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Ammari W, Bayoudh K, Khairallah M, Zaghdoudi A, Hbaieb O, Mahmoud A, Mbarek S, Messaoud R. [Role of optical coherence tomography in unilateral amblyopia]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2023; 46:348-355. [PMID: 36759251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2022.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the macular and papillary parameters on optical coherence tomography (OCT) between the amblyopic eye and the healthy eye in subjects with unilateral strabismic or anisometropic amblyopia. PATIENTS AND METHODS This is a cross-sectional and comparative study carried out over two years, from April 1, 2019, to March 31, 2021. We included patients aged over 5years, followed for unilateral amblyopia, free of any neurological and/or ocular pathology. The evaluation of the macular and papillary parameters in the amblyopic and healthy eyes was performed with Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT-SS). The parameters were compared according to age group and type of amblyopia. RESULTS We collected 50 patients, 29 children, and 21 adults, with a mean age of 19.8years. Amblyopia was secondary to anisometropia in 40 patients and strabismus in 10 patients. Analysis of macular tomographic parameters found no significant difference between amblyopic eyes and healthy eyes for mean macular thickness (P=0.86), central macular thickness (P=0.86), or mean macular volume (P=0.54). The mean retinal peripapillary fiber thickness (RNFL) was 107.48μm in the amblyopic eye and 103.8μm in the healthy eye, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.001). This significant thickening of the RNFL in amblyopic eyes was present in adults (P<0.001), children (P<0.001), anisometropic (P<0.001), and strabismic amblyopia (P=0.024). Analysis of the other optic nerve head parameters revealed no significant difference between amblyopic eyes and healthy eyes in terms of optic disc surface area (P=0.89), neuro-retinal annulus surface area (P=0.47), vertical (P=0.98) or horizontal (P=0.74) cup to disc ratio. CONCLUSION Amblyopia is accompanied by thickening of the peripapillary retinal fibers without macular repercussions. However, larger prospective studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ammari
- Service d'ophtalmologie CHU Taher Sfar Mahdia, 5100 Jbel Dar Waja, Tunisie; Faculté de médecine de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie.
| | - K Bayoudh
- Service d'ophtalmologie CHU Taher Sfar Mahdia, 5100 Jbel Dar Waja, Tunisie; Faculté de médecine de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - M Khairallah
- Service d'ophtalmologie CHU Taher Sfar Mahdia, 5100 Jbel Dar Waja, Tunisie; Faculté de médecine de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - A Zaghdoudi
- Service d'ophtalmologie CHU Taher Sfar Mahdia, 5100 Jbel Dar Waja, Tunisie
| | - O Hbaieb
- Service d'ophtalmologie CHU Taher Sfar Mahdia, 5100 Jbel Dar Waja, Tunisie
| | - A Mahmoud
- Service d'ophtalmologie CHU Taher Sfar Mahdia, 5100 Jbel Dar Waja, Tunisie; Faculté de médecine de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - S Mbarek
- Service d'ophtalmologie CHU Taher Sfar Mahdia, 5100 Jbel Dar Waja, Tunisie; Faculté de médecine de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - R Messaoud
- Service d'ophtalmologie CHU Taher Sfar Mahdia, 5100 Jbel Dar Waja, Tunisie; Faculté de médecine de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
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Guler Alis M, Alis A. Photoscreener results with and without cycloplegia and their reliability according to biometric parameters. J Fr Ophtalmol 2021; 45:65-73. [PMID: 34924211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our goal in this study is to compare the results of a photoscreener (Plusoptix A12C) with and without cycloplegia and to investigate its reliability as a function of biometric parameters. METHODS In total, 250 eyes of 125 children with a mean age of 6.77±1.59years were included in the study. The results of cycloplegic and noncycloplegic Plusoptix A12C measurements and autorefractometer with cycloplegia (CA) were compared. The spherical equivalent (SE) differences between CA and noncycloplegic Plusoptix A12C measurements (NPO) with CA and cycloplegic Plusoptix A12C measurements (CPO) were compared with axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), corneal radius of curvature (CR), mean keratometry (meanK) and axial length/corneal radius of curvature ratio (AL/CR) values. The relationships between these were examined. RESULTS According to amblyopia risk factors (ARFs) based on the criteria in the 2013 AAPOS guidelines, 33 eyes (13%) in the NPO results and 34 eyes (13.6%) in the CPO results were found to be at risk for amblyopia. According to the CA results, the NPO had 67.3% sensitivity and 94.5% specificity, and the CPO 69.4% sensitivity and 89.1% specificity in detecting the values of refractive amblyopia factors determined by the AAPOS. In regard to refraction values determined by the AAPOS for amblyopia, according to CA results, the NPO had 71.4% sensitivity and 88.4% specificity in detecting myopia; 33.3% sensitivity and 93.6% specificity in detecting hyperopia; and 79.4% specificity and 71.2% sensitivity in detecting astigmatism. With regard to refraction values determined by the AAPOS for amblyopia, according to CA results, the CPO had 80.9% sensitivity and 90% specificity in detecting myopia; 13.3% sensitivity and 89.2% specificity in detecting hyperopia; and 44.9% sensitivity and 30.8% specificity in detecting astigmatism. When the SE differences between the CA and NPO values were compared with biometric parameters, a negative correlation was observed with ACD, AL, and especially AL/CR ratio. CONCLUSION Both the NPO and CPO showed moderate sensitivity and high specificity in detecting ARFs based on the criteria in the 2013 AAPOS guidelines. Sensitivity for detecting hyperopic risk factors was lower than for myopia and astigmatism. The CPO has no additional clinical advantage. A negative correlation was found between biometric parameters and NPO results. Thus, the NPO is more reliable in myopic children with higher axial lengths, deeper anterior chambers, and increased AL/CR ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guler Alis
- Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - A Alis
- Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
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Pujari A, Saluja G, Chawla R, Samdani A, Phuljhele S, Saxena R. Optical coherence tomography angiography in amblyopia: A critical update on current understandings and future perspectives. Eur J Ophthalmol 2021; 32:1324-1332. [PMID: 34472984 DOI: 10.1177/11206721211042554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a non-invasive tool to assess the retino-choroidal vasculature in vivo. It tracks the red blood cell movement and maps the vasculature in quick succession. In routine, diabetic retinopathy, age related macular degeneration, central serous chorioretinopathy, and others are commonly being studied to unveil its clinic role. On the other hand, amblyopia is a condition where the visual acuity is subnormal due to non-organic causes in the eye. But the OCTA studies till now have shown variable changes along retino-choroidal vasculature. Hence, to comprehend the existing literature knowledge, a systematic literature search was carried out and the original works describing novel findings in amblyopic eyes on OCTA were included. Upon detailed assessment, firstly, the disturbed vasculature along superficial retinal plexus, deeper retinal plexus, and choroidal plexus were evident in most untreated amblyopic eyes. However, such changes were not uniform, which is due to noted heterogenic patient profile, small sample size, biometric biases, non-uniform algorithms, and other factors. And to note, even in presence of such diverse changes, almost all the authors stated a plausible explanation for their notable changes. Secondly, the utility of OCTA in identifying vascular changes with standard treatments and segregation of visual beneficiaries from non-beneficiaries were possible. Hence, to conclude, OCTA is a valuable tool which can provide valuable useful insights into the amblyopic eyes during pre and post treatment periods. However, to gather more concrete evidence for clinical benefits, systematic, homogenous, and better structured clinical studies are mandated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Pujari
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gunjan Saluja
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohan Chawla
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Asha Samdani
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Swati Phuljhele
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohit Saxena
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Srinivasan G. Commentary: Evaluation of amblyopic eyes with optical coherence tomography angiography and electrophysiological tests. Indian J Ophthalmol 2021; 69:110-111. [PMID: 33323590 PMCID: PMC7926112 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_1711_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Srinivasan
