Evaluation and management of severe preeclampsia before 34 weeks' gestation

Association between hospital case volume and maternal adverse events in patients with placental abruption: An analysis using a Japanese national inpatient database

OBJECTIVE

To clarify the relationship between the prognosis of patients with placental abruption (PA) and the healthcare delivery system using data from a large national inpatient database in Japan.

METHODS

Using the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database, we conducted a retrospective cohort study with the data of patients in almost 1000 hospitals with the primary diagnosis of PA who were hospitalized from April 2014 to March 2021. We divided the hospitals into four groups based on the number of deliveries per month. We performed multilevel logistic regression analysis to analyze the relationship between hospital case volume and maternal end-organ injury (MEOI).

RESULTS

Altogether, 8222 patients were included for analysis; among whom, 3575 (44%) were transferred by ambulance. MEOI was noted in 977 patients (12%) with no obvious difference by hospital case volume. Ambulance transfer, age, gestational weeks at admission, delivery on the first day of hospitalization, and history of eclampsia were significantly associated with a higher incidence of MEOI, but the hospital case volume was not.

CONCLUSION

Using a Japanese administrative database, our study shows that hospital case volume was not significantly associated with the severity of maternal illness among patients with PA.

Oxidative Stress, Lipid Peroxidation and Ferroptosis Are Major Pathophysiological Signatures in the Placental Tissue of Women with Late-Onset Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia, a serious and potentially life-threatening medical complication occurring during pregnancy, is characterized by hypertension and often accompanied by proteinuria and multiorgan dysfunction. It is classified into two subtypes based on the timing of diagnosis: early-onset (EO-PE) and late-onset preeclampsia (LO-PE). Despite being less severe and exhibiting distinct pathophysiological characteristics, LO-PE is more prevalent than EO-PE, although both conditions have a significant impact on placental health. Previous research indicates that different pathophysiological events within the placenta may contribute to the development of preeclampsia across multiple pathways. In our experimental study, we investigated markers of oxidative stress, ferroptosis, and lipid peroxidation pathways in placental tissue samples obtained from women with LO-PE (n = 68) compared to healthy control pregnant women (HC, n = 43). Through a comprehensive analysis, we observed an upregulation of specific molecules associated with these pathways, including NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX-1), NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX-2), transferrin receptor protein 1 (TFRC), arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX-5), acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL-4), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in women with LO-PE. Furthermore, increased ferric tissue deposition (Fe3+) was observed in placenta samples stained with Perls' Prussian blue. The assessment involved gene and protein expression analyses conducted through RT-qPCR experiments and immunohistochemistry assays. Our findings underscore the heightened activation of inflammatory pathways in LO-PE compared to HC, highlighting the pathological mechanisms underlying this pregnancy disorder.

Association of Maternal Medical Comorbidities with Duration of Expectant Management in Patients with Severe Preeclampsia

OBJECTIVE

 This study aimed to estimate the association between number of maternal comorbidities and duration of expectant management and perinatal outcomes in patients with preeclampsia with severe features.

STUDY DESIGN

 Retrospective cohort of patients with preeclampsia with severe features delivering live, nonanomalous singletons at 23 to 342/7 weeks' gestation at a single center from 2016 to 2018. Patients delivered for an indication other than severe preeclampsia were excluded. Patients were categorized based on the number (0, 1, or ≥2) of comorbidities present: chronic hypertension, pregestational diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus. The primary outcome was proportion of potential expectant management time achieved, that is, days of expectant management achieved divided by total potential expectant management time (days from severe preeclampsia diagnosis to 340/7 weeks). Secondary outcomes included delivery gestational age, days of expectant management, and perinatal outcomes. Outcomes were compared in bivariable and multivariable analyses.

RESULTS

 Of 337 patients included, 167 (50%) had 0, 151 (45%) had 1, and 19 (5%) had ≥2 comorbidities. Groups differed with respect to age, body mass index, race/ethnicity, insurance, and parity. The median proportion of potential expectant management achieved in this cohort was 1.8% (interquartile range: 0-15.4), and did not differ by number of comorbidities (adjusted β: 5.3 [95% confidence interval [CI]: -2.1 to 12.9] for 1 comorbidity vs. 0 and adjusted β: -2.9 [95% CI: -18.0 to 12.2] for ≥2 comorbidities vs. 0). There was no difference in delivery gestational age or duration of expectant management in days. Patients with ≥2 (vs. 0) comorbidities had higher odds of composite maternal morbidity (adjusted odds ratio: 3.0 [95% CI: 1.1-8.2]). There was no association between number of comorbidities and composite neonatal morbidity.

CONCLUSION

 Among patients with preeclampsia with severe features, the number of comorbidities was not associated with duration of expectant management; however, patients with ≥2 comorbidities had higher odds of adverse maternal outcomes.

KEY POINTS

· Greater number of medical comorbidities were not associated with expectant management duration.. · Two or more medical comorbidities were associated with higher odds of adverse maternal outcomes.. · Expectant management should be undertaken cautiously in medically complicated patients..

Expectant management of preeclampsia with severe features diagnosed at less than 24 weeks

BACKGROUND

The recent American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Practice Bulletin offers no guidance on the management of preeclampsia with severe features at <24 weeks of gestation. Historically, immediate delivery was recommended because of poor perinatal outcomes and high maternal morbidity. Recently, advances in neonatal resuscitation have led to increased survival at periviable gestational ages.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to report perinatal and maternal outcomes after expectant management of preeclampsia with severe features at <24 weeks of gestation.

STUDY DESIGN

This was a retrospective case series of preeclampsia with severe features at <24 weeks of gestation at a level 4 center between 2017 and 2023. Individuals requiring delivery within 24 hours of diagnosis were excluded. Perinatal and maternal outcomes were analyzed. Categorical variables from our database were compared with previously published data using chi-square tests.

RESULTS

A total of 41 individuals were diagnosed with preeclampsia with severe features at <24 weeks of gestation. After the exclusion of delivery within 24 hours, 30 individuals (73%) were evaluated. The median gestational age at diagnosis was 22 weeks (interquartile range, 22-23). Moreover, 16% of individuals had assisted reproductive technology, 27% of individuals had chronic hypertension, 13% of individuals had pregestational diabetes mellitus, 30% of individuals had previous preeclampsia, and 73% of individuals had a body mass index of >30 kg/m2. The median latency periods at 22 and 23 weeks of gestation were 7 days (interquartile range, 4-23) and 8 days (interquartile range, 4-13). In preeclampsia with severe features, neonatal survival rates were 44% (95% confidence interval, 3%-85%) at 22 weeks of gestation and 29% (95% confidence interval, 1%-56%) at 23 weeks of gestation. There were 2 cases of acute kidney injury (7%) and 2 cases of pericardial or pleural effusions (7%). Overall perinatal survival at <24 weeks of gestation was 30% in our current study vs 7% in previous reports (P=.02).

CONCLUSION

For cases of expectant management of preeclampsia with severe features at <24 weeks of gestation, our findings showed an increased perinatal survival rate with decreased maternal morbidity compared with previously published data. This information may be used when counseling on expectant management of preeclampsia with severe features at <24 weeks of gestation.

Preeclampsia Onset, Days to Delivery, and Autism Spectrum Disorders in Offspring: Clinical Birth Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

Maternal preeclampsia is associated with a risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in offspring. However, it is unknown whether the increased ASD risk associated with preeclampsia is due to preeclampsia onset or clinical management of preeclampsia after onset, as clinical expectant management of preeclampsia allows pregnant women with this complication to remain pregnant for potentially weeks depending on the onset and severity. Identifying the risk associated with preeclampsia onset and exposure provides evidence to support the care of high-risk pregnancies and reduce adverse effects on offspring.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to fill the knowledge gap by assessing the ASD risk in children associated with the gestational age of preeclampsia onset and the number of days from preeclampsia onset to delivery.

METHODS

This retrospective population-based clinical cohort study included 364,588 mother-child pairs of singleton births between 2001 and 2014 in a large integrated health care system in Southern California. Maternal social demographic and pregnancy health data, as well as ASD diagnosis in children by the age of 5 years, were extracted from electronic medical records. Cox regression models were used to assess hazard ratios (HRs) of ASD risk in children associated with gestational age of the first occurrence of preeclampsia and the number of days from first occurrence to delivery.

RESULTS

Preeclampsia occurred in 16,205 (4.4%) out of 364,588 pregnancies; among the 16,205 pregnancies, 2727 (16.8%) first occurred at <34 weeks gestation, 4466 (27.6%) first occurred between 34 and 37 weeks, and 9012 (55.6%) first occurred at ≥37 weeks. Median days from preeclampsia onset to delivery were 4 (IQR 2,16) days, 1 (IQR 1,3) day, and 1 (IQR 0,1) day for those first occurring at <34, 34-37, and ≥37 weeks, respectively. Early preeclampsia onset was associated with greater ASD risk (P=.003); HRs were 1.62 (95% CI 1.33-1.98), 1.43 (95% CI 1.20-1.69), and 1.23 (95% CI 1.08-1.41), respectively, for onset at <34, 34-37, and ≥37 weeks, relative to the unexposed group. Within the preeclampsia group, the number of days from preeclampsia onset to delivery was not associated with ASD risk in children; the HR was 0.995 (95% CI 0.986-1.004) after adjusting for gestational age of preeclampsia onset.

