1
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Behrooz AB, Shojaei S. Mechanistic insights into mesenchymal-amoeboid transition as an intelligent cellular adaptation in cancer metastasis and resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167332. [PMID: 38960056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Malignant cell plasticity is an important hallmark of tumor biology and crucial for metastasis and resistance. Cell plasticity lets cancer cells adapt to and escape the therapeutic strategies, which is the leading cause of cancer patient mortality. Epithelial cells acquire mobility via epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), whereas mesenchymal cells enhance their migratory ability and clonogenic potential by acquiring amoeboid characteristics through mesenchymal-amoeboid transition (MAT). Tumor formation, progression, and metastasis depend on the tumor microenvironment (TME), a complex ecosystem within and around a tumor. Through increased migration and metastasis of cancer cells, the TME also contributes to malignancy. This review underscores the distinction between invasion pattern morphological manifestations and the diverse structures found within the TME. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which amoeboid-associated characteristics promote resistance and metastasis and how these mechanisms may represent therapeutic opportunities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Barzegar Behrooz
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Sciences, University of Manitoba, Max Rady College of Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahla Shojaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Sciences, University of Manitoba, Max Rady College of Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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2
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Liu X, Zhang J, Ju S, Liu L, Sun Y, Guo L, Zhen Q, Han S, Lu W, Zhang Y. ECT2 promotes malignant phenotypes through the activation of the AKT/mTOR pathway and cisplatin resistance in cervical cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2023; 30:62-73. [PMID: 36056253 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-022-00525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 (ECT2) is expressed at high levels in various malignancies and contributes to malignant phenotypes in cancers. However, ECT2 is still not fully understood regarding its function and carcinogenic mechanism in cervical cancer. This research indicated that ECT2 expression was elevated in cervical cancer based on bioinformatics analysis and clinical specimens. Experiments in vitro and in vivo confirmed that ECT2 knockdown could suppress the proliferation and metastasis of cervical carcinoma cells. In addition, we found that silencing ECT2 could enhance the sensitivity to cisplatin and promote cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, we observed that ECT2 knockdown could inhibit the AKT/mTOR pathway and activate apoptosis, while ECT2 overexpression induced the opposite effect. The relationship between ECT2 and AKT was further confirmed by immunoprecipitation and rescue experiments. We found that the ECT2 and AKT could interact to form a complex, and knockdown AKT could offset all of the effects induced by ECT2. Our study emphasized the key point of ECT2 in the reversal of cisplatin resistance, and ECT2 could become a potential therapeutic target in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong Province, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Urogynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong Province, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Urogynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuang Ju
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong Province, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Urogynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong Province, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Urogynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong Province, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Urogynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lingyu Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong Province, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Urogynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qianwei Zhen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong Province, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Urogynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Sai Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong Province, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Urogynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong Province, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Urogynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Youzhong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong Province, Jinan, China. .,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Urogynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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3
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Yue Y, Wu K, Qian W, Zhu Z, Zhang S, Zhang W, Zhang W, Wu S, Li L, Wu Z, Ma Q, Xie K, Wang Z. RASAL2 mediated the enhancement of YAP1/TIAM1 signaling promotes malignant phenotypes of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:4245-4259. [PMID: 35844783 PMCID: PMC9274491 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.72204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by a high incidence of metastasis and dismal prognosis. As a member of Gas-Gap gene, RASAL2 is involved in the hydrolysis of RAS-GTP to RAS-GDP and abnormal expression in human cancers. Here we firstly described the function of RASAL2 on PDAC to enrich the knowledge of RAS family.We interestingly observed that RASAL2 expression was upregulated in PDAC at both mRNA and protein levels, and high expression of RASAL2 predicted a poor prognosis in PDAC patients. Additionally, RASAL2 promoted malignant behaviors of PDAC in vitro and in vivo. To determine the mechanistic roles of RASAL2 signaling and its potential as a therapeutic target in PDAC, we clarified that RASAL2 could accumulate the TIAM1 expression in different level through inhibiting YAP1 phosphorylation, increased TIAM1 mRNA expression and suppressed ubiquitination of TIAM1 protein. In conclusion, RASAL2 enhances YAP1/TIAM1 signaling and promotes PDAC development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Yue
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.,Department of Vascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Kaijie Wu
- Department of Urology Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Weikun Qian
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Zeen Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Simei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Wunai Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Weifan Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Shuai Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Qingyong Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Keping Xie
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
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4
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Cook DR, Kang M, Martin TD, Galanko JA, Loeza GH, Trembath DG, Justilien V, Pickering KA, Vincent DF, Jarosch A, Jurmeister P, Waters AM, Hibshman PS, Campbell AD, Ford CA, Keku TO, Yeh JJ, Lee MS, Cox AD, Fields AP, Sandler RS, Sansom OJ, Sers C, Schaefer A, Der CJ. Aberrant Expression and Subcellular Localization of ECT2 Drives Colorectal Cancer Progression and Growth. Cancer Res 2022; 82:90-104. [PMID: 34737214 PMCID: PMC9056178 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-4218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ECT2 is an activator of RHO GTPases that is essential for cytokinesis. In addition, ECT2 was identified as an oncoprotein when expressed ectopically in NIH/3T3 fibroblasts. However, oncogenic activation of ECT2 resulted from N-terminal truncation, and such truncated ECT2 proteins have not been found in patients with cancer. In this study, we observed elevated expression of full-length ECT2 protein in preneoplastic colon adenomas, driven by increased ECT2 mRNA abundance and associated with APC tumor-suppressor loss. Elevated ECT2 levels were detected in the cytoplasm and nucleus of colorectal cancer tissue, suggesting cytoplasmic mislocalization as one mechanism of early oncogenic ECT2 activation. Importantly, elevated nuclear ECT2 correlated with poorly differentiated tumors, and a low cytoplasmic:nuclear ratio of ECT2 protein correlated with poor patient survival, suggesting that nuclear and cytoplasmic ECT2 play distinct roles in colorectal cancer. Depletion of ECT2 reduced anchorage-independent cancer cell growth and invasion independent of its function in cytokinesis, and loss of Ect2 extended survival in a Kras G12D Apc-null colon cancer mouse model. Expression of ECT2 variants with impaired nuclear localization or guanine nucleotide exchange catalytic activity failed to restore cancer cell growth or invasion, indicating that active, nuclear ECT2 is required to support tumor progression. Nuclear ECT2 promoted ribosomal DNA transcription and ribosome biogenesis in colorectal cancer. These results support a driver role for both cytoplasmic and nuclear ECT2 overexpression in colorectal cancer and emphasize the critical role of precise subcellular localization in dictating ECT2 function in neoplastic cells. SIGNIFICANCE: ECT2 overexpression and mislocalization support its role as a driver in colon cancer that is independent from its function in normal cell cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle R Cook
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Melissa Kang
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Timothy D Martin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Joseph A Galanko
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Gabriela H Loeza
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dimitri G Trembath
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Verline Justilien
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida
| | | | - David F Vincent
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Armin Jarosch
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Pathology, Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology and Systems Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Jurmeister
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Pathology, Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology and Systems Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew M Waters
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Priya S Hibshman
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Catriona A Ford
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Temitope O Keku
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jen Jen Yeh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael S Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Adrienne D Cox
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Alan P Fields
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Robert S Sandler
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Sers
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Pathology, Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology and Systems Biology, Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Schaefer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Channing J Der
