlation between MPOD and the subject's YB chromatic thresholds. In contrast, RG chromatic sensitivity improves with higher levels of MPOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Barbur
- Applied Vision Research Centre, The Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Vision Sciences, City University, Northampton Square, London, UK
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Howells O, Eperjesi F, Bartlett H. Measuring macular pigment optical density in vivo: a review of techniques. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2011; 249:315-47. [PMID: 21221629 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-010-1577-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macular pigment has been the focus of much attention in recent years, as a potential modifiable risk factor for age-related macular degeneration. This interest has been heightened by the ability to measure macular pigment optical density (MPOD) in vivo. METHOD A systematic literature search was undertaken to identify all available papers that have used in vivo MPOD techniques. The papers were reviewed, and all relevant information was incorporated into this article. RESULTS Measurement of MPOD is achievable with a wide range of techniques, which are typically categorized into one of two groups: psychophysical (requiring a response from the subject) or objective (requiring minimal input from the subject). The psychophysical methods include heterochromatic flicker photometry and minimum motion photometry. The objective methods include fundus reflectometry, fundus autofluorescence, resonance Raman spectroscopy and visual evoked potentials. Even within the individual techniques, there is often much variation in how data is obtained and processed. CONCLUSION This review comprehensively details the procedure, instrumentation, assumptions, validity and reliability of each MPOD measurement technique currently available, along with their respective advantages and disadvantages. This leads us to conclude that development of a commercial instrument, based on fundus reflectometry or fundus autofluorescence, would be beneficial to macular pigment research and would support MPOD screening in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Howells
- Ophthalmic Research Group, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
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Macular pigment optical density measurements: evaluation of a device using heterochromatic flicker photometry. Eye (Lond) 2010; 25:105-12. [PMID: 21057522 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2010.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Accurate assessment of the amount of macular pigment (MPOD) is necessary to investigate the role of carotenoids and their assumed protective functions. High repeatability and reliability are important to monitor patients in studies investigating the influence of diet and supplements on MPOD. We evaluated the Macuscope (Macuvision Europe Ltd., Lapworth, Solihull, UK), a recently introduced device for measuring MPOD using the technique of heterochromatic flicker photometry (HFP). We determined agreement with another HFP device (QuantifEye; MPS 9000 series: Tinsley Precision Instruments Ltd., Croydon, Essex, UK) and a fundus reflectance method. METHODS The right eyes of 23 healthy subjects (mean age 33.9 ± 15.1 years) were measured. We determined agreement with QuantifEye and correlation with a fundus reflectance method. Repeatability of QuantifEye was assessed in 20 other healthy subjects (mean age 32.1 ± 7.3 years). Repeatability was also compared with measurements by a fundus reflectance method in 10 subjects. RESULTS We found low agreement between test and retest measurements with Macuscope. The average difference and the limits of agreement were -0.041 ± 0.32. We found high agreement between test and retest measurements of QuantifEye (-0.02 ± 0.18) and the fundus reflectance method (-0.04 ± 0.18). MPOD data obtained by Macuscope and QuantifEye showed poor agreement: -0.017 ± 0.44. For Macuscope and the fundus reflectance method, the correlation coefficient was r = 0.05 (P = 0.83). A significant correlation of r = 0.87 (P<0.001) was found between QuantifEye and the fundus reflectance method. CONCLUSIONS Because repeatability of Macuscope measurements was low (ie, wide limits of agreement) and MPOD values correlated poorly with the fundus reflectance method, and agreed poorly with QuantifEye, the tested Macuscope protocol seems less suitable for studying MPOD.