CONCLUSIONS

Preeclampsia during pregnancy was associated with ASD risk in children, and the risk was greater with earlier onset. However, the number of days from first preeclampsia onset to delivery was not associated with ASD risk in children. Our study suggests that ASD risk in children associated with preeclampsia is not increased by expectant management of preeclampsia in standard clinical practice. Our results emphasize the need to identify effective approaches to preventing the onset of preeclampsia, especially during early pregnancy. Further research is needed to confirm if this finding applies across different populations and clinical settings.

Amount of Proteinuria and Duration of Expectant Management in Severe Preeclampsia

OBJECTIVE

 The aim of the study is to evaluate the association between the amount of proteinuria at the time of diagnosis of preeclampsia with severe features (severe preeclampsia [SPE]) and duration of expectant management (EM) and other perinatal outcomes.

STUDY DESIGN

 This is a retrospective cohort study of patients with SPE delivering live, non-anomalous singletons at 230/7 to 342/7 weeks' estimated gestational age (EGA) at a single tertiary center 2016 to 2018. Patients with proteinuria assessment (24-hour total urine protein or urine protein-to-creatinine ratio extrapolation) within 3 days of SPE diagnosis were included. Patients delivered for an indication other than SPE were excluded. Patients were categorized by amount of proteinuria (mg): none (≤300), mild (301-1,000), moderate (1,001-3,000), and massive (≥3,001). The primary outcome was the proportion of potential EM time achieved (%EM), i.e., days of EM divided by days from SPE diagnosis to 34 weeks. Secondary outcomes included delivery EGA, days of EM, and perinatal outcomes. Bivariable and multivariable analyses compared outcomes across groups.

RESULTS

 Of 295 patients included, 21% had no proteinuria, 33% mild, 19% moderate, and 27% massive. Groups differed by EGA at diagnosis, age, parity, chronic hypertension, and renal disease. %EM was not significantly different between groups (adjusted β coefficient 4.1 [95% CI -5.3, 13.5] for mild proteinuria vs. none, -4.1 [95% CI -14.9, 6.6] for moderate proteinuria vs. none, and -5.6 [95% CI -16.0, 4.7] for massive proteinuria vs. none). Increasing proteinuria was associated with earlier delivery EGA but only days of EM in the mild versus no proteinuria groups. There was no significant association between proteinuria and maternal composite morbidity, but patients with mild and massive proteinuria had higher odds of neonatal composite morbidities compared with no proteinuria.

CONCLUSION

 Among patients with SPE, proteinuria level was not consistently associated with duration of EM. However, patients with the greatest amounts of proteinuria may have worse neonatal and selected maternal outcomes.

KEY POINTS

· Amount of proteinuria was not associated with the duration of expectant management.. · Greater proteinuria was associated with earlier delivery in severe preeclampsia.. · Massive proteinuria in preeclampsia was associated with select adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes..

Exploring the Importance of Differential Expression of Autophagy Markers in Term Placentas from Late-Onset Preeclamptic Pregnancies

Preeclampsia (PE) is a serious hypertensive disorder affecting 4-5% of pregnancies globally, leading to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality and reducing life expectancy in surviving women post-gestation. Late-onset PE (LO-PE) is a clinical type of PE diagnosed after 34 weeks of gestation, being less severe than the early-onset PE (EO-PE) variant, although both entities have a notable impact on the placenta. Despite the fact that most studies have focused on EO-PE, LO-PE does not deserve less attention since its prevalence is much higher and little is known about the role of the placenta in this pathology. Via RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry methods, we measured the gene and protein expressions of several macroautophagy markers in the chorionic villi of placentas from women who underwent LO-PE (n = 68) and compared them to normal pregnancies (n = 43). We observed a markedly distinct expression pattern, noticing a significant drop in NUP62 expression and a considerable rise in the gene and protein expressions of ULK1, ATG9A, LC3, ATG5, STX-17, and LAMP-1 in the placentas of women with LO-PE. A major induction of autophagic processes was found in the placental tissue of patients with LO-PE. Abnormal signaling expression of these molecular patterns in this condition aids in the understanding of the complexity of pathophysiology and proposes biomarkers for the clinical management of these patients.

The Effects of Preeclamptic Milieu on Cord Blood Derived Endothelial Colony-Forming Cells

Preeclampsia is one of the leading causes of infant and maternal mortality worldwide. Many infants born from preeclamptic pregnancies are born prematurely with higher risk of developing cardiovascular later in their life. A key mechanism by which these complications occur is through stress-induced dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), including endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs). To gain insight into this, cord blood derived ECFCs isolated from preeclamptic pregnancies (PRECs) were analyzed and compared to their healthy counterparts. While PRECs preserve key endothelial markers, they upregulate several markers associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Compared to ECFCs, PRECs also exhibit lower migratory behaviors and impaired angiogenic potential. Interestingly, treatment of neuropilin-1 can improve tube formation in vitro. Collectively, this study reports that preeclamptic milieu influence phenotypes and functionality of PRECs, which can be rejuvenated using exogenous molecules. Promising results from this study warrant future investigations on the prospect of the rejuvenated PRECs to improve lung function of infants born from preeclamptic pregnancies.

Placentas from Women with Late-Onset Preeclampsia Exhibit Increased Expression of the NLRP3 Inflammasome Machinery

Pre-eclampsia is a harmful and potentially lethal medical condition during pregnancy clinically diagnosed by hypertension and commonly accompanied by proteinuria and multiorgan affections. According to the time of diagnosis, it is differentiated between early-onset (EO-PE) and late-onset preeclampsia (LO-PE). Despite being less dangerous and presenting distinct pathophysiological signatures, LO-PE has a greater prevalence than EO-PE, both having significant consequences on the placenta. Previous works have evidenced that exacerbated inflammation in this organ might play a potential pathogenic role in the development of pre-eclampsia, and there is some preliminary evidence that the hyperactivation of inflammasomes can be related to the altered immunoinflammatory responses observed in the placentas of these patients. However, the precise role of inflammasomes in the placentas of women with LO-PE remains to be fully understood. In this work, we have studied the gene and protein expression of the main components related to the canonical and non-canonical pathways of the inflammasome NLRP3 (NLRP3, ASC, caspase 1, caspase 5, caspase 8, interleukin 1β, and interleukin 18) in the placental tissue of women with LO-PE. Our results show a marked increase in all these components in the placentas of women who have undergone LO-PE, suggesting that NLRP3 inflammasome plays a potentially pathophysiological role in the development of this entity. Future works should aim to evaluate possible translational approaches to this dysregulation in these patients.

Impact of fetal growth restriction on pregnancy outcome in women undergoing expectant management for preterm pre-eclampsia

OBJECTIVES

To assess whether coexisting fetal growth restriction (FGR) influences pregnancy latency among women with preterm pre-eclampsia undergoing expectant management. Secondary outcomes assessed were indication for delivery, mode of delivery and rate of serious adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes.

METHODS

We conducted a secondary analysis of the Pre-eclampsia Intervention (PIE) and the Pre-eclampsia Intervention 2 (PI2) trial data. These randomized controlled trials evaluated whether esomeprazole and metformin could prolong gestation of women diagnosed with pre-eclampsia between 26 and 32 weeks of gestation undergoing expectant management. Delivery indications were deteriorating maternal or fetal status, or reaching 34 weeks' gestation. FGR (defined by Delphi consensus) at the time of pre-eclampsia diagnosis was examined as a predictor of outcome. Only placebo data from PI2 were included, as the trial showed that metformin use was associated with prolonged gestation. All outcome data were collected prospectively from diagnosis of pre-eclampsia to 6 weeks after the expected due date.

RESULTS

Of the 202 women included, 92 (45.5%) had FGR at the time of pre-eclampsia diagnosis. Median pregnancy latency was 6.8 days in the FGR group and 15.3 days in the control group (difference 8.5 days; adjusted 0.49-fold change (95% CI, 0.33-0.74); P < 0.001). FGR pregnancies were less likely to reach 34 weeks' gestation (12.0% vs 30.9%; adjusted relative risk (aRR), 0.44 (95% CI, 0.23-0.83)) and more likely to be delivered for suspected fetal compromise (64.1% vs 36.4%; aRR, 1.84 (95% CI, 1.36-2.47)). More women with FGR underwent a prelabor emergency Cesarean section (66.3% vs 43.6%; aRR, 1.56 (95% CI, 1.20-2.03)) and were less likely to have a successful induction of labor (4.3% vs 14.5%; aRR, 0.32 (95% CI, 0.10-1.00)), compared to those without FGR. The rate of maternal complications did not differ significantly between the two groups. FGR was associated with a higher rate of infant death (14.1% vs 4.5%; aRR, 3.26 (95% CI, 1.08-9.81)) and need for intubation and mechanical ventilation (15.2% vs 5.5%; aRR, 2.97 (95% CI, 1.11-7.90)).

CONCLUSION

FGR is commonly present in women with early preterm pre-eclampsia and outcome is poorer. FGR is associated with shorter pregnancy latency, more emergency Cesarean deliveries, fewer successful inductions and increased rates of neonatal morbidity and mortality. © 2023 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Pregnancy outcomes of women with untreated 'mild' gestational diabetes (gestational diabetes by the WHO 2013 but not by the WHO-1999 diagnostic criteria) - A population-based cohort study

AIMS

We compared pregnancy outcomes of untreated 'mild' GDM (GDM by WHO 2013 but not by WHO-1999) to normal glucose tolerant women (NGT).

METHODS

In a universal screening program 4333 pregnant women had a 3-point 75 g OGTT in Hungary in 2009-2013. By WHO-2013 untreated NGT was diagnosed in n = 3303, 'mild' GDM in n = 336 cases.