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Pathology, Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology and Systems Biology, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Tailor K, Paul J, Ghosh S, Kumari N, Kwabi-Addo B. RASAL2 suppresses the proliferative and invasive ability of PC3 prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2021; 12:2489-2499. [PMID: 34966481 PMCID: PMC8711570 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAS protein activator like 2 (RASAL2) negatively regulates RAS proto-oncogene which is activated by high mutation rate in cancer. Thus, RASAL2 expression could potentially limit the function of RAS in prostate cancer (PCa). Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis demonstrated that RASAL2 is differentially hypermethylated in PCa tissues compared to benign prostate tissues. The PCR analysis of RASAL2 mRNA transcript showed differential expression in a panel of prostate cell lines with most PCa showing lower RASAL2 expression compared to benign prostatic epithelial cells. In PCa PC3 cells, the ectopic expression of RASAL2 significantly inhibited cell proliferation and invasion and induced an S phase plus G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) demonstrated a cross talk between RASAL2 and TNFα, a key cytokine in immune signaling pathway that is relevant in PCa. Over-expression of RASAL2 downregulated TNFα expression whereas the knockdown of RASAL2 caused increased expression of TNFα. Taken together, our data demonstrates tumor suppressor role for RASAL2 in human PCa cells, despite increased RAS oncogenic activity. Our observation provides a new mechanistic insight of RASAL2 expression in aberrant Ras expression and immune signaling in PCa cells suggesting a potential novel therapeutic target for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishma Tailor
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Joseph Paul
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Somiranjan Ghosh
- 2Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Namita Kumari
- 3Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Bernard Kwabi-Addo
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA,Correspondence to:Bernard Kwabi-Addo, email:
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6
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Fan D, Yu S, Yang Y, Qu S. Low Expression of Rasal2 Promotes Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Metastasis through Ras/ERK Pathway. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:992-998. [PMID: 34193694 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The RAS protein activator like 2 (Rasal2) has been reported to be a tumor suppressor in variety of cancers; while an oncogenic protein in ovarian cancer and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, the exact role of Rasal2 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is lacking. This study aimed to investigate the role of Rasal2 in NSCLC and the underlying mechanisms. Rasal2 expression level was measured in NSCLC tissue and cells by using quantitative (q)-PCR and immunoblotting analysis. The clinical implication of Rasal2 in NSCLC patients was also analyzed. The function role of Rasal2 in NSCLC cells were measured by small interfering RNA (si-RNA), immunostaining, transwell assay and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Low Rasal2 expression level was observed in human NSCLC tissue and cell lines and significantly related to tumor thickness, ulceration and TNM staging in NSCLC patients. Rasal2 knockdown significantly increased NSCLC cell invasion and migration. Mechanistically, we showed that Rasal2 knockdown significantly increased the phosphorylation level of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/Raf1/mitogen-activated protein extracellular kinase (MEK) thus activated Ras/ERK signal pathway. Thus, our data showed that Rasal2 is downregulated in NSCLC cells and act as an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis suppressor through the Ras/ERK pathway. Rasal2 may be a prognostic biomarker for NSCLC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daping Fan
- Department of Respiratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
| | - Shihuan Yu
- Department of Respiratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Respiratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
| | - Siying Qu
- Department of Respiratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
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7
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Bao Y, Qian C, Liu MY, Jiang F, Jiang X, Liu H, Zhang Z, Sun F, Fu N, Hou Z, Ke Y, Li Y, Qian ZM. PRKAA/AMPKα phosphorylation switches the role of RASAL2 from a suppressor to an activator of autophagy. Autophagy 2021; 17:3607-3621. [PMID: 33563064 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1886767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
RASAL2 (RAS protein activator like 2), a RASGTPase activating protein, can catalyze the hydrolysis of RAS-GTP into RAS-GDP to inactivate the RAS pathway in various types of cancer cells. However, the cellular function of RASAL2 remains elusive. Here we showed that RASAL2 can attenuate PRKAA/AMPKα phosphorylation by recruiting phosphatase PPM1B/pp2cβ, thus inhibiting the initiation of basal autophagy under normal conditions. In addition, we found that glucose starvation could induce dissociation of PPM1B from RASAL2 and then RASAL2 at S351 be phosphorylated by PRKAA, followed by the binding of phosphorylated-RASAL2 with to PIK3C3/VPS34-ATG14-BECN1/Beclin1 complex to increase PIK3C3 activity and autophagy. Furthermore, RASAL2 S351 phosphorylation facilitated breast tumor growth and correlated to poor clinical outcomes in breast cancer patients. Our study demonstrated that the phosphorylation status of RASAL2 S351 can function as a molecular switch to either suppress or promote AMPK-mediated autophagy. Inhibition of RASAL2 S351 phosphorylation might be a potential therapeutic strategy to overcome the resistance of AMPK-activation agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Bao
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Christopher Qian
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Meng-Yue Liu
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuqing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Fanghui Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningwei Fu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Hou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Cellular Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Yan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Cellular Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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8
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Kosibaty Z, Murata Y, Minami Y, Noguchi M, Sakamoto N. ECT2 promotes lung adenocarcinoma progression through extracellular matrix dynamics and focal adhesion signaling. Cancer Sci 2020; 112:703-714. [PMID: 33215807 PMCID: PMC7893990 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LAC) is the most prevalent form of lung cancer. Epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 (ECT2) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that has been implicated in oncogenic and malignant phenotypes of LAC. Here, we identified an oncogenic role of ECT2 in the extracellular matrix (ECM) dynamics of LAC cells. We showed that suppression of ECT2 decreased adhesion and spreading of LAC cells on ECM components. Morphologically, ECT2-depleted cells exhibited a rounded shape and cytoskeletal changes. Examination of transcriptional changes by RNA sequencing revealed a total of 1569 and 828 genes whose expressions were altered (absolute fold change and a difference of >2 fold) in response to suppression of ECT2 in two LAC cells (Calu-3 and NCI-H2342), respectively, along with 298 genes that were common to both cell lines. Functional enrichment analysis of common genes demonstrated a significant enrichment of focal adhesions. In accord with this observation, we found that ECT2 suppression decreased the expression level of proteins involved in focal adhesion signaling including focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Crk, integrin β1, paxillin, and p130Cas. FAK knockdown leads to impaired cell proliferation, adhesion, and spreading of LAC cells. Moreover, in LAC cells, ECT2 binds to and stabilizes FAK and is associated with the formation of the focal adhesions. Our findings provide new insights into the underlying role of ECT2 in cell-ECM dynamics during LAC progression and suggest that ECT2 could be a promising therapeutic avenue for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Kosibaty
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yoshihiko Murata
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuko Minami
- Department of Pathology, National Hospital Organization, Ibaraki Higashi National Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masayuki Noguchi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Noriaki Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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9
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Wu JS, Jiang J, Chen BJ, Wang K, Tang YL, Liang XH. Plasticity of cancer cell invasion: Patterns and mechanisms. Transl Oncol 2020; 14:100899. [PMID: 33080522 PMCID: PMC7573380 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell migration and invasion are integral components of metastatic disease, which is the major cause of death in cancer patients. Cancer cells can disseminate and migrate via several alternative mechanisms including amoeboid cell migration, mesenchymal cell migration, and collective cell migration. These diverse movement strategies display certain specific and distinct hallmarks in cell-cell junctions, actin cytoskeleton, matrix adhesion, and protease activity. During tumor progression, cells pass through complex microenvironments and adapt their migration strategies by reversible mesenchymal-amoeboid and individual-collective transitions. This plasticity in motility patterns enables cancer cells disseminate further and thus limit the efficiency of anti-metastasis therapies. In this review, we discuss the modes and mechanisms of cancer cell migration and focus on the plasticity of tumor cell movement as well as potential emerging therapeutic options for reducing cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Shun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Jiang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bing-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xin-Hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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10
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Vitovcova B, Skarkova V, Rudolf K, Rudolf E. Biology of Glioblastoma Multiforme-Exploration of Mitotic Catastrophe as a Potential Treatment Modality. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155324. [PMID: 32727112 PMCID: PMC7432846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) represents approximately 60% of all brain tumors in adults. This malignancy shows a high biological and genetic heterogeneity associated with exceptional aggressiveness, leading to a poor survival of patients. This review provides a summary of the basic biology of GBM cells with emphasis on cell cycle and cytoskeletal apparatus of these cells, in particular microtubules. Their involvement in the important oncosuppressive process called mitotic catastrophe will next be discussed along with select examples of microtubule-targeting agents, which are currently explored in this respect such as benzimidazole carbamate compounds. Select microtubule-targeting agents, in particular benzimidazole carbamates, induce G2/M cell cycle arrest and mitotic catastrophe in tumor cells including GBM, resulting in phenotypically variable cell fates such as mitotic death or mitotic slippage with subsequent cell demise or permanent arrest leading to senescence. Their effect is coupled with low toxicity in normal cells and not developed chemoresistance. Given the lack of efficient cytostatics or modern molecular target-specific compounds in the treatment of GBM, drugs inducing mitotic catastrophe might offer a new, efficient alternative to the existing clinical management of this at present incurable malignancy.
