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Zhan X, Jiang L, Wang L, Liu J, Kang S, Liu H, Lin L. A novel angiogenic effect of PCSK9- regulated genes. Gene X 2023; 852:147051. [PMID: 36427678 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.147051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the discovery of the Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9(PCSK9) gene has been involved in regulating low-density lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular disease (CVD), many therapeutic strategies directly targeting PCSK9 have been introduced. PCSK9 gain of function (GoF) mutations are associated with autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia (ADH) and premature atherosclerosis. In contrast, PCSK9 loss of function (LOF) mutations have cardioprotective effects and can lead to familial hypo cholesterol in some instances. However, its potential impacts beyond the typical effects on lipid metabolism have not been elucidated. Therefore the study aimed to identify and verify PCSK9's possible effects beyond its traditional role in lipid metabolism. METHODS The S127R is a PCSK9 gain of function mutation. Firstly, We used the data of the gene expression Omnibus(GEO) database to identify the differentially expressed genes between S127R mutation carriers and ordinary people. Secondly, the identification and analysis of significant genes were performed with various bioinformatics programs. Thirdly, to verify the possible effect and the potential pathways of PCSK9 on angiogenesis, we constructed PCSK9 low and high expression models by transfecting PCSK9-siRNA (small interfering RNA) and PCSK9-plasmid complex into human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), respectively. Furthermore, Wound-Healing Assay and Capillary tube formation assay were applied to measure the effect of PCSK9 on angiogenesis. Fourthly, the expression level of VEGFR2 and the significant genes between PCSK9 low and high expression models were verified by quantitative real-time PCR. All data were analysed by GraphPad Prism 8 software. RESULTS 88 DEGs were identified, including 45 up-regulated and 43 down-regulated DEGs. Furthermore, we identified the six genes (MMP9, CASP3, EGR1, NGFR, LEFTY1 and NODAL) as significantly different genes between PCSK9-S127R and Control hiPSC. Further, we found that these significant difference genes were mainly associated with angiogenesis after enrichment analysis. To verify the possible effect of PCSK9 on angiogenesis, we constructed low and high-expression PCSK9 models by transfecting siRNA and PCSK9-plasmid complex into human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), respectively. The tubule formation test and Wound healing assays showed that overexpression of PCSK9 had an inhibitory effect on angiogenesis, which could be reversed by decreasing the expression of PCSK9. Moreover, bioinformatics analysis indicated that the six hub genes (MMP9, CASP3, EGR1, NGFR, LEFTY1 and NODAL) might play a vital role in the biological function of PCSK9 in angiogenesis. Real-time quantitative PCR was applied to clarify the expression profiles of these critical genes in overexpression/knockdown PCSK9. Finally, the expression levels of MMP9, Caspase3, LEFTY1, and NODAL were suppressed by overexpression of PCSK9 and could be alleviated by PCSK9 knockdown. Otherwise, EGR1 had the opposite expression trend, and there was no specific trend of NGFR after repeated experiments. CONCLUSION PCSK9 might play an essential role in angiogenesis, unlike its typical role in lipid metabolism, and MMP9, Caspase3, LEFTY1, NODAL, and EGR1 may be involved in the regulation of angiogenesis as critical genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Zhan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Lufeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Kang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Haibo Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai
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Dos Santos FM, Ciordia S, Mesquita J, de Sousa JPC, Paradela A, Tomaz CT, Passarinha LAP. Vitreous humor proteome: unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying proliferative and neovascular vitreoretinal diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 80:22. [PMID: 36585968 PMCID: PMC11072707 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04670-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) are among the leading causes of blindness. Due to the multifactorial nature of these vitreoretinal diseases, omics approaches are essential for a deeper understanding of the pathophysiologic processes underlying the evolution to a proliferative or neovascular etiology, in which patients suffer from an abrupt loss of vision. For many years, it was thought that the function of the vitreous was merely structural, supporting and protecting the surrounding ocular tissues. Proteomics studies proved that vitreous is more complex and biologically active than initially thought, and its changes reflect the physiological and pathological state of the eye. The vitreous is the scenario of a complex interplay between inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress, neurodegeneration, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Vitreous proteome not only reflects the pathological events that occur in the retina, but the changes in the vitreous itself play a central role in the onset and progression of vitreoretinal diseases. Therefore, this review offers an overview of the studies on the vitreous proteome that could help to elucidate some of the pathological mechanisms underlying proliferative and/or neovascular vitreoretinal diseases and to find new potential pharmaceutical targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Milhano Dos Santos
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal.
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Unidad de Proteomica, Calle Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Unidad de Proteomica, Calle Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joana Mesquita
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Castro de Sousa
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar de Leiria, 2410-197, Leiria, Portugal
| | - Alberto Paradela
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Unidad de Proteomica, Calle Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cândida Teixeira Tomaz
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
- C4-UBI, Cloud Computing Competence Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-501, Covilhã, Portugal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Luís António Paulino Passarinha
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal.
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Universidade NOVA, 2819-516, Caparica, Portugal.
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
- Pharmaco-Toxicology Laboratory, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-000, Covilhã, Portugal.
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3
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Higashide T, Hirooka K, Kometani M, Sugiyama K. Aldosterone as a Possible Contributor to Eye Diseases. Endocrinology 2022; 164:6868238. [PMID: 36461718 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone, an effector molecule of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), has been receiving more attention in the field of ophthalmology because of its possible role in the pathogenesis of various eye diseases or abnormalities; it may even become a target for their treatment. Primary aldosteronism, a typical model of a systemic aldosterone excess, may cause vision loss due to various ocular diseases, such as retinal vein occlusion, central serous chorioretinopathy, and, possibly glaucoma. RAAS components are present in various parts and types of cells present in the eye. Investigations of the local RAAS in various animal models of diabetic macular edema, retinal vein occlusion, retinopathy of prematurity, central serous chorioretinopathy, and glaucoma have found evidence that aldosterone or mineralocorticoid receptors may exacerbate the pathology of these disorders. Further studies are needed to elucidate whether the modulation of aldosterone or mineralocorticoid receptors is an effective treatment for preventing vision loss in patients with eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Higashide
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Hirooka
- Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kometani
- Department of Health Promotion and Medicine of the Future, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sugiyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
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Mason RH, Minaker SA, Lahaie Luna G, Bapat P, Farahvash A, Garg A, Bhambra N, Muni RH. Changes in aqueous and vitreous inflammatory cytokine levels in proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eye (Lond) 2022:10.1038/s41433-022-02127-x. [PMID: 35672457 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-022-02127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy is a major complication of diabetes mellitus, where in its most advanced form ischemic changes lead to the development of retinal neovascularization, termed proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). While the development of PDR is often associated with angiogenic and inflammatory cytokines, studies differ on which cytokines are implicated in disease pathogenesis and on the strength of these associations. We therefore conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantitatively assess the existing body of data on intraocular cytokines as biomarkers in PDR. METHODS A comprehensive search of the literature without year limitation was conducted to January 18, 2021, which identified 341 studies assessing vitreous or aqueous cytokine levels in PDR, accounting for 10379 eyes with PDR and 6269 eyes from healthy controls. Effect sizes were calculated as standardized mean differences (SMD) of cytokine concentrations between PDR and control patients. RESULTS Concentrations (SMD, 95% confidence interval, and p-value) of aqueous IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, TNF-α, and VEGF, and vitreous IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, angiopoietin-2, eotaxin, erythropoietin, GM-CSF, GRO, HMGB-1, IFN-γ, IGF, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1, MMP-9, PDGF-AA, PlGF, sCD40L, SDF-1, sICAM-1, sVEGFR, TIMP, TNF-α, and VEGF were significantly higher in patients with PDR when compared to healthy nondiabetic controls. For all other cytokines no differences, failed sensitivity analyses or insufficient data were found. CONCLUSIONS This extensive list of cytokines speaks to the complexity of PDR pathogenesis, and informs future investigations into disease pathogenesis, prognosis, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan H Mason
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Michael's Hospital/Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Kensington Vision and Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Samuel A Minaker
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Michael's Hospital/Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Kensington Vision and Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Priya Bapat
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Michael's Hospital/Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Kensington Vision and Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Armin Farahvash
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Michael's Hospital/Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Kensington Vision and Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anubhav Garg
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Michael's Hospital/Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Kensington Vision and Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nishaant Bhambra
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Michael's Hospital/Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Kensington Vision and Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rajeev H Muni