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Hagen S, Krebs I, Glittenberg C, Binder S. Repeated measures of macular pigment optical density to test reproducibility of heterochromatic flicker photometry. Acta Ophthalmol 2010; 88:207-11. [PMID: 19094168 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2008.01418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the reproducibility of macular pigment optical density (MPOD) values assessed with heterochromatic flicker photometry (HFP) in healthy individuals. METHODS Twenty-four volunteers from our department underwent MPOD testing of both eyes by flicker photometry on three separate occasions. To test reproducibility of MPOD, the coefficient of variance was calculated separately for right and left eyes. In addition, we investigated MPOD averages of right and left eyes and interocular correlations (Pearson's r) at every visit. RESULTS The mean MPODs at the first visit were 0.61 +/- 0.24 and 0.72 +/- 0.27 in right and left eyes, respectively. Mean values of 0.58 +/- 0.29 and 0.60 +/- 0.21 (second visit) and 0.62 +/- 0.27 and 0.63 +/- 0.24 (third visit) were assessed for right and left eyes, respectively. Differences of the mean values between eyes were not significant. Correlations were weak at visits one and two (r = 0.49, p < 0.014 and r = 0.43, p < 0.038, respectively) and moderate at visit three (r = 0.58, p < 0.003). The coefficients of variance were 36.1% and 23% for right and left eyes, respectively. CONCLUSION Our mean MPODs are higher and the interocular correlations weaker compared to the literature. The coefficient of variance in both eyes is high and does not imply good reproducibility of obtained MPOD values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hagen
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Retinology and Biomicroscopic Laser Surgery, Rudolf Foundation Clinic, Vienna, Austria.
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van der Veen RLP, Berendschot TTJM, Hendrikse F, Carden D, Makridaki M, Murray IJ. A new desktop instrument for measuring macular pigment optical density based on a novel technique for setting flicker thresholds. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2009; 29:127-37. [PMID: 19236582 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2008.00618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A rapid portable technique for estimating macular pigment optical density (MPOD) in large populations is described. The new instrument utilises a novel method for setting flicker thresholds which is undemanding for naïve and elderly observers and easily operated by a non-technical person. The method has good repeatability (r = 0.97) and the data are comparable with an optical method based on retinal reflectometry (r = 0.78). MPOD spatial profiles are presented for seven normal observers and these are well described (r = 0.99) by a decaying exponential function consistent with previous reports. MPOD values are presented from 5581 (2435 females and 3146 males) individuals measured in 48 optometric practices. The mean MPOD of this population was 0.33 (S.D. +/- 0.187) which is similar to previous large scale studies of MP.
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[The macular pigment: short- and intermediate-term changes of macular pigment optical density following supplementation with lutein and zeaxanthin and co-antioxidants. The LUNA Study]. Ophthalmologe 2009; 106:29-36. [PMID: 18551295 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-008-1773-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND How long do the elevated concentrations of macular pigment persist after stopping supplementation with lutein and zeaxanthin? METHODS One hundred eight (108) probands with and without age-related macular degeneration (68 female, 40 male, age 51-87 years) received a supplement containing 12 mg lutein and 1 mg zeaxanthin once per day (Ocuvite lutein) for 6 months. Analysis of macular pigment optical density (MPOD) was performed during the period of supplementation and again 3, 6, and 9 months following discontinuation of the supplement. A control group of 28 subjects received no dietary supplement. RESULTS At baseline, the mean MPOD at 0.5 degrees was 0.50 in the supplemented group. Following supplementation, values rose, and 3 months after discontinuation of supplementation the highest levels of MPOD0.5 degrees (0.59 ODU) were detected (increase of +0.1 ODU, (p<0.001). Six months after supplement discontinuation, a slight decrease of mean MPOD0.5 degrees appeared (to 0.54 ODU), followed again by a slight increase 3 months later (to 0.57 ODU). An increment of MPOD0.5 degrees in the control group was not significant (0.03 ODU, p=0.15). DISCUSSION Supplementation of lutein and zeaxanthin leads to an increase of MPOD0.5 degrees . This effect outlasts the duration of intake, and 9 months after supplementation was stopped, the mean MPOD0.5 degrees was still elevated compared with baseline levels. A longer follow-up subsequent to stopping supplementation might clarify whether the values decrease over time or whether a plateau of elevated MPOD levels is reached. High doses of lutein and zeaxanthin seem to be necessary to increase macular pigment density in the retina; afterwards, the amount of carotenoids needed to maintain high concentrations seems to be covered by daily food.