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11
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Zhou B, Zhu W, Jiang X, Ren C. RASAL2 Plays Inconsistent Roles in Different Cancers. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1235. [PMID: 31799194 PMCID: PMC6863963 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS protein activator like 2 (RASAL2) belongs to the RAS GTPase-activating protein family and plays an important role in several cancers, including ovarian cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, malignant astrocytoma, renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Traditionally, RASAL2 has been regarded as a tumor suppressor but recent studies have found that it is an oncogene in specific types of cancer, such as colorectal cancer, liver cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, triple-negative/estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer. In this review, we summarize the latest findings regarding RASAL2 in cancers, which may be important and useful in clinical practice. We discussed the specific functions and mechanisms of RASAL2 in different kinds of cancer cells (including its inhibition of invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis and its opposite effects), which may provide new directions for cancer research and treatments. RASAL2 exhibits different relationship with clinical cancer stage, histological grade, prognosis and overall survival in different kinds of tumor. RASAL2 is a potential prognostic factor and a new therapeutic target for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolun Zhou
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xingjun Jiang
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Caiping Ren
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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12
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Li B, Lin JP, Li Z, Yin C, Yang JB, Meng YQ. Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 expression in cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:4139-4148. [PMID: 31698961 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1687503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have investigated the prognostic significance of ECT2 (epithelial cell transforming sequence 2) expression in patients with cancer. Nevertheless, conflicting results have been obtained. We thus performed a meta-analysis to systematically assess the prognostic significance of ECT2 in cancer. Electronic databases (PubMed and EMBASE) were searched for eligible studies. Hazard ratios (HR) and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate effect sizes. A total of 5,305 patients from 19 articles and 21 studies were included. The pooled results revealed that high ECT2 expression was correlated with advanced TNM stage (OR = 2.17; 95% CI: 1.42-3.32), positive lymph node metastasis (OR = 2.98; 95% CI: 2.28-3.89), distant metastasis (OR = 2.25; 95% CI: 1.03-4.92), and poor tumour differentiation (OR = 2.25; 95% CI: 1.03-4.92). More importantly, high ECT2 expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival (HR = 2.26; 95% CI, 1.84-2.78) and recurrence-free survival (HR = 1.52; 95% CI, 1.24-1.86). Our results suggested that ECT2 is a promising prognostic indicator and therapeutic target for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun-Ping Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ci Yin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian-Bao Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu-Qi Meng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou, China
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13
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The Cytoskeleton-A Complex Interacting Meshwork. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040362. [PMID: 31003495 PMCID: PMC6523135 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton of animal cells is one of the most complicated and functionally versatile structures, involved in processes such as endocytosis, cell division, intra-cellular transport, motility, force transmission, reaction to external forces, adhesion and preservation, and adaptation of cell shape. These functions are mediated by three classical cytoskeletal filament types, as follows: Actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. The named filaments form a network that is highly structured and dynamic, responding to external and internal cues with a quick reorganization that is orchestrated on the time scale of minutes and has to be tightly regulated. Especially in brain tumors, the cytoskeleton plays an important role in spreading and migration of tumor cells. As the cytoskeletal organization and regulation is complex and many-faceted, this review aims to summarize the findings about cytoskeletal filament types, including substructures formed by them, such as lamellipodia, stress fibers, and interactions between intermediate filaments, microtubules and actin. Additionally, crucial regulatory aspects of the cytoskeletal filaments and the formed substructures are discussed and integrated into the concepts of cell motility. Even though little is known about the impact of cytoskeletal alterations on the progress of glioma, a final point discussed will be the impact of established cytoskeletal alterations in the cellular behavior and invasion of glioma.
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14
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Kosibaty Z, Murata Y, Minami Y, Dai T, Kano J, Matsuoka R, Nakano N, Noguchi M. Cytoplasmic expression of epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 in lung adenocarcinoma and its implications for malignant progression. J Transl Med 2019; 99:551-567. [PMID: 30542068 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 (ECT2), a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, is predominantly localized in the nucleus of non-transformed cells and functions to regulate cytokinesis. ECT2 is also localized in the cytoplasm of cancer cells. Aberrant cytoplasmic expression of ECT2 is thought to drive tumor growth and invasion. In this study, we investigated the cytoplasmic expression of ECT2 and its prognostic and biological significance in lung adenocarcinoma. Western blotting of cellular fractions from the nucleus and cytoplasm was performed to determine the subcellular localization of ECT2 in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. The cytoplasmic expression of ECT2 in 167 lung adenocarcinomas was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and its clinical significance was examined using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression analysis. Scraping cytology specimens of 13 fresh lung adenocarcinomas were used to assess the subcellular localization of ECT2 and its phosphorylation at Thr790 (P-ECT2(T790)). We found that ECT2 was localized in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of lung adenocarcinoma cell lines and tumor tissues. Cytoplasmic expression of ECT2 was detected by immunohistochemistry in 83 (50%) of the lung adenocarcinomas, and was found to increase during cancer progression. It was expressed in 30 (29%) small adenocarcinomas ( ≤ 2 cm in diameter) and 53 (82%) advanced adenocarcinomas ( > 2 cm in diameter). Cytoplasmic positivity for ECT2 was associated with a poor outcome in terms of both disease-free and overall survival (both P < 0.001), and was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (P = 0.025). Immunocytochemical staining for P-ECT2(T790) demonstrated cytoplasmic and membrane positivity in Calu-3 cells and scraping cytology specimens. Positive P-ECT2(T790) staining was correlated with cytoplasmic ECT2 expression in 6 of 13 scraped cytology specimens tested. In conclusion, our findings indicate that cytoplasmic ECT2 expression could promote the malignant progression of lung adenocarcinoma and may represent a potent therapeutic target for patients with lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Kosibaty
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Murata
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuko Minami
- Department of Pathology, National Hospital Organization, Ibaraki Higashi National Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomoko Dai
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Junko Kano
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryota Matsuoka
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nakano
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masayuki Noguchi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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15
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Pan Y, Tong JHM, Lung RWM, Kang W, Kwan JSH, Chak WP, Tin KY, Chung LY, Wu F, Ng SSM, Mak TWC, Yu J, Lo KW, Chan AWH, To KF. RASAL2 promotes tumor progression through LATS2/YAP1 axis of hippo signaling pathway in colorectal cancer. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:102. [PMID: 30037330 PMCID: PMC6057036 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0853-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) have a high incidence of regional and distant metastases. Although metastasis is the main cause of CRC-related death, its molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Methods Using array-CGH and expression microarray analyses, changes in DNA copy number and mRNA expression levels were investigated in human CRC samples. The mRNA expression level of RASAL2 was validated by qRT-PCR, and the protein expression was evaluated by western blot as well as immunohistochemistry in CRC cell lines and primary tumors. The functional role of RASAL2 in CRC was determined by MTT proliferation assay, monolayer and soft agar colony formation assays, cell cycle analysis, cell invasion and migration and in vivo study through siRNA/shRNA mediated knockdown and overexpression assays. Identification of RASAL2 involved in hippo pathway was achieved by expression microarray screening, double immunofluorescence staining and co-immunoprecipitation assays. Results Integrated genomic analysis identified copy number gains and upregulation of RASAL2 in metastatic CRC. RASAL2 encodes a RAS-GTPase-activating protein (RAS-GAP) and showed increased expression in CRC cell lines and clinical specimens. Higher RASAL2 expression was significantly correlated with lymph node involvement and distant metastasis in CRC patients. Moreover, we found that RASAL2 serves as an independent prognostic marker of overall survival in CRC patients. In vitro and in vivo functional studies revealed that RASAL2 promoted tumor progression in both KRAS/NRAS mutant and wild-type CRC cells. Knockdown of RASAL2 promoted YAP1 phosphorylation, cytoplasm retention and ubiquitination, therefore activating the hippo pathway through the LATS2/YAP1 axis. Conclusions Our findings demonstrated the roles of RASAL2 in CRC tumorigenesis as well as metastasis, and RASAL2 exerts its oncogenic property through LATS2/YAP1 axis of hippo signaling pathway in CRC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12943-018-0853-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Pan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Joanna Hung Man Tong