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Michael's Hospital/Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Kensington Vision and Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- University of Toronto/Kensington Health Ophthalmology Biobank and Cytokine Laboratory, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Yan L, Vaghari-Tabari M, Malakoti F, Moein S, Qujeq D, Yousefi B, Asemi Z. Quercetin: an effective polyphenol in alleviating diabetes and diabetic complications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9163-9186. [PMID: 35468007 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2067825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Various studies, especially in recent years, have shown that quercetin has beneficial therapeutic effects in various human diseases, including diabetes. Quercetin has significant anti-diabetic effects and may be helpful in lowering blood sugar and increasing insulin sensitivity. Quercetin appears to affect many factors and signaling pathways involved in insulin resistance and the pathogenesis of type 2 of diabetes. TNFα, NFKB, AMPK, AKT, and NRF2 are among the factors that are affected by quercetin. In addition, quercetin can be effective in preventing and ameliorating the diabetic complications, including diabetic nephropathy, cardiovascular complications, neuropathy, delayed wound healing, and retinopathy, and affects the key mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of these complications. These positive effects of quercetin may be related to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. In this article, after a brief review of the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, we will review the latest findings on the anti-diabetic effects of quercetin with a molecular perspective. Then we will review the effects of quercetin on the key mechanisms of pathogenesis of diabetes complications including nephropathy, cardiovascular complications, neuropathy, delayed wound healing, and retinopathy. Finally, clinical trials investigating the effect of quercetin on diabetes and diabetes complications will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yan
- Clinical Experimental Centre, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, China
- Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Mostafa Vaghari-Tabari
- Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Faezeh Malakoti
- Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soheila Moein
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Durdi Qujeq
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center (CMBRC), Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Ocular TGF- β, Matrix Metalloproteinases, and TIMP-1 Increase with the Development and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:9811361. [PMID: 34257518 PMCID: PMC8257377 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9811361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a sight-threatening late complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Even though its pathophysiology has not been fully elucidated, several studies suggested a role for transforming growth factor- (TGF-) β, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP) in the onset and progression of the disease. Consequently, the aim of this study was to analyze the concentrations of TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, MMP-3, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 in patients with different stages of DR in order to identify stage-specific changes in their concentrations during the progression of the disease. Serum and aqueous humor (AH) samples were collected during intraocular surgery, and eyes were classified into the following groups: healthy controls (n = 17), diabetic patients with non-apparent DR (n = 23), mild/moderate nonproliferative DR (NPDR) (n = 13), and advanced NPDR/proliferative DR (PDR) without vitreal hemorrhage (n = 14). None of the patients had been under anti-VEGF or laser treatment within six months prior to surgery. In the AH, TGF-β1 levels increased in advanced NPDR/PDR by a factor of 5.5 compared to the control group. Similarly, an increase in MMP-3 and TIMP-1 levels in the AH was evident in the later stages of DR, corresponding to a 7.7- and 2.4-fold increase compared to the control group, respectively, whereas serum levels of the studied proteins remained similar. In conclusion, increased concentrations of TGF-β1, MMP-3, and TIMP-1 in the AH, but not in the serum, in advanced NPDR/PDR indicate that the intraocular regulation for these cytokines is independent of the systemic one and suggest their involvement in the progression of DR.
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Oladnabi M, Mishan MA, Rezaeikanavi M, Zargari M, Sadeghi RN, Bagheri A. Correlation between ELF-PEMF exposure and Human RPE Cell Proliferation, Apoptosis and Gene Expression. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2021; 16:202-211. [PMID: 34055258 PMCID: PMC8126745 DOI: 10.18502/jovr.v16i2.9084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Emerging evidence implies that electromagnetic fields (EMFs) can negatively affect angiogenesis. In this regard, the effects of extremely low frequency pulsed electromagnetic field (ELF-PEMF) exposure on the relative expression level of angiogenic factors involved in the pathogenesis of ocular disorders were evaluated in human retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) cells in order to investigate a noninvasive therapeutic method for patients with several ocular diseases associated with neovascularization. Methods After separating hRPE cells from globes, hRPE cells were exposed to 15 mT of ELF-PEMF (120 Hz) at 5, 10, and 15 min for seven days. Cell proliferation and apoptosis of treated cells were evaluated via ELISA assay. Moreover, relative expression changes of HIF-1α, CTGF, VEGFA, MMP-2, cathepsin D, and E2F3 were performed using real-time RT-PCR. Results ELF-PEMF exposure had no significant effects on the apoptosis and proliferation rate of hRPE cells. Expression level of HIF-1α, CTGF, VEGFA, MMP-2, cathepsin D, and E2F3 was downregulated following 5 min of ELF-PEMF exposure. Conclusion As ELF-PEMF showed inhibitory effects on the expression of angiogenic genes in hRPE cells with no cytotoxic or proliferative side effects, it can be introduced as a useful procedure for managing angiogenesis induced by retinal pathogenesis, although more studies with adequate follow-up in animal models are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Oladnabi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.,Ischemic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.,Both authors contributed equally to the manuscript
| | - Mohammad Amir Mishan
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Both authors contributed equally to the manuscript
| | - Mozhgan Rezaeikanavi
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehryar Zargari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Rouhallah Najjar Sadeghi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Abouzar Bagheri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Holappa M, Vapaatalo H, Vaajanen A. Local ocular renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: any connection with intraocular pressure? A comprehensive review. Ann Med 2020; 52:191-206. [PMID: 32308046 PMCID: PMC7877937 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2020.1758341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is one of the oldest and most extensively studied human peptide cascades, well-known for its role in regulating blood pressure. When aldosterone is included, RAAS is involved also in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. There are two main axes of RAAS: (1) Angiotensin (1-7), angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and Mas receptor (ACE2-Ang(1-7)-MasR), (2) Angiotensin II, angiotensin converting enzyme 1 and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (ACE1-AngII-AT1R). In its entirety, RAAS comprises dozens of angiotensin peptides, peptidases and seven receptors. The first mentioned axis is known to counterbalance the deleterious effects of the latter axis. In addition to the systemic RAAS, tissue-specific regulatory systems have been described in various organs, evidence that RAAS is both an endocrine and an autocrine system. These local regulatory systems, such as the one present in the vascular endothelium, are responsible for long-term regional changes. A local RAAS and its components have been detected in many structures of the human eye. This review focuses on the local ocular RAAS in the anterior part of the eye, its possible role in aqueous humour dynamics and intraocular pressure as well as RAAS as a potential target for anti-glaucomatous drugs.KEY MESSAGESComponents of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system have been detected in different structures of the human eye, introducing the concept of a local intraocular renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).Evidence is accumulating that the local ocular RAAS is involved in aqueous humour dynamics, regulation of intraocular pressure, neuroprotection and ocular pathology making components of RAAS attractive candidates when developing new effective ways to treat glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervi Holappa
- Medical Faculty, Department of Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Vapaatalo
- Medical Faculty, Department of Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Vaajanen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Drankowska J, Kos M, Kościuk A, Marzęda P, Boguszewska-Czubara A, Tylus M, Święch-Zubilewicz A. MMP targeting in the battle for vision: Recent developments and future prospects in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Life Sci 2019; 229:149-156. [PMID: 31100326 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes capable of degrading nearly all types of extracellular matrix. They perform a wide range of roles in physiological processes, which is the reason for their strict regulation by numerous mechanisms including natural tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP). Research only started to shed light on more troublesome aspects of MMPs function, like cancer progression, Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, ageing. Moreover, their profound role in diabetes is being carefully investigated including one of its most debilitating complications - diabetic retinopathy (DR), the leading cause of acquired blindness worldwide. Traditional treatment of this condition seems to be only mildly satisfactory, which elicited substantial interest in the field of new therapeutic methods including MMP targeting. So far, significant roles of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the development of retinopathy have been established, with special attention given to the process of blood-retinal barrier impairment. Further exploration revealed MMP-10 and MMP-14 involvement as well as changes in MMP/TIMP ratio. In this review, we provide insight into MMPs role in diabetic retinopathy with a clarification of various mechanisms regulating MMP activity in the light of the recent studies. We conclude with an overview of novel DR therapies targeting MMPs and point to the need of further examination of their usefulness in clinical setting, with an eye towards future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Drankowska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, PL 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Michał Kos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, PL 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Kościuk
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, PL 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Marzęda
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, PL 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Boguszewska-Czubara
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, PL 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Tylus
