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Eriksson I, Öllinger K. Lysosomes in Cancer-At the Crossroad of Good and Evil. Cells 2024; 13:459. [PMID: 38474423 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Although it has been known for decades that lysosomes are central for degradation and recycling in the cell, their pivotal role as nutrient sensing signaling hubs has recently become of central interest. Since lysosomes are highly dynamic and in constant change regarding content and intracellular position, fusion/fission events allow communication between organelles in the cell, as well as cell-to-cell communication via exocytosis of lysosomal content and release of extracellular vesicles. Lysosomes also mediate different forms of regulated cell death by permeabilization of the lysosomal membrane and release of their content to the cytosol. In cancer cells, lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy are increased to support the increased metabolism and allow growth even under nutrient- and oxygen-poor conditions. Tumor cells also induce exocytosis of lysosomal content to the extracellular space to promote invasion and metastasis. However, due to the enhanced lysosomal function, cancer cells are often more susceptible to lysosomal membrane permeabilization, providing an alternative strategy to induce cell death. This review summarizes the current knowledge of cancer-associated alterations in lysosomal structure and function and illustrates how lysosomal exocytosis and release of extracellular vesicles affect disease progression. We focus on functional differences depending on lysosomal localization and the regulation of intracellular transport, and lastly provide insight how new therapeutic strategies can exploit the power of the lysosome and improve cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Eriksson
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Karin Öllinger
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
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2
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Malta MD, Cerqueira MT, Marques AP. Extracellular matrix in skin diseases: The road to new therapies. J Adv Res 2023; 51:149-160. [PMID: 36481476 PMCID: PMC10491993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a vital structure with a dynamic and complex organization that plays an essential role in tissue homeostasis. In the skin, the ECM is arranged into two types of compartments: interstitial dermal matrix and basement membrane (BM). All evidence in the literature supports the notion that direct dysregulation of the composition, abundance or structure of one of these types of ECM, or indirect modifications in proteins that interact with them is linked to a wide range of human skin pathologies, including hereditary, autoimmune, and neoplastic diseases. Even though the ECM's key role in these pathologies has been widely documented, its potential as a therapeutic target has been overlooked. AIM OF REVIEW This review discusses the molecular mechanisms involved in three groups of skin ECM-related diseases - genetic, autoimmune, and neoplastic - and the recent therapeutic progress and opportunities targeting ECM. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW This article describes the implications of alterations in ECM components and in BM-associated molecules that are determinant for guaranteeing its function in different skin disorders. Also, ongoing clinical trials on ECM-targeted therapies are discussed together with future opportunities that may open new avenues for treating ECM-associated skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Malta
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - M T Cerqueira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - A P Marques
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal.
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3
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Zhang L, Zhao Y, Yang J, Zhu Y, Li T, Liu X, Zhang P, Cheng J, Sun S, Wei C, Fu J. CTSL, a prognostic marker of breast cancer, that promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion in cells in triple-negative breast cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1158087. [PMID: 37456247 PMCID: PMC10342200 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1158087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the world, the incidence of breast cancer has surpassed that of lung cancer, and it has become the first malignant tumor among women. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) shows an extremely heterogeneous malignancy toward high recurrence, metastasis, and mortality, but there is a lack of effective targeted therapy. It is urgent to develop novel molecular targets in the occurrence and therapeutics for TNBC, and novel therapeutic strategies to block the recurrence and metastasis of TNBC. Methods In this study, CTSL (cathepsin L) expression in tissues and adjacent tissues of TNBC patients was monitored by immunohistochemistry and western blots. The correlations between CTSL expressions and clinicopathological characteristics in the patient tissues for TNBC were analyzed. Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion assay were also performed when over-expressed or knocked-down CTSL. Results We found that the level of CTSL in TNBC is significantly higher than that in the matched adjacent tissues, and associated with differentiated degree, TNM Stage, tumor size, and lymph node metastatic status in TNBC patients. The high level of CTSL was correlated with a short RFS (p<0.001), OS (p<0.001), DMFS (p<0.001), PPS (p= 0.0025) in breast cancer from online databases; while in breast cancer with lymph node-positive, high level of CTSL was correlated with a short DMFS (p<0.001) and RFS (p<0.001). Moreover, in vitro experiments showed that CTSL overexpression promotes the abilities for proliferation, migration, and invasion in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, while knocking-down CTSL decreases its characteristics in MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Conclusion CTSL might involve into the regulation of the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of TNBC. Thus, CTSL would be a novel, potential therapeutic, and prognostic target of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianmei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Huai’an No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Department of Pathology, Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Huai’an No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yaning Zhu
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Huai’an No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Suan Sun
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Huai’an No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunli Wei
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Junjiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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Biasizzo M, Javoršek U, Vidak E, Zarić M, Turk B. Cysteine cathepsins: A long and winding road towards clinics. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101150. [PMID: 36283280 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical research often focuses on properties that differentiate between diseased and healthy tissue; one of the current focuses is elevated expression and altered localisation of proteases. Among these proteases, dysregulation of cysteine cathepsins can frequently be observed in inflammation-associated diseases, which tips the functional balance from normal physiological to pathological manifestations. Their overexpression and secretion regularly exhibit a strong correlation with the development and progression of such diseases, making them attractive pharmacological targets. But beyond their mostly detrimental role in inflammation-associated diseases, cysteine cathepsins are physiologically highly important enzymes involved in various biological processes crucial for maintaining homeostasis and responding to different stimuli. Consequently, several challenges have emerged during the efforts made to translate basic research data into clinical applications. In this review, we present both physiological and pathological roles of cysteine cathepsins and discuss the clinical potential of cysteine cathepsin-targeting strategies for disease management and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Biasizzo
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urban Javoršek
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Vidak
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miki Zarić
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 113, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Avagliano A, Fiume G, Bellevicine C, Troncone G, Venuta A, Acampora V, De Lella S, Ruocco MR, Masone S, Velotti N, Carotenuto P, Mallardo M, Caiazza C, Montagnani S, Arcucci A. Thyroid Cancer and Fibroblasts. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174172. [PMID: 36077709 PMCID: PMC9455043 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common type of endocrine cancer, and its prevalence continue to rise. Non-metastatic thyroid cancer patients are successfully treated. However, looking for new therapeutic strategies is of great importance for metastatic thyroid cancers that still lead to death. With respect to this, the tumor microenvironment (TME), which plays a key role in tumor progression, should be considered as a new promising therapeutic target to hamper thyroid cancer progression. Indeed, thyroid tumors consist of cancer cells and a heterogeneous and ever-changing niche, represented by the TME, which contributes to establishing most of the features of cancer cells. The TME consists of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, soluble factors, metabolites, blood and lymphatic tumor vessels and several stromal cell types that, by interacting with each other and with tumor cells, affect TME remodeling, cancer growth and progression. Among the thyroid TME components, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have gained more attention in the last years. Indeed, recent important evidence showed that thyroid CAFs strongly sustain thyroid cancer growth and progression by producing soluble factors and ECM proteins, which, in turn, deeply affect thyroid cancer cell behavior and aggressiveness. Hence, in this article, we describe the thyroid TME, focusing on the desmoplastic stromal reaction, which is a powerful indicator of thyroid cancer progression and an invasive growth pattern. In addition, we discuss the origins and features of the thyroid CAFs, their influence on thyroid cancer growth and progression, their role in remodeling the ECM and their immune-modulating functions. We finally debate therapeutic perspectives targeting CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Avagliano
- Department of Public Health, University of Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (A.A.); Tel.: +39-081-7463422 (A.A. & A.A.)