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Raymond Wai Ming Lung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Wei Kang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Johnny Sheung Him Kwan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Wing Po Chak
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ka Yee Tin
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Lau Ying Chung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Simon Siu Man Ng
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Tony Wing Chung Mak
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Anthony Wing Hung Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, China. .,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Ka Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, China. .,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China. .,Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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16
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A role for activated Cdc42 in glioblastoma multiforme invasion. Oncotarget 2018; 7:56958-56975. [PMID: 27486972 PMCID: PMC5302965 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdc42 is a Rho-GTPase which plays a major role in regulating cell polarity and migration by specifying the localization of filopodia. However, the role of Cdc42 in GBM invasion has not been thoroughly investigated. We generated stable doxycycline-inducible clones expressing wild type (WT)-, constitutively active (CA)-, and dominant negative (DN)-Cdc42 in three different human glioma cell lines. Expression of CA-Cdc42 significantly increased the migration and invasive properties of malignant glioma cells compared to WT and DN-Cdc42 cell clones, and this was accompanied by a greater number of filopodia and focal adhesion structures which co-localize with phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (FAK). By mass spectrometry and immunoprecipitation studies, we demonstrated that activated Cdc42 binds to IQGAP1. When implanted orthotopically in mice, the CA-Cdc42 expressing glioma cells exhibited enhanced local migration and invasion, and led to larger tumors, which significantly reduced survival. Using the Cancer Genome Atlas dataset, we determined that high Cdc42 expression is associated with poorer progression free survival, and that Cdc42 expression is highest in the proneural and neural subgroups of GBM. In summary, our studies demonstrate that activated Cdc42 is a critical determinant of the migratory and invasive phenotype of malignant gliomas, and that its effect may be mediated, at least in part, through its interaction with IQGAP1 and phosphorylated FAK.
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17
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Cairney CJ, Godwin LS, Bilsland AE, Burns S, Stevenson KH, McGarry L, Revie J, Moore JD, Wiggins CM, Collinson RS, Mudd C, Tsonou E, Sadaie M, Bennett DC, Narita M, Torrance CJ, Keith WN. A 'synthetic-sickness' screen for senescence re-engagement targets in mutant cancer backgrounds. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006942. [PMID: 28806777 PMCID: PMC5570495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence is a universal barrier to immortalisation and tumorigenesis. As such, interest in the use of senescence-induction in a therapeutic context has been gaining momentum in the past few years; however, senescence and immortalisation remain underserved areas for drug discovery owing to a lack of robust senescence inducing agents and an incomplete understanding of the signalling events underlying this complex process. In order to address this issue we undertook a large-scale morphological siRNA screen for inducers of senescence phenotypes in the human melanoma cell line A375P. Following rescreen and validation in a second cancer cell line, HCT116 colorectal carcinoma, a panel of 16 of the most robust hits were selected for further validation based on significance and the potential to be targeted by drug-like molecules. Using secondary assays for detection of senescence biomarkers p21, 53BP1 and senescence associated beta-galactosidase (SAβGal) in a panel of HCT116 cell lines carrying cancer-relevant mutations, we show that partial senescence phenotypes can be induced to varying degrees in a context dependent manner, even in the absence of p21 or p53 expression. However, proliferation arrest varied among genetic backgrounds with predominantly toxic effects in p21 null cells, while cells lacking PI3K mutation failed to arrest. Furthermore, we show that the oncogene ECT2 induces partial senescence phenotypes in all mutant backgrounds tested, demonstrating a dependence on activating KRASG13D for growth suppression and a complete senescence response. These results suggest a potential mechanism to target mutant KRAS signalling through ECT2 in cancers that are reliant on activating KRAS mutations and remain refractory to current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire J. Cairney
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren S. Godwin
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan E. Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Burns
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Katrina H. Stevenson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn McGarry
- RNAi Screening Facility, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - John Revie
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jon D. Moore
- Horizon Discovery Ltd, Cambridge Research Park, Waterbeach, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri M. Wiggins
- Horizon Discovery Ltd, Cambridge Research Park, Waterbeach, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca S. Collinson
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Mudd
- Horizon Discovery Ltd, Cambridge Research Park, Waterbeach, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elpida Tsonou
- Horizon Discovery Ltd, Cambridge Research Park, Waterbeach, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mahito Sadaie
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothy C. Bennett
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Masashi Narita
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - W. Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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18
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Justilien V, Lewis KC, Murray NR, Fields AP. Oncogenic Ect2 signaling regulates rRNA synthesis in NSCLC. Small GTPases 2017; 10:388-394. [PMID: 28657426 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1335274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho GTPase family members Rac1, Cdc42 and RhoA play key contributory roles in the transformed phenotype of human cancers. Epithelial Cell Transforming Sequence 2 (Ect2), a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for these Rho GTPases, has also been implicated in a variety of human cancers. We have shown that Ect2 is frequently overexpressed in both major forms of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), which together make up approximately 70% of all lung cancer diagnoses. Furthermore, we have found that Ect2 is required for multiple aspects of the transformed phenotype of NSCLC cells including transformed growth and invasion in vitro and tumorigenesis in vivo. More recently, we showed that a major mechanism by which Ect2 drives KRAS-mediated LADC transformation is by regulating rRNA (rRNA) synthesis. However, it remains unclear whether Ect2 plays a similar role in ribosome biogenesis in LSCC. Here we demonstrate that Ect2 expression correlates positively with expression of ribosome biogenesis genes and with pre-ribosomal 45S RNA abundance in primary LSCC tumors. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Ect2 functionally regulates rRNA synthesis in LSCC cells. Based on these data, we propose that inhibition of Ect2-mediated nucleolar signaling holds promise as a potential therapeutic strategy for improved treatment of both LADC and LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verline Justilien
- a Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center , Jacksonville , FL , USA
| | - Kayla C Lewis
- a Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center , Jacksonville , FL , USA
| | - Nicole R Murray
- a Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center , Jacksonville , FL , USA
| | - Alan P Fields
- a Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center , Jacksonville , FL , USA
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19