- Department of Retinal and Vitreal Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, Chmielna 1, PL 20-079 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Święch-Zubilewicz
- Department of Retinal and Vitreal Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, Chmielna 1, PL 20-079 Lublin, Poland
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Sato T, Morishita S, Horie T, Fukumoto M, Kida T, Oku H, Nakamura K, Takai S, Jin D, Ikeda T. Involvement of premacular mast cells in the pathogenesis of macular diseases. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211438. [PMID: 30794552 PMCID: PMC6386310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported on the elevated intravitreal activities of tryptase and chymase in association with idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM) and idiopathic macular hole (MH). In this present study, we investigated the potential intraocular production of these serine proteases, and measured and compared tryptase and chymase activities in the vitreous body and serum in ERM, MH, proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) patients. In addition, nuclear staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and mast-cell staining with toluidine blue were performed on samples of the vitreous core and bursa premacularis (BPM) of MH. We also performed immunostaining on the above two regions of vitreous samples for MH with anti-tryptase antibody, anti-chymase antibody, anti-podoplanin antibody, anti-lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 (LYVE-1) antibody, and anti-fibroblast antibody. Moreover, we performed immunostaining with anti-tryptase antibody and anti-chymase antibody on ERMs collected intraoperatively. Tryptase activity in the vitreous body was significantly higher in ERM and MH than in PDR. However, no significant differences were observed in the tryptase activity in the serum among these four diseases. Chymase activity in the vitreous body was significantly higher in MH than in the other three diseases, yet chymase activity in the serum was below detection limit in any of the diseases. Nuclear staining with H&E revealed an abundance of nuclei in the BPM region, but few in the surrounding area. Mast-cell staining with toluidine blue revealed that the BPM showed metachromatic staining. In immunostaining with anti-fibroblasts antibody, anti-tryptase antibody, anti-chymase antibody, anti-podoplanin antibody, and anti-LYVE-1 antibody, the BPM stained more strongly than the vitreous core. Tryptase and chymase-positive cells were also observed in ERM. These findings revealed that the presence of mast cells in the BPM potentially represent the source of these serine proteases. Moreover, the BPM, as a lymphatic tissue, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of macular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seita Morishita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taeko Horie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanori Fukumoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Teruyo Kida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Oku
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Shinji Takai
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Denan Jin
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsunehiko Ikeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Samadi M, Shirpoor A, Afshari AT, Kheradmand F, Rasmi Y, Sadeghzadeh M. Chronic ethanol ingestion induces glomerular filtration barrier proteins genes expression alteration and increases matrix metalloproteinases activity in the kidney of rats. Interv Med Appl Sci 2018; 10:171-177. [PMID: 30713757 PMCID: PMC6343583 DOI: 10.1556/1646.10.2018.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic alcohol ingestion-induced kidney structure and function alterations are very well known, but the precise underlying molecular mediators involved in ethanol-induced kidney abnormalities remain elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic ethanol exposure on matrix metalloproteinase 2, 9 (MMP), glomerular filtration barrier proteins (nephrin and podocin), as well as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1, 2 (VEGFRs) isoforms gene expression in the kidney of rats. Methods Sixteen male Wistar rats with an initial body weight of 220 ± 10 g were divided into the following two groups: (1) control and (2) ethanol (4.5 g/kg BW). Results After 6 weeks of treatment, the results revealed a significant increase in isoforms VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 of VEGFR gene expression, significant increases of MMP2 and MMP9 activities, as well as significant decrease of nephrin and podocin gene expressions in the ethanol group, compared with that in the control group. Conclusion These findings indicate that ethanol-induced kidney abnormalities may be in part associated with alteration in expressions of VEGFRs, nephrin, and podocin and in increasing activities of MMP2 and MMP9 as key molecular mediators in the kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahrokh Samadi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Alireza Shirpoor
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Taghizadeh Afshari
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kheradmand
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Yousef Rasmi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Maryam Sadeghzadeh
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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12
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Miyata Y, Nagase T, Katsura Y, Takahashi H, Natsugari H, Oshitari T, Kosano H. In vitro studies on nobiletin isolated from citrus plants and the bioactive metabolites, inhibitory action against gelatinase enzymatic activity and the molecular mechanisms in human retinal Müller cell line. Biomed Pharmacother 2018. [PMID: 28623785 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common cause of vision loss in patients with diabetes mellitus. Despite the presence of effective therapy, DR is still a significant health burden. A recent research suggests that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) could be promising targets, which exert multiple actions on early- and late-stage pathogenesis of DR. Among the MMP family, gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) act as potent proinflammatory, proangiogenic, and pro-apoptotic factors. Therefore, the pharmacological inhibitory effect of gelatinases on retinal MMP-producing cells may be useful in the treatment or prevention of DR. Nobiletin isolated from citrus plants is a multi-functional polymethoxylated flavone, which exerts biological effects including inhibitory action against MMP activity in several cancer cells. In the present study, we demonstrated that nobiletin isolated from citrus plants attenuated MMP-9 enzymatic activity through the suppression of transcription for MMP-9 gene expression and augmentation of TIMP-1 production in retinal Müller cells. Nobiletin regulated MMP-9 gene expression and TIMP-1 by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. In addition, we observed the augmentation of inhibitory action against MMP-9 enzymatic activity by 4'-demethylated nobiletin, which is a major metabolite of nobiletin. We believe that the enhancement of inhibitory action against MMP-9 enzymatic activity by 4'-demethylated nobiletin is through the dual inhibition on Erk1/2 and Akt phosphorylation. The structure-activity relationship analysis revealed that, for the enhancement of inhibitory action against MMP-9 enzymatic activity, demethylation at position 4' in B-ring was a key structural modification in Müller cells, which are an important source of MMPs found in vitreous fluid and retinal tissues in retinal proliferative diseases. These results suggested that nobiletin, derived from a natural source, may serve as a novel MMP inhibitor with minimal side effects, and lead compound for the design of more efficacious drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Miyata
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Terumasa Nagase
- The fifth Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 3-20-1 Ami, Ibaraki 300-0332, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Katsura
- The fifth Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 3-20-1 Ami, Ibaraki 300-0332, Japan
| | - Hideyo Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Natsugari
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Tetsuta Oshitari
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kosano
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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Mousetap, a Novel Technique to Collect Uncontaminated Vitreous or Aqueous and Expand Usefulness of Mouse Models. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6371. [PMID: 29686307 PMCID: PMC5913258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitreous or aqueous humour taps are widely used in patients or large animals with retinal diseases to monitor disease biomarkers, search for novel biomarkers, assess the integrity of the blood-retinal barrier, or perform pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamics studies. Although there are many useful mouse models of retinal diseases, the small size of mouse eyes has precluded vitreous or aqueous taps. Herein we describe a novel technique, mousetap, which allows collection of vitreous or aqueous humour uncontaminated by blood or tissue surrounding the vitreous cavity. Mousetap was used to obtain vitreous samples from several mouse models of retinal vascular diseases and vitreous albumin measured by ELISA was highly reproducible among mice of the same model. The mean vitreous albumin concentration differed widely among control mice and mice of different models and correlated with fluorescein angiographic assessment of vascular leakage severity. Protein arrays showed increases in levels of several vasoactive proteins in the vitreous from mice with oxygen-induced ischemic retinopathy compared with age-matched controls; almost all of these proteins are increased in the vitreous of patients with the most common human ischemic retinopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Thus, mousetap facilitates the use of mice for studies previously reserved for large animal models and patients.
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14
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Retinal and choroidal angiogenesis: a review of new targets. Int J Retina Vitreous 2017; 3:31. [PMID: 28835854 PMCID: PMC5563895 DOI: 10.1186/s40942-017-0084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal and choroidal neovascularization are a major cause of significant visual impairment, worldwide. Understanding the various factors involved in the accompanying physiopathology is vital for development of novel treatments, and most important, for preserving patient vision. The intraocular use of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapeutics has improved management of the retinal and choroidal neovascularization but some patients do not respond, suggesting other vascular mediators may also contribute to ocular angiogenesis. Several recent studies examined possible new targets for future anti-angiogenic therapies. Potential targets of retinal and choroidal neovascularization therapy include members of the platelet-derived growth factor family, vascular endothelial growth factor sub-family, epidermal growth factor family, fibroblast growth factor family, transforming growth factor-β superfamily (TGF-β1, activins, follistatin and bone morphogenetic proteins), angiopoietin-like family, galectins family, integrin superfamily, as well as pigment epithelium derived factor, hepatocyte growth factor, angiopoietins, endothelins, hypoxia-inducible factors, insulin-like growth factors, cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors and glycosylation proteins. This review highlights current antiangiogenic therapies under development, and discusses future retinal and choroidal pro- and anti-angiogenic targets as wells as the importance of developing of new drugs.