RESULTS

'Mild' GDM women were older (mean difference, SE: 1.4, 0.3 yrs), had higher fasting (1.0, 0.02), 60-minute (1.0, 0.09), and 120-minute (0.4, 0.06 mmol/l) blood glucose, and blood pressure (2.6, 0.5/2.0, 0.5 mmHg). Weight gain was similar in both groups (-0.3, 0.3 kg). GDM newborns were heavier (142, 50 g) and were more frequently macrosomic (>4000 g, OR 1.85, 95 %CI 1.35-2.54). Hypertension during pregnancy was more prevalent in the GDM group (OR 1.55, 95 %CI 1.05-2.28), as well as induced (OR 1.38, 95 %CI 1.10-1.74) and instrumental delivery (OR 1.34, 95 %CI 1.07-1.68), and acute caesarean section (OR 1.32, 95 %CI 1.04-1.64). Most of these differences substantially attenuated or became non-significant after adjustment for pre-pregnancy BMI.

CONCLUSIONS

Pregnancy outcomes of 'mild' GDM were worse compared to normal glucose tolerant women however these differences were explained by the pre-pregnancy BMI difference between groups.

Labor Induction After Severe Preeclampsia With Maternal Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome Complications Leading to Intrauterine Fetal Death: A Case Report

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a clinical imaging syndrome characterized by vasogenic edema in the posterior cerebral circulation, with severe preeclampsia (PE) and eclampsia as major etiologies. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome lesions are often reversible, but they can be potentially fatal in obstetric crises, causing serious complications such as cerebral hemorrhage, confusion, headache, visual symptoms, and stroke if not treated immediately. Neurological sequelae and even death may occur in a minority of these cases. In this paper, we report the case of a 26-year-old primigravida at 25 weeks of gestation who was irregular with obstetric visits. The patient presented with edema, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, blurry vision, falling down, and a maximum blood pressure of 190/85 mmHg. A brain MRI revealed PRES. Approximately 10 hours after admission, intrauterine fetal death occurred. After treatment, the patient was in stable condition and successfully induced for delivery.

Anti-Phospholipid Antibodies in Women with Placenta-Mediated Complications Delivered at >34 Weeks of Gestation

OBJECTIVE

To determine the prevalence of positive antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies among pregnant women with placenta-mediated complications delivered at >34^0/7 weeks of gestation.

METHODS

This was a single-center retrospective observational study conducted between 2017 and 2022. Inclusion criteria included pregnant or post-partum women, >18 years, diagnosed with any of the following placenta-mediated complications and delivered at >34^0/7 weeks of gestation: small-for-gestational-age neonate (SGA ≤ 5th percentile according to local birthweight charts), preeclampsia with severe features, and placental abruption. The primary outcome was the prevalence of positive aPL antibodies: Lupus anticoagulant, Anticardiolipin, or Anti-ß2glycoprotein1.

RESULTS

Overall, 431 women met the inclusion criteria. Of them, 378(87.7%) had an SGA neonate, 30 had preeclampsia with severe features (7%), 23 had placental abruption (5.3%), and 21 patients had multiple diagnoses(4.9%). The prevalence of aPL antibodies in the cohort was 4.9% and was comparable between the three subgroups (SGA-3.9%; PET with severe features-3.3%; and placental abruption-13% (p = 0.17)).

CONCLUSION

aPL antibodies prevalence in women with placenta-mediated complications > 34 weeks of gestation was 4.9%, with comparable prevalence rates among the three subgroups. Future prospective studies are needed to delineate the need for treatment in those who tested positive for aPL antibodies and do not meet Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome clinical criteria.

Comprehensive Review of Hypertensive Disorders Related to Pregnancy

Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy is a common complication during pregnancy that affects approximately 10% of pregnancies and is responsible for nearly 14% of maternal deaths worldwide. It affects the mother and the fetus simultaneously, sometimes putting the health of the mother and the fetus at odds with each other. It may present with only hypertension and proteinuria or with life-threatening complications in the mother such as eclampsia; stroke; acute pulmonary edema; acute renal failure; disseminated intravascular coagulation; placental abruption; hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet syndrome; pregnancy loss; and fetal growth restriction and prematurity resulting from the frequent need of delivering preterm in the fetus. In this review, we aimed to describe hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, mainly preeclampsia and chronic hypertension in pregnancy, by discussing the pathophysiology, the central role of abnormal placentation, the release of antiangiogenic factors in the circulation and immunological factors, the clinical outcome in the mother and the fetus, and the diagnostic criteria and principles of management of both the conditions. We also discuss possible screening methods and prevention of preeclampsia using low-dose aspirin and eclampsia prophylaxis.

Preeclampsia pathophysiology and adverse outcomes during pregnancy and postpartum

Background

Preeclampsia is a disease with far-reaching consequences that extend beyond the immediate postpartum period and have a significant impact later in life. Preeclampsia exerts an effect on most organ systems in the body. These sequelae are mediated in part by the incompletely elucidated pathophysiology of preeclampsia and the associated vascular changes.

Content

Current research focuses on unraveling the pathophysiology of preeclampsia with the goal of implementing accurate screening and treatment modalities based on disease development and progression. Preeclampsia causes significant short- and long-term maternal morbidity and mortality, not only in the cardiovascular system but also in other organ systems throughout the body. This impact persists beyond pregnancy and the immediate postpartum period.

Summary

The goal of this review is to discuss the current understanding of the pathophysiology of preeclampsia as it relates to the adverse health consequences in patients impacted by this disease, along with a brief discussion of ways to improve overall outcomes.

Pre-eclampsia

Pre-eclampsia is a life-threatening disease of pregnancy unique to humans and a leading cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Women who survive pre-eclampsia have reduced life expectancy, with increased risks of stroke, cardiovascular disease and diabetes, while babies from a pre-eclamptic pregnancy have increased risks of preterm birth, perinatal death and neurodevelopmental disability and cardiovascular and metabolic disease later in life. Pre-eclampsia is a complex multisystem disease, diagnosed by sudden-onset hypertension (>20 weeks of gestation) and at least one other associated complication, including proteinuria, maternal organ dysfunction or uteroplacental dysfunction. Pre-eclampsia is found only when a placenta is or was recently present and is classified as preterm (delivery <37 weeks of gestation), term (delivery ≥37 weeks of gestation) and postpartum pre-eclampsia. The maternal syndrome of pre-eclampsia is driven by a dysfunctional placenta, which releases factors into maternal blood causing systemic inflammation and widespread maternal endothelial dysfunction. Available treatments target maternal hypertension and seizures, but the only 'cure' for pre-eclampsia is delivery of the dysfunctional placenta and baby, often prematurely. Despite decades of research, the aetiology of pre-eclampsia, particularly of term and postpartum pre-eclampsia, remains poorly defined. Significant advances have been made in the prediction and prevention of preterm pre-eclampsia, which is predicted in early pregnancy through combined screening and is prevented with daily low-dose aspirin, starting before 16 weeks of gestation. By contrast, the prediction of term and postpartum pre-eclampsia is limited and there are no preventive treatments. Future research must investigate the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia, in particular of term and postpartum pre-eclampsia, and evaluate new prognostic tests and treatments in adequately powered clinical trials.

The Potential for Placental Activation of PPARγ to Improve the Angiogenic Profile in Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia (PE) is one of the most common causes of maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality world-wide. While the underlying causes of PE remain elusive, aberrant trophoblast differentiation and function are thought to cause an imbalance of secreted angiogenic proteins resulting in systemic endothelial dysfunction and organ damage in the mother. The placental dysfunction is also characterized by a reduction of the transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) which normally promotes trophoblast differentiation and healthy placental function. This study aimed to understand how placental activation of PPARγ effects the secretion of angiogenic proteins and subsequently endothelial function. To study this, healthy and PE placental tissues were cultured with or without the PPARγ agonist, Rosiglitazone, and a Luminex assay was performed to measure secreted proteins from the placenta. To assess the angiogenic effects of placental activation of PPARγ, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured with the placental conditioned media and the net angiogenic potential of these cells was measured by a tube formation assay. This is the first study to show PPARγ's beneficial effect on the angiogenic profile in the human preeclamptic placenta through the reduction of anti-angiogenic angiopoietin-2 and soluble endoglin and the upregulation of pro-angiogenic placental growth factor, fibroblast growth factor-2, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor, and follistatin. The changes in the angiogenic profile were supported by the increased angiogenic potential observed in the HUVECs when cultured with conditioned media from rosiglitazone-treated preeclamptic placentas. The restoration of these disrupted pathways by activation of PPARγ in the preeclamptic placenta offers potential to improve placental and endothelial function in PE.

Maternal hypertensive disorder of pregnancy and mortality in offspring from birth to young adulthood: national population based cohort study

OBJECTIVE

To examine the association of maternal hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (HDP) with overall and cause specific mortality in offspring from birth to young adulthood.

DESIGN

Nationwide population based cohort study.

SETTING

Danish national health registers.

PARTICIPANTS

All 2 437 718 individuals live born in Denmark, 1978-2018, with follow-up from date of birth until date of death, emigration, or 31 December 2018, whichever came first.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

The primary outcome was all cause mortality. Secondary outcomes were 13 specific causes of death in offspring from birth to young adulthood (age 41 years). Cox regression was used to assess the association, taking into consideration several potential confounders. The role of timing of onset and severity of pre-eclampsia, maternal history of diabetes, and maternal education were also studied.