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Fang JF, Zhao HP, Wang ZF, Zheng SS. Upregulation of RASAL2 promotes proliferation and metastasis, and is targeted by miR-203 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2720-2726. [PMID: 28447723 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS protein activator like 2 (RASAL2) has been reported to be dysregulated in various types of cancer. It has previously been demonstrated that RASAL2 is hypomethylated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the expression pattern of RASAL2 and its potential role in HCC remain to be elucidated. The present study demonstrated that the expression of RASAL2 was upregulated in HCC tissues, compared with in normal liver tissues, by using immunohistochemistry. In addition, Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and invasion assay revealed that knockdown of RASAL2 inhibited the growth and invasion of HCC cells. Western blotting results indicated that the inhibition of RASAL2 reduced the levels of phosphorylated-AKT. Notably, RASAL2 was observed to be a direct target of miR-203 in HCC in luciferase activity assays. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-203 exhibited a similar effect to RASAL2 knockdown in HCC cells. These results indicated that RASAL2 serves a tumor oncogenic role in HCC and may be considered a potential target in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Fang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Ping Zhao
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Fei Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Sen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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Hara A, Hashimura M, Tsutsumi K, Akiya M, Inukai M, Ohta Y, Saegusa M. The role of FilGAP, a Rac-specific Rho-GTPase-activating protein, in tumor progression and behavior of astrocytomas. Cancer Med 2016; 5:3412-3425. [PMID: 27790861 PMCID: PMC5224849 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
FilGAP, a Rac‐specific Rho‐GTPase‐activating protein (GAP), acts as a mediator of Rho/ROCK‐dependent amoeboid movement, and its knockdown results in Rac‐driven mesenchymal morphology. Herein, we focused on the possible roles of FilGAP expression in astrocytomas. In clinical samples, FilGAP expression was significantly increased in grade (G) II astrocytomas as compared to normal astrocytes, but its expression strongly decreased in a grade‐dependent manner, and was positively associated with isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutations and inversely to cytoplasmic Rac1. Patients with astrocytoma showing a high FilGAP score had favorable overall survival as compared to the low score patients. Multivariate Cox regression analysis also showed that a high FilGAP score was a significant and independent favorable prognostic factor. Moreover, patients with high FilGAP score and IDH1 mutant‐type astrocytomas had significantly the best Overall survival (OS) and Progression‐free survival (PFS), in contrast to the patients with low FilGAP score and wild‐type IDH1 tumors who had the worst prognosis. In GIV tumors (GBM: glioblastomas), elongated tumor cells with low FilGAP expression were frequently observed in tumor core lesions, whereas the rounded cells with abundant expression were found in the peripheral areas adjacent to non‐neoplastic brain tissues. In an astrocytoma cell line, suppression of endogenous FilGAP expression by siRNAs caused an increased proportion of mesenchymal elongated cells, probably through increased Rac1 activity. These findings suggest that FilGAP, as well as IDH1 status, may be useful for predicting the behavior of astrocytomas. In addition, the FilGAP/Rac1 axis may serve as an important regulator of tumor progression in GBMs, probably through alteration of cell morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Hara
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Miki Hashimura
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Koji Tsutsumi
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, Kitasato University School of Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Masashi Akiya
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Madoka Inukai
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Ohta
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, Kitasato University School of Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Makoto Saegusa
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
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Epithelial Cell Transforming 2 and Aurora Kinase B Modulate Formation of Stress Granule–Containing Transcripts from Diverse Cellular Pathways in Astrocytoma Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1674-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Morley S, Hager MH, Pollan SG, Knudsen B, Di Vizio D, Freeman MR. Trading in your spindles for blebs: the amoeboid tumor cell phenotype in prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2015; 16:530-5. [PMID: 24589458 PMCID: PMC4104075 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.122877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dolores Di Vizio
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, and The Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, and The Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA and Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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23
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Park JB, Agnihotri S, Golbourn B, Bertrand KC, Luck A, Sabha N, Smith CA, Byron S, Zadeh G, Croul S, Berens M, Rutka JT. Transcriptional profiling of GBM invasion genes identifies effective inhibitors of the LIM kinase-Cofilin pathway. Oncotarget 2015; 5:9382-95. [PMID: 25237832 PMCID: PMC4253441 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are highly proliferative and invasive neoplasms where total surgical resection is often impossible and effective local radiation therapy difficult. Consequently, there is a need to develop a greater understanding of the molecular events driving invasion and to identify novel treatment targets. Using microarray analysis comparing normal brain samples and mesenchymal glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), we identified over 140 significant genes involved in cell migration and invasion. The cofilin (CFL) pathway, which disassembles actin filaments, was highly up-regulated compared to normal brain. Up-regulation of LIM domain kinase 1 and 2 (LIMK1/2), that phosphorylates and inactivates cofilin, was confirmed in an additional independent data set comparing normal brain to GBM. We identified and utilized two small molecule inhibitors BMS-5 and Cucurbitacin I directed against the cofilin regulating kinases, LIMK1 and LIMK2, to target this pathway. Significant decreases in cell viability were observed in glioma cells treated with BMS-5 and Cucurbitacin I, while no cytotoxic effects were seen in normal astrocytes that lack LIMK. BMS-5 and Cucurbitacin I promoted increased adhesion in GBM cells, and decreased migration and invasion. Collectively, these data suggest that use of LIMK inhibitors may provide a novel way to target the invasive machinery in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Bum Park
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. Department of Neurological Surgery, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sameer Agnihotri
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Golbourn
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kelsey C Bertrand
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amanda Luck
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nesrin Sabha
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christian A Smith
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sara Byron
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Gelareh Zadeh
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Sidney Croul
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Berens
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - James T Rutka
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
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Huang Y, Zhao M, Xu H, Wang K, Fu Z, Jiang Y, Yao Z. RASAL2 down-regulation in ovarian cancer promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. Oncotarget 2015; 5:6734-45. [PMID: 25216515 PMCID: PMC4196159 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy, and transcoelomic metastasis is responsible for the greatest disease mortality. Although intensive efforts have been made, the mechanism behind this process remains unclear. RASAL2 is a GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) which was recently reported as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer. In this study, we identified RASAL2 as a regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis in ovarian cancer. RASAL2 was down-regulated in ovarian cancer samples compared with normal tissue samples, especially in advanced stages and grades. RASAL2 knockdown in ovarian cancer cell lines promoted in vitro anchorage-independent growth, cell migration and invasion and in vivo tumor formation. Moreover, we observed EMT in RASAL2-depleted cells. E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion was attenuated, and mesenchymal markers were up-regulated. Further investigation revealed that the oncogenic role of RASAL2 down-regulation was mediated by the Ras-ERK pathway. RASAL2 knockdown activated the Ras-ERK pathway, and inhibition of the pathway reversed the functional effects of RASAL2 depletion. Together, our results implicate RASAL2 as an EMT regulator and tumor suppressor in ovarian cancer, and down-regulation of RASAL2 promotes ovarian cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Huang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, P.R. China. Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P.R. China. These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P.R. China. These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Haixu Xu
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Ke Wang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Fu
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Yao
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P.R. China
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25