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15
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Holappa M, Vapaatalo H, Vaajanen A. Many Faces of Renin-angiotensin System - Focus on Eye. Open Ophthalmol J 2017; 11:122-142. [PMID: 28761566 PMCID: PMC5510558 DOI: 10.2174/1874364101711010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), that is known for its role in the regulation of blood pressure as well as in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, comprises dozens of angiotensin peptides and peptidases and at least six receptors. Six central components constitute the two main axes of the RAS cascade. Angiotensin (1-7), an angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and Mas receptor axis (ACE2-Ang(1-7)-MasR) counterbalances the harmful effects of the angiotensin II, angiotensin converting enzyme 1 and angiotensin II type 1 receptor axis (ACE1-AngII-AT1R) Whereas systemic RAS is an important factor in blood pressure regulation, tissue-specific regulatory system, responsible for long term regional changes, that has been found in various organs. In other words, RAS is not only endocrine but also complicated autocrine system. The human eye has its own intraocular RAS that is present e.g. in the structures involved in aqueous humor dynamics. Local RAS may thus be a target in the development of new anti-glaucomatous drugs. In this review, we first describe the systemic RAS cascade and then the local ocular RAS especially in the anterior part of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervi Holappa
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Vapaatalo
- Medical Faculty, Department of Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Vaajanen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Saleem S, Azam A, Maqsood SI, Muslim I, Bashir S, Fazal N, Riaz M, Ali SHB, Niazi MK, Ishaq M, Waheed NK, Qamar R, Azam M. Role of ACE and PAI-1 Polymorphisms in the Development and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144557. [PMID: 26658948 PMCID: PMC4679138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we determined the association of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene polymorphisms with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and its sub-clinical classes in Pakistani type 2 diabetic patients. A total of 353 diabetic subjects including 160 DR and 193 diabetic non retinopathy (DNR) as well as 198 healthy controls were genotyped by allele specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for ACE Insertion/Deletion (ID) polymorphism, rs4646994 in intron 16 and PAI-1 4G/5G (deletion/insertion) polymorphism, rs1799768 in promoter region of the gene. To statistically assess the genotype-phenotype association, multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to the genotype data of DR, DNR and control individuals as well as the subtypes of DR. The ACE genotype ID was found to be significantly associated with DR (p = 0.009, odds ratio (OR) 1.870 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04-3.36]) and its sub-clinical class non-proliferative DR (NPDR) (p = 0.006, OR 2.250 [95% CI = 1.098-4.620]), while PAI polymorphism did not show any association with DR in the current cohort. In conclusion in Pakistani population the ACE ID polymorphism was observed to be significantly associated with DR and NPDR, but not with the severe form of the disease i.e. proliferative DR (PDR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Saleem
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aisha Azam
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Irfan Muslim
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shaheena Bashir
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nosheen Fazal
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Moeen Riaz
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Khizar Niazi
- Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
- Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Ishaq
- Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
- Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Khalida Waheed
- Tufts University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Raheel Qamar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Al-Nafees Medical College and Hospital, Isra University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Maleeha Azam
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Holappa M, Vapaatalo H, Vaajanen A. Ocular renin-angiotensin system with special reference in the anterior part of the eye. World J Ophthalmol 2015; 5:110-124. [DOI: 10.5318/wjo.v5.i3.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) regulates blood pressure (BP) homeostasis, systemic fluid volume and electrolyte balance. The RAS cascade includes over twenty peptidases, close to twenty angiotensin peptides and at least six receptors. Out of these, angiotensin II, angiotensin converting enzyme 1 and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AngII-ACE1-AT1R) together with angiotensin (1-7), angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and Mas receptor (Ang(1-7)-ACE2-MasR) are regarded as the main components of RAS. In addition to circulating RAS, local RA-system exists in various organs. Local RA-systems are regarded as tissue-specific regulatory systems accounting for local effects and long term changes in different organs. Many of the central components such as the two main axes of RAS: AngII-ACE1-AT1R and Ang(1-7)-ACE2-MasR, have been identified in the human eye. Furthermore, it has been shown that systemic antihypertensive RAS- inhibiting medications lower intraocular pressure (IOP). These findings suggest the crucial role of RAS not only in the regulation of BP but also in the regulation of IOP, and RAS potentially plays a role in the development of glaucoma and antiglaucomatous drugs.
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18
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Mohammad G, Vandooren J, Siddiquei MM, Martens E, Abu El-Asrar AM, Opdenakker G. Functional links between gelatinase B/matrix metalloproteinase-9 and prominin-1/CD133 in diabetic retinal vasculopathy and neuropathy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 43:76-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Victor AA, Gondhowiardjo TD, Waspadji S, Wanandi SI, Bachtiar A, Suyatna FD, Muhiddin H. Effect of laser photocoagulation and bevacizumab intravitreal in proliferative diabetic retinopathy: review on biomarkers of oxidative stress. MEDICAL JOURNAL OF INDONESIA 2014. [DOI: 10.13181/mji.v23i2.756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study was aimed to compare the effect of laser photocoagulation (LF), intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) and combined treatments on biomarkers of oxidative stress such as aldehhyde dehidrogenase (ALDH), malondialdehyde (MDA) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and vitreal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on proliferative diabetic retinopathy (DR) patients.Methods: In this single blind randomized clinical trial, 72 eyes from 69 cases of proliferative DR in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital between February 2011 - June 2013 were randomized into 4 groups : 1) control (n = 18); 2) LF pre-vitrectomy (n = 18); 3) IVB pre-vitrectomy (n = 18); and 4) combined IVB and LF pre-vitrectomy (n = 18). One-way ANOVA was used to compare oxidative stress parameters in the four groups.Results: There were no statistically significant differences in the average plasma ALDH activity (0.034 ± 0.02; 0.027 ± 0.02; 0.025 ± 0.02; 0.031 ± 0.11 IU/mg protein; p = 0.66), vitreal MDA level (1.661 ± 1.21; 1.557 ± 1.32; 1.717 ± 1.54; 1.501 ± 1.09 nmol/mL; p = 0.96) and SOD activity) (0.403 ± 0.50; 0.210 ± 0.18; 0.399 ± 0.49; 0.273 ± 0.32 U/mL; p = 0.38) among these four groups, respectively. However, the VEGF vitreal level (pg/mL) showed a statistically significant difference (0.356 ± 0.60; 0.393 ± 0.45; 0.150 ± 0.24; 0.069 ± 0.13; p = 0.05). The VEGF level in combination group was five times lower than the control group (p = 0.05).Conclusion: Combined treatments of DR by IVB and LF were correlated with lower vitreal MDA and plasma VEGF level, but did not have any effect on plasma ALDH and vitreal SOD in proliferative DR. Combined treatments with IVB and LF are recommended for the management of proliferative DR patients.
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Effects of intravitreal injection of bevacizumab on inflammatory cytokines in the vitreous with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Retina 2014; 34:165-71. [PMID: 23851630 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0b013e3182979df6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the effects of preoperative intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (IVB) on the levels of 27 inflammatory cytokines, including interleukins (ILs) and vascular endothelial growth factor. METHODS From among 200 patients who had proliferative diabetic retinopathy and underwent vitrectomy in our department from September 2009 to October 2010, 8 study subjects met the enrollment criteria in which both eyes at nearly equivalent stages underwent vitrectomy. The first vitrectomy for each patient was performed without IVB (control group), whereas the second vitrectomy on the contralateral eye was performed with IVB treatment (1.25 mg/0.05 mL) 3 days before surgery (IVB group). Undiluted vitreous fluid was collected at the start of each vitrectomy. A multiplex assay was used to simultaneously determine the levels of 27 inflammatory cytokines and growth factors. RESULTS Mean vascular endothelial growth factor levels were significantly lower in the IVB group (519.69 pg/mL) than in the control group (11,807.44 pg/mL) (P = 0.012, Wilcoxon signed rank test). Moreover, the mean levels (IVB/control, pg/mL) of IL-1RA (38.50/62.31, P = 0.036), IL-5 (27.75/34.00, P = 0.018), IL-10 (433.63/1,995.94, P = 0.012), IL-12 (246.69/1,033.69, P = 0.012), IL-13 (707.50/1,450.38, P = 0.012), and interferon γ (71.13/84.69, P = 0.036) were significantly lower in the IVB group. No other significant differences were observed in the levels of the other 20 cytokines and growth factors between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION Preoperative IVB reduced not only the intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor level but also the intravitreal levels of other inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1RA, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, and interferon γ. These results indicate the interaction of some cytokines in the vitreous fluid of proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients and suggest the possibility that preoperative IVB may not only reduce vascular proliferation by its direct antivascular endothelial growth factor effect but also modulate the inflammatory response through putative cytokine networks. None of the other cytokines examined were elevated after IVB.