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Loane E, Stack J, Beatty S, Nolan JM. Measurement of Macular Pigment Optical Density Using Two Different Heterochromatic Flicker Photometers. Curr Eye Res 2009; 32:555-64. [PMID: 17612971 DOI: 10.1080/02713680701418405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare macular pigment optical density using two different heterochromatic flicker photometers. METHODS We measured macular pigment optical density in 121 healthy subjects using heterochromatic flicker photometry. RESULTS The mean (+/-SD) macular pigment optical density measured using the Maculometer was 0.394 (+/-0.170), and that using the Densitometer was 0.395 (+/-0.189). The difference in measurements on each instrument was influenced by age and macular pigment levels. CONCLUSIONS On average, there is no difference in measurements provided by these two instruments. The Maculometer tends to underestimate macular pigment in older subjects and/or those with higher macular pigment compared with the Densitometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Loane
- Macular Pigment Research Group, Department of Chemical & Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland.
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Stringham J, Hammond B, Nolan J, Wooten B, Mammen A, Smollon W, Snodderly D. The utility of using customized heterochromatic flicker photometry (cHFP) to measure macular pigment in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2008; 87:445-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fehér J, Kovács B, Kovács I, Schvöller M, Corrado Balacco G. [Metabolic therapy for early treatment of age-related macular degeneration]. Orv Hetil 2008; 148:2259-68. [PMID: 18039616 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2007.28250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Currently, age-related macular degeneration is one of the most common eye diseases causing severe and permanent loss of vision. This disease is estimated to affect approximately 300-500 thousand Hungarians. While earlier no treatment was available, in the recent decade an antioxidant therapy became very popular using combinations of high dosage antioxidant vitamins C, E, beta carotene and zinc. Based on theoretical concepts and mostly in vitro experiences, this combination was thought to be effective through neutralizing reactive oxygen species. According to a large clinical trial (AREDS) it reduced progression of intermediate state disease to advanced state, but did not influence early disease. This original combination, due to potential severe side effects, is not on the market anymore. However, the efficacy of modified formulas has not been proved yet. Recently, the metabolic therapy, a combination of omega-3 fatty acids, coenzyme Q10 and acetyl-L-carnitine has been introduced for treating early age-related macular degeneration through improving mitochondrial dysfunction, specifically improving lipid metabolism and ATP production in the retinal pigment epithelium, improving photoreceptor turnover and reducing generation of reactive oxygen species. According to a pilot study and a randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind clinical trial, both central visual field and visual acuity slightly improved after 3-6 months of treatment and they remained unchanged by the end of the study. The difference was statistically significant as compared to the base line or to controls. These functional changes were accompanied by an improvement in fundus alterations: drusen covered area decreased significantly as compared to the base line or to control. Characteristically, all these changes were more marked in less affected eyes. A prospective case study on long-term treatment confirmed these observations. With an exception that after slight improvement, visual functions remained stable, drusen regression continued for years. Sometimes significant regression of drusen was found even in intermediate and advanced cases. All these findings strongly suggested that the metabolic therapy may be the first choice for treating age-related macular degeneration. Currently, this is the only combination of ingredients corresponding to the recommended daily allowance, and at the same time, which showed clinically proved efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Fehér
- La Sapienza Tudományegyetem, Szemészeti Klinika, Roma.