- Department of Strabismus and Paediatric Ophthalmology, ICARE Eye Hospital and Postgraduate Institute, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Beneish R, Dorfman AL, Khan A, Polomeno RC, Lachapelle P. Organic visual loss measured by kinetic perimetry and retinal electrophysiology in children with functional amblyopia. Doc Ophthalmol 2021; 143:1-16. [PMID: 33515394 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-020-09811-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate an organic (retinal) amblyogenic defect in functional amblyopes not responding to treatment. METHODS Twenty-four children (Mean age: 5.9 ± 1.8 years; range: 4-10 years) with functional amblyopia were recruited for this study. All these children underwent complete ophthalmic and orthoptic evaluation. In addition, Kinetic Goldman Visual Fields (KGVF), Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT), full field flash electroretinograms (ffERG) and multifocal electroretinograms (mfERG) were also performed. Ratios were subsequently derived by comparing the amplitudes obtained from the amblyopic eye (AE) to the good eye (GE) for the a- and b-waves of the ffERG, as well as for the ring analysis of the mfERG. RESULTS KGVF showed a central scotoma of varying size (3°-7°) and density (absolute to relative), with increasing target size in 14/24 patients whose best post-treatment vision in the AE ranged from 20/100 to 20/40. The scotoma decreased in size and density with improving vision until a plateau of recovery was reached. The remaining 10/24 patients with a vision ≥ 20/30 showed no scotoma. SD-OCT showed no significant difference between the AE and GE. ffERG and mfERG were obtained in 18/24 patients. The ffERG AE/GE ratio was abnormal in 7 patients, 5 of which had large scotomas on KGVF. The mfERG ring 1 AE/GE ratio was significantly (p < .05) attenuated in 9/18 patients out of which 3 were no longer amblyopic. However, there was no significant difference (p > .05) in ring 1 AE/GE amplitude ratio between those who achieved 20/50-20/40 (.81 ± .26) and those with ≥ 20/25(.86 ± .25). CONCLUSIONS The combined findings of central scotoma on KGVF and mfERG anomalies in patients who did not achieve optimal vision with treatment suggest an underlying organic defect impairing macular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Beneish
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, McGill University-Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Allison L Dorfman
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, McGill University-Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ayesha Khan
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, McGill University-Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Robert C Polomeno
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, McGill University-Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Lachapelle
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, McGill University-Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Glen Site, Block E, Room EM03238, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Celik NB, Kose AO, Celik HU, Imamoglu S. Evaluation of Bruch's membrane opening-minimum rim width and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in adults with anisometropic amblyopia. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102023. [PMID: 32979546 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between Bruch's membrane opening-minimum rim width (BMO-MRW) and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) in adult patients anisometropic amblyopia using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional, observational study, 43 anisometropic eyes with corresponding fellow eyes. BMO-MRW (shortest distance from BMO to the internal limiting membrane) and peripapillary RNFLT were obtained with Spectral Domain Optic Coherence Topography (SD-OCT). Global and six sectors values according to the legacy distribution of the SD-OCT (nasal [N], nasal superior [NS], temporal superior [TS], temporal [T], temporal inferior [TI], and nasal inferior [NI]) for both RNFLT and BMO-MRW were evaluated. RESULTS Mean RNFLT and BMO-MRW measurements comparison showed no significance between anisometropia and fellow eyes. In correlation analyses ; although all sectors showed significant positive correlations; the global, TS and NI BMO-MRW sectors were significantly correlated with their corresponding RNFLT within both anisometropia and fellow eyes. In subgroup caparison analyses RNFLT and BMO-MRW showed no differences between amblyopia and fellow eyes. On subgroups correlation analyses, there were not a consistent correlation sectors between RNFLT and BMO-MRW. CONCLUSIONS In the analysis of the BMO-MRW and RNFLT measurements obtained by SD-OCT in adult anisometropic amblyopia patients, both parameters were evaluated not significant on showing structural changes. In correlation analysis within amblyopic and fellow eye groups, while there was positive correlation on all sectors, statistically significant relationships were detected in global, NI, TS sectors for both BMO-MRW and RNFLT measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Serhat Imamoglu
- Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Liang M, Xiao H, Xie B, Yin X, Wang J, Yang H. Morphologic changes in the visual cortex of patients with anisometropic amblyopia: a surface-based morphometry study. BMC Neurosci 2019; 20:39. [PMID: 31375091 PMCID: PMC6679496 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-019-0524-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Amblyopia is generally considered a neurodevelopmental disorder that results from abnormal visual experiences in early childhood and may persist to adulthood. The neural basis of amblyopia has been a matter of interest for many decades, but the critical neural processing sites in amblyopia are not entirely understood. Although many functional neuroimaging studies have found abnormal neuronal responses both within and beyond V1, few studies have focused on the neurophysiologic abnormalities in the visual cortex from the viewpoint of potential structural reorganization. In this study, we used a well-validated and highly accurate surface-based method to examine cortical morphologic changes in the visual cortex using multiple parameters (including cortical thickness, surface area, volume and mean curvature). Results The cortical thicknesses of the bilateral V1, left V2, left ventral V3, left V4 and left V5/MT+ in patients were significantly thinner than that in controls. The mean curvature of the bilateral V1 was significantly increased in the patients compared with the controls. For the surface area and gray matter volume, no significant differences were found between patients and controls in all region of interests. The cortical thicknesses of the bilateral V1 were both negatively correlated with the amount of anisometropia. No significant correlations were found between any other surface parameters and clinical variables. Conclusion In addition to cortical thickness, the altered mean curvature of the cortex may indicate neuroanatomic impairments of the visual cortex in patients with anisometropic amblyopia. Moreover, the structural changes were bilateral in the primary visual cortex but were unilateral in the secondary and more senior visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglong Liang
- Department of Radiology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Radiology, Aviation Medical Evaluation & Training Center of Airforce in Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - He Xiao
- Department of Outpatient, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bing Xie
- Department of Radiology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuntao Yin
- Department of Radiology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Radiology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Quantitative analysis of retinal microcirculation in children with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia: an optical coherence tomography angiography study. J AAPOS 2019; 23:201.e1-201.e5. [PMID: 31112776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate optical coherence tomographic angiography (OCTA) findings on retinal microcirculation in hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia compared with fellow eyes and nonamblyopic control eyes. METHODS A total of 40 pediatric patients with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia and 57 control subjects were recruited, and 137 eyes (40 amblyopic, 40 fellow, and 57 control eyes) were evaluated. Data on best-corrected visual acuity (logMAR), axial length (mm), refractive error, and OCTA findings (foveal avascular zone parameters, macular vascular density in superficial and deep retinal capillary plexus, central macular thickness) were recorded in amblyopic, fellow, and control eyes. RESULTS Compared with fellow and control eyes, amblyopic eyes were associated with significantly lower foveal vessel density values within 300 μm around the foveal avascular zone (P < 0.01) and lower vascular density in certain areas of superficial and deep retinal capillary plexus in axial length- and refraction-adjusted analysis (P < 0.05 for all), along with significantly higher full thickness of the central macula (P = 0.04). In amblyopic eyes, best-corrected visual acuity values were negatively correlated with foveal density (r = -0.57; P = 0.02) and deep capillary retinal plexus vascular density in foveal (r = -0.51; P = 0.03) parafovea temporal (r = -0.52; P = 0.03), and parafovea superior (r = -0.51; P = 0.04) areas. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate a possible association between retinal microcirculation and amblyopia.