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22
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Giese MJ, Speth RC. The ocular renin-angiotensin system: a therapeutic target for the treatment of ocular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 142:11-32. [PMID: 24287313 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is most well-known for its role in regulation and dysregulation of blood pressure as well as fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Due to its ability to cause cardiovascular disease, the RAS is the target of a multitude of drugs that antagonize its pathophysiological effects. While the "classical" RAS is a systemic hormonal system, there is an increasing awareness of the existence and functional significance of local RASs in a number of organs, e.g., liver, kidney, heart, lungs, reproductive organs, adipose tissue and adrenal. The eye is one of these organs where a compelling body of evidence has demonstrated the presence of a local RAS. Individual components of the RAS have been shown to be present in many structures of the eye and their potential functional significance in ocular disease states is described. Because the eye is one of the most important and complex organs in the body, this review also discusses the implications of dysregulation of the systemic RAS on the pathogenesis of ocular diseases and how pharmacological manipulation of the RAS might lead to novel or adjunctive therapies for ocular disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert C Speth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, United States.
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Rodrigues M, Xin X, Jee K, Babapoor-Farrokhran S, Kashiwabuchi F, Ma T, Bhutto I, Hassan SJ, Daoud Y, Baranano D, Solomon S, Lutty G, Semenza GL, Montaner S, Sodhi A. VEGF secreted by hypoxic Müller cells induces MMP-2 expression and activity in endothelial cells to promote retinal neovascularization in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes 2013; 62:3863-73. [PMID: 23884892 PMCID: PMC3806594 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), retinal ischemia promotes neovascularization (NV), which can lead to profound vision loss in diabetic patients. Treatment for PDR, panretinal photocoagulation, is inherently destructive and has significant visual consequences. Therapies targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have transformed the treatment of diabetic eye disease but have proven inadequate for treating NV, prompting exploration for additional therapeutic options for PDR patients. In this regard, extracellular proteolysis is an early and sustained activity strictly required for NV. Extracellular proteolysis in NV is facilitated by the dysregulated activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Here, we set out to better understand the regulation of MMPs by ischemia in PDR. We demonstrate that accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in Müller cells induces the expression of VEGF, which, in turn, promotes increased MMP-2 expression and activity in neighboring endothelial cells (ECs). MMP-2 expression was detected in ECs in retinal NV tissue from PDR patients, whereas MMP-2 protein levels were elevated in the aqueous of PDR patients compared with controls. Our findings demonstrate a complex interplay among hypoxic Müller cells, secreted angiogenic factors, and neighboring ECs in the regulation of MMP-2 in retinal NV and identify MMP-2 as a target for the treatment of PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo Rodrigues
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xiaoban Xin
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kathleen Jee
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | - Tao Ma
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
- Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Imran Bhutto
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Syed Junaid Hassan
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yassine Daoud
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David Baranano
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sharon Solomon
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gerard Lutty
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gregg L. Semenza
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Oncology, Radiation Oncology, Biological Chemistry, and Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Silvia Montaner
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
- Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Akrit Sodhi
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Corresponding author: Akrit Sodhi,
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He A, Shi GP. Mast cell chymase and tryptase as targets for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19:1114-25. [PMID: 23016684 DOI: 10.2174/1381612811319060012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells are critical effectors in inflammatory diseases, including cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and their associated complications. These cells exert their physiological and pathological activities by releasing granules containing histamine, cytokines, chemokines, and proteases, including mast cell-specific chymases and tryptases. Several recent human and animal studies have shown direct or indirect participation of mast cell-specific proteases in atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysms, obesity, diabetes, and their complications. Animal studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of highly selective and potent chymase and tryptase inhibitors in several experimental cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries from in vitro cell-based studies to experimental animal disease models, from protease knockout mice to treatments with recently developed selective and potent protease inhibitors, and from patients with preclinical disorders to those affected by complications. We hypothesize that inhibition of chymases and tryptases would benefit patients suffering from cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina He
- Department of Oncology, The Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, China
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Zhong Q, Kowluru RA. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 by epigenetic modifications and the development of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes 2013; 62:2559-68. [PMID: 23423566 PMCID: PMC3712057 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes activates retinal matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and MMP-9 damages the mitochondria and augments capillary cell apoptosis. Our aim is to elucidate the mechanism responsible for MMP-9 activation. Histone modifications and recruitment of the nuclear transcriptional factor-κB (p65 subunit) at the MMP-9 promoter and the activity of lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) were measured in the retina from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The role of LSD1 in MMP-9 activation was investigated in isolated retinal endothelial cells transfected with LSD1 small interfering RNA (siRNA). The results were confirmed in the retina from human donors with diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes decreased histone H3 dimethyl lysine 9 (H3K9me2) and increased acetyl H3K9 (Ac-H3K9) and p65 at the retinal MMP-9 promoter. LSD1 enzyme activity and its transcripts were elevated. LSD1 siRNA ameliorated the glucose-induced decrease in H3K9me2 and increase in p65 at the MMP-9 promoter, and prevented MMP-9 activation, mitochondrial damage, and cell apoptosis. Human donors with diabetic retinopathy had similar epigenetic changes at the MMP-9 promoter. Thus, activated LSD1 hypomethylates H3K9 at the MMP-9 promoter and this frees up that lysine 9 for acetylation. Increased Ac-H3K9 facilitates the recruitment of p65, resulting in MMP-9 activation and mitochondrial damage. Thus, the regulation of LSD1 by molecular or pharmacological means has the potential to retard the development of diabetic retinopathy.
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Role of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in the development of diabetic retinopathy. J Ocul Biol Dis Infor 2012; 5:1-8. [PMID: 23833698 DOI: 10.1007/s12177-012-9091-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy represents the most common causes of vision loss in patients affected by diabetes mellitus. The cause of vision loss in diabetic retinopathy is complex and remains incompletely understood. One of the earliest changes in the development of retinopathy is the accelerated apoptosis of retinal microvascular cells and the formation of acellular capillaries by unknown mechanism. Results of a recent research suggest an important role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the development of diabetic retinopathy. MMPs are a large family of proteinases that remodel extracellular matrix components, and under pathological condition, its induction is considered as a negative regulator of cell survival; and in diabetes, latent MMPs are activated in the retina and its capillary cells, and activation of MMP-2 and -9 induces apoptosis of retinal capillary cells. This review will focus on the MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the diabetic retina with special reference to oxidative stress, mitochondria dysfunction, inflammation and angiogenesis, as well as summarizing the current information linking these proteins to pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.
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Wilkinson-Berka JL, Agrotis A, Deliyanti D. The retinal renin-angiotensin system: roles of angiotensin II and aldosterone. Peptides 2012; 36:142-50. [PMID: 22537944 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In the present review we examine the experimental and clinical evidence for the presence of a local renin-angiotensin system within the retina. Interest in a pathogenic role for the renin-angiotensin system in retinal disease originally stemmed from observations that components of the pathway were elevated in retina during the development of certain retinal pathologies. Since then, our knowledge about the contribution of the RAS to retinal disease has greatly expanded. We discuss the known functions of the renin-angiotensin system in retinopathy of prematurity and diabetic retinopathy. This includes the promotion of retinal neovascularization, inflammation, oxidative stress and neuronal and glial dysfunction. The contribution of specific components of the renin-angiotensin system is evaluated with a particular focus on angiotensin II and aldosterone and their cognate receptors. The therapeutic utility of inhibiting key components of the renin-angiotensin system is complex, but may hold promise for the prevention and improvement of vision threatening diseases.