| | - Giuseppe Fiume
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Claudio Bellevicine
- Department of Public Health, University of Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Troncone
- Department of Public Health, University of Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Venuta
- Department of Public Health, University of Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Vittoria Acampora
- Department of Public Health, University of Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sabrina De Lella
- Department of Public Health, University of Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Ruocco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Masone
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Nunzio Velotti
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Carotenuto
- TIGEM, Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, 80078 Naples, Italy
- Medical Genetics, Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Mallardo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Caiazza
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Montagnani
- Department of Public Health, University of Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Arcucci
- Department of Public Health, University of Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (A.A.); Tel.: +39-081-7463422 (A.A. & A.A.)
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Melanoma Mediated Disruption of Brain Endothelial Barrier Integrity Is Not Prevented by the Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Proteases. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080660. [PMID: 36005056 PMCID: PMC9405625 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that human melanoma cells rapidly decrease human brain endothelial barrier strength. Our findings showed a fast mechanism of melanoma mediated barrier disruption, which was localised to the paracellular junctions of the brain endothelial cells. Melanoma cells are known to release molecules which cleave the surrounding matrix and allow traversal within and out of their metastatic niche. Enzymatic families, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and proteases are heavily implicated in this process and their complex nature in vivo makes them an intriguing family to assess in melanoma metastasis. Herein, we assessed the expression of MMPs and other proteases in melanoma conditioned media. Our results showed evidence of a high expression of MMP-2, but not MMP-1, -3 or -9. Other proteases including Cathepsins D and B were also detected. Recombinant MMP-2 was added to the apical face of brain endothelial cells (hCMVECs), to measure the change in barrier integrity using biosensor technology. Surprisingly, this showed no decrease in barrier strength. The addition of potent MMP inhibitors (batimastat, marimastat, ONO4817) and other protease inhibitors (such as aprotinin, Pefabloc SC and bestatin) to the brain endothelial cells, in the presence of various melanoma lines, showed no reduction in the melanoma mediated barrier disruption. The inhibitors batimastat, Pefabloc SC, antipain and bestatin alone decreased the barrier strength. These results suggest that although some MMPs and proteases are released by melanoma cells, there is no direct evidence that they are substantially involved in the initial melanoma-mediated disruption of the brain endothelium.
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Hsu CH, Lee KJ, Chiu YH, Huang KC, Wang GS, Chen LP, Liao KW, Lin CS. The Lysosome in Malignant Melanoma: Biology, Function and Therapeutic Applications. Cells 2022; 11:1492. [PMID: 35563798 PMCID: PMC9103375 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles that play roles in the degradation and recycling of cellular waste and homeostasis maintenance within cells. False alterations of lysosomal functions can lead to broad detrimental effects and cause various diseases, including cancers. Cancer cells that are rapidly proliferative and invasive are highly dependent on effective lysosomal function. Malignant melanoma is the most lethal form of skin cancer, with high metastasis characteristics, drug resistance, and aggressiveness. It is critical to understand the role of lysosomes in melanoma pathogenesis in order to improve the outcomes of melanoma patients. In this mini-review, we compile our current knowledge of lysosomes' role in tumorigenesis, progression, therapy resistance, and the current treatment strategies related to lysosomes in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsin Hsu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Keng-Jung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| | - Yi-Han Chiu
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Kuo-Ching Huang
- Holistic Education Center, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan;
| | - Guo-Shou Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan; (G.-S.W.); (K.-W.L.)
| | - Lei-Po Chen
- Ph.D. Degree Program of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan;
| | - Kuang-Wen Liao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan; (G.-S.W.); (K.-W.L.)
