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Antony F, Kinha D, Nowińska A, Rouse BT, Suryawanshi A. The immunobiology of corneal HSV-1 infection and herpetic stromal keratitis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024:e0000624. [PMID: 39078136 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00006-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYHuman alphaherpesvirus 1 (HSV-1) is a highly successful neurotropic pathogen that primarily infects the epithelial cells lining the orofacial mucosa. After primary lytic replication in the oral, ocular, and nasal mucosal epithelial cells, HSV-1 establishes life-long latency in neurons within the trigeminal ganglion. Patients with compromised immune systems experience frequent reactivation of HSV-1 from latency, leading to virus entry in the sensory neurons, followed by anterograde transport and lytic replication at the innervated mucosal epithelial surface. Although recurrent infection of the corneal mucosal surface is rare, it can result in a chronic immuno-inflammatory condition called herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK). HSK leads to gradual vision loss and can cause permanent blindness in severe untreated cases. Currently, there is no cure or successful vaccine to prevent latent or recurrent HSV-1 infections, posing a significant clinical challenge to managing HSK and preventing vision loss. The conventional clinical management of HSK primarily relies on anti-virals to suppress HSV-1 replication, anti-inflammatory drugs (such as corticosteroids) to provide symptomatic relief from pain and inflammation, and surgical interventions in more severe cases to replace damaged cornea. However, each clinical treatment strategy has limitations, such as local and systemic drug toxicities and the emergence of anti-viral-resistant HSV-1 strains. In this review, we summarize the factors and immune cells involved in HSK pathogenesis and highlight alternate therapeutic strategies for successful clinical management of HSK. We also discuss the therapeutic potential of immunoregulatory cytokines and immunometabolism modulators as promising HSK therapies against emerging anti-viral-resistant HSV-1 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferrin Antony
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Divya Kinha
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anna Nowińska
- Clinical Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
- Ophthalmology Department, Railway Hospital in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Barry T Rouse
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amol Suryawanshi
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Chianese A, Giugliano R, Palma F, Nastri BM, Monti A, Doti N, Zannella C, Galdiero M, De Filippis A. The antiherpetic and anti-inflammatory activity of the frog-derived peptide Hylin-a1. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae165. [PMID: 38991986 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
AIM The high incidence of virus-related infections and the large diffusion of drug-resistant pathogens stimulate the search and identification of new antiviral agents with a broad spectrum of action. Antivirals can be designed to act on a single target by interfering with a specific step in the viral lifecycle. On the contrary, antiviral peptides (AVPs) are known for acting on a wide range of viruses, with a diversified mechanism of action targeting virus and/or host cell. In the present study, we evaluated the antiviral potential of the peptide Hylin-a1 secreted by the frog Hypsiobas albopunctatus against members of the Herpesviridae family. METHODS AND RESULTS The inhibitory capacity of the peptide was evaluated in vitro by plaque assays in order to understand the possible mechanism of action. The results were also confirmed by real-time PCR and Western blot evaluating the expression of viral genes. Hylin-a1 acts to block the herpetic infection interfering at the early stages of both herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 infection. Its mechanism is mainly directed on the membrane, probably by damaging the viral envelope. The same effect was also observed against HSV-1 strains resistant to acyclovir. CONCLUSIONS The data presented in this study, such as the increased activity of the peptide when combined to acyclovir, a weak hemolytic profile, an anti-inflammatory effect, and a tolerable half-life in serum, indicates Hylin-a1 as a novel antiherpetic molecule with promising potential in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Chianese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico De Crecchio, 7, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Rosa Giugliano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico De Crecchio, 7, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Francesca Palma
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico De Crecchio, 7, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Bianca M Nastri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico De Crecchio, 7, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Alessandra Monti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Nunzianna Doti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Carla Zannella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico De Crecchio, 7, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico De Crecchio, 7, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Anna De Filippis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico De Crecchio, 7, Naples 80138, Italy