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Kowluru RA, Zhong Q, Santos JM. Matrix metalloproteinases in diabetic retinopathy: potential role of MMP-9. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:797-805. [PMID: 22519597 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.681043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetic retinopathy remains one of the most feared complications of diabetes. Despite extensive research in the field, the molecular mechanism responsible for the development of this slow progressing disease remains unclear. In the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, mitochondria are damaged and inflammatory mediators are elevated before the histopathology associated with the disease can be observed. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) regulate a variety of cellular functions including apoptosis and angiogenesis. Diabetic environment stimulates the secretion of several MMPs that are considered to participate in complications, including retinopathy, nephropathy and cardiomyopathy. Patients with diabetic retinopathy and also animal models have shown increased MMP-9 and MMP-2 in their retina and vitreous. Recent research has shown that MMPs have dual role in the development of diabetic retinopathy; in the early stages of the disease (pre-neovascularization), MMP-2 and MMP-9 facilitate the apoptosis of retinal capillary cells, possibly via damaging the mitochondria, and in the later phase, they help in neovascularization. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the literature to evaluate the role of MMPs, especially MMP-9, in the development of diabetic retinopathy, and presents existing evidence that the inhibitors targeted toward MMP-9, depending on the duration of diabetes at the times their administration could have potential to prevent the progression of this blinding disease, and protect the vision loss. EXPERT OPINION Inhibitors of MMPs could have dual role: in the early stages of the diseases, inhibit capillary cell apoptosis, and if the disease has progressed to the angiogenic stage, inhibit the growth of new vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu A Kowluru
- Wayne State University, Kresge Eye Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Yar AS, Menevse S, Dogan I, Alp E, Ergin V, Cumaoglu A, Aricioglu A, Ekmekci A, Menevse A. Investigation of ocular neovascularization-related genes and oxidative stress in diabetic rat eye tissues after resveratrol treatment. J Med Food 2011; 15:391-8. [PMID: 22191573 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA expression profiles and oxidative stress in the eye tissue microenviroment may have important roles in ocular neovascularization and permeability in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The present study investigated the effects of resveratrol (RSV) treatment on the mRNA expression profile of VEGF, ACE, MMP-9, and eNOS, which are associated with vascular neovascularization, and glutathione, protein carbonyl, and nitrite-nitrate levels, which are markers of oxidative stress in eyes of diabetic rats. Twenty-four Wistar albino male rats were divided into four groups. After diabetes induction with streptozotocin (10 mg/kg/day) RSV was administered to the RSV and diabetes mellitus (DM) + RSV groups for 4 weeks. The mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay, and biochemical estimations were determined with spectrophotometric assays in eye homogenates. The mRNA expression levels of VEGF, ACE, and MMP-9 were increased in the DM group compared with the control group, and RSV treatment decreased their mRNA levels. Expression of eNOS mRNA was increased in the RSV and DM groups and decreased in the DM + RSV group. Nitrite-nitrate levels and protein carbonyl content were increased and glutathione levels were decreased in the DM group compared with controls. Consequently, these data suggest that RSV suppressed the expression of eNOS, which is actively involved in the inflammation and healing process in chronic diabetes. Although oxidative stress was increased in eye tissue from diabetic rats, mRNA levels of VEGF, MMP-9, and ACE genes associated with vascular remodeling did not change in diabetic eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiye Seda Yar
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Citirik M, Kabatas EU, Batman C, Akin KO, Kabatas N. Vitreous vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations in proliferative diabetic retinopathy versus proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Ophthalmic Res 2011; 47:7-12. [PMID: 21691136 DOI: 10.1159/000324200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess vitreous vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in comparison to proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). PATIENTS AND METHODS Vitreous samples were collected from 69 eyes of 69 patients with traumatic lens dislocation (n = 10), grade B PVR with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (n = 13), grade C PVR with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (n = 14), PDR with vitreous hemorrhage (n = 18), and PDR with vitreous hemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment (n = 14). Vitreous fluid samples were obtained at vitrectomy, and the levels of VEGF were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The mean vitreous level of VEGF was 15.14 ± 5.22 pg/ml in eyes with grade B PVR, 99.15 ± 38.58 pg/ml in eyes with grade C PVR, 4,534.01 ± 1,193.28 pg/ml in eyes with vitreous hemorrhage secondary to PDR, 5,157.29 ± 969.44 pg/ml in eyes with vitreous hemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment secondary to PDR, and 16.19 ± 5.76 pg/ml in eyes of the control group with traumatic lens dislocation. Vitreous VEGF concentrations were significantly higher in the patients with grade C PVR, PDR with vitreous hemorrhage and PDR with vitreous hemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment in comparison to the control patients (p < 0.05). A significant alteration was not observed in patients with grade B PVR (p = 0.55). CONCLUSIONS Vitreous VEGF concentrations are increased in PDR and grade C PVR. The high VEGF concentrations could suggest a possible effect of VEGF on advanced PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Citirik
- SB Ankara Ulucanlar Eye Education and Research Hospital, SB Ankara Kecioren Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
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Expression profiles of cytokines and chemokines in vitreous fluid in diabetic retinopathy and central retinal vein occlusion. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2011; 55:256-263. [PMID: 21538000 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-011-0004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The involvement of cytokines and chemokines in vitreous fluid is important in the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). In this study, the concentrations of cytokines and chemokines in the vitreous fluid of eyes with DR and CRVO were measured and compared. METHODS We studied 76 eyes with proliferative DR and diabetic macular edema (DR group), 10 eyes with CRVO (CRVO group), and 23 eyes with an epiretinal membrane and macular hole (control group), among a series of 160 eyes from which vitreous fluid samples were collected during vitrectomy. The vitreous fluid samples were collected by suction with a vitreous cutter at the initial stage of vitrectomy. Twenty-seven different cytokines and chemokines were measured simultaneously using an array system (Bio-Plex(®)) with beads combined with antibodies (Bio-Rad), as follows: interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-1 receptor agonist, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, eotaxin, basic fibroblast growth factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon (IFN)-γ, interferon-inducible 10-kDa protein (IP-10), monocytochemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α), MIP-1β, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB, regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). RESULTS Compared to the control group, the levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1β, PDGF and VEGF in the vitreous fluid were significantly higher in the DR group, while the levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-5, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, eotaxin, G-CSF, IFN-γ, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1β, TNF-α and VEGF were significantly higher in the CRVO group. Compared to the DR group, IL-2, IL-9, IL-12, MCP-1 and IFN-γ were significantly elevated in the CRVO group. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that among 6 factors correlated to VEGF in the DR group, IL-10 and IL-13 were more positively correlated and PDGF was most inversely correlated to VEGF. CONCLUSION In addition to inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors such as VEGF, anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and IL-13 may be involved more in the pathogenesis of DR and CRVO than in other diseases; cytokines and chemokines may also be correlated to VEGF in the vitreous fluid. It is also suggested that the inflammatory reaction may be more activate in CRVO than in DR.