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Analysis of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in anisometropic amblyopia via optic coherence tomography. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 257:2103-2110. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04402-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Pujari A, Chawla R, Mukhija R, Obedulla H, Phuljhele S, Saxena R, Sharma P, Kumar A. Assessment of macular vascular plexus density using optical coherence tomography angiography in cases of strabismic amblyopia. Indian J Ophthalmol 2019; 67:520-521. [PMID: 30900586 PMCID: PMC6446633 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_1069_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the superficial retinal vascular plexus density using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in cases of strabismic amblyopia. Methods: Ten eyes of 10 patients with purely strabismic amblyopia underwent detailed ocular evaluation followed by the assessment of the superficial retinal plexus vascular density using OCTA (Topcon DRI OCT Triton, Swept Source OCT, Topcon, Japan). Ten contralateral normal eyes of the same patients were considered as control. All these 20 eyes underwent a 4.5 × 4.5 mm cube scan OCTA centered at the fovea. Using the Topcon propriety software all 20 eyes were assessed for the capillary plexus density of the superficial retinal vascular plexus along the superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal quadrants centered at the fovea. The numerical values were statistically assessed using a paired t-test with respect to each quadrant between the normal and the pathological eyes. Results: The average age of patients was 16 years and eight patients were males. The mean superficial retinal vascular plexus density along the superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal quadrants in normal and pathological eyes were 49.25 ± 30.34 and 48.93 ± 2.85, 47.22 ± 4.11 and 47.37 ± 4.8, 45.54 ± 1.55 and 43.81 ± 4.21, and 46.26 ± 4.63 and 46.38 ± 5.40, respectively. Similarly, the capillary densities along the central were 17.84 ± 3.49 and 17.24 ± 2.44 in normal and pathological eyes. The differences among all these four quadrants and central area were not statistically significant (P-values > 0.05 for all four quadrants and central area) as compared with the normal eyes. Conclusion: The superficial retinal vascular plexus density of a 4.5 × 4.5 mm cube centered at the fovea of eyes of cases of strabismic amblyopia is similar to that of normal eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Pujari
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohan Chawla
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritika Mukhija
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Hameed Obedulla
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Swati Phuljhele
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohit Saxena
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep Sharma
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Atul Kumar
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Karaman Erdur S, Dikkaya F, Demirci G, Özsütçü M, Aydın R, Eliaçık M, Kocabora MS. Anizohipermetropik ambliyopisi olan yetişkinlerin ön segment parametrelerinin Sirius topografi ile değerlendirilmesi. EGE TIP DERGISI 2019. [DOI: 10.19161/etd.416633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Bitirgen G, Mirza E, Ozkagnici A, Iyisoy MS. Analysis of Peripapillary Choroidal Thickness in Unilateral Amblyopia. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2019; 14:42-47. [PMID: 30820286 PMCID: PMC6388534 DOI: 10.4103/jovr.jovr_141_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the peripapillary choroidal thickness (CT) in children with unilateral amblyopia using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Methods: One hundred and six eyes of 53 children with unilateral amblyopia and 20 eyes of 20 children with normal vision were involved in this study. Of the 53 children with unilateral amblyopia, 29 (54.7%) had hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia and 24 (45.3%) had strabismic amblyopia. Peripapillary CT was measured from 6 mm length radial B-scans at the optic nerve head using the enhanced depth imaging program of an SD-OCT (Heidelberg Engineering, Germany). Age, sex, refractive error, and best-corrected visual acuity were also recorded. Results: The average peripapillary CT was greater in amblyopic eyes than in the fellow eyes of the children with amblyopia (P = 0.002), and control eyes (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the fellow eyes of children with amblyopia and the control eyes (P = 0.158). The average peripapillary CT was negatively correlated with axial length (AL) in amblyopic eyes (r = -0.381; P = 0.005) and fellow eyes (r = -0.392; P = 0.004) but not in control eyes (r = -0.232; P = 0.325). After adjustment for the possible effects of AL, the average peripapillary CT in amblyopic eyes was still greater than in fellow eyes (P = 0.014) and control eyes (P = 0.022). Conclusion: The peripapillary choroid of eyes with amblyopia was thicker than that of the fellow eyes and control eyes. No significant difference was observed between fellow eyes and control eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulfidan Bitirgen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Enver Mirza
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ozkagnici
- Department of Ophthalmology, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sinan Iyisoy
- Department of Medical Education and Informatics, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
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OCT Angiography: A Technique for the Assessment of Retinal and Optic Nerve Diseases in the Pediatric Population. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8122441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) is a novel, rapidly evolving, non-invasive imaging technique that allows images of the retinal vasculature to be obtained in a few seconds. Blood vessels of different retinal vascular plexuses and the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) can be examined without the administration of any contrast or dye. Due to these characteristics, OCT-A could be an excellent complementary test to study retinal vascularization in children. Until now, most of the studies with OCT-A have been conducted in adults and only a few have been carried out in children. In this review, we describe the principles and advantages of OCT-A over traditional imaging methods and provide a summary of the OCT-A findings in retinopathy of prematurity and other retinal and optic disc pathologies in children. In view of the promising results from studies, the advantages of a relatively rapid and non-invasive method to assess the retinal vasculature makes OCT-A a tool of which applications in the field of pediatric ophthalmology will be expanded in the near future for patient diagnosis and follow-up in every day clinical practice.
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Macular Thickness, Foveal Volume, and Choroidal Thickness in Amblyopic Eyes and Their Relationships to the Treatment Outcome. J Ophthalmol 2018; 2018:1967621. [PMID: 30159164 PMCID: PMC6109533 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1967621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess the correlations between the retinal/choroidal structure and the treatment outcomes of amblyopic children. Methods This study enrolled eyes with amblyopia resulting from strabismus, anisometropia, or ametropia. All patients underwent detailed eye examinations, including spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scan. All of the subjects received amblyopic treatment and were divided into 2 groups after 6 months of follow-up: the recovered amblyopic group with a best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ≥0.8 and the persistent amblyopic group with a BCVA <0.8 on the Landolt C chart. Results Forty-four amblyopic children were included, of which 26 were in the recovered amblyopic group after 6 months of follow-up. The patients with strabismic anisometropic amblyopia and severe amblyopia (initial VA ≤ 0.3) were significantly predisposed to developing persistent amblyopia (P=0.049 and P < 0.001, respectively). After correcting with Littmann's formula, the thickness and volume of the parafoveal and perifoveal retinal regions in the persistent amblyopia group did not show significant differences with the recovered amblyopia group. Conclusions The initial severity of amblyopia and the type of amblyopia were the risk factors related to the poor outcome of amblyopic treatment. The foveal thickness, foveal volume, and choroidal thickness were not associated with the treatment outcome.
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15
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Sobral I, Rodrigues TM, Soares M, Seara M, Monteiro M, Paiva C, Castela R. OCT angiography findings in children with amblyopia. J AAPOS 2018; 22:286-289.e2. [PMID: 30031875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the microstructure and vascularity of amblyopic eyes in children with their contralateral eye and with eyes from control children using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A). METHODS We conducted a prospective, cross-sectional evaluation of macular and optic disk vascular density and flow area using OCT-A (Avanti RTVue XR, Optovue Inc, Fremont, CA). Parameters were calculated using automated software. RESULTS A total of 52 children were included: 26 subjects with amblyopia and 26 nonamblyopic controls. The amblyopic eye of subjects showed a statistically significant decrease in macular vascular density (P = 0.0171) of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP), in the optic disk flow area (P = 0.0195) and in the average retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (P = 0.0194) as well as a marginally statistically significant decrease in the macular flow area of the SCP (P = 0.0305) and in the optic density (P = 0.0279). Compared with randomly selected eyes of controls, amblyopic eyes showed a statistically significant decrease in the macular flow area of the SCP (P = 0.005) and of the deep capillary plexus (DCP; P = 0.002), in the macula vascular density of the SCP (P = 0.022), in the optic disk flow area (P = 0.004), and a marginally statistical significant increase in the area of foveal avascular zone of the DCP (P = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS In our study cohort amblyopic eyes manifested significant differences in macular and optic disk vascularization. The clinical significance of these findings warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isa Sobral
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra - CHUC, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Tiago M Rodrigues
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra - CHUC, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mário Soares
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra - CHUC, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marcelo Seara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra - CHUC, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Madalena Monteiro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra - CHUC, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra - CHUC, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Castela
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra - CHUC, Coimbra, Portugal
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Abstract
Introduction: For many years, amblyopia was regarded as a disorder of the visual system in which an organic cause could not be identified. Optical Coherence Tomography opens new horizons in understanding the etiopathology of amblyopia and seems to highlight morphologic anomalies in the retina of the amblyopic eye. Purpose: The objective of this paper is to analyze the macular thickness, optic nerve changes, and choroidal thickness found in patients diagnosed with amblyopia based on trials reported in the literature. Material and methods: This study analyzes 30 clinical trials regarding amblyopia evaluation with Optical Coherence Tomography. The research articles analyzed were published between 2006 - 2016 and were identified on PubMed database. Results: 19 research studies focused on macular and nerve optic changes, 7 on choroidal changes and 6 on retinal changes after occlusion. The results were discussed according to the type of amblyopia, alteration of macular thickness, optic nerve changes, ganglion cell layer changes, and alteration of choroidal thickness. Conclusions: The results are of great variability, and it seems that macula and choroid involvement is more frequently suggested compared with optic nerve involvement. Abbreviations: OCT = Optical Coherence Tomography, RNFL = Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer, GCC = Ganglion Cell Complex, ACD = Anterior Chamber Depth, BCVA = Best Corrected Visual Acuity
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Avram
- Ophthalmology Department, Medlife Băneasa Hyperclinic, Bucharest, Romania
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17
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Storey PP, Aziz HA, O'Keefe GAD, Borchert M, Lam LA, Puliafito CA, Olmos de Koo LC. Decreased severity of age-related macular degeneration in amblyopic eyes. Br J Ophthalmol 2018; 102:1575-1578. [PMID: 29437581 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-311671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate whether people with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and a history of amblyopia have equal severity of AMD in both eyes. METHODS Billing records were used to locate all people with a history of amblyopia and AMD evaluated between 1 January 2003 and 1 June 2015 at a single ophthalmology institute. Two ophthalmic graders blinded to amblyopia status determined the severity of AMD in each eye using fundus photos and a validated grading scale. RESULTS A total of 14 people were found to have AMD and a documented history of amblyopia. Average patient age was 77.0 years and average best corrected visual acuity was 20/160 in eyes with a history of amblyopia and 20/40 in fellow eyes without amblyopia. Eyes with a history of amblyopia were found to have a lower AMD severity score (mean lower score: -1.38; paired t-test P=0.019). Of the 11 people with asymmetric disease severity, 10 individuals had worse AMD in the non-amblyopic eye while one person had worse AMD in the amblyopic eye (P=0.0067). CONCLUSIONS Our pilot study suggests that eyes with a history of amblyopia may manifest decreased severity of AMD compared with non-ambylopic eyes in the same patient. Further research is warranted to investigate this clinical observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip P Storey