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Kapoor D, Sharma P, Shukla D. Emerging drugs for the treatment of herpetic keratitis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2024; 29:113-126. [PMID: 38603466 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2024.2339899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Herpes simplex keratitis stands as a prominent factor contributing to infectious blindness among developed nations. On a global scale, over 60% of the population tests positive for herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1). Despite these statistics, there is currently no vaccine available for the virus. Moreover, the conventional nucleoside drugs prescribed to patients are proving ineffective in addressing issues related to drug resistance, recurrence, latency, and the escalating risk of vision loss. Hence, it is imperative to continually explore all potential avenues to restrict the virus. This review article centers on the present treatment methods for HSV-1 keratitis (HSK), highlighting the ongoing clinical trials. It delves into the emerging drugs, their mode-of-action and future therapeutics. AREAS COVERED The review focuses on the significance of a variety of small molecules targeting HSV-1 lifecycle at multiple steps. Peer-reviewed articles and abstracts were searched in MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, and clinical trial websites. EXPERT OPINION The exploration of small molecules that target specific pathways within the herpes lifecycle holds the potential for substantial impact on the antiviral pharmaceutical market. Simultaneously, the pursuit of disease-specific biomarkers has the capacity to usher in a transformative era in diagnostics within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Kapoor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Xu H, Zhou N, Huang Z, Wu J, Qian Y. Harmol used for the treatment of herpes simplex virus induced keratitis. Virol J 2024; 21:118. [PMID: 38802860 PMCID: PMC11131330 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection of the eyes results in herpes simplex keratitis (HSK), which has led to vision loss and even blindness in patients. However, the rate of drug resistance in HSV is on the rise; therefore, new antiviral agents with sufficient safety profiles must be developed. At present, we assessed the anti-HSV-1 activity of 502 natural compounds and their ability to reduce the HSV-1-induced cytopathic effect. We chose harmol for further studies because it exhibited the highest antiviral activity. We found that harmol inhibited both HSV-1 F and HSV-1/153 (a clinical drug-resistant strain) replication, with an EC50 of 9.34 µM and 5.84 µM, respectively. Moreover, harmol reduced HSV-1 replication in corneal tissues and viral progeny production in tears, and also alleviated early corneal surface lesions related to HSK. For example, harmol treatment preserved corneal thickness and nerve density in HSK mice. Interestingly, harmol also showed a promising antiviral effect on HSV-1/153 induced HSK in mouse model. Furthermore, harmol combined with acyclovir (ACV) treatment showed a greater antiviral effect than either one alone in vitro. Therefore, harmol may be a promising therapeutic agent for managing HSK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 22# Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Zhenping Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jing Wu
- Medical School of Nanjing University, 22# Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yajie Qian
- Department of Caries and Endodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30# Zhongyang Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China.
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Schalkwijk HH, Shewakramani NR, Das K, Andrei G, Snoeck R. Combination of ganciclovir and trifluridine prevents drug-resistance emergence in HSV-1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0011024. [PMID: 38619252 PMCID: PMC11064611 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00110-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Ocular herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infections can lead to visual impairment. Long-term acyclovir (ACV) prophylaxis reduces the frequency of recurrences but is associated with drug resistance. Novel therapies are needed to treat drug-resistant HSV-1 infections. Here, we describe the effects of trifluridine (TFT) in combination with ACV or ganciclovir (GCV) on HSV-1 replication and drug-resistance emergence. Wild-type HSV-1 was grown under increasing doses of one antiviral (ACV, GCV, or TFT) or combinations thereof (ACV + TFT or GCV + TFT). Virus cultures were analyzed by Sanger sequencing and deep sequencing of the UL23 [thymidine kinase (TK)] and UL30 [DNA polymerase (DP)] genes. The phenotypes of novel mutations were determined by cytopathic effect reduction assays. TFT showed overall additive anti-HSV-1 activity with ACV and GCV. Five passages under ACV, GCV, or TFT drug pressure gave rise to resistance mutations, primarily in the TK. ACV + TFT and GCV + TFT combinatory pressure induced mutations in the TK and DP. The DP mutations were mainly located in terminal regions, outside segments that typically carry resistance mutations. TK mutations (R163H, A167T, and M231I) conferring resistance to all three nucleoside analogs (ACV, TFT, and GCV) emerged under ACV, TFT, ACV + TFT pressure and under GCV + TFT pressure initiated from suboptimal drug concentrations. However, higher doses of GCV and TFT prevented drug resistance in the resistance selection experiments. In summary, we identified novel mutations conferring resistance to nucleoside analogs, including TFT, and proposed that GCV + TFT combination therapy may be an effective strategy to prevent the development of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Helena Schalkwijk