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Kure M, Pezzolesi MG, Poznik GD, Katavetin P, Skupien J, Dunn JS, Mychaleckyj JC, Warram JH, Krolewski AS. Genetic variation in the matrix metalloproteinase genes and diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 103:60-5. [PMID: 21277817 PMCID: PMC3081941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Genetic data support the notion that polymorphisms in members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of genes play an important role in extracellular matrix remodeling and contribute to the pathogenesis of vascular disease. To identify novel genetic markers for diabetic nephropathy (DN), we examined the relationship between MMP gene polymorphisms and DN in the Genetics of Kidneys in Diabetes (GoKinD) population. Genotypic data from the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) type 1 DN project were analyzed for associations across 21 MMP genes in 1705 individual with type 1 diabetes, including 885 normoalbuminuric control subjects and 820 advanced DN case subjects. In total, we investigated the role of 1283 SNPs (198 genotyped SNPs and 1085 imputed SNPs) mapping to the MMP genes. We identified associations at several correlated SNPs across a 29.2kb interval on chromosome 11q at the MMP-3/MMP-12 locus. The strongest associations occurred at 2 highly-correlated SNPs, rs610950 (OR=0.50, P=1.6×10(-5)) and rs1277718 (OR=0.50, P=2.1×10(-5)). Further examination of this locus identified 17 SNPs (2 genotyped SNPs and 15 imputed SNPs) in complete linkage disequilibrium associated with DN (P-values<2.5×10(-4)), including a non-synonymous SNP (rs652438, Asn357Ser) located in exon 8 of MMP-12 that significantly reduced the risk of DN among carriers of the serine substitution relative to homozygous carriers of asparagine (OR=0.51; 95% CI=0.37-0.71, P=6.2×10(-5)). Taken together, our study suggests that genetic variations within the MMP-3/MMP-12 locus influence susceptibility of DN in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Kure
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marcus G. Pezzolesi
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - G. David Poznik
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pisut Katavetin
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jan Skupien
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathon S. Dunn
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Josyf C. Mychaleckyj
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - James H. Warram
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrzej S. Krolewski
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Validation of Molecular and Genomic Biomarkers of Retinal Drug Efficacy: Use of Ocular Fluid Sampling to Evaluate VEGF. Neurochem Res 2010; 36:655-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0328-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Takai S, Jin D, Miyazaki M. New approaches to blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: chymase as an important target to prevent organ damage. J Pharmacol Sci 2010; 113:301-9. [PMID: 20675958 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.10r05fm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chymase plays a crucial role in angiotensin II formation in various tissues. Angiotensin II induces gene expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 precursors, and chymase can convert precursors of TGF-beta and MMP-9 to their active forms. In cultured fibroblasts, significant increases in cell growth and TGF-beta levels were observed after chymase injection; these increases were inhibited by a chymase inhibitor, but not by an angiotensin II-receptor blocker. In apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) development depends on an increase in MMP-9 activities induced by angiotensin II infusion, but the inhibition of MMP-9 activation by a chymase inhibitor resulted in attenuation of the angiotensin II-induced AAA development. The upregulation of MMP-9 and TGF-beta levels is involved in damage to various organs, but these gene expressions are not completely induced by angiotensin II alone. Therefore, chymase inhibition may be useful for attenuating MMP-9 and TGF-beta levels, in addition to reducing angiotensin II formation, and this function may provide powerful organ protection. In this review, we propose the possible use of chymase inhibitors as agents to prevent organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Takai
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki City, Japan.
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Tarallo S, Beltramo E, Berrone E, Dentelli P, Porta M. Effects of high glucose and thiamine on the balance between matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in vascular cells. Acta Diabetol 2010; 47:105-11. [PMID: 19404565 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-009-0124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Pericyte survival in diabetic retinopathy depends also on interactions with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, which are degraded by matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). Elevated glucose influences ECM turnover, through expression of MMP and their tissue inhibitors, TIMP. We reported on reduced pericyte adhesion to high glucose-conditioned ECM and correction by thiamine. We aimed at verifying the effects of thiamine and benfotiamine on MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP expression and activity in human vascular cells with high glucose. In HRP, MMP-2 activity, though not expression, increased with high glucose and decreased with thiamine and benfotiamine; TIMP-1 expression increased with high glucose plus thiamine and benfotiamine; MMP-9 was not expressed. In EC, MMP-9 and MMP-2 expression and activity increased with high glucose, but thiamine and benfotiamine had no effects; TIMP-1 expression was unchanged. Neither glucose nor thiamine modified TIMP-2 and TIMP-3 expression. TIMP-1 concentrations did not change in either HRP or EC. High glucose imbalances MMP/TIMP regulation, leading to increased ECM turnover. Thiamine and benfotiamine correct the increase in MMP-2 activity due to high glucose in HRP, while increasing TIMP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Tarallo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy.
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Aydin E, Demir HD, Sahin S. Plasma and aqueous humor angiotensin-converting enzyme levels in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Curr Eye Res 2010; 35:230-4. [PMID: 20373882 DOI: 10.3109/02713680903484242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) levels in aqueous humor and plasma of patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) as another potent ischemia-induced angiogenic factor. METHODS The clinical comparative study included 40 patients with diabetic retinopathy and 16 healthy subjects. For all patients, aqueous humors were collected during the cataract surgery or intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide. ACE levels were measured using a solid-phase chemiluminescence immunoassay. RESULTS We observed significantly elevated ACE level in aqueous humor of patients with PDR compared with the patients with NPDR and normal subjects (P = 0.023), but no significant difference was detected between nonproliferative diabetics and control group (P = 0.239). There was no significant difference in plasma ACE levels among diabetic and control groups (P = 0.816). CONCLUSION Elevated ACE level may induce retinal angiogenesis and proliferative retinopathy in patients with DM. We consider that high levels of ACE in aqueous humor can reflect the association between retinal angiogenesis and DM serve as predictor in the progression of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdinc Aydin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gaziosmanpasa University Faculty of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey.
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Mauer M, Zinman B, Gardiner R, Suissa S, Sinaiko A, Strand T, Drummond K, Donnelly S, Goodyer P, Gubler MC, Klein R. Renal and retinal effects of enalapril and losartan in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:40-51. [PMID: 19571282 PMCID: PMC2978030 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa0808400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nephropathy and retinopathy remain important complications of type 1 diabetes. It is unclear whether their progression is slowed by early administration of drugs that block the renin-angiotensin system. METHODS We conducted a multicenter, controlled trial involving 285 normotensive patients with type 1 diabetes and normoalbuminuria and who were randomly assigned to receive losartan (100 mg daily), enalapril (20 mg daily), or placebo and followed for 5 years. The primary end point was a change in the fraction of glomerular volume occupied by mesangium in kidney-biopsy specimens. The retinopathy end point was a progression on a retinopathy severity scale of two steps or more. Intention-to-treat analysis was performed with the use of linear regression and logistic-regression models. RESULTS A total of 90% and 82% of patients had complete renal-biopsy and retinopathy data, respectively. Change in mesangial fractional volume per glomerulus over the 5-year period did not differ significantly between the placebo group (0.016 units) and the enalapril group (0.005, P=0.38) or the losartan group (0.026, P=0.26), nor were there significant treatment benefits for other biopsy-assessed renal structural variables. The 5-year cumulative incidence of microalbuminuria was 6% in the placebo group; the incidence was higher with losartan (17%, P=0.01 by the log-rank test) but not with enalapril (4%, P=0.96 by the log-rank test). As compared with placebo, the odds of retinopathy progression by two steps or more was reduced by 65% with enalapril (odds ratio, 0.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.14 to 0.85) and by 70% with losartan (odds ratio, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.12 to 0.73), independently of changes in blood pressure. There were three biopsy-related serious adverse events that completely resolved. Chronic cough occurred in 12 patients receiving enalapril, 6 receiving losartan, and 4 receiving placebo. CONCLUSIONS Early blockade of the renin-angiotensin system in patients with type 1 diabetes did not slow nephropathy progression but slowed the progression of retinopathy. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00143949.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mauer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
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Davuluri G, Espina V, Petricoin EF, Ross M, Deng J, Liotta LA, Glaser BM. Activated VEGF receptor shed into the vitreous in eyes with wet AMD: a new class of biomarkers in the vitreous with potential for predicting the treatment timing and monitoring response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 127:613-21. [PMID: 19433709 DOI: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether phosphorylated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors shed into the vitreous reflect the ongoing retinal and choroidal signal pathway activity in wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS Vitreous samples obtained immediately prior to anti-VEGF injection from 11 patients with choroidal neovascularization were analyzed using reverse-phase microarrays. Two patients had samples collected at the time of injection and 1 month later. Samples from 5 patients were collected prior to vitrectomy for macular hole, epiretinal membrane, or retinal detachment. RESULTS Phosphorylated forms of VEGF receptor (VEGFR Y996 and Y1175), platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRbeta Y716 and Y751), and c-KIT (Y703) were present in the vitreous. A significant difference in PDGFRbeta Y751 (P < .002), VEGFR Y996 (P < .04), and VEGFR Y1175 (P < .006), but not c-KIT Y703 (P < .05) or PDGFRbeta Y716 (P < .96), was noted for the responders to treatment (n = 5) compared with nonresponders (n = 6) and controls (n = 5). CONCLUSIONS Vitreous levels of activated receptors constitute a new class of biomarkers. Activated forms of VEGF and PDGF receptors, previously not known to exist in the vitreous, correlate with response to anti-VEGF therapy. These findings could provide the basis for the development of individualized treatment and discovery of new therapeutic targets.