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Macular Carotenoid Levels of Normal Subjects and Age-Related Maculopathy Patients in a Japanese Population. Ophthalmology 2008; 115:147-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2006] [Revised: 02/03/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Aleman TS, Cideciyan AV, Windsor EAM, Schwartz SB, Swider M, Chico JD, Sumaroka A, Pantelyat AY, Duncan KG, Gardner LM, Emmons JM, Steinberg JD, Stone EM, Jacobson SG. Macular pigment and lutein supplementation in ABCA4-associated retinal degenerations. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48:1319-29. [PMID: 17325179 PMCID: PMC2629488 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-0764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine macular pigment (MP) optical density (OD) in patients with ABCA4-associated retinal degenerations (ABCA4-RD) and the response of MP and vision to supplementation with lutein. METHODS Patients with Stargardt disease or cone-rod dystrophy and known or suspected disease-causing mutations in the ABCA4 gene were included. All patients had foveal fixation. MPOD profiles were measured with heterochromatic flicker photometry. Serum carotenoids, visual acuity, foveal sensitivity, and retinal thickness were quantified. Changes in MPOD and central vision were determined in a subset of patients receiving oral supplementation with lutein for 6 months. RESULTS MPOD in patients ranged from normal to markedly abnormal. As a group, patients with ABCA4-RD had reduced foveal MPOD, and there was a strong correlation with retinal thickness. Average foveal tissue concentration of MP, estimated by dividing MPOD by retinal thickness, was normal in patients, whereas serum concentration of lutein and zeaxanthin was significantly lower than normal. After oral lutein supplementation for 6 months, 91% of the patients showed significant increases in serum lutein, and 63% of the patients' eyes showed a significant augmentation in MPOD. The retinal responders tended to be female and to have lower serum lutein and zeaxanthin, lower MPOD, and greater retinal thickness at baseline. Responding eyes had significantly lower baseline MP concentration than did nonresponding eyes. Central vision was unchanged after the period of supplementation. CONCLUSIONS MP is strongly affected by the stage of ABCA4 disease leading to abnormal foveal architecture. MP could be augmented by supplemental lutein in some patients. There was no change in central vision after 6 months of lutein supplementation. Long-term influences of this supplement on the natural history of these macular degenerations require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas S Aleman
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Trieschmann M, Beatty S, Nolan JM, Hense HW, Heimes B, Austermann U, Fobker M, Pauleikhoff D. Changes in macular pigment optical density and serum concentrations of its constituent carotenoids following supplemental lutein and zeaxanthin: The LUNA study. Exp Eye Res 2007; 84:718-28. [PMID: 17306793 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2006.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Revised: 12/10/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Macular pigment (MP), consisting of lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z), is believed to protect the retina from photo-oxidative damage. The current study investigates, in terms of MP optical density (MPOD) and serum concentrations of its constituent carotenoids, response to supplemental L and Z, and co-antioxidants. An intervention (I) group, consisting of 108 subjects (mean [+/-SD] age: 71.5 [+/-7.1] years), of which 92.6% exhibited features of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), received a daily supplement consisting of 12 mg L and 1 mg Z, both provided as ester 120 mg vitamin C, 17.6 mg vitamin E, 10 mg zinc, 40 microg selenium (Ocuvite Luteintrade mark) for a period of 6 months. MPOD was measured, by 2-wavelength autofluorescence (AF), on five occasions during the period of supplementation, and once again 3 months following discontinuation of the supplement. A control (C) group of 28 subjects (mean [+/-SD] age: 71.0 [+/-8.1] years), who received no dietary supplementation or modification, was examined at baseline and once again after a mean of 29.4 (+/-9.3) weeks. At baseline, mean (+/-SD) MPOD (at 0.5 degrees) was 0.504 (+/-0.197) and 0.525 (+/-0.189) in the I and C groups, respectively. There was a statistically significant increase in MPOD (at 0.5 degrees) for the I group (0.1 [+/-0.009]; p<0.0008), whereas no significant increase was seen in the C group (0.03 [+/-0.02]; p>0.05), over the period of supplementation. In order to classify supplemented subjects into quartiles, in terms of MPOD response, we calculated the difference between MPOD (at 0.5 degrees) at visit 6 and at baseline (visit 1). Quartile 1 (the "non-responder" quartile) displayed no increase in MPOD (at 0.5 degrees), in spite of rises seen in serum concentrations of L and Z. The three "responder" quartiles reached similar final plateaus of MPOD (at 0.5 degrees), reflected in final mean (+/-SEM) values of 0.59 (+/-0.04) optical density unit (ODU), 0.64 (+/-0.03) ODU and 0.64 (+/-0.03) ODU for quartiles 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Subjects with low baseline MPOD were more likely to exhibit a dramatic rise in MPOD, or