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Nishi T, Takahashi H, Hashimura M, Yoshida T, Ohta Y, Saegusa M. FilGAP, a Rac-specific Rho GTPase-activating protein, is a novel prognostic factor for follicular lymphoma. Cancer Med 2015; 4:808-18. [PMID: 25641953 PMCID: PMC4472203 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
FilGAP, a Rho GTPase-activating protein (GAP), acts as a mediator of Rho/ROCK (Rho-associated protein kinase)-dependent amoeboid movement, and its knockdown results in Rac-driven mesenchymal morphology. Herein, we focus on the possible roles of FilGAP expression in normal and malignant lymphocytes. Eighty-three cases of follicular lymphoma (FL), 84 of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and 25 of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), as well as 10 of normal lymph nodes, were immunohistochemically investigated. In normal lymph nodes, FilGAP immunoreactivity was significantly higher in lymphocytes in the mantle zone as compared to those in the germinal center and paracortical areas. In contrast, the expression levels of both cytoplasmic and perinuclear Rac1 were significantly lower in the germinal center as compared to paracortical regions, suggesting that changes in the FilGAP/Rac axis may occur in B-cell lineages. In malignant lymphomas, FilGAP expression was significantly higher in B-cell lymphomas than PTCL, and the immunohistochemical scores were positively correlated with cytoplasmic Rac1 scores in FL and DLBCL, but not in PTCL. Patients with FL and germinal center B-cell-like (GCB)-type DLBCL showing high FilGAP scores had poor overall survival rates as compared to the low-score patients. Moreover, multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that a high FilGAP score was a significant and independent unfavorable prognostic factor in FL, but not in DLBCL. In conclusion, FilGAP may contribute to change in cell motility of B-lymphocytes. In addition, its expression appears to be useful for predicting the behavior of B-cell lymphoma, in particular FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Nishi
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Miki Hashimura
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Yoshida
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Ohta
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, Kitasato University School of Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Makoto Saegusa
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
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26
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Rape A, Ananthanarayanan B, Kumar S. Engineering strategies to mimic the glioblastoma microenvironment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 79-80:172-83. [PMID: 25174308 PMCID: PMC4258440 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and deadly brain tumor, with a mean survival time of only 21months. Despite the dramatic improvements in our understanding of GBM fueled by recent revolutions in molecular and systems biology, treatment advances for GBM have progressed inadequately slowly, which is due in part to the wide cellular and molecular heterogeneity both across tumors and within a single tumor. Thus, there is increasing clinical interest in targeting cell-extrinsic factors as way of slowing or halting the progression of GBM. These cell-extrinsic factors, collectively termed the microenvironment, include the extracellular matrix, blood vessels, stromal cells that surround tumor cells, and all associated soluble and scaffold-bound signals. In this review, we will first describe the regulation of GBM tumors by these microenvironmental factors. Next, we will discuss the various in vitro approaches that have been exploited to recapitulate and model the GBM tumor microenvironment in vitro. We conclude by identifying future challenges and opportunities in this field, including the development of microenvironmental platforms amenable to high-throughput discovery and screening. We anticipate that these ongoing efforts will prove to be valuable both as enabling tools for accelerating our understanding of microenvironmental regulation in GBM and as foundations for next-generation molecular screening platforms that may serve as a conceptual bridge between traditional reductionist systems and animal or clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Rape
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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Li N, Li S. RASAL2 promotes lung cancer metastasis through epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 455:358-62. [PMID: 25446096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It was reported that genetically-engineered RASAL2 knockout mice are prone to development of several sporadic tumor, including lung adenocarcinoma. However, a causative relationship between RASAL2 deficiency and lung adenocarcinoma development still remains unknown. In the present study, RASAL2 level was determined in patients with lung adenocarcinoma and control subjects in an attempt to explore its potential clinical diagnostic and prognostic value. Low RASAL2 expression levels were found in 71% (37 of 52) of lung adenocarcinoma, which were correlated with lymph node metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma. Moreover, Low RASAL2 expression levels were correlated with reduced overall survival (OS) in lung adenocarcinoma. We find that inactivation of RASAL2 promotes lung cancer cell migration through the induction of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promoted lung metastasis in nude mice. Our results suggest that the down-regulation of RASAL2 promotes metastatic progression of lung adenocarcinoma, hence it could serve as a potential target for the development of lung cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Suyun Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
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28
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Fazilaty H, Mehdipour P. Genetics of breast cancer bone metastasis: a sequential multistep pattern. Clin Exp Metastasis 2014; 31:595-612. [PMID: 24493024 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-014-9642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastasis accounts for the vast majority of breast cancer (BC) metastases, and is related to a high rate of morbidity and mortality. A number of seminal studies have uncovered gene expression signatures involved in BC development and bone metastasis; each of them points at a distinct step of the 'invasion-metastasis cascade'. In this review, we provide most recently discovered functions of sets of genes that are selected from widely accepted gene signatures that are implicate in BC progression and bone metastasis. We propose a possible sequential pattern of gene expression that may lead a benign primary breast tumor to get aggressiveness and progress toward bone metastasis. A panel of genes which primarily deal with features like DNA replication, survival, proliferation, then, angiogenesis, migration, and invasion has been identified. TGF-β, FGF, NFκB, WNT, PI3K, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways, as the key pathways involved in breast cancer development and metastasis, are evidently regulated by several genes in all three signatures. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition that is also an important mechanism in cancer stem cell generation and metastasis is evidently regulated by these genes. This review provides a comprehensive insight regarding breast cancer bone metastasis that may lead to a better understanding of the disease and take step toward better treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Fazilaty
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Pour Sina Street, P.O. Box: 14176-13151, Keshavarz Boulevard, Tehran, Iran
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Stefanska B, Cheishvili D, Suderman M, Arakelian A, Huang J, Hallett M, Han ZG, Al-Mahtab M, Akbar SMF, Khan WA, Raqib R, Tanvir I, Khan HA, Rabbani SA, Szyf M. Genome-wide study of hypomethylated and induced genes in patients with liver cancer unravels novel anticancer targets. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:3118-32. [PMID: 24763612 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We utilized whole-genome mapping of promoters that are activated by DNA hypomethylation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) clinical samples to shortlist novel targets for anticancer therapeutics. We provide a proof of principle of this approach by testing six genes short-listed in our screen for their essential role in cancer growth and invasiveness. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used siRNA- or shRNA-mediated depletion to determine whether inhibition of these genes would reduce human tumor xenograft growth in mice as well as cell viability, anchorage-independent growth, invasive capacities, and state of activity of nodal signaling pathways in liver, breast, and bladder cancer cell lines. RESULTS Depletion of EXOSC4, RNMT, SENP6, WBSCR22, RASAL2, and NENF effectively and specifically inhibits cancer cell growth and cell invasive capacities in different types of cancer, but, remarkably, there is no effect on normal cell growth, suggesting a ubiquitous causal role for these genes in driving cancer growth and metastasis. Depletion of RASAL2 and NENF in vitro reduces their growth as explants in vivo in mice. RASAL2 and NENF depletion interferes with AKT, WNT, and MAPK signaling pathways as well as regulation of epigenetic proteins that were previously demonstrated to drive cancer growth and metastasis. CONCLUSION Our results prove that genes that are hypomethylated and induced in tumors are candidate targets for anticancer therapeutics in multiple cancer cell types. Because these genes are particularly activated in cancer, they constitute a group of targets for specific pharmacologic inhibitors of cancer and cancer metastasis. Clin Cancer Res; 20(12); 3118-32. ©2014 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Stefanska