RESULTS

102 095 mothers had HDP: 67 683 with pre-eclampsia, 679 with eclampsia, and 33 733 with hypertension. During follow-up to 41 years (median 19.4 (interquartile range 9.7-28.7) years), deaths occurred in 781 (58.94 per 100 000 person years) offspring born to mothers with pre-eclampsia, 17 (133.73 per 100 000 person years) born to mothers with eclampsia, 223 (44.38 per 100 000 person years) born to mothers with hypertension, and 19 119 (41.99 per 100 000 person years) born to mothers with no HDP. The difference in cumulative incidence in overall mortality between cohorts exposed and unexposed to maternal HDP was 0.37% (95% confidence interval 0.11% to 0.64%), and the population attributable fraction for maternal HDP was estimated as 1.09% (95% confidence interval 0.77% to 1.41%). Maternal HDP was associated with a 26% (hazard ratio 1.26, 95% confidence interval 1.18 to 1.34) higher risk of all cause mortality in offspring. The corresponding estimates for maternal pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, and hypertension were 1.29 (1.20 to 1.38), 2.88 (1.79 to 4.63), and 1.12 (0.98 to 1.28). Increased risks were also observed for several cause specific mortalities, such as deaths from conditions originating in the perinatal period (2.04, 1.81 to 2.30), cardiovascular diseases (1.52, 1.08 to 2.13), digestive system diseases (2.09, 1.27 to 3.43), and endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases (1.56, 1.08 to 2.27). The increased risks were more pronounced among offspring of mothers with early onset and severe pre-eclampsia (6.06, 5.35 to 6.86) or with both HDP and diabetes history (1.57, 1.16 to 2.14) or HDP and low education level (1.49, 1.34 to 1.66).

CONCLUSION

Maternal HDP, particularly eclampsia and severe pre-eclampsia, is associated with increased risks of overall mortality and various cause specific mortalities in offspring from birth to young adulthood.

Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: Common Clinical Conundrums

Importance

Hypertensive complications of pregnancy comprise 16% of maternal deaths in developed countries and 7.4% of deaths in the United States. Rates of preeclampsia increased 25% from 1987 to 2004, and rates of severe preeclampsia have increased 6.7-fold between 1980 and 2003.

Objective

The aim of this study was to review current and available evidence for common clinical questions regarding the management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.

Evidence Acquisition

Original research articles, review articles, and guidelines on hypertension in pregnancy were reviewed.

Results

Severe gestational hypertension should be managed as preeclampsia with severe features. Serum uric acid levels can be useful in predicting development of superimposed preeclampsia for women with chronic hypertension. When presenting with preeclampsia with severe features before 34 weeks, expectant management should be considered only when both maternal and fetal conditions are stable. In the setting of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, oral antihypertensive medications should be initiated when systolic blood pressure is greater than 160 mm Hg or when diastolic blood pressure is greater than 110 mm Hg, with the most ideal agents being labetalol or nifedipine. Furthermore, although risk of preeclampsia recurrence in future pregnancy is low, women with a history of preeclampsia should be managed with 81 mg aspirin daily for preeclampsia prevention.

Conclusions and Relevance

Despite the frequency with which hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are encountered clinically, situations arise frequently with limited evidence to guide providers in their management. An urgent need exists to better understand this disease to optimize outcomes for impacted patients.

Maternal-Perinatal Variables in Patients with Severe Preeclampsia Who Develop Acute Kidney Injury

Introduction: At present, we are witnessing an increase in preeclampsia, especially the most severe forms, which are associated with an increased risk of maternal-perinatal morbidity and mortality. As a severity criterion, acute kidney injury (AKI) has been associated with a worse prognosis, and for this reason, the maternal and perinatal variables associated with AKI in patients with severe preeclampsia (SP) were analysed in this study. Methods: An observational, retrospective, single-centre study of patients with SP treated at a tertiary hospital between January 2007 and December 2018 was conducted. The case criteria based on the criteria established by the ACOG Practice Guidelines for Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia. AKI is considered when serum creatinine exceeds 1.1 mg/dL in a pregnant woman with previously normal renal function. In patients with existing chronic kidney disease (CKD), it is referred to as AKI if the baseline serum creatinine increases by 1.5 fold. Pregestational, gestational and postpartum variables were analysed up to 12 weeks postpartum using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: During the study period, 76,828 births were attended, and 303 pregnant women were diagnosed with SP. The annual incidence of SP increased gradually throughout the study period, reaching 1.79/100 births/year in 2018. Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurred in 24.8% of the patients. The multivariate analysis revealed an increased association with a history of previous CKD, the use of assisted reproductive techniques and caesarean section. Uric acid and thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) had a high correlation with AKI. Indications for caesarean section are associated with AKI in SP. Regarding perinatal outcomes in cases of AKI, there was a higher percentage of neonates who required foetal lung maturation with steroids and an increased need for NICU admission. No case of maternal death was recorded; however, an increase in neonatal mortality was found among patients who did not develop AKI. After 12 weeks postpartum, 72 patients were referred to the nephrology consultation for persistent hypertension, proteinuria or renal failure. Conclusions: In preeclampsia, AKI is a common complication, especially among patients with a history of CKD, those who became pregnant using assisted reproduction techniques and those who delivered via caesarean section. The perinatal impact of AKI is mainly centred on a higher rate of NICU admission and a lower mortality rate. Among biochemical and haematological markers, the uric acid level prior to renal failure has a direct and significant correlation with the risk of AKI, as does the development of TMA in patients with preeclampsia. Therefore, the monitoring of renal function in cases of preeclampsia should be strict, and referral for a nephrology consultation may be necessary in some cases.

Incidence and risk factors for severe preeclampsia, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome, and eclampsia at preterm and term gestation: a population-based study

BACKGROUND

The majority of previous studies on severe preeclampsia, eclampsia, and hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome were hospital-based or included a relatively small number of women. Large, population-based studies examining gestational age-specific incidence patterns and risk factors for these severe pregnancy complications are lacking.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to assess the gestational age-specific incidence rates and risk factors for severe preeclampsia, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome, and eclampsia.

STUDY DESIGN

We carried out a retrospective, population-based cohort study that included all women with a singleton hospital birth in Canada (excluding Quebec) from 2012 to 2016 (N=1,078,323). Data on the primary outcomes (ie, severe preeclampsia, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome, and eclampsia) were obtained from delivery hospitalization records abstracted by the Canadian Institute for Health Information. A Cox regression was used to assess independent risk factors (eg, maternal age and chronic comorbidity) for each primary outcome and to assess differences in the effects at preterm vs term gestation (<37 vs ≥37 weeks).

RESULTS

The rates of severe preeclampsia (n=2533), hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome (n=2663), and eclampsia (n=465) were 2.35, 2.47, and 0.43 per 1000 singleton pregnancies, respectively. The cumulative incidence of term-onset severe preeclampsia was lower than that of preterm-onset severe preeclampsia (0.87 vs 1.54 per 1000; rate ratio, 0.57; 95% confidence intervals, 0.53-0.62), the rates of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome were similar (1.32 vs 1.23 per 1000; rate ratio, 0.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.86-1.00), and the preterm-onset eclampsia rate was lower than the term-onset rate (0.12 vs 0.33 per 1000; rate ratio, 2.64; 95% confidence interval, 2.16-3.23). For each primary outcome, chronic comorbidity and congenital anomalies were stronger risk factors for preterm- vs term-onset disease. Younger mothers (aged <25 years) were at higher risk for severe preeclampsia at term and for eclampsia at all gestational ages, whereas older mothers (aged ≥35 years) had elevated risks for severe preeclampsia and hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome. Regardless of gestational age, nulliparity was a risk factor for all outcomes, whereas socioeconomic status was inversely associated with severe preeclampsia.

CONCLUSION

The risk for severe preeclampsia declined at term, eclampsia risk increased at term, and hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome risk was similar for preterm and term gestation. Young maternal age was associated with an increased risk for eclampsia and term-onset severe preeclampsia. Prepregnancy comorbidity and fetal congenital anomalies were more strongly associated with severe preeclampsia, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome, and eclampsia at preterm gestation.

Irisin Protects the Human Placenta from Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis via Activation of the Akt Signaling Pathway

Irisin is a newly discovered exercise-mediated polypeptide hormone. Irisin levels increase during pregnancy however, women with preeclampsia (PE) have significantly lower levels of Irisin compared to women of healthy pregnancies. Even though many studies suggest a role of Irisin in pregnancy, its function in the human placenta is unclear. In the current study, we aimed to understand key roles of Irisin through its ability to protect against apoptosis is the preeclamptic placenta and in ex vivo and in vitro models of hypoxia/re-oxygenation (H/R) injury. Our studies show that Irisin prevents cell death by reducing pro-apoptotic signaling cascades, reducing cleavage of PARP to induce DNA repair pathways and reducing activity of Caspase 3. Irisin caused an increase in the levels of anti-apoptotic BCL2 to pro-apoptotic BAX and reduced ROS levels in an in vitro model of placental ischemia. Furthermore, we show that Irisin treatment acts through the Akt signaling pathway to prevent apoptosis and enhance cell survival. Our findings provide a novel understanding for the anti-apoptotic and pro-survival properties of Irisin in the human placenta under pathological conditions. This work yields new insights into placental development and disease and points towards intervention strategies for placental insufficiencies, such as PE, by protecting and maintaining placental function through inhibiting hypoxic ischemia-induced apoptosis.

Expectant Versus Interventionist Care in the Management of Severe Preeclampsia Remote from Term: A Systematic Review

OBJECTIVE

 To compare the effects of expectant versus interventionist care in the management of pregnant women with severe preeclampsia remote from term.