to exhibit no rise in MPOD, in response to supplements than subjects with medium to high baseline MPOD values. Supplementation with 12 mg L and 1 mg Z, combined with co-antioxidants, resulted in an increase of MPOD at 0.5 degrees eccentricity in a majority of subjects, including those afflicted with AMD. However, there remains a substantial proportion of subjects for whom, in spite of rises in serum concentrations of L and Z in these subjects, MPOD augmentation in response to supplemental L, Z and co-antioxidants could not be detected over the study period, thus indicating that intestinal malabsorption of these carotenoids is not responsible for the lack of a macular response to such supplements. Further, our results suggest that saturable mechanisms play a role in the retinal capture and/or stabilisation of the macular carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Trieschmann
- Institute of Ophthalmology, St. Franziskus Hospital, and Institute of Epidemiology, University of Münster, Germany.
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Iannaccone A, Mura M, Gallaher KT, Johnson EJ, Todd WA, Kenyon E, Harris TL, Harris T, Satterfield S, Johnson KC, Kritchevsky SB. Macular pigment optical density in the elderly: findings in a large biracial Midsouth population sample. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48:1458-65. [PMID: 17389471 PMCID: PMC2279193 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the macular pigment optical density (MPOD) findings at 0.5 degrees of eccentricity from the fovea in elderly subjects participating in ARMA, a study of aging and age-related maculopathy (ARM) ancillary to the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. METHODS MPOD was estimated with a heterochromatic flicker photometry (HFP) method in a large biracial population sample of normal 79.1 +/- 3.2-year-old adults living in the Midsouth (n = 222; 52% female; 23% black, 34% users of lutein-containing supplements). Within a modified testing protocol, subjects identified the lowest and the highest target intensity at which the flicker sensation disappeared, and the exact middle of this "no-flicker zone" was interpolated by the examiner. RESULTS An MPOD estimate was obtained successfully in 82% of the participants. The mean MPOD in our sample was 0.34 +/- 0.21 (SD). The interocular correlation was high (Pearson's r = 0.82). Compared with lutein supplement users, mean MPOD was 21% lower in nonusers (P = 0.013). MPOD was also 41% lower in blacks than in whites (P = 0.0002), even after adjustment for lutein supplement use. There were no differences in MPOD by gender, iris color, or history of smoking. CONCLUSIONS Older adults in the Midsouth appear to have average MPOD and interocular correlation comparable to those in previous studies. Lutein supplement use and white race correlated with higher MPOD. No evidence of an age-related decline in MPOD was seen in the sample. The HFP method for the measurement of MPOD is feasible in epidemiologic investigations of the elderly, the group at highest risk of ARM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Iannaccone
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Nolan JM, Stack J, O' Donovan O, Loane E, Beatty S. Risk factors for age-related maculopathy are associated with a relative lack of macular pigment. Exp Eye Res 2007; 84:61-74. [PMID: 17083932 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2006.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Revised: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Macular pigment (MP) is composed of the two dietary carotenoids lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z), and is believed to protect against age-related maculopathy (ARM). This study was undertaken to investigate MP optical density with respect to risk factors for ARM, in 828 healthy subjects from an Irish population. MP optical density was measured psychophysically using heterochromatic flicker photometry, serum L and Z were quantified by HPLC, and dietary intake of L and Z was assessed using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Clinical and personal details were also recorded, with particular attention directed towards risk factors for ARM. We report a statistically significant age-related decline in MP optical density (r2=0.082, p<0.01). Current and past smokers had lower average MP optical density than never smokers and this difference was statistically significant (p<0.01). Subjects with a confirmed family history of ARM had significantly lower levels of MP optical density than subjects with no known family history of disease (p<0.01). For each of these established risk factors, their statistically significant negative association with MP persisted after controlling for the other two, and also after controlling for other potentially confounding variables such as sex, cholesterol, dietary and serum L (p<0.01). In the absence of retinal pathology, and in advance of disease onset, the relative lack of MP seen in association with increasing age, tobacco use and family history of ARM supports the hypothesis that the enhanced risk that these variables represent for ARM may be attributable, at least in part, to a parallel deficiency of macular carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Nolan
- Macular Pigment Research Group, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Cork Road, Waterford, Ireland.