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; McGill Centre for Bioinformatics; and Sackler program for Psychobiology and Epigenetics at McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory for Disease and Health Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh; Department of Medical Sciences, Toshiba General Hospital, Tokyo, Kanto, Japan; and Department of Pathology, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry Lahore, PakistanAuthors' Affiliations: Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; McGill Centre for Bioinformatics; and Sackler program for Psychobiology and Epigenetics at McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory for Disease and Health Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh; Department of Medical Sciences, Toshiba General Hospital, Tokyo, Kanto, Japan; and Department of Pathology, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry Lahore, Pakistan
| | - David Cheishvili
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; McGill Centre for Bioinformatics; and Sackler program for Psychobiology and Epigenetics at McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory for Disease and Health Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh; Department of Medical Sciences, Toshiba General Hospital, Tokyo, Kanto, Japan; and Department of Pathology, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Matthew Suderman
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; McGill Centre for Bioinformatics; and Sackler program for Psychobiology and Epigenetics at McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory for Disease and Health Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh; Department of Medical Sciences, Toshiba General Hospital, Tokyo, Kanto, Japan; and Department of Pathology, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ani Arakelian
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; McGill Centre for Bioinformatics; and Sackler program for Psychobiology and Epigenetics at McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory for Disease and Health Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh; Department of Medical Sciences, Toshiba General Hospital, Tokyo, Kanto, Japan; and Department of Pathology, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jian Huang
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; McGill Centre for Bioinformatics; and Sackler program for Psychobiology and Epigenetics at McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory for Disease and Health Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh; Department of Medical Sciences, Toshiba General Hospital, Tokyo, Kanto, Japan; and Department of Pathology, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Michael Hallett
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; McGill Centre for Bioinformatics; and Sackler program for Psychobiology and Epigenetics at McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory for Disease and Health Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh; Department of Medical Sciences, Toshiba General Hospital, Tokyo, Kanto, Japan; and Department of Pathology, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ze-Guang Han
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; McGill Centre for Bioinformatics; and Sackler program for Psychobiology and Epigenetics at McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory for Disease and Health Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh; Department of Medical Sciences, Toshiba General Hospital, Tokyo, Kanto, Japan; and Department of Pathology, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mamun Al-Mahtab
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; McGill Centre for Bioinformatics; and Sackler program for Psychobiology and Epigenetics at McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory for Disease and Health Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh; Department of Medical Sciences, Toshiba General Hospital, Tokyo, Kanto, Japan; and Department of Pathology, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sheikh Mohammad Fazle Akbar
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; McGill Centre for Bioinformatics; and Sackler program for Psychobiology and Epigenetics at McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory for Disease and Health Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh; Department of Medical Sciences, Toshiba General Hospital, Tokyo, Kanto, Japan; and Department of Pathology, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Wasif Ali Khan
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; McGill Centre for Bioinformatics; and Sackler program for Psychobiology and Epigenetics at McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory for Disease and Health Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh; Department of Medical Sciences, Toshiba General Hospital, Tokyo, Kanto, Japan; and Department of Pathology, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rubhana Raqib
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; McGill Centre for Bioinformatics; and Sackler program for Psychobiology and Epigenetics at McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory for Disease and Health Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh; Department of Medical Sciences, Toshiba General Hospital, Tokyo, Kanto, Japan; and Department of Pathology, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Imrana Tanvir
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; McGill Centre for Bioinformatics; and Sackler program for Psychobiology and Epigenetics at McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory for Disease and Health Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh; Department of Medical Sciences, Toshiba General Hospital, Tokyo, Kanto, Japan; and Department of Pathology, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Haseeb Ahmed Khan
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; McGill Centre for Bioinformatics; and Sackler program for Psychobiology and Epigenetics at McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory for Disease and Health Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh; Department of Medical Sciences, Toshiba General Hospital, Tokyo, Kanto, Japan; and Department of Pathology, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shafaat A Rabbani
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; McGill Centre for Bioinformatics; and Sackler program for Psychobiology and Epigenetics at McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory for Disease and Health Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh; Department of Medical Sciences, Toshiba General Hospital, Tokyo, Kanto, Japan; and Department of Pathology, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Moshe Szyf
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; McGill Centre for Bioinformatics; and Sackler program for Psychobiology and Epigenetics at McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory for Disease and Health Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh; Department of Medical Sciences, Toshiba General Hospital, Tokyo, Kanto, Japan; and Department of Pathology, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry Lahore, PakistanAuthors' Affiliations: Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; McGill Centre for Bioinformatics; and Sackler program for Psychobiology and Epigenetics at McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory for Disease and Health Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh; Department of Medical Sciences, Toshiba General Hospital, Tokyo, Kanto, Japan; and Department of Pathology, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry Lahore, Pakistan
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Zhang H, Yin Z, Ning K, Wang L, Guo R, Ji Z. Prognostic value of microRNA-223/epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 signaling in patients with osteosarcoma. Hum Pathol 2014; 45:1430-6. [PMID: 24784921 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA-223 (miR-223) has been demonstrated to be implicated in cell proliferation and cell cycle progression of osteosarcoma cell lines by regulating its target gene epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 (ECT2). However, the clinical significance of the deregulation of the miR-223/Ect2 axis in human osteosarcoma has not been fully elucidated. To address this problem, we firstly showed that the expression levels of miR-223 and Ect2 messenger RNA were, respectively, down-regulated and up-regulated in osteosarcoma tissues compared with those in noncancerous bone tissues significantly (both P < .001), according to the results of quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Notably, miR-223 down-regulation was negatively correlated with Ect2 messenger RNA up-regulation in osteosarcoma tissues (r = -0.68, P = .01). Then, the combined low miR-223 expression and high Ect2 expression (miR-223-low/Ect2-high) was significantly associated with high tumor grade (P = .01), poor response to chemotherapy (P = .01), positive metastasis (P < .001), and recurrence (P < .001) of osteosarcomas. Moreover, patients with miR-223-low/Ect2-high expression had the shortest overall survival (P < .001) and disease-free survival (P < .001) compared with patients in the other 3 groups (miR-223-low/Ect2-low, miR-223-high/Ect2-high, and miR-223-high/Ect2-low). Furthermore, the multivariate analysis identified miR-223/Ect2 expression and the status of metastasis as independent prognostic factors for overall survival and disease-free survival. In conclusion, our data offer convincing evidence that the deregulation of miR-223 and its target gene ECT2 may be associated with the aggressive tumor progression of human osteosarcoma. Of note, the combined miR-223 down-regulation and Ect2 up-regulation may be a possible marker of poor prognosis in this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoshaqiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230000, China.