- Retina Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hassan A Aziz
- USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Mark Borchert
- USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Linda A Lam
- USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carmen A Puliafito
- USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Lonngi M, Velez FG, Tsui I, Davila JP, Rahimi M, Chan C, Sarraf D, Demer JL, Pineles SL. Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomographic Angiography in Children With Amblyopia. JAMA Ophthalmol 2017; 135:1086-1091. [PMID: 28910439 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.3423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Amblyopia is the most common cause of visual impairment in childhood, with a prevalence of 1% to 4% in children in the United States. To date, no studies using noninvasive optical coherence tomographic angiography (OCTA) have measured blood flow in the retinal capillary layers in children with amblyopia. Objective To evaluate the retinal and microvascular features using OCTA in children (<18 years) with amblyopia. Design, Setting, and Participants This observational case-control study enrolled patients from September 1, 2016, through May 31, 2017, and was conducted from September 1, 2016, through June 30, 2017, at the Stein Eye Institute at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles). Participants included 59 children (<18 years) with amblyopia and without amblyopia examined at a pediatric ophthalmology clinic or referred to the clinic by coinvestigators. All patients underwent comprehensive ophthalmological examination, including visual acuity, refraction, and ocular motility tests; anterior and posterior segment examination; and OCTA. Main Outcomes and Measures Reduced superficial and deep retinal capillary vessel density on OCTA. Results Of the 63 eyes evaluated, 13 (21%) were amblyopic and 50 (79%) were control eyes. Of the 59 patients, the mean (SD) age of patients with amblyopia was 8.0 (4.0) years and 10.3 (3.3) years for the controls; 33 patients (56%) were female; and 5 of 13 (39%) and 27 of 46 (54%) patients in the amblyopic and control groups, respectively, were identified as white. The macular vessel density of the superficial capillary plexus was lower in the amblyopic group than in the control group in both 3 × 3-mm and 6 × 6-mm scans. After adjusting for age and refractive error, the mean (SD) difference in the superficial capillary plexus in the 6 × 6-mm scan was statistically significant (49.3% [4.1] vs 51.2% [2.9]; P = .02). Macular vessel density of the deep capillary plexus in the 6 × 6-mm scans was also considerably different between groups: mean (SD) vessel density of the deep retinal capillary plexus was 54.4% (4.7%) in the amblyopia group and 60.1% (3.3%) in the control group, with a difference of 5.7% (95% CI, 3.4%-8.1%; P = .002). Conclusions and Relevance The study found that OCTA reveals subnormal superficial and deep retinal capillary density in the macula of patients with amblyopia. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical relevance of this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Lonngi
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles), Los Angeles.,UCLA Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles
| | - Federico G Velez
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles), Los Angeles.,UCLA Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles.,Doheny Eye Center, UCLA, Los Angeles.,Department of Ophthalmology, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Sylmar
| | - Irena Tsui
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles), Los Angeles.,UCLA Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles
| | - Juan Pablo Davila
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles), Los Angeles.,UCLA Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles
| | - Mansour Rahimi
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles), Los Angeles.,UCLA Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles
| | | | - David Sarraf
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles), Los Angeles.,UCLA Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles
| | - Joseph L Demer
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles), Los Angeles.,UCLA Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles.,Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles
| | - Stacy L Pineles
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles), Los Angeles.,UCLA Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles
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Kasem MA, Badawi AE. Changes in macular parameters in different types of amblyopia: optical coherence tomography study. Clin Ophthalmol 2017; 11:1407-1416. [PMID: 28831240 PMCID: PMC5552145 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s143223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purposes of this study were to investigate the changes in macular parameters (thickness, volume) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness (RNFLT) in different cases of amblyopia versus the normal fellow eyes using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and to estimate the relationship of OCT changes with various defined patients' parameters. DESIGN This is a prospective, observational, cross-sectional case series. METHODS The method involved measuring the peripapillary RNFLT, macular thickness, and macular volume via spectral domain (OCT) in different types of amblyopia and comparing with the other fellow eyes. This study was conducted at the Mansoura Ophthalmic Center. RESULTS A total of 64 patients with different types of amblyopia were included. The mean central macular thickness (CMT) was 196.2±50.03 µm in the amblyopic eyes versus 167±12.76 µm in the fellow eyes (P=0.000), the mean average macular thickness was 265.80±12.77 µm in the amblyopic eyes versus 259.10±3.09 µm in the fellow eyes (P=0.000), the mean macular volume was 7.59±0.32 mm3 in the amblyopic eyes versus 7.34±0.071 mm3 in the fellow eyes (P=0.002), and the mean global RNFLT was 97.00±11.60 µm in the amblyopic eyes versus 78.50±13.05 µm in the fellow eyes (P=0.029). There was a discrepancy between the different amblyopic types. Age and the axial length were the only independent variables that statistically significantly correlated with the CMT. CONCLUSION The unilateral amblyopic eyes were prone to have a higher CMT and thicker global RNFL compared to those of the sound fellow eyes. Retinal variations between different types of the amblyopia differ from one type to another. The age could be considered as a predictor of the disease worsening and treatment prognosis. Further studies are required to emphasize these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Ali Kasem
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura Ophthalmic Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amani E Badawi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura Ophthalmic Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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20
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Singh N, Rohatgi J, Gupta VP, Kumar V. Measurement of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and macular thickness in anisometropia using spectral domain optical coherence tomography: a prospective study. Clin Ophthalmol 2017; 11:429-434. [PMID: 28260856 PMCID: PMC5328294 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s123273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To study whether there is a difference in central macular thickness (CMT) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness between the two eyes of individuals having anisometropia >1 diopter (D) using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). Material and methods One hundred and one subjects, 31 with myopic anisometropia, 28 with astigmatic anisometropia, and 42 with hypermetropic anisometropia, were enrolled in the study. After informed consent, detailed ophthalmological examination was performed for every patient including cycloplegic refraction, best corrected visual acuity, slit lamp, and fundus examination. After routine ophthalmic examination peripapillary RNFL and CMT were measured using spectral domain OCT and the values of the two eyes were compared in the three types of anisometropia. Axial length was measured using an A Scan ultrasound biometer (Appa Scan-2000). Results The average age of subjects was 21.7±9.3 years. The mean anisometropia was 3.11±1.7 D in myopia; 2±0.99 D in astigmatism; and 3.68±1.85 D in hypermetropia. There was a statistically significant difference in axial length of the worse and better eye in both myopic and hypermetropic anisometropia (P=0.00). There was no significant difference between CMT of better and worse eyes in anisomyopia (P=0.79), anisohypermetropia (P=0.09), or anisoastigmatism (P=0.16). In anisohypermetropia only inferior quadrant RNFL was found to be significantly thicker (P=0.011) in eyes with greater refractive error. Conclusion There does not appear to be a significant difference in CMT and peripapillary RNFL thickness in anisomyopia and anisoastigmatism. However, in anisohypermetropia inferior quadrant RNFL was found to be significantly thicker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Jolly Rohatgi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Ved Prakash Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
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21
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Taşkıran Çömez A, Şanal Ulu E, Ekim Y. Retina and Optic Disc Characteristics in Amblyopic and Non-amblyopic Eyes of Patients with Myopic or Hyperopic Anisometropia. Turk J Ophthalmol 2017; 47:28-33. [PMID: 28182148 PMCID: PMC5282538 DOI: 10.4274/tjo.54289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To compare retinal and optic disc characteristics between amblyopic and non-amblyopic eyes in patients with myopic and hyperopic anisometropia measured with optical coherence tomography (OCT). Materials and Methods: Patients with myopic (25 patients: 17 female, 8 male; median age 27 years, range 16-40 years) and hyperopic (31 patients: 19 female, 12 male; median age 20 years, range 13-41 years) anisometropic amblyopia were included. Eye examination included determination of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) with a Snellen chart, measurement of manifest and cycloplegic refraction after pupillary dilation, alternate cover testing, globe movement evaluation, A-scan biometry for axial length, biomicroscopy, fundus examination, and OCT scanning. Main outcome measures were spherical equivalence, BCVA, axial length, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, macular thickness, macular volume, and optic disc area. Results: In both myopic and hyperopic patients, the absolute value of the mean spherical equivalence was significantly greater in the amblyopic than non-amblyopic eyes, and the mean BCVA was significantly less in the amblyopic than the non-amblyopic eyes. In both myopic and hyperopic patients, there were no significant differences in mean RNFL thickness, macular thickness, macular volume, axial length, or optic disc area between amblyopic and non-amblyopic eyes. Conclusion: The amblyopic process may have no significant effect on the RNFL, macula, or optic disc. Further studies with more patients, including postmortem studies, may clarify the retinal, histopathologic, and anatomic differences between amblyopic and non-amblyopic eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Taşkıran Çömez
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Elif Şanal Ulu
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Yeliz Ekim
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Çanakkale, Turkey
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22
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Al-Haddad C, Fattah MA, Ismail K, Bashshur Z. Choroidal Changes in Anisometropic and Strabismic Children With Unilateral Amblyopia. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2016; 47:900-907. [PMID: 27759855 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20161004-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To detect changes in the choroidal layer at the macular area in amblyopic eyes. PATIENTS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study of 50 amblyopic patients (20 strabismic and 30 anisometropic) and 50 controls was done. Cross-sectional images using enhanced depth optical coherence tomography (OCT) were taken. Thicknesses were measured subfoveally and at 1,500 µm nasally, temporally, inferiorly, and superiorly. Submacular corresponding choroidal areas were also computed. Parameters were compared between amblyopic eyes, fellow eyes, and controls. RESULTS Significantly thicker choroid was detected in the subfoveal, temporal, and nasal locations (P = .007, .009, and .01, respectively) in amblyopic compared to fellow eyes; areas were also significantly greater temporally, nasally, and inferiorly. Significant differences in all choroidal measurements were found between amblyopic eyes and controls; these persisted only in the anisometropic subgroup. CONCLUSION Using enhanced depth OCT, the choroid of amblyopic eyes was observed to be thicker compared to normal fellow eyes and controls. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2016;47:900-907.].