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Hammond BR, Wooten BR. Comments on the use of Raman spectroscopy for the in vivo measurement of human macular pigment. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2006; 60:1348-9; author reply 1350-1. [PMID: 17132455 DOI: 10.1366/000370206778999067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
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Hogg RE, Anderson RS, Stevenson MR, Zlatkova MB, Chakravarthy U. In vivo macular pigment measurements: a comparison of resonance Raman spectroscopy and heterochromatic flicker photometry. Br J Ophthalmol 2006; 91:485-90. [PMID: 16825281 PMCID: PMC1994744 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2006.090936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether two methods of measuring macular pigment-namely, heterochromatic flicker photometry (HFP) and resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS)--yield comparable data. METHODS Macular pigment was measured using HFP and RRS in the right eye of 107 participants aged 20-79 years. Correlations between methods were sought and regression models generated. RRS was recorded as Raman counts and HFP as macular pigment optical density (MPOD). The average of the top three of five Raman counts was compared with MPOD obtained at 0.5 degrees eccentricity, and an integrated measure (spatial profile; MPODsp) computed from four stimulus sizes on HFP. RESULTS The coefficient of variation was 12.0% for MPODsp and 13.5% for Raman counts. MPODsp exhibited significant correlations with Raman counts (r = 0.260, p = 0.012), whereas MPOD at 0.5 degrees did not correlate significantly (r = 0.163, p = 0.118). MPODsp was not significantly correlated with age (p = 0.062), whereas MPOD at 0.5 degrees was positively correlated (p = 0.011). Raman counts showed a significant decrease with age (p = 0.002) and were significantly lower when pupil size was smaller (p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS Despite a statistically significant correlation, the correlations were weak, with those in excess of 90% of the variance between MPODsp and Raman counts remaining unexplained, meriting further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Hogg
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's University Belfast BT12 6BA, UK.