| | - Zongsheng Yin
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230000, China
| | - Kai Ning
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830000, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830000, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830000, China
| | - Zhe Ji
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830000, China
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Huff LP, Decristo MJ, Trembath D, Kuan PF, Yim M, Liu J, Cook DR, Miller CR, Der CJ, Cox AD. The Role of Ect2 Nuclear RhoGEF Activity in Ovarian Cancer Cell Transformation. Genes Cancer 2014; 4:460-75. [PMID: 24386507 DOI: 10.1177/1947601913514851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ect2, a Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RhoGEF), is atypical among RhoGEFs in its predominantly nuclear localization in interphase cells. One current model suggests that Ect2 mislocalization drives cellular transformation by promoting aberrant activation of cytoplasmic Rho family GTPase substrates. However, in ovarian cancers, where Ect2 is both amplified and overexpressed at the mRNA level, we observed that the protein is highly expressed and predominantly nuclear and that nuclear but not cytoplasmic Ect2 increases with advanced disease. Knockdown of Ect2 in ovarian cancer cell lines impaired their anchorage-independent growth without affecting their growth on plastic. Restoration of Ect2 expression rescued the anchorage-independent growth defect, but not if either the DH catalytic domain or the nuclear localization sequences of Ect2 were mutated. These results suggested a novel mechanism whereby Ect2 could drive transformation in ovarian cancer cells by acting as a RhoGEF specifically within the nucleus. Interestingly, Ect2 had an intrinsically distinct GTPase specificity profile in the nucleus versus the cytoplasm. Nuclear Ect2 bound preferentially to Rac1, while cytoplasmic Ect2 bound to RhoA but not Rac. Consistent with nuclear activation of endogenous Rac, Ect2 overexpression was sufficient to recruit Rac effectors to the nucleus, a process that required a functional Ect2 catalytic domain. Furthermore, expression of active nuclearly targeted Rac1 rescued the defect in transformed growth caused by Ect2 knockdown. Our work suggests a novel mechanism of Ect2-driven transformation, identifies subcellular localization as a regulator of GEF specificity, and implicates activation of nuclear Rac1 in cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren P Huff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Molly J Decristo
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dimitri Trembath
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Pei Fen Kuan
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Margaret Yim
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Department of Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Danielle R Cook
- School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - C Ryan Miller
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA ; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Channing J Der
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA ; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Adrienne D Cox
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA ; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA ; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Fortin Ensign SP, Mathews IT, Symons MH, Berens ME, Tran NL. Implications of Rho GTPase Signaling in Glioma Cell Invasion and Tumor Progression. Front Oncol 2013; 3:241. [PMID: 24109588 PMCID: PMC3790103 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most malignant of primary adult brain tumors, characterized by a highly locally invasive cell population, as well as abundant proliferative cells, neoangiogenesis, and necrosis. Clinical intervention with chemotherapy or radiation may either promote or establish an environment for manifestation of invasive behavior. Understanding the molecular drivers of invasion in the context of glioma progression may be insightful in directing new treatments for patients with GB. Here, we review current knowledge on Rho family GTPases, their aberrant regulation in GB, and their effect on GB cell invasion and tumor progression. Rho GTPases are modulators of cell migration through effects on actin cytoskeleton rearrangement; in non-neoplastic tissue, expression and activation of Rho GTPases are normally under tight regulation. In GB, Rho GTPases are deregulated, often via hyperactivity or overexpression of their activators, Rho GEFs. Downstream effectors of Rho GTPases have been shown to promote invasiveness and, importantly, glioma cell survival. The study of aberrant Rho GTPase signaling in GB is thus an important investigation of cell invasion as well as treatment resistance and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Patricia Fortin Ensign
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute , Phoenix, AZ , USA ; Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA
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Cook DR, Rossman KL, Der CJ. Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors: regulators of Rho GTPase activity in development and disease. Oncogene 2013; 33:4021-35. [PMID: 24037532 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aberrant activity of Ras homologous (Rho) family small GTPases (20 human members) has been implicated in cancer and other human diseases. However, in contrast to the direct mutational activation of Ras found in cancer and developmental disorders, Rho GTPases are activated most commonly in disease by indirect mechanisms. One prevalent mechanism involves aberrant Rho activation via the deregulated expression and/or activity of Rho family guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs). RhoGEFs promote formation of the active GTP-bound state of Rho GTPases. The largest family of RhoGEFs is comprised of the Dbl family RhoGEFs with 70 human members. The multitude of RhoGEFs that activate a single Rho GTPase reflects the very specific role of each RhoGEF in controlling distinct signaling mechanisms involved in Rho activation. In this review, we summarize the role of Dbl RhoGEFs in development and disease, with a focus on Ect2 (epithelial cell transforming squence 2), Tiam1 (T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis 1), Vav and P-Rex1/2 (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 (phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate)-dependent Rac exchanger).
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Cook
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K L Rossman
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - C J Der
- 1] Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [2] Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [3] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Vehlow A, Cordes N. Invasion as target for therapy of glioblastoma multiforme. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:236-44. [PMID: 23891970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The survival of cancer patients suffering from glioblastoma multiforme is limited to just a few months even after treatment with the most advanced techniques. The indefinable borders of glioblastoma cell infiltration into the surrounding healthy tissue prevent complete surgical removal. In addition, genetic mutations, epigenetic modifications and microenvironmental heterogeneity cause resistance to radio- and chemotherapy altogether resulting in a hardly to overcome therapeutic scenario. Therefore, the development of efficient therapeutic strategies to combat these tumors requires a better knowledge of genetic and proteomic alterations as well as the infiltrative behavior of glioblastoma cells and how this can be targeted. Among many cell surface receptors, members of the integrin family are known to regulate glioblastoma cell invasion in concert with extracellular matrix degrading proteases. While preclinical and early clinical trials suggested specific integrin targeting as a promising therapeutic approach, clinical trials failed to deliver improved cure rates up to now. Little is known about glioblastoma cell motility, but switches in invasion modes and adaption to specific microenvironmental cues as a consequence of treatment may maintain tumor cell resistance to therapy. Thus, understanding the molecular basis of integrin and protease function for glioblastoma cell invasion in the context of radiochemotherapy is a pressing issue and may be beneficial for the design of efficient therapeutic approaches. This review article summarizes the latest findings on integrins and extracellular matrix in glioblastoma and adds some perspective thoughts on how this knowledge might be exploited for optimized multimodal therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Vehlow
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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King PD, Lubeck BA, Lapinski PE. Nonredundant functions for Ras GTPase-activating proteins in tissue homeostasis. Sci Signal 2013; 6:re1. [PMID: 23443682 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of the small guanosine triphosphate-binding protein Ras during receptor signal transduction is mediated by Ras guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase)-activating proteins (RasGAPs). Ten different RasGAPs have been identified and have overlapping patterns of tissue distribution. However, genetic analyses are revealing critical nonredundant functions for each RasGAP in tissue homeostasis and as regulators of disease processes in mouse and man. Here, we discuss advances in understanding the role of RasGAPs in the maintenance of tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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36
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Chan E, Nance J. Mechanisms of CDC-42 activation during contact-induced cell polarization. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:1692-702. [PMID: 23424200 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.124594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarization of early embryos provides a foundation to execute essential patterning and morphogenetic events. In Caenorhabditis elegans, cell contacts polarize early embryos along their radial axis by excluding the cortical polarity protein PAR-6 from sites of cell contact, thereby restricting PAR-6 to contact-free cell surfaces. Radial polarization requires the cortically enriched Rho GTPase CDC-42, which in its active form recruits PAR-6 through direct binding. The Rho GTPase activating protein (RhoGAP) PAC-1, which localizes specifically to cell contacts, triggers radial polarization by inactivating CDC-42 at these sites. The mechanisms responsible for activating CDC-42 at contact-free surfaces are unknown. Here, in an overexpression screen of Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs), which can activate Rho GTPases, we identify CGEF-1 and ECT-2 as RhoGEFs that act through CDC-42 to recruit PAR-6 to the cortex. We show that ECT-2 and CGEF-1 localize to the cell surface and that removing their activity causes a reduction in levels of cortical PAR-6. Through a structure-function analysis, we show that the tandem DH-PH domains of CGEF-1 and ECT-2 are sufficient for GEF activity, but that regions outside of these domains target each protein to the cell surface. Finally, we provide evidence suggesting that the N-terminal region of ECT-2 may direct its in vivo preference for CDC-42 over another known target, the Rho GTPase RHO-1. We propose that radial polarization results from a competition between RhoGEFs, which activate CDC-42 throughout the cortex, and the RhoGAP PAC-1, which inactivates CDC-42 at cell contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Chan
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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