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Neesha Rajesh Shewakramani
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kalyan Das
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Boucher R, Boutolleau D, Burrel S, Haigh O, Fernandez J, Vauloup-Fellous C, Barreau E, Rousseau A, Labetoulle M. Efficacy and Safety of Amenamevir, a Helicase-Primase Inhibitor for the Treatment of Acyclovir-Resistant Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Keratitis. Cornea 2024:00003226-990000000-00540. [PMID: 38692653 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000003553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to describe the efficacy and tolerance of amenamevir (AMNV), an inhibitor of the viral helicase-primase, for the treatment of recalcitrant herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) caused by acyclovir-resistant (ACVR) herpes simplex virus 1 strains. METHODS In this retrospective case series, 6 consecutive patients with HSK caused by an ACVR herpes simplex virus 1 strain with a failure of conventional antiviral therapy were included after having been treated with AMNV (there was no control group of comparable patients for whom previous treatment would have been continued despite its inefficacy). Medical files were assessed for clinical data including reason(s) for AMNV introduction (frequent recurrences despite appropriate preventive antiviral treatment and/or clinical resistance to suppressive antiviral treatment of an ongoing clinical relapse), genotypical resistance to herpes simplex virus 1 documentation, immune status, clinical types and number of HSK episodes before and during AMNV treatment, adverse effects observed during AMNV treatment, and best corrected visual acuity. RESULTS Of 6 patients, 4 (66%) did not experience a single recurrence during AMNV therapy while 2 others had recurrences (1 over 24 months of treatment and 2 over 23 months, ie two-fold less frequently than with conventional preventive treatment). On the overall history of these 6 patients, AMNV appeared to be associated with a reduction in HSK recurrences, with a mean of only 0.02 ± 0.04 episodes/month during follow-up under AMNV as compared to 0.14 ± 0.04 episodes/month in the year preceding AMNV introduction (P = 0.03). Improvement in vision acuity was also observed (mean best corrected visual acuity 0.17 ± 0.12 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution at the end of follow-up vs. 0.30 ± 0.35 before AMNV onset), albeit nonsignificant probably due to the limited number of patients (P = 0.38). Neither clinical nor biological adverse effects were observed while under AMNV during the follow-up (16.5 ± 5.8 months). CONCLUSIONS Although there was no control group, AMNV may be a valuable option to reduce ACVR HSK recurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Boucher
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Saclay. Centre de Référence pour les maladies rares en ophtalmologie (OPHTARA), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Department of Immunology of Viral and Autoimmune Disease (IMVA DSV/iMETI/IDMIT), UMR1184, CEA, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - David Boutolleau
- AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Virologie, Centre National de Référence (CNR) Herpèsvirus - Laboratoire associé, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), Paris, France
| | - Sonia Burrel
- AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Virologie, Centre National de Référence (CNR) Herpèsvirus - Laboratoire associé, Paris, France
- Service de Virologie, Pôle Biologie et Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Oscar Haigh
- Department of Immunology of Viral and Autoimmune Disease (IMVA DSV/iMETI/IDMIT), UMR1184, CEA, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - José Fernandez
- AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Virologie, Centre National de Référence (CNR) Herpèsvirus - Laboratoire associé, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Vauloup-Fellous
- Department of Virology, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris-Sud University, Villejuif, France
| | - Emmanuel Barreau
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Saclay. Centre de Référence pour les maladies rares en ophtalmologie (OPHTARA), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Antoine Rousseau
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Saclay. Centre de Référence pour les maladies rares en ophtalmologie (OPHTARA), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Department of Immunology of Viral and Autoimmune Disease (IMVA DSV/iMETI/IDMIT), UMR1184, CEA, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpital National d'Ophtalmologie des 15-20, Paris, France; and
- IHU Foresight, Paris, France
| | - Marc Labetoulle
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Saclay. Centre de Référence pour les maladies rares en ophtalmologie (OPHTARA), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Department of Immunology of Viral and Autoimmune Disease (IMVA DSV/iMETI/IDMIT), UMR1184, CEA, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpital National d'Ophtalmologie des 15-20, Paris, France; and