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Praidou A, Klangas I, Papakonstantinou E, Androudi S, Georgiadis N, Karakiulakis G, Dimitrakos S. Vitreous and serum levels of platelet-derived growth factor and their correlation in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Curr Eye Res 2009; 34:152-61. [PMID: 19219687 DOI: 10.1080/02713680802585920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated possible correlations between vitreous and/or serum levels of platelet derived growth factor isoforms (PDGF-AA, -AB, -BB) with parameters associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), and compared the results to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is an established growth factor affecting PDR. METHODS Thirty-one patients with PDR and 15 non-diabetic patients were included in the study. Vitreous and serum samples were obtained during vitrectomy. PDGF-AA, -AB, and -BB, as well as VEGF, were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS PDGF-AA, -AB, -BB, and VEGF were all expressed in serum and vitreous of controls and patients with PDR. The levels of all PDGF isoforms and VEGF in vitreous were significantly increased in the PDR group, as compared to controls. No such differences were evident in serum. PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB correlated significantly to the severity but not the activity of PDR. PDGF-AB and -BB were significantly lower in vitreous of patients with pre-performed complete panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) as compared to incomplete or without PRP. PDGF did not correlate significantly to fibrovascular tissue, on the disc or elsewhere, to long-standing vitreous hemorrhage, to tractional retinal detachment, or to posterior vitreous detachment. PDGF or VEGF in vitreous or serum of PDR patients did not correlate with the serum levels of HbA1C. There was no correlation between the vitreous and serum levels of VEGF or PDGF in patients with PDR. CONCLUSIONS It appears that, in addition to VEGF, PDGF-AA, -AB, and -BB in the vitreous are also correlated with PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Praidou
- 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Thrailkill KM, Clay Bunn R, Fowlkes JL. Matrix metalloproteinases: their potential role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Endocrine 2009; 35:1-10. [PMID: 18972226 PMCID: PMC2629499 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-008-9114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of proteinases including collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, matrilysins, and membrane-type MMPs, affect the breakdown and turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM). Moreover, they are major physiologic determinants of ECM degradation and turnover in the glomerulus. Renal hypertrophy and abnormal ECM deposition are hallmarks of diabetic nephropathy (DN), suggesting that altered MMP expression or activation contributes to renal injury in DN. Herein, we review and summarize recent information supporting a role for MMPs in the pathogenesis of DN. Specifically, studies describing dysregulated activity of MMPs and/or their tissue inhibitors in various experimental models of diabetes, including animal models of type 1 or type 2 diabetes, clinical investigations of human type 1 or type 2 diabetes, and kidney cell culture studies are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Thrailkill
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
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Fukumoto M, Takai S, Ishizaki E, Sugiyama T, Oku H, Jin D, Sakaguchi M, Sakonjo H, Ikeda T, Miyazaki M. Involvement of angiotensin II-dependent vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression via NADPH oxidase in the retina in a type 2 diabetic rat model. Curr Eye Res 2008; 33:885-91. [PMID: 18853323 DOI: 10.1080/02713680802389851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To clarify the involvement of angiotensin II-dependent vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) via NADPH oxidase in the retina in spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) rats, a type 2 diabetic rat model. In SDT rats, the plasma glucose level and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) levels were measured, and effects of angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) and angiotensin II were also studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the age-dependent changes in the peripheral and ocular angiotensin II-forming systems in SDT rats at 15 (n = 8), 20 (n = 8), 30 (n = 7), and 50 weeks of age (n = 8). We also evaluated the effect of an ARB (2.5 mg/kg/day candesartan) or angiotensin II (500 ng/kg/min) on retinal gene expressions of VEGF and p22phox, a subunit of NADPH oxidase. RESULTS The plasma glucose level was significantly increased from 20 weeks of age. No significant changes in ACE activities in the plasma, aorta, and eye were observed until 30 weeks of age. At 50 weeks, ACE activity in the eyes was significantly increased, whereas ACE activities in the plasma and aorta were not. At 50 weeks, significant increases in VEGF and p22phox, an NADPH oxidase subunit, were significantly reduced by candesartan. Angiotensin II infusion resulted in significant increases in VEGF and p22phox levels. CONCLUSIONS Angiotensin II is involved in the gene expression of VEGF via NADPH oxidase in the retina of SDT rats.
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Feghhi M, Nikzamir A, Esteghamati A, Farahi F, Nakhjavani M, Rashidi A. The relationship between angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism and proliferative retinopathy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008; 81:e1-4. [PMID: 18541327 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2008.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2007] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A total of 136 type 2 diabetic patients with nonproliferative and 94 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) without nephropathy were studied. The DD genotype of the angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphism was more common in the PDR group (P<0.001). In multivariate regression, the association remained significant (OR=3.516).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Feghhi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahwaz Jondi Shapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, Iran
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The relationship between plasma MMP-9 and TIMP-2 levels and intraocular pressure elevation in diabetic patients after intravitreal triamcinolone injection. J Glaucoma 2008; 17:253-6. [PMID: 18552607 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0b013e31815c3a07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To find out the relationship between steroid-induced intraocular pressure (IOP) rise and the plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of MMP-2 (TIMP-2) in diabetic patients who underwent intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) injection for the treatment of diabetic macular edema. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 34 patients with diabetic macular edema who were treated with IVTA and 17 healthy subjects who served as control group for plasma MMP and TIMP levels were participated. Before IVTA treatment, patients and control subjects underwent complete ophthalmologic examination, including best-corrected visual acuity, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, IOP measurement with Goldmann applanation tonometry, and indirect ophthalmoscopy; and peripheral blood samples were collected from each study participants. Plasma levels of MMP-9, TIMP-2, and HbA1c levels were measured. Patients were seen 1, 6, 12, and 24 weeks after treatment and then every 6 months for up to 1 year for probable IOP rise. Patients were divided into 2 groups as having nonproliferative or proliferative diabetic retinopathy. These 2 groups were further classified according to their IOP levels as normal or elevated IOP (>21 mm Hg). RESULTS The mean age of diabetic group of patients (n=34) and healthy control subjects (n=17) were 57.6+/-10.2 years (range: 22 to 70 y) and 53.1+/-10.3 years (range: 29 to 68 y), respectively. Seventeen (50%) diabetic patients had developed elevated IOP after a mean 2.2 months after IVTA injection. MMP-9 and TIMP-2 levels were found to be significantly higher in the diabetic groups with and without elevated IOP when compared with control group (P<0.001). MMP-9/TIMP-2 did not change significantly among the groups. Logistic regression analysis showed that only higher plasma TIMP-2 levels increase the risk of IOP elevation after IVTA injection in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (odds ratio=1.06, P<0.05). No significant relationship was found between IOP rise and HbA1c levels. CONCLUSIONS The high levels of TIMP in diabetic patients might have a role on steroid-induced IOP rise. The key pathogenetic events that up-regulate TIMP levels should be investigated in steroid IOP rise in diabetics.
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Thrailkill KM, Bunn RC, Moreau CS, Cockrell GE, Simpson PM, Coleman HN, Frindik JP, Kemp SF, Fowlkes JL. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 dysregulation in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30:2321-6. [PMID: 17563344 PMCID: PMC2239013 DOI: 10.2337/dc07-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dysregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 may contribute pathologically to the development of diabetes complications, including diabetic retinopathy and coronary and peripheral arterial disease. Our objective was to explore whether systemic MMP-2 dysregulation could be demonstrated in type 1 diabetes and to determine how MMP-2 concentration relates to disease status. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, MMP-2 concentrations and MMP-2 activity were measured in plasma and timed urine samples from 93 type 1 diabetic and 50 healthy control subjects, aged 14-40 years. Relationships between MMP-2 concentrations in these biological fluids and subject characteristics (sex, age, and duration of type 1 diabetes), indexes of glycemic control (A1C, fasting plasma glucose, and continuous glucose monitoring system average daily glucose), and measurements of renal function (urinary albumin excretion and glomerular filtration rate) were examined. RESULTS Urine and plasma MMP-2 concentrations and plasma MMP-2 activity were all significantly elevated in type 1 diabetic subjects compared with those in control subjects. Urine MMP-2 concentrations, in particular, were correlated with several clinical parameters that infer increased risk for diabetic comorbidity and specifically for diabetic nephropathy, including higher A1C, longer duration of disease, evidence of renal hyperfiltration, and the presence of microalbuminuria. CONCLUSIONS Urine and plasma MMP-2 concentrations are dysregulated in type 1 diabetes; urinary excretion of MMP-2, in particular, might provide a unique biomarker of diabetes-induced intrarenal pathologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Thrailkill
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA.
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Neuro-ophthalmology. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2006; 17:574-5. [PMID: 17065928 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0b013e32801121a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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