| | - Chen-Si Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
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Kos J, Mitrović A, Perišić Nanut M, Pišlar A. Lysosomal peptidases – Intriguing roles in cancer progression and neurodegeneration. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:708-738. [PMID: 35067006 PMCID: PMC8972049 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal peptidases are hydrolytic enzymes capable of digesting waste proteins that are targeted to lysosomes via endocytosis and autophagy. Besides intracellular protein catabolism, they play more specific roles in several other cellular processes and pathologies, either within lysosomes, upon secretion into the cell cytoplasm or extracellular space, or bound to the plasma membrane. In cancer, lysosomal peptidases are generally associated with disease progression, as they participate in crucial processes leading to changes in cell morphology, signaling, migration, and invasion, and finally metastasis. However, they can also enhance the mechanisms resulting in cancer regression, such as apoptosis of tumor cells or antitumor immune responses. Lysosomal peptidases have also been identified as hallmarks of aging and neurodegeneration, playing roles in oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal intercellular communication, dysregulated trafficking, and the deposition of protein aggregates in neuronal cells. Furthermore, deficiencies in lysosomal peptidases may result in other pathological states, such as lysosomal storage disease. The aim of this review was to highlight the role of lysosomal peptidases in particular pathological processes of cancer and neurodegeneration and to address the potential of lysosomal peptidases in diagnosing and treating patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janko Kos
- University of Ljubljana Faculty of Pharmacy Aškerčeva 7 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan Institute Department of Biotechnology Jamova 39 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Ana Mitrović
- Jožef Stefan Institute Department of Biotechnology Jamova 39 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Milica Perišić Nanut
- Jožef Stefan Institute Department of Biotechnology Jamova 39 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Anja Pišlar
- University of Ljubljana Faculty of Pharmacy Aškerčeva 7 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
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ASPER-29 suppresses the metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells by dual inhibition of cathepsin-L and cathepsin-S. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 353:109811. [PMID: 35016848 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer will be the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide due to its high rate of metastasis. Cathepsins (CATs) are effectors of invasive growth in various cancers. Currently, targeting CATs represents an attractive strategy for the treatment of highly metastatic cancers with high CATs activity, such as pancreatic cancer. To develop a stronger antimetastatic agent, ASPER-29, a novel inhibitor of CATs designed by using the asperphenamate derivative BBP as a lead compound, was synthesized, and its therapeutic potential in pancreatic cancer metastasis was investigated in this study. Molecular docking and enzyme inhibition assays proved that ASPER-29 can inhibit the activity of CAT-L and CAT-S by binding with these enzymes in classical action modes. Furthermore, ASPER-29 significantly inhibited the activity of CAT-L and CAT-S but had no effect on their expression in PANC-1 and BxPC-3 cells. The in vitro antimetastatic activities of ASPER-29 were examined by wound healing and Transwell chamber assays. We found that ASPER-29 inhibited the migration and invasion of PANC-1 and BxPC-3 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, the in vivo antimetastatic effects of ASPER-29 were confirmed in a mouse xenotransplantation model. H&E staining and immunohistochemistry assays of Ki67 and CEACAM6 proved that ASPER-29 treatment significantly blocked the metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells to lung and liver tissues. Additionally, the activity of both CAT-L and CAT-S was markedly inhibited in the lung and liver tissues of ASPER-29-administered mice compared with the mice in the model group, suggesting that the metastasis-blocking effect of ASPER-29 should be mediated via inhibition of the activity of CAT-L and CAT-S in pancreatic cancer cells. Together, our results demonstrated that ASPER-29, as a novel inhibitor of CAT-L and CAT-S, possessed the evident ability to block the metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells.
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10
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Avagliano A, Arcucci A. Insights into Melanoma Fibroblast Populations and Therapeutic Strategy Perspectives: Friends or Foes? Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:6159-6168. [PMID: 35726413 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220620124138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is an aggressive and highly metastatic solid tumor associated with drug resistance. Before 2011, despite therapies based on cytokines or molecules inhibiting DNA synthesis, metastatic melanoma led to patient death within 18 months from diagnosis. However, recent studies on bidirectional interactions between melanoma cells and tumor microenvironment (TME) have had a significant impact on the development of new therapeutic strategies represented by targeted therapy and immunotherapy. In particular, the heterogeneous stromal fibroblast populations, including fibroblasts, fibroblast aggregates, myofibroblasts, and melanoma associated fibroblasts (MAFs), represent the most abundant cell population of TME and regulate cancer growth differently. Therefore, in this perspective article, we have highlighted the different impacts of fibroblast populations on cancer development and growth. In particular, we focused on the role of MAFs in sustaining melanoma cell survival, proliferation, migration and invasion, drug resistance, and immunoregulation. The important role of constitutively activated MAFs in promoting CM growth and immunoediting makes this cell type a promising target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Avagliano
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Arcucci
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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11
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Benjamin DJ, Lyou Y. Advances in Immunotherapy and the TGF-β Resistance Pathway in Metastatic Bladder Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225724. [PMID: 34830879 PMCID: PMC8616345 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bladder cancer accounts for a significant burden to global public health. Despite advances in therapeutics with the advent of immunotherapy, only a small subset of patients benefit from immunotherapy. In this review, we examine the evidence that suggests that the TGF-β pathway may present a resistance mechanism to immunotherapy. In addition, we present possible therapies that may overcome the TGF-β resistance pathway in the treatment of bladder cancer. Abstract Bladder cancer accounts for nearly 200,000 deaths worldwide yearly. Urothelial carcinoma (UC) accounts for nearly 90% of cases of bladder cancer. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy has remained the mainstay of treatment in the first-line setting for locally advanced or metastatic UC. More recently, the treatment paradigm in the second-line setting was drastically altered with the approval of several immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Given that only a small subset of patients respond to ICI, further studies have been undertaken to understand potential resistance mechanisms to ICI. One potential resistance mechanism that has been identified in the setting of metastatic UC is the TGF-β signaling pathway. Several pre-clinical and ongoing clinical trials in multiple advanced tumor types have evaluated several therapies that target the TGF-β pathway. In addition, there are ongoing and planned clinical trials combining TGF-β inhibition with ICI, which may provide a promising therapeutic approach for patients with advanced and metastatic UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Benjamin