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Celik E, Çakır B, Turkoglu EB, Doğan E, Alagoz G. Evaluation of the retinal ganglion cell and choroidal thickness in young Turkish adults with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia. Int Ophthalmol 2015; 36:515-20. [PMID: 26627688 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-015-0157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to compare the choroidal thickness (CT) and ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness of the normal fellow eyes and the amblyopic eyes using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) in young Turkish adults with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia. Patients with unilateral hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia were enrolled and underwent a full ophthalmological assessment, including best-corrected visual acuity, cycloplegic refraction, and axial length (AL) measurements. Cirrus EDI-OCT was used to obtain subfoveal CT, GCC thickness, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and central macular thickness (CMT) measurements. Comparison was performed between the amblyopic eyes and the normal fellow eyes. Forty-three hyperopic anisometropic amblyopic patients were enrolled in this study. Mean age of 23 female and 20 male patients was 24.8 ± 7.4 years. Mean AL was 21.9 ± 1.3 and 22.4 ± 0.9 mm in amblyopic and fellow eyes, respectively (P < 0.05). Mean subfoveal CT measurements were 325.4 ± 44.2 and 317.9 ± 42.7 µ in amblyopic and fellow eyes, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups (P > 0.05). Mean GCC thickness was 83.8 ± 3.6 µ in amblyopic eyes and 83.5 ± 3.9 µ in the fellow eyes. Statistically significant difference was not seen between the groups (P > 0.05). Mean RNFL and mean CMT measurements were also similar in two groups (P > 0.05). Subfoveal CT, CMT, RNFL, and GCC thickness measurements were not statistically significant between hyperopic anisometropic amblyopic eyes and normal fellow eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Celik
- Sakarya University Medical Education and Research Hospital, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Burçin Çakır
- Sakarya University Medical Education and Research Hospital, Sakarya, Turkey
| | | | - Emine Doğan
- Sakarya University Medical Education and Research Hospital, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Gursoy Alagoz
- Sakarya University Medical Education and Research Hospital, Sakarya, Turkey
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Rafiei M, Rivakani F, Torabi L, Alaeddini F, Safiri S. Community-based amblyopia screening program for early detection in Iran: a repeated cross-sectional study from 1996 to 2013. Public Health 2015. [PMID: 26201990 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Rafiei
- Disability Prevention, State Welfare Organization (SWO) of Iran, Iran
| | - F Rivakani
- Disability Prevention, State Welfare Organization (SWO) of Iran, Iran
| | - L Torabi
- Disability Prevention, State Welfare Organization (SWO) of Iran, Iran
| | - F Alaeddini
- Medical Procurement Organization, Iranian Red Crescent Society, Iran
| | - S Safiri
- Department of Public Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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25
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Hoyt C. What is next in amblyopia treatment? Ophthalmology 2015; 122:871-3. [PMID: 25919778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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26
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Demircan S, Gokce G, Yuvaci I, Ataş M, Başkan B, Zararsiz G. The assessment of anterior and posterior ocular structures in hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:1181-8. [PMID: 25910432 PMCID: PMC4422113 DOI: 10.12659/msm.893979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to examine the relationship or differences in ocular structures of amblyopic eyes compared to fellow eyes in children and young adults with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia. Material/Methods Hyperopic participants with anisometropic amblyopia, defined as the presence of best-corrected visual acuity differences of at least 2 Snellen lines and 1.5 diopters between amblyopic and fellow eyes, were studied. Using the IOL Master, Pentacam Scheimpflug imaging and Spectralis optical coherence tomography, the axial length, corneal curvature, and anterior chamber depth (ACD), as well as the thickness of the cornea, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and macula, were compared between children and young adults and between their amblyopic and fellow eyes. Results In 53 participants with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia, there were significant differences in the anterior corneal curvature, ACD and axial length between the amblyopic and fellow eyes of all the patients. The mean central macular thickness in the amblyopic eyes was significantly thicker (P=.001) in the group aged 5 to 12 years; however, this was not the case in the group aged 13 to 42 years. There was no significant difference in average RNFL thickness in either group. Conclusions We found significantly greater mean central macular thickness in anisometropic amblyopic eyes among participants aged 5 to 12 years, but not among those who were older. Similarly, the interocular differences in axial length parameters seemed to be related to the central macular thickness differences between the amblyopic and fellow eyes in the younger group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleyman Demircan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital Eye Clinic, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gokcen Gokce
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kayseri Military Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Isa Yuvaci
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital Eye Clinic, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ataş
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital Eye Clinic, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Burhan Başkan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital Eye Clinic, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gökmen Zararsiz
- Department of Biostatistics, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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27
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Meta-analysis of retinal changes in unilateral amblyopia using optical coherence tomography. Eur J Ophthalmol 2015; 25:400-9. [PMID: 25837638 DOI: 10.5301/ejo.5000583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate retinal changes in unilateral amblyopia using optical coherence tomography. METHODS Major literature databases were searched for relevant studies. The primary outcome parameters were foveal minimum thickness (FMT), mean foveal thickness (MFT), mean macular thickness (MMT), and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness. Efficacy estimates were evaluated by standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for changes in the outcomes of interest. RESULTS This meta-analysis included 28 clinical trials involving 408 patients .The FMT, MFT, and MMT in the amblyopic eyes was significantly greater than that of the fellow eyes (SMD = 0.22, 95% CI 0.05-0.39, p = 0.011; SMD = 0.21, 95% CI 0.06-0.36, p = 0.005; SMD = 0.21, 95% CI 0.08-0.35, p = 0.002, respectively). Only FMT was significantly increased in the amblyopia group compared with the normal control group (SMD = 0.38, 95% CI 0.19-0.57, p<0.00001). Analysis showed that pRNFL thickness in the amblyopic eyes was thicker than in the fellow eyes (SMD = 0.13, 95% CI 0.02-0.24, p = 0.016). We did not find that those outcome measures differ between strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia. CONCLUSIONS The pooled evidence indicates that the amblyopic process may involve the retina, especially the macula. A thicker foveola was found in the amblyopic eyes when compared with visually normal control eyes. Further larger-scale studies especially involving emmetropic normal subjects will be valuable.