- IHU Foresight, Paris, France
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Musa M, Enaholo E, Aluyi-Osa G, Atuanya GN, Spadea L, Salati C, Zeppieri M. Herpes simplex keratitis: A brief clinical overview. World J Virol 2024; 13:89934. [PMID: 38616855 PMCID: PMC11008405 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v13.i1.89934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of our minireview is to provide a brief overview of the diagnosis, clinical aspects, treatment options, management, and current literature available regarding herpes simplex keratitis (HSK). This type of corneal viral infection is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), which can affect several tissues, including the cornea. One significant aspect of HSK is its potential to cause recurrent episodes of inflammation and damage to the cornea. After the initial infection, the HSV can establish a latent infection in the trigeminal ganglion, a nerve cluster near the eye. The virus may remain dormant for extended periods. Periodic reactivation of the virus can occur, leading to recurrent episodes of HSK. Factors triggering reactivation include stress, illness, immunosuppression, or trauma. Recurrent episodes can manifest in different clinical patterns, ranging from mild epithelial involvement to more severe stromal or endothelial disease. The severity and frequency of recurrences vary among individuals. Severe cases of HSK, especially those involving the stroma and leading to scarring, can result in vision impairment or even blindness in extreme cases. The cornea's clarity is crucial for good vision, and scarring can compromise this, potentially leading to visual impairment. The management of HSK involves not only treating acute episodes but also implementing long-term strategies to prevent recurrences and attempt repairs of corneal nerve endings via neurotization. Antiviral medications, such as oral Acyclovir or topical Ganciclovir, may be prescribed for prophylaxis. The immune response to the virus can contribute to corneal damage. Inflammation, caused by the body's attempt to control the infection, may inadvertently harm the corneal tissues. Clinicians should be informed about triggers and advised on measures to minimize the risk of reactivation. In summary, the recurrent nature of HSK underscores the importance of both acute and long-term management strategies to preserve corneal health and maintain optimal visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutali Musa
- Department of Optometry, University of Benin, Benin 300283, Nigeria
- Department of Ophthalmology, Africa Eye Laser Centre, Km 7, Benin 300105, Nigeria
| | - Ehimare Enaholo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Africa Eye Laser Centre, Km 7, Benin 300105, Nigeria
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Sight Africa, Nkpor 434101, Nigeria
| | - Gladness Aluyi-Osa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Africa Eye Laser Centre, Km 7, Benin 300105, Nigeria
| | | | - Leopoldo Spadea
- Eye Clinic, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome 00142, Italy
| | - Carlo Salati
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy
| | - Marco Zeppieri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy
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Chaturvedi A, Sharma S, Shukla R. Drug Nanocrystals: A Delivery Channel for Antiviral Therapies. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:41. [PMID: 38366178 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02754-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral infections represent a significant threat to global health due to their highly communicable and potentially lethal nature. Conventional antiviral interventions encounter challenges such as drug resistance, tolerability issues, specificity concerns, high costs, side effects, and the constant mutation of viral proteins. Consequently, the exploration of alternative approaches is imperative. Therefore, nanotechnology-embedded drugs excelled as a novel approach purporting severe life-threatening viral disease. Integrating nanomaterials and nanoparticles enables ensuring precise drug targeting, improved drug delivery, and fostered pharmacokinetic properties. Notably, nanocrystals (NCs) stand out as one of the most promising nanoformulations, offering remarkable characteristics in terms of physicochemical properties (higher drug loading, improved solubility, and drug retention), pharmacokinetics (enhanced bioavailability, dose reduction), and optical properties (light absorptivity, photoluminescence). These attributes make NCs effective in diagnosing and ameliorating viral infections. This review comprises the prevalence, pathophysiology, and resistance of viral infections along with emphasizing on failure of current antivirals in the management of the diseases. Moreover, the review also highlights the role of NCs in various viral infections in mitigating, diagnosing, and other NC-based strategies combating viral infections. In vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies evident for the effectiveness of NCs against viral pathogens are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Chaturvedi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Raebareli, Lucknow, 226002, India
| | - Swapnil Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Raebareli, Lucknow, 226002, India.