DATA SOURCES

 An electronic search was conducted in the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS, for its Spanish acronym), World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO-ICTRP), and OpenGrey databases. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO, for its French acronym), Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG), American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), and Colombian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (CJOG) websites were searched for conference proceedings, without language restrictions, up to March 25, 2020.

SELECTION OF STUDIES

 Randomized clinical trials (RCTs), and non-randomized controlled studies (NRSs) were included. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to evaluate the quality of the evidence.

DATA COLLECTION

 Studies were independently assessed for inclusion criteria, data extraction, and risk of bias. Disagreements were resolved by consensus.

DATA SYNTHESIS

 Four RCTs and six NRS were included. Low-quality evidence from the RCTs showed that expectant care may result in a lower incidence of appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration (Apgar) scores < 7 at 5 minutes (risk ratio [RR]: 0.48; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.23%to 0.99) and a higher average birth weight (mean difference [MD]: 254.7 g; 95%CI: 98.5 g to 410.9 g). Very low quality evidence from the NRSs suggested that expectant care might decrease the rates of neonatal death (RR: 0.42; 95%CI 0.22 to 0.80), hyaline membrane disease (RR: 0.59; 95%CI: 0.40 to 0.87), and admission to neonatal care (RR: 0.73; 95%CI: 0.54 to 0.99). No maternal or fetal differences were found for other perinatal outcomes.

CONCLUSION

 Compared with interventionist management, expectant care may improve neonatal outcomes without increasing maternal morbidity and mortality.

Cost-utility of a first-trimester screening strategy versus the standard of care for nulliparous women to prevent pre-term pre-eclampsia in Belgium

OBJECTIVES

To assess the cost-effectiveness of the Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF) combined first-trimester pre-eclampsia (PE) screening algorithm, coupled with low-dose aspirin treatment in high-risk patients, compared to the standard of care (SOC; screening based on maternal risk factors) for nulliparous pregnancies in Belgium.

STUDY DESIGN

A decision analytic model was used to estimate the costs and outcomes for patients screened using the SOC and for those using the FMF screening algorithm, from the Belgian payers' perspective. Where possible, the probabilities and associated costs at each decision point were calculated based on published literature and public databases.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Cost-effectiveness was assessed using an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. One-way sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the impact of independent variations in each model parameter. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis was used to estimate the impact of the overall uncertainty of the model on the estimated cost-effectiveness.

RESULTS

Considering an estimated 51,309 pregnancies in nulliparous women in Belgium per year, the FMF screening algorithm resulted in fewer cases of pre-term PE compared with the SOC (479 versus 816 cases) and a cost saving of €28.67 per patient. The outcome in quality-adjusted life-years was similar for both screening approaches (FMF screening algorithm 1.8521 versus SOC 1.8518). The FMF screening algorithm was cost-saving and more effective in 99.4% of simulations.

CONCLUSIONS

The FMF screening algorithm coupled with early intervention using low-dose aspirin has the potential to prevent an additional 337 cases of pre-term PE per year compared with the current SOC in this population, along with a cost saving.

Abortion in women with severe preeclampsia and eclampsia prior to 24 weeks gestation

OBJECTIVE

Due to poor prognosis, obstetric care providers often recommend abortion for women diagnosed with severe preeclampsia prior to fetal viability. However, there is limited available evidence to guide the counseling regarding risks.

STUDY DESIGN

This study is a retrospective case series that describes outcomes of all women who underwent abortions with the diagnosis of severe preeclampsia or eclampsia prior to 24 weeks gestation.

RESULTS

This case series describes 11 women who underwent abortion prior to 24 weeks gestation due to severe preeclampsia or eclampsia, 9 by dilation and evacuation and 2 by labor induction. The majority of women underwent dilation and evacuation and no women undergoing either induction of labor or dilation and evacuation had severe complications directly related to the abortion.

CONCLUSIONS

This case series provides information on the safety of abortion procedures in women with severe preeclampsia and eclampsia syndrome.

Cesarean birth in the Global Network for Women's and Children's Health Research: trends in utilization, risk factors, and subgroups with high cesarean birth rates

BACKGROUND

The objectives of this analysis were to document trends in and risk factors associated with the cesarean birth rate in low- and middle-income country sites participating in the Global Network for Women's and Children's Health Research (Global Network).

METHODS

This is a secondary analysis of a prospective, population-based study of home and facility births conducted in the Global Network sites.

RESULTS

Cesarean birth rates increased uniformly across all sites between 2010 and 2018. Across all sites in multivariable analyses, women younger than age twenty had a reduced risk of cesarean birth (RR 0.9 [0.9, 0.9]) and women over 35 had an increased risk of cesarean birth (RR 1.1 [1.1, 1.1]) compared to women aged 20 to 35. Compared to women with a parity of three or more, less parous women had an increased risk of cesarean (RR 1.2 or greater [1.2, 1.4]). Four or more antenatal visits (RR 1.2 [1.2, 1.3]), multiple pregnancy (RR 1.3 [1.3, 1.4]), abnormal progress in labor (RR 1.1 [1.0, 1.1]), antepartum hemorrhage (RR 2.3 [2.0, 2.7]), and hypertensive disease (RR 1.6 [1.5, 1.7]) were all associated with an increased risk of cesarean birth, p < 0.001. For multiparous women with a history of prior cesarean birth, rates of vaginal birth after cesarean were about 20% in the Latin American and Southeast Asian sites and about 84% at the sub-Saharan African sites. In the African sites, proportions of cesarean birth in the study were highest among women without a prior cesarean and a single, cephalic, term pregnancy. In the non-African sites, groups with the greatest proportion of cesarean births were nulliparous women with a single, cephalic, term pregnancy and all multiparous women with at least one previous uterine scar with a term, cephalic pregnancy.

CONCLUSION

Cesarean birth rates continue to rise within the Global Network. The proportions of cesarean birth are higher among women with no history of cesarean birth in the African sites and among women with primary elective cesarean, primary cesarean after induction, and repeat cesarean in the non-African sites.

Prediction Model for Vaginal Birth After Induction of Labor in Women With Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy

OBJECTIVE

To identify characteristics associated with vaginal delivery compared with cesarean delivery after labor induction among women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and to develop and validate a prediction model to assist in clinical care.

METHODS

We studied a retrospective cohort of women with singleton pregnancies who had hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and who underwent induction of labor at 34 weeks of gestation or more from January 1, 2002, to March 31, 2013. Exclusion criteria included spontaneous labor, prelabor cesarean delivery, and known fetal anomalies. The study cohort was randomly divided into two groups; 70% of pregnancies were used to identify characteristics associated with vaginal delivery and develop a prediction model, and 30% were used to internally validate the model. Candidate predictors were limited to those associated with cesarean delivery and were available to a practitioner at time of induction. Stepwise backward logistic regression was used to build the most parsimonious model predicting cesarean delivery. Hosmer-Lemeshow test was used to assess goodness-of-fit. Model discrimination was evaluated using the concordance index and displayed through the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).

RESULTS

Of the 1,357 women meeting study criteria, 974 (71.8%) had a vaginal delivery. The final model consisted of eight variables: maternal age, body mass index, gestational age, intrapartum magnesium sulfate for seizure prophylaxis, need for cervical ripening, prior cesarean delivery and cervical dilation, and effacement. Model calibration and discrimination were satisfactory with Hosmer-Lemeshow test P=.35 and with a 95% CI, an AUC of 0.76 (0.73-0.79). Among those with predicted probability of cesarean delivery of 20% or less, 89.5% had a vaginal delivery. Internal validation demonstrated similar discriminatory ability.

CONCLUSION

Using information available before labor induction, and contingent on future external validation, our model can help women better understand their likelihood of vaginal delivery success when undergoing induction of labor for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.

Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Efficacy of Recombinant Antithrombin Versus Placebo in Preterm Preeclampsia

BACKGROUND

Despite expectant management, preeclampsia remote from term usually results in preterm delivery. Antithrombin, which displays antiinflammatory and anticoagulant properties, may have a therapeutic role in treating preterm preeclampsia, a disorder characterized by endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and activation of the coagulation system.

OBJECTIVE

This randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial aimed to evaluate whether intravenous recombinant human antithrombin could prolong gestation and therefore improve maternal and fetal outcomes.

STUDY DESIGN

We performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial at 23 hospitals. Women were eligible if they had a singleton pregnancy, early-onset or superimposed preeclampsia at 23 0/7 to 30 0/7 weeks' gestation, and planned expectant management. In addition to standard therapy, patients were randomized to receive either recombinant human antithrombin 250 mg loading dose followed by a continuous infusion of 2000 mg per 24 hours or an identical saline infusion until delivery. The primary outcome was days gained from randomization until delivery. The secondary outcome was composite neonatal morbidity score. A total of 120 women were randomized.

RESULTS

There was no difference in median gestational age at enrollment (27.3 weeks' gestation for the recombinant human antithrombin group [range, 23.1-30.0] and 27.6 weeks' gestation for the placebo group [range, 23.0-30.0]; P=.67). There were no differences in median increase in days gained (5.0 in the recombinant human antithrombin group [range, 0-75] and 6.0 for the placebo group [range, 0-85]; P=.95). There were no differences between groups in composite neonatal morbidity scores or in maternal complications. No safety issues related to recombinant human antithrombin were noted in this study, despite the achievement of supraphysiological antithrombin concentrations.

CONCLUSION

The administration of recombinant human antithrombin in preterm preeclampsia neither prolonged pregnancy nor improved neonatal or maternal outcomes.