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA 92868, USA;
| | - Yung Lyou
- Department of Medical Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-626-256-2805; Fax: +1-625-301-8233
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12
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Kurisu N, Kaminade T, Eguchi M, Ishigami I, Mizuguchi H, Sakurai F. Oncolytic reovirus-mediated killing of mouse cancer-associated fibroblasts. Int J Pharm 2021; 610:121269. [PMID: 34748806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses, which mediate tumor cell-specific infection, resulting in efficient tumor cell killing, have attracted much attention as a novel class of anti-cancer biopharmaceutical agents. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are an important component of the tumor microenvironment that strongly supports the growth, survival, and metastasis of tumor cells, suggesting that CAFs would have influence to the antitumor effects of oncolytic viruses; however, it remains to be fully evaluated whether oncolytic viruses affect the viabilities and properties of CAFs following treatment. Oncolytic reovirus, which is a non-enveloped virus that contains 10-segmented double-stranded RNA genome, shows efficient tumor cell lysis without apparent cytotoxicity to normal cells and has been tested worldwide in clinical trials against various types of tumors. In this study, we demonstrated that reovirus exhibited cytotoxicity against mouse primary CAFs isolated from subcutaneous tumors, but not against tail-tip fibroblasts. Infection with reovirus resulted in activation of caspase 3 and up-regulation of apoptosis-related gene expression, indicating that reovirus induced apoptosis of mouse primary CAFs. Intratumoral administration of reovirus induced apoptosis of mouse CAFs in the tumor. Taken together, these results indicate that reovirus has the potential to mediate antitumor effects by killing not only cancer cells but also CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Kurisu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadataka Kaminade
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Maho Eguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ikuho Ishigami
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan; The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sakurai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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13
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Gureeva TA, Timoshenko OS, Kugaevskaya EV, Solovyova NI. [Cysteine cathepsins: structure, physiological functions and their role in carcinogenesis]. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2021; 67:453-464. [PMID: 34964439 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20216706453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins (Cts) also known as thiol proteinases belong to the superfamily of cysteine proteinases (EC 3.4.22). Cts are known as lysosomal proteases responsible for the intracellular proteins degradation. All Cts are synthesized as zymogens, activation of which occurs autocatalytically. Their activity is regulated by endogenous inhibitors. Cts can be secreted into the extracellular environment, which is of particular importance in tumor progression. Extracellular Cts not only hydrolyze extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, but also contribute to ECM remodeling, processing and/or release of cell adhesion molecules, growth factors, cytokines and chemokines. In cancer, the expression and activity of Cts sharply increase both in cell lysosomes and in the intercellular space, which correlates with neoplastic transformation, invasion, metastasis and leads to further tumor progression. It has been shown that Cts expression depends on the cells type, therefore, their role in the tumor development differs depending on their cellular origin. The mechanism of Cts action in cancer is not limited only by their proteolytic action. The Cts influence on signal transduction pathways associated with cancer development, including the pathway involving growth factors, which is mediated through receptors tyrosine kinases (RTK) and various signaling mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), has been proven. In addition, Cts are able to promote the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by activating signal transduction pathways such as Wnt, Notch, and the pathway involving TGF-β. So, Ctc perform specific both destructive and regulatory functions, carrying out proteolysis, both inside and outside the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Gureeva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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Romano V, Belviso I, Venuta A, Ruocco MR, Masone S, Aliotta F, Fiume G, Montagnani S, Avagliano A, Arcucci A. Influence of Tumor Microenvironment and Fibroblast Population Plasticity on Melanoma Growth, Therapy Resistance and Immunoescape. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5283. [PMID: 34067929 PMCID: PMC8157224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) tissue represents a network constituted by cancer cells and tumor microenvironment (TME). A key feature of CM is the high structural and cellular plasticity of TME, allowing its evolution with disease and adaptation to cancer cell and environmental alterations. In particular, during melanoma development and progression each component of TME by interacting with each other and with cancer cells is subjected to dramatic structural and cellular modifications. These alterations affect extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, phenotypic profile of stromal cells, cancer growth and therapeutic response. The stromal fibroblast populations of the TME include normal fibroblasts and melanoma-associated fibroblasts (MAFs) that are highly abundant and flexible cell types interacting with melanoma and stromal cells and differently influencing CM outcomes. The shift from the normal microenvironment to TME and from normal fibroblasts to MAFs deeply sustains CM growth. Hence, in this article we review the features of the normal microenvironment and TME and describe the phenotypic plasticity of normal dermal fibroblasts and MAFs, highlighting their roles in normal skin homeostasis and TME regulation. Moreover, we discuss the influence of MAFs and their secretory profiles on TME remodelling, melanoma progression, targeted therapy resistance and immunosurveillance, highlighting the cellular interactions, the signalling pathways and molecules involved in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Romano
- Department of Public Health, University of Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.R.); (I.B.); (A.V.); (S.M.)
| | - Immacolata Belviso
- Department of Public Health, University of Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.R.); (I.B.); (A.V.); (S.M.)
| | - Alessandro Venuta
- Department of Public Health, University of Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.R.); (I.B.); (A.V.); (S.M.)
| | - Maria Rosaria Ruocco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.R.R.); (F.A.)
| | - Stefania Masone
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Federica Aliotta
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.R.R.); (F.A.)
| | - Giuseppe Fiume
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Stefania Montagnani
- Department of Public Health, University of Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.R.); (I.B.); (A.V.); (S.M.)
| | - Angelica Avagliano
- Department of Public Health, University of Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.R.); (I.B.); (A.V.); (S.M.)
- Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, University of Napoli Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Arcucci
- Department of Public Health, University of Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.R.); (I.B.); (A.V.); (S.M.)