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Hoarau G, Haigh O, Vauloup-Fellous C, Boucher R, Rouquette A, Faure P, Limam L, Labetoulle M, Rousseau A. Diagnostic performance of real-time quantitative PCR in tear samples in various subtypes of herpes simplex keratitis. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0088523. [PMID: 38038483 PMCID: PMC10729708 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00885-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) is mostly based on clinical findings, yet biological confirmation supports management of challenging cases. This study evaluated the place of real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) on tear samplings in the management of HSK. Clinical records of patients who underwent tear sampling tested by RT-qPCR for herpes simplex virus type 1 for an acute episode of corneal inflammation or defect between January 2013 and December 2021 were retrospectively reviewed, and results were compared to clinical diagnosis (i.e., HSK or not) based on biomicroscopic findings and medical history. Of 465 tested tear samples from 364 patients, a clinical diagnosis of active (ongoing) HSK was recorded in 240 cases, among which 76 were RT-qPCR positive (global sensitivity of 31.6%, specificity of 99.5%). Sensitivity of RT-qPCR was higher in epithelial (97.4%) and stromal keratitis with ulceration (48.7%), compared to other types of HSK (23.5% in keratouveitis, 13.6% in endotheliitis, 11.1% in postherpetic neurotrophic keratopathy, and 8.1% in stromal keratitis without ulceration). The highest viral loads were detected from epithelial and stromal keratitis with ulceration, while in HSK with no epithelial involvement, the viral load detected was 196-fold lower, on average. The proportion of clinically characterized HSK patients with negative tear samples was higher in patients receiving antiviral treatment (P < 0.0001). RT-qPCR, performed on tear samples, can help in confirming diagnosis in case of presumed HSK, including clinical forms with no obvious epithelial involvement. The sensitivity of tear sampling is much higher whenever epithelial keratitis is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautier Hoarau
- Service d’Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Université Paris-Saclay, CRMR OPHTARA, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Oscar Haigh
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Christelle Vauloup-Fellous
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
- Service de Virologie, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Rafaël Boucher
- Service d’Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Université Paris-Saclay, CRMR OPHTARA, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Alexandra Rouquette
- Service d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Pascale Faure
- Service d’Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Université Paris-Saclay, CRMR OPHTARA, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Lamia Limam
- Service de Virologie, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Marc Labetoulle
- Service d’Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Université Paris-Saclay, CRMR OPHTARA, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Antoine Rousseau
- Service d’Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Université Paris-Saclay, CRMR OPHTARA, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
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10
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Wei A, Yin D, Zhai Z, Ling S, Le H, Tian L, Xu J, Paludan SR, Cai Y, Hong J. In vivo CRISPR gene editing in patients with herpetic stromal keratitis. Mol Ther 2023; 31:3163-3175. [PMID: 37658603 PMCID: PMC10638052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo CRISPR gene therapy holds large clinical potential, but the safety and efficacy remain largely unknown. Here, we injected a single dose of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)-targeting CRISPR formulation in the cornea of three patients with severe refractory herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK) during corneal transplantation. Our study is an investigator-initiated, open-label, single-arm, non-randomized interventional trial at a single center (NCT04560790). We found neither detectable CRISPR-induced off-target cleavages by GUIDE-seq nor systemic adverse events for 18 months on average in all three patients. The HSV-1 remained undetectable during the study. Our preliminary clinical results suggest that in vivo gene editing targeting the HSV-1 genome holds acceptable safety as a potential therapy for HSK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anji Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Yin
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zimeng Zhai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Huangying Le
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijia Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjiang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Soren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yujia Cai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jiaxu Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Immunology, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Chau VQ, Kolb AW, Miller DL, Yannuzzi NA, Brandt CR. Phylogenetic and Genomic Characterization of Whole Genome Sequences of Ocular Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Isolates Identifies Possible Virulence Determinants in Humans. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:16. [PMID: 37450309 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.10.