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Yassin SA, Al-Tamimi ER, Al-Hassan S. Macular and retinal nerve fiber thickness in recovered and persistent amblyopia. Int Ophthalmol 2015; 35:833-42. [PMID: 25701045 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-015-0055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of increased macular or retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) in amblyopic eyes, find if the increased macular or RNFLT is related to the lack of response in amblyopic eyes, and to explore whether the increased central macular thickness (CMT) in amblyopic eyes is purely related to the hyperopia. This is a prospective descriptive study. CMT and peripapillary RNFLT were measured by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography to evaluate 60 patients with unilateral-treated amblyopia (median age 11.00 year). Patients were divided into two groups: 33 patients in recovered amblyopia group and 27 patients in persistent amblyopia group. The mean CMT in the recovered group was 247.31 (±23.4) versus 246.8 (±32.7) µm (p = 0.95) for the persistent group. The mean peripapillary RNFLT was 99.13 (±12.1) versus 99.9 (±14.9) µm (p = 0.85) for the persistent group. In anisometropic amblyopia, there was no significant difference in CMT and RNFLT in either group. Also there was no relation between the type of refractive error and CMT or RNFLT. There was no significant difference in CMT and RNFLT in amblyopic eyes for both the recovered amblyopia group and the persistent amblyopia group to explain the lack of response in persistent amblyopic eyes. Additionally there was no relation between the type of refractive error and CMT or peripapillary RNFLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaa A Yassin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. .,King Fahd Hospital-University, PO Box 40097, Al-Khobar, 31952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Elham R Al-Tamimi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.,King Fahd Hospital-University, PO Box 40097, Al-Khobar, 31952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Al-Hassan
- Ministry of Health, Buraidah Central Hospital, Al Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Tenlik A, Güler E, Kulak AE, Totan Y, Dervişoğulları MS, Gürağaç FB. Evaluation of Choroidal Thickness in Amblyopia Using Enhanced Depth Imaging Optical Coherence Tomography. Curr Eye Res 2014; 40:1063-7. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.971933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Araki S, Miki A, Yamashita T, Goto K, Haruishi K, Ieki Y, Kiryu J. A comparison between amblyopic and fellow eyes in unilateral amblyopia using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Clin Ophthalmol 2014; 8:2199-207. [PMID: 25404852 PMCID: PMC4230232 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s69501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the macular retinal thickness and characteristics of optic nerve head (ONH) parameters in amblyopic and fellow eyes in patients with unilateral amblyopia. Patients and methods A total of 21 patients with unilateral amblyopia (14 patients with anisometropic amblyopia, four patients with strabismic amblyopia, and three patients with both) were examined using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. The mean age of the patients was 8.5±3.5 years. The examined parameters included the mean macular (full, inner, and outer), ganglion cell complex and circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL) thicknesses, and ONH parameters (rim volume, nerve head volume, cup volume, rim area, optic disc area, cup area, and cup-to-disc area ratio). Results The amblyopic eyes were significantly more hyperopic than the fellow eyes (P<0.001). Among the macular retinal thickness parameters, the cpRNFL thickness (P<0.01), macular full retinal thickness (3 mm region) (P<0.01), and macular outer retinal thickness (1 and 3 mm regions) (P<0.05) were significantly thicker in the amblyopic eyes than in the fellow eyes, while the ganglion cell complex thickness, macular full retinal thickness (1 mm region), and macular inner retinal thickness (1 and 3 mm regions) were not significantly different. Among the ONH parameters, the rim area was significantly larger and the cup-to-disc area ratio was smaller in the amblyopic eyes than in the fellow eyes (P<0.05). None of the other ONH parameters were significantly different between the investigated eyes. The differences in the cpRNFL thickness and macular outer retinal thickness in the 1 mm region were significantly correlated with the difference in axial length (P<0.05, r=−0.48; P<0.01, r=−0.59, respectively) and refractive error (P<0.05, r=0.50; P<0.01, r=0.60, respectively). The other parameters were not significantly related to the difference in axial length, refractive error, or best corrected visual acuity. Conclusion We found significant differences in some of the morphological measurements between amblyopic and fellow eyes that appear to be independent of abnormalities in the visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syunsuke Araki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan ; Department of Sensory Science, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Yamashita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan ; Department of Sensory Science, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Goto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan ; Department of Sensory Science, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Kazuko Haruishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ieki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Junichi Kiryu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
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Joly O, Frankó E. Neuroimaging of amblyopia and binocular vision: a review. Front Integr Neurosci 2014; 8:62. [PMID: 25147511 PMCID: PMC4123726 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2014.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amblyopia is a cerebral visual impairment considered to derive from abnormal visual experience (e.g., strabismus, anisometropia). Amblyopia, first considered as a monocular disorder, is now often seen as a primarily binocular disorder resulting in more and more studies examining the binocular deficits in the patients. The neural mechanisms of amblyopia are not completely understood even though they have been investigated with electrophysiological recordings in animal models and more recently with neuroimaging techniques in humans. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the brain regions that underlie the visual deficits associated with amblyopia with a focus on binocular vision using functional magnetic resonance imaging. The first studies focused on abnormal responses in the primary and secondary visual areas whereas recent evidence shows that there are also deficits at higher levels of the visual pathways within the parieto-occipital and temporal cortices. These higher level areas are part of the cortical network involved in 3D vision from binocular cues. Therefore, reduced responses in these areas could be related to the impaired binocular vision in amblyopic patients. Promising new binocular treatments might at least partially correct the activation in these areas. Future neuroimaging experiments could help to characterize the brain response changes associated with these treatments and help devise them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Joly
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit Cambridge, UK ; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - Edit Frankó
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London London, UK ; National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals London, UK
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Yalcin E, Balci O. Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer and foveal thickness in hypermetropic anisometropic amblyopia. Clin Ophthalmol 2014; 8:749-53. [PMID: 24748770 PMCID: PMC3990465 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s58541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate whether there was a difference in peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and foveal thickness between amblyopic and normal individuals with optical coherence tomography. Materials and methods Sixty patients, 30 patients with hypermetropic anisometropic amblyopia and 30 normal emmetropic subjects, were enrolled in this study. The eyes of the participants were divided into three groups: 30 eyes of 30 patients with amblyopia (A), 30 fellow eyes of the amblyopic patients (B), and 30 eyes of 30 normal subjects (C). Emmetropic normal subjects included cases with normal visual acuity and unremarkable ocular examinations. After routine ophthalmic examination, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer and foveal thickness measurements were measured by time-domain optical coherence tomography and compared among the three groups. Results The difference in RNFL thickness between amblyopic eyes, fellow eyes of the amblyopic patients, and normal eyes of the emmetropic subjects was not clinically significant. However, the mean foveal thickness was significantly thicker in amblyopic eyes versus the fellow eyes and normal subjects’ eyes. Conclusion Our results suggest that amblyopia seems to have an effect on the foveal thickness, but not on the RNFL thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvan Yalcin
- World Eye Hospital, Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Istanbul, Turkey
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Szigeti A, Tátrai E, Szamosi A, Vargha P, Nagy ZZ, Németh J, DeBuc DC, Somfai GM. A morphological study of retinal changes in unilateral amblyopia using optical coherence tomography image segmentation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88363. [PMID: 24516641 PMCID: PMC3916433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible structural changes of the macula in patients with unilateral amblyopia using optical coherence tomography (OCT) image segmentation. PATIENTS AND METHODS 38 consecutive patients (16 male; mean age 32.4±17.6 years; range 6-67 years) with unilateral amblyopia were involved in this study. OCT examinations were performed with a time-domain OCT device, and a custom-built OCT image analysis software (OCTRIMA) was used for OCT image segmentation. The axial length (AL) was measured by a LenStar LS 900 device. Macular layer thickness, AL and manifest spherical equivalent refraction (MRSE) of the amblyopic eye were compared to that of the fellow eye. We studied if the type of amblyopia (strabismus without anisometropia, anisometropia without strabismus, strabismus with anisometropia) had any influence on macular layer thickness values. RESULTS There was significant difference between the amblyopic and fellow eyes in MRSE and AL in all subgroups. Comparing the amblyopic and fellow eyes, we found a statistically significant difference only in the thickness of the outer nuclear layer in the central region using linear mixed model analysis keeping AL and age under control (p = 0.032). There was no significant difference in interocular difference in the thickness of any macular layers between the subgroups with one-way between-groups ANCOVA while statistically controlling for interocular difference in AL and age. CONCLUSIONS According to our results there are subtle changes in amblyopic eyes affecting the outer nuclear layer of the fovea suggesting the possible involvement of the photoreceptors. However, further studies are warranted to support this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Szigeti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erika Tátrai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Szamosi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Vargha
- Cardiovascular Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Zsolt Nagy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Németh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Delia Cabrera DeBuc
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gábor Márk Somfai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Kok PHB, de Kinkelder R, Braaksma-Besselink YC, Kalkman J, Prick LJJM, Sminia ML, Mourits MP, Verbraak FD. Anomalous relation between axial length and retinal thickness in amblyopic children. J AAPOS 2013; 17:598-602. [PMID: 24321424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between retinal thickness and axial length in amblyopic eyes compared to healthy eyes. METHODS In this observational, transversal study, 36 amblyopic children and 30 healthy controls underwent full ophthalmological and orthoptic examinations, volume scanning of the macula with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (3D OCT-1000; Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), and measuring of axial length using the IOLMaster (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany). The average pericentral retinal thickness was calculated. RESULTS A strong correlation was observed between the axial lengths of both eyes in the control group (R = 0.98, P < 0.01) and between the axial lengths of the amblyopic and fellow eye in the amblyopic group (R = 0.77, P < 0.01); the amblyopic and their fellow eyes were significantly shorter than the nonamblyopic control eyes. The pericentral retinal thickness of both eyes of an individual is highly correlated in nonamblyopic controls (R = 0.92, P < 0.01) and in amblyopic children (R = 0.82, P < 0.01). There is no significant difference in mean pericentral retinal thickness between healthy, amblyopic, and fellow eyes. In healthy eyes a moderate inverse correlation exists between axial length and pericentral retinal thickness (R = -0.41, P = 0.02); this relationship was not found in the amblyopic eyes or the normal fellow eye. CONCLUSIONS In this patient cohort, there was an anomalous relation between the axial length and the pericentral retinal thickness in both amblyopic and their fellow eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline H B Kok
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Gümüstas S, Altintas Ö, Anik Y, Kaya A, Altintas L, Inan N, Ali D. Anterior visual pathways in amblyopia: quantitative assessment with diffusion tensor imaging. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2013; 50:369-74. [PMID: 24669374 DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20131125-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To detect the abnormalities of the anterior visual pathways in children with amblyopia with diffusion tensor imaging. METHODS Ten children with unilateral amblyopia, 5 children with bilateral amblyopia, and 10 control children were treated using diffusion tensor imaging scanning in this institutional practice. Fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity values were analyzed using diffusion tensor imaging in the prechiasmatic and chiasmatic regions. Fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity values of the amblyopic groups were compared with the values of the control group using the Kruskal–Wallis test. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to evaluate pairwise differences between groups. RESULTS When compared with the control group, prechiasmatic fractional anisotropy values were significantly decreased in both affected and sound fellow eyes in the unilateral amblyopic group (P = .019 and .013), but not in the bilateral amblyopic group (P = .221). Mean diffusivity values were significantly greater in the sound fellow eye in the unilateral amblyopic group in the prechiasmatic region (P = .001 and .049). CONCLUSION Diffusion tensor imaging showed a significant decrease in fractional anisotropy and an increase in mean diffusivity values in the unilateral amblyopic group in both affected and sound fellow eyes. These findings may reflect axonal underdevelopment in anterior pathways, particularly in the unilateral amblyopic group.