Resuscitating the Crashing Pregnant Patient

Care of the critically ill pregnant patient is anxiety-provoking for those unprepared, as the emergency physician must consider not only the welfare of the immediate patient, but of the fetus as well. Familiarity with the physiologic changes of pregnancy and how they affect clinical presentation and management is key. Although some medications may be safer in pregnancy than others, stabilizing the pregnant patient is paramount. Emergency physicians should target pregnancy-specific oxygen and ventilation goals and hemodynamics and should be prepared to perform a perimortem cesarean section, should the mother lose pulses, to increase chances for maternal and fetal survival.

Metabolomic biomarkers in midtrimester maternal plasma can accurately predict the development of preeclampsia

Early identification of patients at risk of developing preeclampsia (PE) would allow providers to tailor their prenatal management and adopt preventive strategies, such as low-dose aspirin. Nevertheless, no mid-trimester biomarkers have as yet been proven useful for prediction of PE. This study investigates the ability of metabolomic biomarkers in mid-trimester maternal plasma to predict PE. A case–control study was conducted including 33 pregnant women with mid-trimester maternal plasma (gestational age [GA], 16–24 weeks) who subsequently developed PE and 66 GA-matched controls with normal outcomes (mid-trimester cohort). Plasma samples were comprehensively profiled for primary metabolic and lipidomic signatures based on gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF MS) and liquid chromatography Orbitrap mass spectrometry (LC-Orbitrap MS). A potential biomarker panel was computed based on binary logistic regression and evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. To evaluate whether this panel can be also used in late pregnancy, a retrospective cohort study was conducted using plasma collected from women who delivered in the late preterm period because of PE (n = 13) or other causes (n = 21) (at-delivery cohort). Metabolomic biomarkers were compared according to the indication for delivery. Performance of the metabolomic panel to identify patients with PE was compared also to a commonly used standard, the plasma soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1/placental growth factor (sFlt-1/PlGF) ratio. In the mid-trimester cohort, a total of 329 metabolites were identified and semi-quantified in maternal plasma using GC-TOF MS and LC-Orbitrap-MS. Binary logistic regression analysis proposed a mid-trimester biomarker panel for the prediction of PE with five metabolites (SM C28:1, SM C30:1, LysoPC C19:0, LysoPE C20:0, propane-1,3-diol). This metabolomic model predicted PE better than PlGF (AUC [95% CI]: 0.868 [0.844–0.891] vs 0.604 [0.485–0.723]) and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio. Analysis of plasma from the at-delivery cohort confirmed the ability of this biomarker panel to distinguish PE from non-PE, with comparable discrimination power to that of the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio. In conclusion, an integrative metabolomic biomarker panel in mid-trimester maternal plasma can accurately predict the development of PE and showed good discriminatory power in patients with PE at delivery.

Preterm parturition and pre-eclampsia: The confluence of two great gestational syndromes

BACKGROUND

Preterm birth (PTB) and pre-eclampsia independently, and frequently concurrently, adversely affect the pregnancy outcomes of millions of mothers and infants worldwide each year.

OBJECTIVES

To fill the gap between PTB and pre-eclampsia, which continue to constitute the two most important current global challenges to maternal and perinatal health.

METHODS

Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched from inception until December 2019 using the terms spontaneous PTB (SPTB), indicated preterm delivery (IPTD), early-onset pre-eclampsia, and pre-eclampsia.

RESULTS

History of PTB and pre-eclampsia were the strongest risk factors contributing to the occurrence of SPTB or IPTB. The risk of PTB and pre-eclampsia among non-Hispanic African American women was higher than the rate among all other racial/ethnic groups in the United States. Low-dose aspirin (LDA) has been reported to reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia by at least 10% and PTB by at least 14%. Lastly, women and their fetuses who develop early-onset pre-eclampsia are at higher risk for developing hypertension and cardiovascular disease later in life.

CONCLUSIONS

While better clarity is needed, efforts to coordinate prevention of both PTB and pre-eclampsia, even though imperfect, are critically important as part of any program to make motherhood as safe as possible.

Induction of TGF-β receptor I expression in a DNA methylation-independent manner mediated by DNMT3A downregulation is involved in early-onset severe preeclampsia

Preeclampsia, especially early-onset severe preeclampsia is one of the leading causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Although it has been well known that the pathophysiology of early-onset severe preeclampsia begins with abnormal placentation and aberrant activation of TGF-β signaling inhibits trophoblast cell invasion, the mechanisms underlying dysregulation of TGF-β signaling in early-onset severe preeclampsia remain elusive to date. Here, we revealed that induction of TGFBR1/TGF-β signaling mediated by DNMT3A downregulation plays a critical role in early-onset severe preeclampsia. Our results show that DNMT3A downregulation elevates TGFBR1 expression in trophoblast cells. Moreover, inhibition of TGFBR1 and TGF-β/Smad signaling can rescue the deficiencies of trophoblast cell migration and invasion caused by DNMT3A knockdown. Mechanistically, DNMT3A suppresses the transcription of TGFBR1 through recruiting EZH2 to its promoter but not changing DNA methylation of TGFBR1 promoter. In human samples, we detected lowly expressed DNMT3A, highly expressed TGFBR1 and hyperactivation of TGF-β/Smad signaling in decidua-embedded extravillous trophoblasts in early-onset severe preeclampsia, which provides the clinical evidence for the correlation between DNMT3A and TGFBR1. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that DNA methylation-independent induction of TGFBR1 mediated by DNMT3A downregulation is relevant to the development of early-onset severe preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia: a defect in decidualization is associated with deficiency of Annexin A2

BACKGROUND

Decidualization defects in the endometrium have been demonstrated at the time of delivery in women with severe preeclampsia and to linger for years, which suggests a maternal contribution to the pathogenesis of this condition. Global transcriptional profiling reveals alterations in gene expression, which includes down-regulation of Annexin A2 in severe preeclampsia patients with decidualization resistance.

OBJECTIVE

We investigated the functional role of Annexin A2 deficiency during endometrial decidualization and its potential contribution to shallow trophoblast invasion during implantation and subsequent placentation using in vitro and in vivo modeling.

STUDY DESIGN

Annexin A2 gene and protein levels were assessed during in vitro decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells isolated from biopsy specimens that were collected from women with previous severe preeclampsia (n=5) or normal obstetric outcomes (n=5). Next, Annexin A2 was inhibited with small interference RNA in control human endometrial stromal cells that were isolated from endometrial biopsy specimens (n=15) as an in vitro model to analyze decidualization defects at the morphologic level and the secretion of prolactin and insulin-like growth binding protein-1. Annexin A2-inhibited cells were used to evaluate motility and promotion of embryo invasion. Decidualization and placentation defects of Annexin A2 deficiency were confirmed with the use of an Annexin A2-null mouse model.

RESULTS

Annexin A2 gene and protein levels were down-regulated during in vitro decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells from women with previous severe preeclampsia compared with control individuals. To assess its role in the endometrial stroma, we inhibited Annexin A2 expression and detected decidualization failure as evidenced by impaired morphologic transformation, which was associated with altered actin polymerization and low prolactin and insulin-like growth binding protein-1 secretions. Functionally, in vitro models demonstrated that Annexin A2 inhibition failed to support embryo invasion. This finding was corroborated by reduced trophoblast spreading through human endometrial stromal cells, lack of motility of these cells, and reduced trophoblast invasion in the presence of conditioned media from Annexin A2-inhibited cells. Extending our discovery to an animal model, we detected that Annexin A2-null mice have a functional deficiency in decidualization and placentation that impairs fetal growth as a feature that is associated with severe preeclampsia.

CONCLUSION

Together, in vitro and in vivo results suggest that endometrial defects in Annexin A2 expression impair decidualization of endometrial stromal cells as well as the uterine microenvironment that promotes embryo implantation and placentation. Our findings highlight the maternal contribution to the pathogenesis of severe preeclampsia and suggest that evaluation of Annexin A2 may provide a novel strategy to assess a woman's risk of experiencing this disease and perhaps discover therapeutic interventions to improve decidualization.

Adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes among women with preeclampsia with severe features <34 weeks gestation with versus without comorbidity

OBJECTIVES

To determine adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes among women with preeclampsia with severe features who delivered <34 weeks comparing those with versus without a comorbid condition.

STUDY DESIGN

A retrospective analysis from the U.S. Consortium on Safe Labor Study of deliveries <34 weeks with preeclampsia with severe features. We examined the association of each comorbid condition versus none with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. The comorbidities (not mutually exclusive) were chronic hypertension, pregestational diabetes, gestational diabetes, twin gestation, and fetal growth restriction.

MAIN OUTCOMES

Maternal outcome: eclampsia, thromboembolism, ICU admission, and/or death; and neonatal outcome: intracranial/periventricular hemorrhage, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy/periventricular leukomalacia, stillbirth, and/or perinatal death.

RESULTS

Among 2217 deliveries, 50% had a comorbidity, namely chronic hypertension (30%), pregestational diabetes (8%), gestational diabetes (8%), twin gestation (10%), and fetal growth restriction (7%). Adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes occurred in 10% and 12% of pregnancies, respectively. Pregnancies with preeclampsia with severe features delivered <34 weeks complicated by gestational diabetes (adjusted risk difference, aRD: -4.9%, 95%CI: -9.11 to -0.71), twin gestation (aRD: -5.1%, 95%CI: -8.63 to -1.73), and fetal growth restriction (aRD: -4.7%, 95%CI: -7.96 to -1.62) were less likely to result in adverse maternal outcome compared to pregnancies without comorbidity, but not chronic hypertension and pregestational diabetes. A pregnancy complicated by fetal growth restriction (aRD: 12.2%, 95%CI: 5.48 to 19.03) was more likely to result in adverse neonatal outcome, but not other comorbid conditions.