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose There are limited data on the prevalence and genetic diversity of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) virulence genes in ocular isolates. Here, we sequenced 36 HSV-1 ocular isolates, collected by the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, a university-based eye hospital, from three different ocular anatomical sites (conjunctiva, cornea, and eyelid) and carried out a genomic and phylogenetic analyses. Methods The PacBio Sequel II long read platform was used for genome sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis and genomic analysis were performed to help better understand genetic variability among common virulence genes in ocular herpetic disease. Results A phylogenetic network generated using the genome sequences of the 36 Bascom Palmer ocular isolates, plus 174 additional strains showed that ocular isolates do not group together phylogenetically. Analysis of the thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase protein sequences from the Bascom Palmer isolates showed multiple novel single nucleotide polymorphisms, but only one, BP-K14 encoded a known thymidine kinase acyclovir resistance mutation. An analysis of the multiple sequence alignment comprising the 51 total ocular isolates versus 159 nonocular strains detected several possible single nucleotide polymorphisms in HSV-1 genes that were found significantly more often in the ocular isolates. These genes included UL6, gM, VP19c, VHS, gC, VP11/12, and gG. Conclusions There does not seem to be a specific genetic feature of viruses causing ocular infection. The identification of novel and common recurrent polymorphisms may help to understand the drivers of herpetic pathogenicity and specific factors that may influence the virulence of ocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet Q Chau
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Aaron W Kolb
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Darlene L Miller
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Nicolas A Yannuzzi
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Curtis R Brandt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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12
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Lewin AC, Ineck NE, Mironovich MA, Marino ME, Liu CC, Emelogu U, Mills EP, Camacho-Luna P, Carter RT. Surveillance for feline herpesvirus type 1 mutation and development of resistance in cats treated with antiviral medications. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1197249. [PMID: 37275610 PMCID: PMC10232796 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1197249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) commonly causes ocular surface disease in cats and is treated with antiviral medications targeting viral DNA polymerase (UL30/42). Herein, we describe a method to assess the FHV-1 genome for mutation development and to assess the functional impact of mutations, if present. Fourteen shelter-housed domestic cats with FHV-1 ocular surface disease were assigned to one of four treatment groups: placebo (n = 3), cidofovir 0.5% ophthalmic solution (n = 3), famciclovir oral solution (n = 5), or ganciclovir 0.15% ophthalmic solution (n = 3). Swabs were collected before (day 1) and after (day 8) 1 week of twice-daily treatments to isolate viable FHV-1. Viral DNA was extracted for sequencing using Illumina MiSeq with subsequent genomic variant detection between paired day 1 and day 8 isolates. Plaque reduction assay was performed on paired isolates demonstrating non-synonymous variants. A total of 171 synonymous and 3 non-synonymous variants were identified in day 8 isolates. No variants were detected in viral UL23, UL30, or UL42 genes. Variant totals were not statistically different in animals receiving antiviral or placebo (p = 0.4997). A day 8 isolate from each antiviral treatment group contained a single non-synonymous variant in ICP4 (transcriptional regulator). These 3 isolates demonstrated no evidence of functional antiviral resistance when IC50 was assessed. Most (10/14 pairs) day 1 and 8 viral isolate pairs from the same host animal were near-identical. While functional variants were not detected in this small sample, these techniques can be replicated to assess FHV-1 isolates suspected of having developed resistance to antiviral medications.
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13
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Muto T, Imaizumi S, Kamoi K. Viral Conjunctivitis. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030676. [PMID: 36992385 PMCID: PMC10057170 DOI: 10.3390/v15030676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses account for 80% of all cases of acute conjunctivitis and adenovirus; enterovirus and herpes virus are the common causative agents. In general, viral conjunctivitis spreads easily. Therefore, to control the spread, it is crucial to quickly diagnose illnesses, strictly implement hand washing laws, and sanitize surfaces. Swelling of the lid margin and ciliary injection are subjective symptoms, and eye discharge is frequently serofibrinous. Preauricular lymph node swelling can occasionally occur. Approximately 80% of cases of viral conjunctivitis are caused by adenoviruses. Adenoviral conjunctivitis may become a big global concern and may cause a pandemic. Diagnosis of herpes simplex viral conjunctivitis is crucial for using corticosteroid eye solution as a treatment for adenovirus conjunctivitis. Although specific treatments are not always accessible, early diagnosis of viral conjunctivitis may help to alleviate short-term symptoms and avoid long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuaya Muto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya 343-8555, Japan
- Imaizumi Eye Hospital, Koriyama 963-8877, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Koju Kamoi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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14
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Moshirfar M, Kelkar N, Peterson T, Bradshaw J, Parker L, Ronquillo YC, Hoopes PC. The Impact of Antiviral Resistance on Herpetic Keratitis. Eye Contact Lens 2023; 49:127-134. [PMID: 36374154 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Herpes simplex keratitis resistance to antiviral treatment presents a growing concern. The herpes simplex virus has many different mechanisms of resistance to antiviral treatment, which have been well described. Resistance to acyclovir occurs because of mutations in the viral thymidylate kinase and DNA polymerase that decrease this enzyme's affinity for its substrate. This article discusses factors that explain the prevalence of this resistance, the ability for recurrences in immunocompromised populations, current treatments for acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex keratitis, and novel therapies for this growing concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Moshirfar
- Hoopes Vision Research Center (M.M., Y.C.R., P.C.H.), Hoopes Vision, Draper, UT; John A. Moran Eye Center (M.M.), Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT; Utah Lions Eye Bank (M.M.), Murray, UT; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix (N.K.), Phoenix, AZ; and Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine (T.P., J.B., L.P.), Ivins, UT