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Li H, Xie L, Chen L, Zhang L, Han Y, Yan Z, Guo X. Genomic, epigenomic, and immune subtype analysis of CTSL/B and SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 in pan-cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:22370-22389. [PMID: 33231569 PMCID: PMC7746364 DOI: 10.18632/aging.104147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been spreading widely and posing an international challenge for both healthcare and society. At present, cancer has been identified as an individual risk factor for COVID-19. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and Cathepsin L/Cathepsin B (CTSL/B), which act as the receptor and entry-associated proteases of SARS-CoV-2 respectively, are pivotal for SARS-CoV-2 infection. To investigate the possible SARS-CoV-2 infection risk of pan-cancer, we analyzed the genetic alterations, RNA expression, DNA methylation, and the association with immune subtypes of ACE2 and CTSL/B with the prognosis in pan-cancer. Results showed the upregulation of CTSL/B and ACE2 in Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) and Stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) and demonstrated a positive correlation between copy number alteration (CNA) and gene expression for CTSB in PAAD and STAD. Hypomethylation and a negative correlation of gene expression and methylation for CTSB were detected in PAAD. In addition, ACE2 and CTSL/B are overexpressed in the IFN-gamma immune subtype of ovarian serous Cystadenocarcinoma (OV), Cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC), and Bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA). Our study presents a bioinformatics assessment for the potential risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pan-cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Li
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Cell Signal Transduction Laboratory, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Longxiang Xie
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Cell Signal Transduction Laboratory, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Cell Signal Transduction Laboratory, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Cell Signal Transduction Laboratory, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yali Han
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Cell Signal Transduction Laboratory, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Zhongyi Yan
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Cell Signal Transduction Laboratory, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xiangqian Guo
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Cell Signal Transduction Laboratory, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
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16
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Leto G, Sepporta MV. The potential of cystatin C as a predictive biomarker in breast cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2020; 20:1049-1056. [PMID: 32990495 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2020.1829481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer (BCa) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women. Numerous efforts are being directed toward identifying novel tissue and/or circulating molecular markers that may help clinicians in detecting early-stage BCa patients and in providing an accurate estimation of the prognosis and prediction of response to clinical treatments. In this setting, emerging evidence has indicated Cystatin C (Cyst C), as the most potent endogenous inhibitor of cysteine cathepsins, as a possible useful marker in the clinical management of BCa patients. AREAS COVERED This review analyzes the results of emerging studies underpinning a potential clinical role of Cyst C, as additional marker in BCa. EXPERT OPINION Cyst C expression levels have been reported to be altered in tumor tissues and/or in biological fluids of BCa patients. Furthermore, clinical evidence has highlighted a significant correlation between altered Cyst C levels in tumor tissues and/or biological fluids and some clinco-biological parameters of BCa progression. These findings provide evidence for a potential clinical use of Cyst C as a novel marker to improve the clinical and therapeutic management of BCa patients and as a gauge for better clarifying the role of cysteine proteinases in the various steps of BCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Leto
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Palermo , Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Sepporta
- Pediatric Unit, Department Women-Mother-Children, Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Research Laboratory, Lausanne University Hospital , Lausanne, Switzerland
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Derynck R, Turley SJ, Akhurst RJ. TGFβ biology in cancer progression and immunotherapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2020; 18:9-34. [DOI: 10.1038/s41571-020-0403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wang F, Wang H, Sun L, Niu C, Xu J. TRIM59 inhibits PPM1A through ubiquitination and activates TGF-β/Smad signaling to promote the invasion of ectopic endometrial stromal cells in endometriosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C392-C401. [PMID: 32348176 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00127.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to define the underlying molecular mechanism of tripartite motif (TRIM) 59-induced invasion of ectopic endometrial stromal cells in endometriosis. Primary endometriosis ectopic endometrial stromal cells and normal endometrial cells were isolated and purified. Western blot was used to detect the expression of TRIM59, protein phosphatase Mg2+/Mn2+-dependent 1A (PPM1A), smad2/3, and phosphorylated (p)-smad2/3. Lentiviral vector-mediated TRIM59 interference and overexpression were established. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to detect cell proliferation, and the Transwell migration assay was used to detect cell invasion. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2), MMP9, smad2/3, and p-smad2/3 expressions were also detected using Western blot analysis; degradation of PPM1A was verified to be through ubiquitination. We found that TRIM59 expression levels in the endometriosis group was significantly higher compared with the normal group (P < 0.05), whereas the expression levels of PPM1A in the endometriosis group were significantly lower (P < 0.05). Endometriosis did not alter smad2/3 (P > 0.05) expression. However, after activating smad2/3 by phosphorylation, the expression of p-smad2/3 in the endometriosis group was significantly higher compared with the normal group (P < 0.05). The content of PPM1A in the TRIM59 overexpression group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.001), whereas the content of PPM1A in the siTRIM59 group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.001). In addition, there were no significant differences in the mRNA levels of PPM1A among the five groups, indicating that TRIM59 affects the expression of PPM1A at the posttranslational level (P < 0.05). Overexpression of TRIM59 significantly promoted the ubiquitination of PPM1A. We conclude that TRIM59 inhibits PPM1A through ubiquitination and activates the transforming growth factor-β/Smad pathway to promote the invasion of ectopic endometrial stromal cells in endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu Wang
- Henan Provincial Research Institute for Population and Family Planning, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, National Health Commission, and Key Laboratory of Population Defects Intervention Technology of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haili Wang
- Henan Provincial Research Institute for Population and Family Planning, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, National Health Commission, and Key Laboratory of Population Defects Intervention Technology of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Translational Medical Center, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chengling Niu
- Henan Provincial Research Institute for Population and Family Planning, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, National Health Commission, and Key Laboratory of Population Defects Intervention Technology of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
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Zhang X, Luo S, Wang M, Shi GP. Cysteinyl cathepsins in cardiovascular diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140360. [PMID: 31926332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl cathepsins are lysosomal/endosomal proteases that mediate bulk protein degradation in these intracellular acidic compartments. Yet, studies indicate that these proteases also appear in the nucleus, nuclear membrane, cytosol, plasma membrane, and extracellular space. Patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) show increased levels of cathepsins in the heart, aorta, and plasma. Plasma cathepsins often serve as biomarkers or risk factors of CVD. In aortic diseases, such as atherosclerosis and abdominal aneurysms, cathepsins play pathogenic roles, but many of the same cathepsins are cardioprotective in hypertensive, hypertrophic, and infarcted hearts. During the development of CVD, cathepsins are regulated by inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, hypertensive stimuli, oxidative stress, and many others. Cathepsin activities in inflammatory molecule activation, immunity, cell migration, cholesterol metabolism, neovascularization, cell death, cell signaling, and tissue fibrosis all contribute to CVD and are reviewed in this article in memory of Dr. Nobuhiko Katunuma for his contribution to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Songyuan Luo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Minjie Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.