CONCLUSIONS

Preeclampsia with severe features <34 weeks complicated by comorbidity was generally not associated with an increased risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, with the exception of fetal growth restriction.

Expectant management in HELLP syndrome: predictive factors of disease evolution

Objective: HELLP syndrome is a rare and severe pregnancy complication which exposes to severe maternal and fetal morbidity. Management of HELLP syndrome occurring before 34 weeks of gestation (WG) is still controversial but conservative management may be beneficial in patients with stable HELLP syndrome. The aim of the study was thus to identify which maternal and fetal prognostic factors could be predictive of HELLP syndrome evolution.Methods: From 2003 to 2016, all patients with HELLP syndrome occurring between 26 and 34 WG were retrospectively enrolled. Study population was stratified according to obstetrical management. Patients in whom delivery was initiated within 48 h following diagnosis constituted the active management group. In the expectant management group, pregnancy was prolonged until maternal or fetal follow up indicated delivery.Results: Ninety-nine patients were included in our study. Among them, 61 were managed expectantly. At baseline, the active management group was more likely to suffer from persistent hyperreflexia (p < .001), headache (p = .006) and confusion (p < .01). Moreover, this group was associated with worst biological and ultrasound features, namely decreased prothrombin ratio (p = .04), increased creatinine value (p = .01), and increased rates of pathological umbilical cord flow (p = .05) and abnormal ductus venosus flow (p = .007). After logistic regression, baseline significant prognostic factors were hyperreflexia (RR = 12.35; CI = 3.8 - 39.9), creatinine level (RR = 1.03; CI = 1002 - 1058) and abnormal umbilical cord flow (RR = 3.95; CI = 1.05 - 14.81). Last, expectant management leads to longer gestation time after diagnosis with an average value of 7.75 days without increasing maternal nor fetal mortality.Conclusion: While expectant management in HELLP syndrome might be beneficial through its reduction of prematurity, it cannot be conducted in all patients. Identification of baseline parameters predictive of disease evolution is thus of tremendous importance to define which obstetrical approach should be prioritized.

Risk factors and pregnancy outcomes associated with retinopathy in patients presenting with severe preeclampsia: A retrospective cohort study

The visual system was reported to be affected in over half of patients with preeclampsia (PE), though fundus examination was performed only among patients complaining of visual symptoms. Delayed diagnosis and treatment of PE-related retinopathy may lead to permanent visual impairment. Therefore, we hypothesize that some clinical or laboratory parameters could predict severity of retinal damage.The aim of the study was to explore the risk factors for retinopathy in severe preeclampsia (sPE) and investigate pregnancy outcomes with different degrees of retinopathy.This retrospective cohort study included women with sPE who underwent ophthalmoscopy and delivered after admission to West China Second University Hospital, between June 2013 and December 2016. Clinical and laboratory characteristics were retrieved from medical records. Patients confirmed with retinopathy were followed up with telephones. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors of PE-related retinopathy.Five hundred thirty-four patients were included, of which 17.6% having stage-1/2 retinopathy, 14.6% having stage-3/4 retinopathy, and 67.8% having normal retina. Compared with patients without retinopathy, patients with stage 3/4 retinopathy were more likely to have preterm-birth and low-birth-weight babies. Significant risk factors for stage 3/4 retinopathy in sPE included severe hypertension (odds ratio [OR] 2.24, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10-4.56), elevated white blood cell (WBC) counts (OR 1.88, 95% CI: 1.05-3.35), decreased platelet counts (OR 2.12, 95% CI: 1.07-4.48), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentration of >800 IU/L (OR 2.31, 95% CI: 1.05-5.06), low hemoglobin (HGB) concentrations of <110 g/L (OR 3.73, 95% CI: 1.21-11.47), 24-hour proteinuria of 2 to 5 g (OR 6.39, 95% CI: 2.84-14.39), and >5 g (OR 8.66, 95% CI: 3.67-20.44).This study confirms the association between retinopathy and preterm-birth and low-birth weight in sPE. The risk factors for severe PE-related retinopathy, including severe hypertension, platelet and WBC count, HGB and LDH concentration, and proteinuria, are associated with the development of retinopathy. Routine and repeated fundus examination is recommended for maternal monitoring in sPE.

Factors contributing to favourable neonatal outcomes in early-onset severe preeclampsia

We collected data from all the women with singleton pregnancies complicated by early-onset severe preeclampsia between 2008 and 2018 to identify the factor(s) that contributed to favourable neonatal outcome. Thirty women delivered the neonates with favourable outcome and the remaining 21 women delivered those with unfavourable outcome. Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that gestational age at diagnosis ≥28 weeks (crude odds ratio [OR], 6.00), protocol-based management (crude OR 5.83), use of magnesium sulphate (crude OR, 6.00), gestational age at delivery ≥32 weeks (crude OR, 31.90), and birthweight ≥1000 g (crude OR, 10.36) were significantly associated with favourable neonatal outcome. Among these five factors, multivariate logistic regression analysis extracted gestational age at delivery ≥32 weeks (adjusted OR, 17.62) as an only independent factor contributing to favourable neonatal outcome. These data suggest that prolongation of pregnancy up to 32 weeks of gestation is a key factor to improve neonatal outcome in the expectant management of early-onset severe preeclampsia.This study was approved by the ethics committee of Otsu Red Cross Hospital (reference number: 363, date of approval: April 28th, 2016).Impact statementWhat is already known on this subject? It has been demonstrated that expectant management for the women with early-onset severe preeclampsia is associated with decreased neonatal morbidity as compared to the aggressive management, suggesting that prolongation of the pregnancy period contributes to improved neonatal outcomes.What do the results of this study add? Among multiple elements composing expectant management for the women with early-onset severe preeclampsia, 'gestational age at delivery ≥32 weeks' was extracted as an only independent factor that significantly contributes to favourable neonatal outcomes. Importantly, small for gestational age was not significantly associated with poor neonatal outcomes.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? The obstetrician should aim to prolong the pregnancies complicated by early-onset severe preeclampsia up to 32 gestational weeks even in the presence of foetal growth restriction, as far as maternal conditions allow. Such management policy could contribute to improvement of the neonatal outcomes.

Maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes among different types of hypertensive disorders associating pregnancy needing intensive care management

Objective: To assess the relationship between maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes and different forms of hypertensive disorders associating pregnancy in women needed intensive care units (ICUs) admission.Methods: A prospective case control study was conducted on 1238 women admitted to hypertensive ICU at three university hospitals. They were classified into four groups. Group I included 472 women with severe preeclampsia (PE), Group II included 243 women with eclampsia (E), Group III included 396 women diagnosed with E associated with HELLP syndrome, and Group IV included 127 women diagnosed as HELLP syndrome. All women received magnesium sulfate to prevent and/or control convulsions and nifedipine to control their blood pressure. Primary outcome parameter was maternal mortality. Other outcomes included maternal morbidities, fetal, and neonatal outcomes.Results: There was a significant difference among the study groups regarding the need for blood transfusion (58.1%, 70%, 84.3%, and 42.5% respectively, p < .001), number of transferred units (2.4 ± 1, 2.9 ± 0.9, 3.4 ± 1.1, and 3.5 ± 0.8 respectively, p < .001), placental abruption (23.3%, 16.5%, 30.3%, and 19.7% respectively, p < .001), pulmonary edema (14.8%, 22.6%, 19.9%, and 34.6% respectively, p < .001), multiple complications (12.5%, 12.3%, 19.9%, and 26% respectively, p < .001), and maternal mortality (1.9%, 4.1%, 6.1%, and 5.5% respectively, p < .001). Regarding fetal and neonatal outcomes, there was a significant difference among the four groups regarding Apgar score at 1 and 5 min, neonatal birth weight, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, NICU admission days, intrauterine growth restriction, perinatal death, respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, sepsis, and the need for mechanical ventilation (p < .001). Higher rate of vaginal delivery was reported in women with HELLP (40.9%) and severe PE (39.8%) and higher rates of performing cesarean section (CS) in women with eclampsia (77.8%). Maternal mortality is significantly related to delivery with CS, younger maternal age with lower parity, and the presence of placental abruption or pulmonary edema. For Groups III and IV, which included HELLP cases, there are significant differences between both groups as regards HELLP classes according to Mississippi classification, also significant differences were seen between both groups as regards, maternal mortality, abruptio placenta, pulmonary edema, multiple organ damage, NICU admission, perinatal deaths, and need for mechanical ventilation.Conclusion: Both maternal mortality and morbidity (placental abruption and need for blood transfusion) are significantly higher in women with HELLP syndrome worsens to become class 1 regardless of whether eclampsia is present or not.Synopsis: Maternal mortality and unfavorable outcome are significantly higher in women with HELLP syndrome whether it was associated with eclampsia or not.

Protein Misfolding during Pregnancy: New Approaches to Preeclampsia Diagnostics

Preeclampsia (PE) is a multisystem heterogeneous complication of pregnancy remaining a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality over the world. PE has a large spectrum of clinical features and symptoms, which make diagnosis challenging. Despite a long period of studying, PE etiology is still unclear and there are no reliable rapid tests for early diagnosis of this disease. During the last decade, it was shown that proteins misfolding and aggregation are associated with PE. Several proteins, including amyloid beta peptide, transthyretin, alpha-1 antitrypsin, albumin, IgG k-free light chains, and ceruloplasmin are dysregulated in PE, resulting in toxic deposition of amyloid-like aggregates in the placenta and body fluids. It is also possible that aggregated proteins induce defective trophoblast invasion, placental ischemia, ER stress, and promote PE manifestation. The fact that protein aggregation is an emerging biomarker of PE provides an opportunity to develop new diagnostic approaches based on amyloids special features, such as Congo red (CR) staining and thioflavin T (ThT) enhanced fluorescence.