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15
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Ly CY, Pfannenstiel J, Pant A, Yang Z, Fehr AR, Rodzkin MS, Davido DJ. Inhibitors of One or More Cellular Aurora Kinases Impair the Replication of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and Other DNA and RNA Viruses with Diverse Genomes and Life Cycles. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0194322. [PMID: 36537798 PMCID: PMC9927324 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01943-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We utilized a high-throughput cell-based assay to screen several chemical libraries for inhibitors of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) gene expression. From this screen, four aurora kinase inhibitors were identified that potently reduced gene expression during HSV-1 lytic infection. HSV-1 is known to interact with cellular kinases to regulate gene expression by modulating the phosphorylation and/or activities of viral and cellular proteins. To date, the role of aurora kinases in HSV-1 lytic infection has not been reported. We demonstrated that three aurora kinase inhibitors strongly reduced the transcript levels of immediate-early (IE) genes ICP0, ICP4, and ICP27 and impaired HSV-1 protein expression from all classes of HSV-1, including ICP0, ICP4, ICP8, and gC. These restrictions caused by the aurora kinase inhibitors led to potent reductions in HSV-1 viral replication. The compounds TAK 901, JNJ 7706621, and PF 03814735 decreased HSV-1 titers by 4,500-, 13,200-, and 8,400-fold, respectively, when present in a low micromolar range. The antiviral activity of these compounds correlated with an apparent decrease in histone H3 phosphorylation at serine 10 (H3S10ph) during viral infection, suggesting that the phosphorylation status of H3 influences HSV-1 gene expression. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the aurora kinase inhibitors also impaired the replication of other RNA and DNA viruses. These inhibitors significantly reduced yields of vaccinia virus (a poxvirus, double-stranded DNA, cytoplasmic replication) and mouse hepatitis virus (a coronavirus, positive-sense single-strand RNA [ssRNA]), whereas vesicular stomatitis virus (rhabdovirus, negative-sense ssRNA) yields were unaffected. These results indicated that the activities of aurora kinases play pivotal roles in the life cycles of diverse viruses. IMPORTANCE We have demonstrated that aurora kinases play a role during HSV-1 lytic infection. Three aurora kinase inhibitors significantly impaired HSV-1 immediate-early gene expression. This led to a potent reduction in HSV-1 protein expression and viral replication. Together, our results illustrate a novel role for aurora kinases in the HSV-1 lytic cycle and demonstrate that aurora kinase inhibitors can restrict HSV-1 replication. Furthermore, these aurora kinase inhibitors also reduced the replication of murine coronavirus and vaccinia virus, suggesting that multiple viral families utilize the aurora kinases for their own replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Y. Ly
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Jessica Pfannenstiel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Anil Pant
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Zhilong Yang
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Anthony R. Fehr
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Maxim S. Rodzkin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - David J. Davido
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
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16
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In Vitro Evaluation of Antiviral Activity Effect of Selenium, Bacillus clausii Supernatant, and Their Combination on the Replication of Herpes Simplex Virus 1. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm-129848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: About 70% of individuals worldwide suffer from herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Several studies have reported that selenium and supernatant of probiotic bacteria are antiviral; nevertheless, their effect alone or synergistically on HSV-1 is unknown. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the antiviral effects of Bacillus clausii supernatant, selenium (Se), and their combination on HSV-1. Methods: After determining cytotoxicity by the MTT assay, selenium and B. clausii supernatants were added to HeLa cells 24 hours before (pre-infection treatment) and after (post-infection treatment) HSV-1 inoculation. After 47 hours of incubation at 37°C, the viral titer and expression levels of the unique long 47 (UL47) gene were determined by the 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) and real-time polymerase chain reaction methods, respectively. Results: The bacterial supernatant in dilutions of 1:4 and 1:8, selenium in concentrations of 0.5 and 1 μM, and a combination of them had a cytotoxicity level lower than 80% in HeLa cells. The HSV-1 titers in pre-infection and post-infection assays with a dilution of 1:4 supernatant decreased by about 2.16 and 1 log10 TCID50/mL, respectively. Moreover, 1 μM Se could reduce the virus titer by 2.33 log10 TCID50/mL. The virus titer showed a greater decrease when Se and the bacterial supernatants were combined than when only one of the two was used. The highest selectivity index (SI) was obtained when selenium and bacterial supernatant were combined (SI = 29.2). The combined use of 1 μM Se and a 1:4 dilution of B. clausii supernatant caused the greatest drop in virus titer (3.3 log10 TCID50/mL) in comparison to other treatment conditions. The UL47 gene expression was reduced by Se at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 μM by about 1.6- and 2-fold, respectively. The UL47 expression showed a higher decline when selenium and bacterial supernatant were combined than when only one of the two was employed, which is similar to viral titer data. Conclusions: Selenium and the supernatant of B. clausii have potent antiviral activity against HSV-1. The combination of selenium and the bacterial supernatant has a synergistic effect in reducing HSV-1 replication. However, further research is required to fully understand how they inhibit viruses.