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48
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Abstract
The pathogenesis of age-related maculopathy (ARM), the most common cause of visual loss after the age of 60 years, is indeed a complicated scenario that involves a variety of hereditary and environmental factors. The pathological cellular and molecular events underlying retinal photochemical light damage, including photoreceptor apoptosis, have been analysed in experimental animal models. Studies of age-related alterations of the retina and photoreceptors, the accumulation of lipofuscin in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, and the formation of drusen have greatly contributed to our knowledge. A new concept of an inflammatory response to drusen has emerged, suggesting immunogenic and systemic reactions in Bruch's membrane and the subretinal space. Oxidative stress and free radical damage also impact on the photoreceptors and RPE cells in the ageing eye. Based on the photoelectric effect, a fundamental concept in quantum physics, the consequences of high-energy irradiation have been analysed in animal models and cell culture. Short-wavelength radiation (rhodopsin spectrum), and the blue light hazard (excitation peak 440 nm), have been shown to have a major impact on photoreceptor and RPE function, inducing photochemical damage and apoptotic cell death. Following cataract surgery, there is a dramatic change in ocular transmittance. In aphakic or pseudophakic eyes (with clear intraocular lenses), high-energy (blue) and ultraviolet-A radiation strikes the retina. Epidemiological data indicate a significantly increased 5-year incidence of late ARM in non-phakic eyes compared with phakic eyes. In recent years, putative prophylactic measures against ARM have emerged. The implantation of 'yellow' intraocular lenses (IOLs) that absorb high-energy blue radiation is, from a theoretical point of view, the most rational approach, and, from a practical point of view, is easy to accomplish. With increasing age, RPE cells accumulate lipofuscin (chromophore A2E). It is noteworthy that the yellow IOL not only protects A2E-laden human RPE cells from blue light (peak 430 nm) damage, but also alleviates the detrimental effects of green (peak 550 nm) and white light. A prophylactic treatment using antioxidants is aimed at counteracting oxidative stress and free radical cellular damage. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS), a randomized clinical trial, showed a significantly lower incidence of late ARM in a cohort of patients with drusen maculopathy treated with high doses of antioxidants than in a placebo group. In recent years, considerable progress in retinal research has been achieved, creating a platform for the search for new prophylactic and therapeutic measures to alleviate or prevent photoreceptor and RPE degeneration in ARM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peep V Algvere
- Karolinska Institute, St Erik's Eye Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Hammond BR, Wooten BR. Resonance Raman spectroscopic measurement of carotenoids in the skin and retina. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2005; 10:054002. [PMID: 16292962 DOI: 10.1117/1.2116767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid pigments within the skin and retina are measured using resonance Raman spectroscopy (RS). These RS instruments are unique in that they have been designed to obtain vibrational spectra in normal and diseased subjects using noninvasive procedures. Raman spectra have traditionally been used as a means of identifying a given chemical within some substrate. The new generation of RS instruments, however, has been designed to quantify the amount of carotenoids within the retina and skin. These amounts are typically reported in nonstandardized units called Raman counts (RC). These RCs are dependent on many factors intrinsic to their measurement, such as the specific optics used for stimulation and acquisition. The question of whether RCs can be used to derive valid quantitative measures of the carotenoid pigments in vivo is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy R Hammond
- University of Georgia, Vision Sciences Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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Berendschot TTJM, van Norren D. On the age dependency of the macular pigment optical density. Exp Eye Res 2005; 81:602-9. [PMID: 16024015 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2005.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2004] [Revised: 02/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Macular pigment may protect against age related macular degeneration (AMD), because of its capability to absorb blue light and scavenge free radicals. Since age is the major risk factor in AMD, a fundamental question to be answered is the possible age dependence of the macular pigment optical density (MPOD) in normal healthy subjects. In this study we used five methods to study a possible age effect: heterochromatic flickerphotometry, two setups for fundus reflectance spectroscopy, a Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope (SLO) for obtaining reflectance, and the same SLO for autofluorescence maps. MPOD was determined from the reflected light by a full spectral analysis. We also used a new, directional analysis of the reflected light to estimate MPOD. The latter avoids the disturbing influence of stray-light. Digital subtraction at two wavelengths of log reflectance and digital subtraction of log autofluorescence obtained with the SLO provided MPOD maps. Together, all methods of measuring and of analysis provided seven MPOD estimates per subject. A total of 53 subjects, aged 19-76 years, completed all five measurements (and thus seven analyses). An additional 81 subjects, aged 18-70 years, were measured with one setup for fundus reflectance spectroscopy (and thus only two analyses). We could not find any association with age with all the objective techniques. Only MPOD values obtained with heterochromatic flickerphotometry showed a small, but significant decrease with age. This decrease was caused by an increase in the parafoveal data, suggesting that the central MPOD is unchanged with age. The bivariate correlation coefficients between all methods were significant (all p<0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tos T J M Berendschot
- Department of Ophthalmology, UMC Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, NL-3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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