A preeclampsia risk prediction model based on maternal characteristics and serum markers in twin pregnancy

Aim: To develop preeclampsia (PE) risk prediction model based on maternal characteristics and serum markers at the first and second trimester in the twin pregnancy.Methods: Between January 2005 and September 2017, we retrospectively reviewed medical records of 532 twin pregnant women who underwent maternal serum integrated test and gave birth at a Bundang CHA Medical Center. Maternal serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) was determined at 10⁺⁰ to 13⁺⁶ weeks and the serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP), human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), unconjugated estriol (uE₃) and inhibin A were assayed at 14⁺⁰ to 22⁺⁰weeks. We assessed the relationships of maternal characteristics and serum markers by using multiple logistic regression analysis.Results: The study included 35 patients who diagnosed PE and a control group consisting of the other 497 patients in twin pregnancy. There were no significant differences in the maternal age and body mass index (BMI) between two groups. However, the gestational age and placenta weight at delivery were significantly different between groups (p < .001, p = .005, respectively. Among the maternal serum markers, inhibin A value was significantly higher in women with PE compared to those without preeclampsia (p < .001). In addition, we predicted the PE using maternal age, BMI, uE₃, and inhibin A which were achieving an area under the curve of 0.73 overall in twin pregnancy.Conclusion: A risk prediction model of PE which combined maternal age, BMI, uE₃, and inhibin A was better early predictors than any individual marker twin pregnancy.

ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 202: Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy constitute one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal mortality worldwide. It has been estimated that preeclampsia complicates 2-8% of pregnancies globally (). In Latin America and the Caribbean, hypertensive disorders are responsible for almost 26% of maternal deaths, whereas in Africa and Asia they contribute to 9% of deaths. Although maternal mortality is much lower in high-income countries than in developing countries, 16% of maternal deaths can be attributed to hypertensive disorders (). In the United States, the rate of preeclampsia increased by 25% between 1987 and 2004 (). Moreover, in comparison with women giving birth in 1980, those giving birth in 2003 were at 6.7-fold increased risk of severe preeclampsia (). This complication is costly: one study reported that in 2012 in the United States, the estimated cost of preeclampsia within the first 12 months of delivery was $2.18 billion ($1.03 billion for women and $1.15 billion for infants), which was disproportionately borne by premature births (). This Practice Bulletin will provide guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia.

Expectant management of early-onset severe preeclampsia: a principal component analysis

Background

Preeclampsia is a multisystem disorder that is characterized by hypertension with either proteinuria or end-organ dysfunction in both previously normotensive women and chronically hypertensive women. To identify the important influencing factors for early-onset severe preeclampsia, this study undertook to explore the associations between preeclampsia characteristics, along with the decreased latency and poor neonatal outcomes during expectant management of severe preeclampsia before 34 weeks of gestation.

Methods

A total of 213 patients were retrospectively studied. Pregnancy outcomes in terms of maternal complications and neonatal outcomes were determined. Statistical analysis was performed by principal component analysis, Student's t-test, and Pearson correlation analysis.

Results

Neonatal mortality was influenced by gestational age at delivery and birth weight. The main factors that influenced pregnancy outcome were gestational age at diagnosis, the 24-h urine protein level, the plasma albumin level, and hydrothorax plus ascites. When the gestational age at diagnosis was 25 weeks, and 4/7 days, the probability that the pregnancy would be classified into group 2 with 79.3% neonatal survival was almost 50%. Only the plasma albumin level and hydrothorax plus ascites affected prolongation.

Conclusions

Plasma albumin level and hydrothorax plus ascites should be considered seriously, as they may be a reason to terminate the expectant management of early-onset severe preeclampsia. Given its unsatisfactory pregnancy outcomes, expectant management should be reconsidered before 25 weeks and 4/7 days.

Early- and Late-Onset Preeclampsia: A Comprehensive Cohort Study of Laboratory and Clinical Findings according to the New ISHHP Criteria

Recently, the diagnostic criteria of preeclampsia have been changed. No studies are available in the literature that analyzed in detail the differences between early-onset preeclampsia (EOP) and late-onset preeclampsia (LOP), taking into account the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy (ISSHP) criteria. Thus, we sought to retrospectively investigate in detail the differences in clinical and laboratory outcomes between EOP and LOP diagnosed according to the ISSHP criteria. A retrospective cohort study was conducted in 214 women with singleton pregnancies and preeclampsia admitted to the Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology of the University Hospital in Kraków, Poland, from 2013 to 2017 (113 (52.8%) women with EOP and 101 (47.2%) women with LOP). Electronic medical records were reviewed for demographics and medical history, laboratory tests, and delivery and neonatal data. Patients with preeclampsia accounted for 1.7% of the women who delivered during the study period. The EOP and LOP groups did not differ in the distribution of risk factors for preeclampsia. The most common risk factor was primiparity, which was observed in 72.0% of cases. Regarding the ISSHP diagnostic criteria, the two groups differed in the incidence of fetal growth restriction (p=0.0009), hemolysis (p=0.0416), and neurological complications (p=00342), which were found more often in the EOP group. In addition, the EOP group had more frequent occurrence of severe cardiorespiratory (p < 0.0001) and hematological (p=0.0127) complications, adverse fetoplacental conditions (p < 0.0001), and severe fetoplacental complications (p=0.0003). Children born to women with EOP had lower Apgar scores (p < 0.001) and higher rates of intraventricular hemorrhage (p < 0.0001), respiratory disorders requiring mechanical ventilation (p < 0.0001), and early (p=0.0004) and late sepsis (p=0.002). EOP differed from LOP in terms of maternal and perinatal adverse outcomes. The observed higher rates of fetoplacental adverse conditions and severe complications indicate a significant contribution of impaired placentation to the etiopathogenesis of EOP.

Increased serum strontium levels and altered oxidative stress status in early-onset preeclampsia

BACKGROUND

Correctly distinguishing preeclampsia (PE), gestational hypertension (GH), and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is a challenge for clinicians due to existing similarities. In our previous study, we showed that serum strontium (Sr) levels were elevated in preeclamptic women compared to healthy and GH pregnant women at the end of pregnancy. The main aim of this study was to evaluate Sr and oxidative stress in PE at the time of symptoms onset and before and compare it with IUGR/GH.

METHODS

Samples collected at symptoms onset included 77 preeclamptic women and 72 women diagnosed with IUGR/GH divided into two groups according to the gestational extraction week (<34 and ≥ 34). Fifteen patients were also serialized until delivery. Samples collected before symptoms onset included 140 women who developed early-onset PE (E-PE, n = 9), late-onset PE (L-PE, n = 13), IUGR (n = 9), GH (n = 32) and no pathologies (n = 77). Strontium, placental growth factor (PlGF), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1), uric acid (UA), creatinine, lipid peroxidation, and total antioxidant activity (TAA) were measured.

RESULTS

Mean Sr, sFlt-1/PIGF ratio, UA, and lipid peroxidation/TAA ratio levels were significantly higher (p = 0.002, <0.0001, <0.0001 and = 0.03, respectively) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and TAA significantly lower (p = 0.0008 and < 0.0001, respectively) in E-PE vs other pathologies when gestational extraction week was <34. There was a significant correlation between Sr and eGFR (r = 0.43, p = 0.02), sFlt-1/PIGF ratio (r = 0.56, p = 0.002), TAA and gestational week of sampling (r = -0.45, p = 0.02) and UA (r = -0.82, p < 0.0001) in the E-PE serial samples. No differences were found in Sr levels before symptoms onset.

CONCLUSION

Serum Sr concentration and oxidative status are increased in E-PE when compared to other pathologies at the time of symptoms onset. More studies are needed to elucidate the causes of Sr levels elevation and its role in the pathophysiology of PE.

Re-evaluation of abruptio placentae and other maternal complications during expectant management of early onset pre-eclampsia

OBJECTIVE

Expectant management of appropriately selected cases of early pre-eclampsia in a dedicated, tertiary in-patient setting with frequent non-invasive maternal and fetal surveillance, prolongs pregnancy, improves perinatal outcome and mitigates the impact of maternal complications. As the rate of abruptio placentae in a large descriptive study performed nearly 20 years ago was 20%, a study to re-evaluate the rate of abruptio placentae and other maternal complications was performed.

STUDY DESIGN

A retrospective study that included all women admitted for expectant management with stable early pre-eclampsia (≥24 and <34 weeks' gestation) was performed at Tygerberg Hospital, a secondary and tertiary referral centre in South Africa over a period of 12 months.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Abruptio placentae and other maternal complications.

RESULTS

During the study period, 9137 women were delivered at the study institution. The data of 102 of 106 women admitted for expectant management of early pre-eclampsia were available. Thirty-four (33%) reached the elective delivery threshold of 34 weeks. Seventeen women (17%) experienced ≥1 complication. There were four cases (4%) each with abruptio placentae, HELLP syndrome and renal insufficiency. Three of the cases with abruptio placentae were asymptomatic, only being diagnosed at caesarean section for fetal distress. Nine women developed mild/moderate ascites. There were no admissions to the critical care unit and no deaths.

CONCLUSIONS

Abruptio placentae occurred in 4% of women managed expectantly with early pre-eclampsia and was most often asymptomatic before delivery.