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Kim YW, Kim SJ, Yu YS. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography analysis in deprivational amblyopia: a pilot study with unilateral pediatric cataract patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013; 251:2811-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-013-2494-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Huang JF, Yu HM, Shang L, Ma RF, Cynthia NA, Cao YQ, Luo J, Zeng LP, Chen D, Xiong K. The correlation between rat retinal nerve fiber layer thickness around optic disc by using optical coherence tomography and histological measurements. Int J Ophthalmol 2013; 6:415-21. [PMID: 23991370 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2013.04.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the correlation between the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness by using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and by histological measurements in normal adult rats and optic nerve transected rats. METHODS The RNFL thickness of 36 rats was scanned in a circle 3.46mm far from the optic disc by OCT. The two experimental groups were the normal group (n=20 rats) and the optic nerve transected group (n=16 rats). The latter group included 4 groups (n=4/group) surviving for 1 day, 3, 5 and 7 days. Then the RNFL thickness of the same retina area was also measured by NF-200 immunohistochemical staining method. Linear regression was used to analyze the correlation between the data obtained from these two methods. RESULTS The RNFL thickness of normal right eyes around optic disc by OCT was 72.35±5.71µm and that of the left eyes was 72.65±5.88µm (P=0.074). The RNFL thickness of the corresponding histological section by immunohistochemistry was 37.54±4.05µm (right eyes) and 37.38±4.23µm (left eyes) (P=0.059). There was a good correlation between the RNFL thickness measured by OCT and that measured by histology (R(2)=0.8131). After optic nerve transection, the trend of the RNFL thickness was thinner with the prolonged survival time. The correlation of the thickness detected by the above two methods was approximately (R(2)=0.8265). Value of the RNFL thickness in rats around optic disc measured by OCT was obviously higher than that measured by common histological measurement in normal adult rats and optic nerve transected rats. CONCLUSION The RNFL thickness measured by OCT has a strong correlation with that measured by histological method. Through OCT scanning, we found that the thickness of RNFL gradually becomes thinner in a time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Fang Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
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Tugcu B, Araz-Ersan B, Kilic M, Erdogan ET, Yigit U, Karamursel S. The morpho-functional evaluation of retina in amblyopia. Curr Eye Res 2013; 38:802-9. [PMID: 23521720 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2013.779721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the morphological or functional differences of retina in amblyopia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-one patients with unilateral strabismic, anisometropic or combined amblyopia were included in the study. A control group was composed of 16 normal children. All participants were tested with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and pattern electroretinography (PERG). The findings from amblyopic and nonamblyopic eyes were compared among the amblyopic groups. Also, amblyopic and nonamblyopic eyes were compared with the healthy control eyes. RESULTS No significant difference was found in OCT parameters for amblyopic and nonamblyopic eyes among the amblyopic groups (p > 0.05). In the combined and anisometropic groups, ganglion cell complex (GCC) was found to be significantly increased in both amblyopic and nonamblyopic eyes compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In strabismic amblyopia, significant reduction in GCC thickness and increase in foveal thickness were found, compared to nonamblyopic eyes (p = 0.019, p = 0.08). There were no significant differences in PERG amplitude and latency between the amblyopic and the nonamblyopic eyes in amblyopic groups (p > 0.05). PERG amplitude in amblyopic eyes was found to be significantly decreased compared with that in normal eyes (p < 0.05). When the nonamblyopic eyes were compared with the control group, only the anisometropic amblyopia group demonstrated significant reduction in amplitude and prolongation in latency (p = 0.002, p = 0.026). CONCLUSION We found no significant differences in morphological and functional measures among amblyopic groups. However, we detected significant differences in the retinal function and morphology of both amblyopic and nonamblyopic eyes compared with healthy control eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Tugcu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Firat PG, Ozsoy E, Demirel S, Cumurcu T, Gunduz A. Evaluation of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer, macula and ganglion cell thickness in amblyopia using spectral optical coherence tomography. Int J Ophthalmol 2013; 6:90-4. [PMID: 23550060 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2013.01.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), macula and ganglion cell layer thicknesses (GCC) in amblyopic eyes with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHODS Thirty six patients with a history of unilateral amblyopia and thirty two children who had emmetropia without amblyopia were included in this study. In this institutional study, 36 eyes of 36 patients with amblyopia (AE), 36 fellow eyes without amblyopia (FE), and 32 eyes of 32 normal subjects (NE) were included. RNFL, GCC and macular thickness measurements were performed with RS-3000 OCT Retina Scan (Nidek Inc CA. USA). RESULTS The mean global thicknesses of the RNFL were 113.22±21.47, 111.57±18.25, 109.96±11.31µm in the AE, FE, and NE, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference for mean global RNFL thickness among the eyes (P=0.13). The mean thicknesses of the macula were 258.25±18.31, 258.75±19.54, 248.62±10.57µm in the AE, FE and NE, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference for thickness of macula among the eyes (P=0.06). The GCC was investigated into two parts: superior and inferior. The mean thicknesses of superior GCC were 102.57±13.32, 103.32±10.64, 100.52±5.88µm in the AE, FE, and NE, respectively. The mean thicknesses of inferior GCC were 103.82±12.60, 107.82±12.33, 105.86±10.79µm in the AE, FE and NE, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference for thickness of superior and inferior GCC between the eyes (P=0.63, P=0.46). CONCLUSION The macular thicknesses of AE and FE were greater than the NE, although it was not statistically significant. Amblyopia does not seem to have a profound effect on the RNFL, macula and GCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penpe Gul Firat
- Department of Ophthalmology, Turgut Ozal Medical Center, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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Brown B, Feigl B, Gole GA, Mullen K, Hess RF. Assessment of neuroretinal function in a group of functional amblyopes with documented LGN deficits. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2013; 33:138-49. [PMID: 23311669 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study we examine neuroretinal function in five amblyopes, who had been shown in previous functional MRI (fMRI) studies to have compromised function of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), to determine if the fMRI deficit in amblyopia may have its origin at the retinal level. METHODS We used slow flash multifocal ERG (mfERG) and compared averaged five ring responses of the amblyopic and fellow eyes across a 35 deg field. Central responses were also assessed over a field which was about 6.3 deg in diameter. We measured central retinal thickness using optical coherence tomography. Central fields were measured using the MP1-Microperimeter which also assesses ocular fixation during perimetry. MfERG data were compared with fMRI results from a previous study. RESULTS Amblyopic eyes had reduced response density amplitudes (first major negative to first positive (N1-P1) responses) for the central and paracentral retina (up to 18 deg diameter) but not for the mid-periphery (from 18 to 35 deg). Retinal thickness was within normal limits for all eyes, and not different between amblyopic and fellow eyes. Fixation was maintained within the central 4° more than 80% of the time by four of the five participants; fixation assessed using bivariate contour ellipse areas (BCEA) gave rankings similar to those of the MP-1 system. There was no significant relationship between BCEA and mfERG response for either amblyopic or fellow eye. There was no significant relationship between the central mfERG eye response difference and the selective blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) LGN eye response difference previously seen in these participants. CONCLUSIONS Retinal responses in amblyopes can be reduced within the central field without an obvious anatomical basis. Additionally, this retinal deficit may not be the reason why the LGN BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent) responses are reduced for amblyopic eye stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Brown
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia, Australia.