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The Role of Cathepsin B in Peritoneal Fibrosis due to Peritoneal Dialysis. Int J Nephrol 2019; 2019:4150656. [PMID: 31815017 PMCID: PMC6878782 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4150656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-containing peritoneal dialysis (PD) solution causes peritoneal fibrosis (PF) characterized by accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the submesothelial layer. Cathepsin B is a lysosomal cysteine protease that degrades ECM, but its role in the PF remains unclear. Thus, we investigated the role of cathepsin B in PF. Procathepsin B was measured in the 73 PD effluents of 68 patients. Procathepsin B and cathepsin B after exposure of glucose and the effects of cathepsin B on the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) were measured in the supernatant of cultured human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs). The effect of cathepsin B and its inhibitor, cystatin C, on PF was investigated in the murine model. Procathepsin B was measured at 3.6 μg/L in serum and 5.4 μg/L in PD effluent and positively correlated to the cancer antigen (CA) 125. The treatment with 4.25% glucose increased procathepsin B by 3.1-fold and cathepsin B by 5.9-fold in the HPMCs. Cathepsin B induced the secretion of MMP-1, -2, and -3 and TIMP-1 in the HPMCs, but uPA was not excreted. In the PF murine models, cathepsin B reduced the thickness of the submesothelial layer and cystatin C attenuated the effect of cathepsin B. HPMCs secrete cathepsin B with exposure of PD solution, and cathepsin B might help protect against PF.
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21
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Zhao Y, Shen X, Zhu Y, Wang A, Xiong Y, Wang L, Fei Y, Wang Y, Wang W, Lin F, Liang Z. Cathepsin L-mediated resistance of paclitaxel and cisplatin is mediated by distinct regulatory mechanisms. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:333. [PMID: 31370861 PMCID: PMC6670178 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin L (CTSL) is a cysteine protease known to have important roles in regulating cancer cellular resistance to chemotherapy. However mechanism underlying which regulates CTSL-mediated drug resistance remain largely unknown. METHODS We used NSCLC cell lines: A549, A549/TAX (paclitaxel-resistant), A549/DDP (cisplatin-resistant), H460 and PC9 cells, to evaluate CTSL and drug resistance changes. Tumor specimens from 53 patients with NSCLC and Xenograft models was also utilized to explore the regulatory relationship of CTSL, TGF-β, Egr-1 and CREB. RESULTS TGF-β and smad3 were overexpressed only in A549/TAX cells, silencing TGF-β or smad3 in A549/TAX cells decreased the expression of CTSL and enhanced their sensitivity to paclitaxel. Smad3 binds to the Smad-binding-element(SBE) of the CTSL promoter, resulting in increased activity of the CTSL promoter and subsequent CTSL. Egr-1 and CREB were overexpressed only in A549/DDP cells, and silencing Egr-1 or CREB reduced the expression of CTSL and increased cisplatin cytotoxicity. CREB could affect the activity of the CTSL promoter by binding to it. And the potential regulatory factors of CTSL were consistent in vivo and in human lung cancer. These different regulatory mechanisms of CTSL-mediated drug resistance exist in two other NSCLC cell lines. CONCLUSION CTSL-mediated drug resistance to paclitaxel and cisplatin may be modulated by different mechanisms. The results of our study identified different mechanisms regulating CTSL-mediated drug resistance and identified smad3 as a novel regulator of CTSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Ren’ai Road 199, Suzhou, 215000 China
- Department of neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, 215000 China
| | - Xiao Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Ren’ai Road 199, Suzhou, 215000 China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Ren’ai Road 199, Suzhou, 215000 China
| | - Anqi Wang
- Department of neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, 215000 China
| | - Yajie Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Ren’ai Road 199, Suzhou, 215000 China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Ren’ai Road 199, Suzhou, 215000 China
| | - Yao Fei
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Ren’ai Road 199, Suzhou, 215000 China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Ren’ai Road 199, Suzhou, 215000 China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Ren’ai Road 199, Suzhou, 215000 China
- Department of Pharmacy, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000 China
| | - Fang Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Ren’ai Road 199, Suzhou, 215000 China
| | - Zhongqin Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Ren’ai Road 199, Suzhou, 215000 China
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Cogo F, Williams R, Burden RE, Scott CJ. Application of nanotechnology to target and exploit tumour associated proteases. Biochimie 2019; 166:112-131. [PMID: 31029743 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are hydrolytic enzymes fundamental for a variety of physiological processes, but the loss of their regulation leads to aberrant functions that promote onset and progression of many diseases including cancer. Proteases have been implicated in almost every hallmark of cancer and whilst widely investigated for tumour therapy, clinical adoption of protease inhibitors as drugs remains a challenge due to issues such as off-target toxicity and inability to achieve therapeutic doses at the disease site. Now, nanotechnology-based solutions and strategies are emerging to circumvent these issues. In this review, preclinical advances in approaches to enhance the delivery of protease drugs and the exploitation of tumour-derived protease activities to promote targeting of nanomedicine formulations is examined. Whilst this field is still in its infancy, innovations to date suggest that nanomedicine approaches to protease targeting or inhibition may hold much therapeutic and diagnostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cogo
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Rich Williams
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Roberta E Burden
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7BL, UK
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Abstract
Cathepsins (CTS) are mainly lysosomal acid hydrolases extensively involved in the prognosis of different diseases, and having a distinct role in tumor progression by regulating cell proliferation, autophagy, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. As all these processes conjunctively lead to cancer progression, their site-specific regulation might be beneficial for cancer treatment. CTS regulate activation of the proteolytic cascade and protein turnover, while extracellular CTS is involved in promoting extracellular matrix degradation and angiogenesis, thereby stimulating invasion and metastasis. Despite cancer regulation, the involvement of CTS in cellular adaptation toward chemotherapy and radiotherapy augments their therapeutic potential. However, lysosomal permeabilization mediated cytosolic translocation of CTS induces programmed cell death. This complex behavior of CTS generates the need to discuss the different aspects of CTS associated with cancer regulation. In this review, we mainly focused on the significance of each cathepsin in cancer signaling and their targeting which would provide noteworthy information in the context of cancer biology and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejinder Pal Khaket
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun Chul Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea.