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Faure P, Limam L, de Saint-Sauveur G, Da Cunha E, Best AL, Bénichou J, Remongin PE, Vauloup-Fellous C, Eid L, Labetoulle M, Rousseau A. Diagnostic virologique des atteintes oculaires herpétiques antérieures sur prélèvement lacrymal : une technique simple et non invasive. J Fr Ophtalmol 2022; 45:735-740. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2022.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Zannella C, Chianese A, De Bernardo M, Folliero V, Petrillo F, De Filippis A, Boccia G, Franci G, Rosa N, Galdiero M. Ophthalmic Solutions with a Broad Antiviral Action: Evaluation of Their Potential against Ocular Herpetic Infections. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091728. [PMID: 36144330 PMCID: PMC9506079 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HSV-1 can be associated with severe and recurrent eye infections characterized by a strong inflammatory response that leads to blepharoconjunctivitis, epithelial and stromal keratitis, and retinal necrosis. The incidence of HSV-1 keratitis is 1.5 million every year worldwide, including more than 40,000 new cases exhibiting serious visual failures. Generally, the therapy uses antiviral drugs to promote healing; however, there are currently no compounds that are able to completely eradicate the virus. In addition, the phenomenon of resistance is rapidly spreading among HSV-1 strains, creating mutants developing resistance to the common antiviral drugs; therefore, deep research on this issue is warranted. The efficacy of different ophthalmic solutions already on the market was evaluated for reducing HSV-1 infection. Different plaque assays were set up on epithelial cells, revealing that two ophthalmic solutions were able to inhibit viral replication in the early stages of infection. The data were further confirmed by molecular tests analyzing the expression levels of the principal genes involved in HSV-1 infection, and a strong reduction was observed after only 1 min of eye-drop treatment. Collectively, these results suggested the use of ophthalmic solutions as potential antiviral options for the treatment of ocular herpetic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Zannella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Chianese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maddalena De Bernardo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Veronica Folliero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Petrillo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Anna De Filippis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Boccia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Franci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Nicola Rosa
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
- Correspondence: (N.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (N.R.); (M.G.)
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Alimbarova L, Egorova A, Riabova O, Monakhova N, Makarov V. A proof-of-concept study for the efficacy of dispirotripiperazine PDSTP in a rabbit model of herpes simplex epithelial keratitis. Antiviral Res 2022; 202:105327. [PMID: 35487465 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex keratitis is an important infectious cause of blindness worldwide. The mainstay of antiviral therapy is treatment with long-established nucleoside analogues orally or topically. However, the emergence of resistant strains may become a major health concern in the future. Therefore, the development of backup antiherpetic medicines is urgently needed. Small molecule PDSTP is known to be active against herpes simplex type 1 strains in vitro, affecting early host-pathogen interactions. Here, we evaluated its preclinical efficacy in a rabbit model of herpes simplex epithelial keratitis. The mean course of keratitis and the corneal lesions in the 1.0% PDSTP gel group was statistically significantly less than in the negative control group and was comparable to that in the aciclovir group. These findings open up new opportunities for the development of antiherpetic drugs with an original mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila Alimbarova
- Gamaleya National Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of Russia, 18 Gamaleya Street, 123098, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Egorova
- Research Centre of Biotechnology RAS, 33-2 Leninsky Prospect, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Riabova
- Research Centre of Biotechnology RAS, 33-2 Leninsky Prospect, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Monakhova
- Research Centre of Biotechnology RAS, 33-2 Leninsky Prospect, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim Makarov
- Research Centre of Biotechnology RAS, 33-2 Leninsky Prospect, 119071, Moscow, Russia.
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Grinage E, Shukla D. Optineurin in ocular herpes infection. Exp Eye Res 2022; 219:109059. [PMID: 35390332 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus that can infect humans in the eye and travel to the trigeminal ganglion to establish latency. HSV-1 causes various disease states in both the primary and secondary sites of infection including the eye and the nervous system. This DNA virus exploits various adaptive measures to infect host cells, hijack host cell proteins, evade host immune response and spread from cell-to-cell to avoid immune detection. Recent data suggest that Optineurin (OPTN), a host protein, is a key restriction factor that prevents cell-to-cell spread of HSV-1 and guards against serious damage to the nervous system during infection. In recent years OPTN has gained increased attention because of its involvement in cellular mechanisms that promote homeostasis and prevent neurodegeneration. At the center of it all is the role OPTN plays as a receptor for selective autophagy. This review summarizes our latest understanding of the viral lifecycle, disease pathologies, and OPTN-mediated protective mechanisms during HSV-1 infection of the eye and the nervous system. We specifically highlight recent discoveries that implicate OPTN as crucial in the prevention of ocular and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earon Grinage
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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