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Wang BZ, Taranath D. A comparison between the amblyopic eye and normal fellow eye ocular architecture in children with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia. J AAPOS 2012; 16:428-30. [PMID: 23084378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the anterior and posterior ocular architecture of amblyopic and normal fellow eyes in children with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia. METHODS Fourteen subjects with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia were examined using the Pentacam and optical coherence tomography. For each participant, the amblyopic eye was compared to the fellow non-amblyopic eye. RESULTS There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the anterior corneal curvature, posterior corneal curvature, central corneal thickness, corneal volume, anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber volume, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer, central macular thickness, and macular volume between the amblyopic eye and fellow eye of the study participants. CONCLUSIONS The Pentacam and optical coherence tomography revealed no differences in the anterior and posterior ocular architecture between the amblyopic eye and fellow eye in children with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Z Wang
- The Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia.
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Wong AM. New concepts concerning the neural mechanisms of amblyopia and their clinical implications. Can J Ophthalmol 2012; 47:399-409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Öner V, Taş M, Türkcü FM, Alakuş MF, İşcan Y, Yazıcı AT. Evaluation of Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness of Myopic and Hyperopic Patients: A Controlled Study by Stratus Optical Coherence Tomography. Curr Eye Res 2012; 38:102-7. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2012.715714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Ha MM, Kim JM, Kim HJ, Park KH, Kim M, Choi CY. Low limit for effective signal strength in the Stratus OCT in imperative low signal strength cases. KOREAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2012; 26:182-8. [PMID: 22670074 PMCID: PMC3364429 DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2012.26.3.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the lowest limit of signal strength that is still effective for accurate analysis of optic coherence tomography (OCT) values, we investigated the reproducibility of OCT scans by signal strength (SS). Methods A total of 668 subjects were scanned for measurements of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness using the Stratus OCT twice on the same day. The variability of overall RNFL thickness parameters obtained at different SS was analyzed and compared by repeated-measures of ANOVA and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Values of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and variability (standard deviation) of RNFL thickness were obtained. The false positive ratio was analyzed. Results When SS was 3, the variability of RNFL thickness was significantly different (low ICC, high variability) in comparison to when SS was 4 or greater. Significant negative correlations were observed between variability in RNFL thickness and signal strength. The difference of variability of average RNFL thickness between SS 4 (4.94 µm) and SS 6 (4.41 µm) was 0.53 µm. Conclusions Clinically, the difference of variability of average RNFL thickness between SS 4 and SS 6 was quite small. High SS is important, however, when signal strength is low due to uncorrectable factors in patients in need of OCT for glaucoma and retinal disease. Our results suggest that SS 4 is the lowest acceptable limit of signal strength for obtaining reproducible scanning images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Mook Ha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Evaluation of the nerve fiber layer and macula in the eyes of healthy children using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol 2012; 153:552-559.e1. [PMID: 22019223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2011.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the normative values of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), macular thickness, and macular volume in healthy children using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and analyze the correlation of such values with age, refraction error, and biometric measurements. DESIGN Observational case series. METHODS This institutional study involved 107 eyes from 107 healthy pediatric patients (54 female, 53 male) with ages between 6 and 16 years. After the biometric measurements and refractive error values (in spherical equivalent) of the cases were obtained, the peripapillary RNFL, macular thickness, and macular volume values were calculated using the Spectralis OCT device. RESULTS Among the study group, with an average age of 10.46 ± 2.94 years, the average axial length (AL) was 23.33 ± 0.89 mm; the average spherical equivalent (SE) value was -0.27 ± 0.99 diopter. The average peripapillary RNFL thickness was 106.45 ± 9.41 μm; the average macular thickness was 326.44 ± 14.17 μm; and the average macular volume was 0.257 ± 0.011 mm(3). The aforementioned OCT measurements were not significantly correlated with age, SE, or AL values (P > .05 for all). CONCLUSIONS This study reports SD-OCT findings among healthy pediatric cases. SD-OCT can be reliably used for pediatric patients because of its short exposure time and high degree of image resolution.
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Walker RA, Rubab S, Voll ARL, Erraguntla V, Murphy PH. Macular and peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in adults with amblyopia. Can J Ophthalmol 2011; 46:425-7. [PMID: 21995986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate macular and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in amblyopic eyes compared to the fellow eye. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS 30 patients (60 eyes) older than 18 years of age with amblyopia. METHODS Inclusion criteria included individuals older than 18 years, amblyopia, and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ≤ 20/40. A complete medical history was taken and an eye examination carried out. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was carried out on both eyes of all patients. Exclusion criteria included intraocular pressure (IOP) >23 mm Hg and eye pathology that may affect OCT measurements. The primary outcome measures were foveal thickness and average peripapillary RNFL thickness, which were compared using a paired t test. Quadrants in peripapillary scans and concentric rings in macular scans were analyzed. RESULTS The average age was 56 years (range = 33-82 years). Visual acuity ranged from 20/40 to 20/4000 (mean = 20/275). The average peripapillary RNFL thickness was 90.6 μm (SD = 9.6 μm) in the amblyopic eye and 90.1 μm (SD = 12.1 μm) in the fellow eye (p = 0.64). The average macular thickness in amblyopic eyes was 260.1 μm (SD = 32.0 μm), and 254.7 μm (SD = 32.5 μm) in fellow eyes (p = 0.10). No statistical difference existed between peripapillary quadrants or macular concentric rings. These differences were smaller when the strabismic amblyopes were isolated. CONCLUSIONS There does not seem to be a difference in peripapillary RNFL or macular thickness between the amblyopic eye and fellow eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy A Walker
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saskatoon City Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.
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Khalaj M, Zeidi IM, Gasemi MR, Keshtkar A. The effect of amblyopia on educational activities of students aged 9 - 15. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/jbise.2011.47066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Miki A, Shirakashi M, Yaoeda K, Kabasawa Y, Ueki S, Takagi M, Abe H. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in recovered and persistent amblyopia. Clin Ophthalmol 2010; 4:1061-4. [PMID: 20922043 PMCID: PMC2946998 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate, using optical coherence tomography (OCT), whether retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) is affected in amblyopic eyes. METHODS Using OCT (Stratus OCT™ [Carl Zeiss, Dublin, CA]), the RNFLT was measured in 26 patients with persistent unilateral amblyopia and in 25 patients with recovered unilateral amblyopia. The RNFLT was compared between the affected and fellow eyes in patients with persistent amblyopia and in those with recovered amblyopia, and between the amblyopic eyes of patients with persistent amblyopia and the previously amblyopic eyes of patients with recovered amblyopia. RESULTS In patients with persistent amblyopia and in those with recovered amblyopia, the affected eyes were significantly more hyperopic than the fellow eyes. The average (±standard deviation) RNFLT measured 105.5 ± 14.0 μm for the persistently amblyopic eyes; this value did not significantly differ from that of the fellow eyes (105.2 ± 13.0 μm) or the previously amblyopic eyes of recovered amblyopia (107.1 ± 11.7 μm). Also, logistic regression analysis adjusting for refraction showed no significant difference in the RNFLT between the persistently amblyopic eyes and the previously amblyopic eyes. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that there is no significant change in the RNFLT in amblyopic eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Miki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
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Miki A, Shirakashi M, Yaoeda K, Kabasawa Y, Ueki S, Takagi M, Abe H. Optic disc measurements using the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph in amblyopia. Clin Ophthalmol 2010; 4:1025-8. [PMID: 20922037 PMCID: PMC2946992 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the characteristics of optic disc parameters in amblyopic eyes in which retinal involvement is uncertain. Methods: A total of 44 patients with a history of unilateral amblyopia (27 patients with persistent amblyopia and 17 patients with resolved amblyopia) were examined using the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) II. Parameters examined included disc area, cup area, cup volume, rim area, rim volume, cup-to-disc area ratio, and mean retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. Results: In patients with persistent amblyopia, the amblyopic eyes were significantly more hyperopic than the fellow eyes. In the HRT parameters, there were no significant differences between the amblyopic and fellow eyes. In addition, after adjusting for refraction, the presence of strabismus, and the disc area, there was no significant difference in any HRT parameter between the amblyopic eyes of patients with persistent amblyopia and the previously amblyopic eyes of patients with resolved amblyopia. Conclusions: We did not find any strong evidence for the deformity of the optic disc of amblyopic eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Miki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
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Samarawickrama C, Huynh SC, Mitchell P. Thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer in amblyopia. Am J Ophthalmol 2009; 148:951; author reply 951-2. [PMID: 19932805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2009.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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