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Kielosto M, Eriksson J, Nummela P, Yin M, Hölttä E. Divergent roles of lysyl oxidase family members in ornithine decarboxylase- and RAS-transformed mouse fibroblasts and human melanoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:37733-37752. [PMID: 30701028 PMCID: PMC6340875 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that proto-oncoprotein c-Jun is activated in ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)- and RAS-transformed mouse fibroblasts, and that the transformed morphology of these cells can be reversed by expressing the transactivation domain deletion mutant of c-Jun (TAM67). Here, we found that lysyl oxidase (Lox), encoding an extracellular matrix-modifying enzyme, is downregulated in a c-Jun-dependent manner in ODC-transformed fibroblasts (Odc cells). In addition to Lox, the Lox family members Lox-like 1 and 3 (Loxl1 and Loxl3) were found to be downregulated in Odc as well as in RAS-transformed fibroblasts (E4), whereas Lox-like 4 (Loxl4) was upregulated in Odc and downregulated in E4 cells compared to normal N1 fibroblasts. Tetracycline-regulatable LOX re-expression in Odc cells led to inhibition of cell growth and invasion in three-dimensional Matrigel in an activity-independent manner. On the contrary, LOX and especially LOXL2, LOXL3, and LOXL4 were found to be upregulated in several human melanoma cell lines, and LOX inhibitor B-aminopropionitrile inhibited the invasive growth of these cells particularly when co-cultured with fibroblasts in Matrigel. Knocking down the expression of LOX and especially LOXL2 in melanoma cells almost completely abrogated the invasive growth capability. Further, LOXL2 was significantly upregulated in clinical human primary melanomas compared to benign nevi, and high expression of LOXL2 in primary melanomas was associated with formation of metastases and shorter survival of patients. Thus, our studies reveal that inactive pro-LOX (together with Lox propeptide) functions as a tumor suppressor in ODC- and RAS-transformed murine fibroblasts by inhibiting cell growth and invasion, and active LOX and LOXL2 as tumor promoters in human melanoma cells by promoting their invasive growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kielosto
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Eriksson
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nummela
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Current address: University of Helsinki, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miao Yin
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erkki Hölttä
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Kundu ST, Grzeskowiak CL, Fradette JJ, Gibson LA, Rodriguez LB, Creighton CJ, Scott KL, Gibbons DL. TMEM106B drives lung cancer metastasis by inducing TFEB-dependent lysosome synthesis and secretion of cathepsins. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2731. [PMID: 30013069 PMCID: PMC6048095 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide, therefore necessitating novel approaches to identify specific genetic drivers for lung cancer progression and metastasis. We recently performed an in vivo gain-of-function genetic screen to identify driver genes of lung cancer metastasis. In the study reported here, we identify TMEM106B as a primary robust driver of lung cancer metastasis. Ectopic expression of TMEM106B could significantly promote the synthesis of enlarged vesicular lysosomes that are laden with elevated levels of active cathepsins. In a TFEB-dependent manner, TMEM106B could modulate the expression of lysosomal genes of the coordinated lysosomal expression and regulation (CLEAR) pathway in lung cancer cells and patient samples. We also demonstrate that TMEM106B-induced lysosomes undergo calcium-dependent exocytosis, thereby releasing active lysosomal cathepsins necessary for TMEM106B-mediated cancer cell invasion and metastasis in vivo, which could be therapeutically prevented by pharmacological inhibition of cathepsins. Further, in TCGA LUAD data sets, 19% of patients show elevated expression of TMEM106B, which predicts for poor disease-free and overall-survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrat T Kundu
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Caitlin L Grzeskowiak
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jared J Fradette
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Laura A Gibson
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Leticia B Rodriguez
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chad J Creighton
- Department of Medicine and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kenneth L Scott
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Don L Gibbons
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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26
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Tan J, Qian X, Song B, An X, Cai T, Zuo Z, Ding D, Lu Y, Li H. Integrated bioinformatics analysis reveals that the expression of cathepsin S is associated with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in papillary thyroid cancer. Oncol Rep 2018; 40:111-122. [PMID: 29749483 PMCID: PMC6059735 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of the majority of patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is excellent, although there are patients who experience disease recurrence and progression. The aim of the present study was to identify potential prognostic risk markers in PTC. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs), identified from four Genome Expression Omnibus cohorts were subjected to functional enrichment analyses with Gene Ontology terms and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome pathways. Hub genes, filtered from cytoHubba, were validated using the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort, and their associations with clinicopathological features and prognosis were analyzed. A total of 277 DEGs were identified following data preprocessing. DEGs were primarily enriched in 'small cell lung cancer', 'ECM-receptor interaction', 'pathways in cancer'and 'tyrosine metabolism'. Hub genes [APOE, cathepsin S (CTSS), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), KIT, LGALS3, RUNX2 and TGFBR1] were extracted from cytoHubba. Their expression in the TCGA cohort was consistent with that in the GEO cohorts. CTSS (P=0.006) and IRS1 (P=0.005) were associated with disease‑free survival, as determined using the Kaplan-Meier analysis. CTSS was an independent risk factor for poor disease‑free survival (HR, 2.649; 95% CI, 1.095-6.409; P=0.031). Patients with high expression of CTSS exhibited different histological types (increased tall-cell subtype and reduced follicular subtype; P<0.001), more frequent lymph node metastasis (P<0.001) and advanced tumor-node-metastasis stages (P=0.049) compared with the low-expression group. High expression of CTSS was independently associated with lymph node metastasis (OR, 2.015; 95% CI, 1.225-3.315; P=0.006). Therefore, CTSS may serve as a predictive risk marker for the progression and prognosis of PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
- Department of Gerontology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Qian
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Xiumin An
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Zhihua Zuo
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Dafa Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Yibing Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Hong Li
- Medical Examination Center, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
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Cysteine cathepsins as a prospective target for anticancer therapies-current progress and prospects. Biochimie 2018; 151:85-106. [PMID: 29870804 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins (CTS), being involved in both physiological and pathological processes, play an important role in the human body. During the last 30 years, it has been shown that CTS are highly upregulated in a wide variety of cancer types although they have received a little attention as a potential therapeutic target as compared to serine or metalloproteinases. Studies on the increasing problem of neoplastic progression have revealed that secretion of cell-surface- and intracellular cysteine proteases is aberrant in tumor cells and has an impact on their growth, invasion, and metastasis by taking part in tumor angiogenesis, in apoptosis, and in events of inflammatory and immune responses. Considering the role of CTS in carcinogenesis, inhibition of these enzymes becomes an attractive strategy for cancer therapy. The downregulation of natural CTS inhibitors (CTSsis), such as cystatins, observed in various types of cancer, supports this claim. The intention of this review is to highlight the relationship of CTS with cancer and to present illustrations that explain how some of their inhibitors affect processes related to neoplastic progression.
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Kodet O, Dvořánková B, Bendlová B, Sýkorová V, Krajsová I, Štork J, Kučera J, Szabo P, Strnad H, Kolář M, Vlček Č, Smetana K, Lacina L. Microenvironment‑driven resistance to B‑Raf inhibition in a melanoma patient is accompanied by broad changes of gene methylation and expression in distal fibroblasts. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2687-2703. [PMID: 29393387 PMCID: PMC5846633 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of malignant melanoma is rapidly increasing and current medicine is offering only limited options for treatment of the advanced disease. For B‑Raf mutated melanomas, treatment with mutation‑specific drug inhibitors may be used. Unfortunately, tumors frequently acquire resistance to the treatment. Tumor microenvironment, namely cancer‑associated fibroblasts, largely influence this acquired resistance. In the present study, fibroblasts were isolated from a patient suffering from acrolentiginous melanoma (Breslow, 4.0 mm; Clark, IV; B‑Raf V600E mutated). The present study focused on the expression of structural and functional markers of fibroblast activation in melanoma‑associated fibroblasts (MAFs; isolated prior to therapy initiation) as well as in autologous control fibroblasts (ACFs) of the same patient isolated during B‑Raf inhibitor therapy, yet before clinical progression of the disease. Analysis of gene transcription was also performed, as well as DNA methylation status analysis at the genomic scale of both isolates. MAFs were positive for smooth muscle actin (SMA), which is a marker of myofibroblasts and the hallmark of cancer stoma. Surprisingly, ACF isolated from the distant uninvolved skin of the same patient also exhibited strong SMA expression. A similar phenotype was also observed in control dermal fibroblasts (CDFs; from different donors) exclusively following stimulation by transforming growth factor (TGF)‑β1. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that melanoma cells potently produce TGF‑β1. Significant differences were also identified in gene transcription and in DNA methylation status at the genomic scale. Upregulation of SMA was observed in ACF cells at the protein and transcriptional levels. The present results support recent experimental findings that tumor microenvironment is driving resistance to B‑Raf inhibition in patients with melanoma. Such an activated microenvironment may be viable for the growth of circulating melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Kodet
- Institute of Anatomy
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12808 Prague
- BIOCEV, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of The Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec, 25250 Vestec
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, General University Hospital, 12808 Prague
| | - Barbora Dvořánková
- Institute of Anatomy
- BIOCEV, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of The Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec, 25250 Vestec
| | | | | | - Ivana Krajsová
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, General University Hospital, 12808 Prague
| | - Jiří Štork
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12808 Prague
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, General University Hospital, 12808 Prague
| | - Jan Kučera
- Institute of Anatomy
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12808 Prague
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, General University Hospital, 12808 Prague
| | - Pavol Szabo
- Institute of Anatomy
- BIOCEV, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of The Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec, 25250 Vestec
| | - Hynek Strnad
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of The Czech Republic, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kolář
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of The Czech Republic, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Čestmír Vlček
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of The Czech Republic, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Smetana
- Institute of Anatomy
- BIOCEV, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of The Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec, 25250 Vestec
| | - Lukáš Lacina
- Institute of Anatomy
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12808 Prague
- BIOCEV, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of The Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec, 25250 Vestec
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, General University Hospital, 12808 Prague
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Pandey G, Bakhshi S, Thakur B, Jain P, Chauhan SS. Prognostic significance of cathepsin L expression in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2018; 59:2175-2187. [PMID: 29345177 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1422865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of cathepsin L (CTSL), an endolysosomal cysteine protease, is associated with inferior survival of patients with various human malignancies. We evaluated the expression/activity of CTSL in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) of 103 pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients to assess its prognostic significance in this malignancy. Thirty-five healthy siblings of patients served as controls. Our results revealed significantly higher CTSL activity (p < .0001), protein (p < .05), and mRNA levels (p < .01) in both PBMCs and BMMCs of patients as compared with controls. BMMCs displayed higher activity of CTSL than PBMCs (p < .01). A dramatic reduction in CTSL activity was recorded after chemotherapy in a significant proportion (74%) of patients (p < .0001). By multivariate analysis, CTSL in BMMCs emerged as a strong independent prognostic marker for overall survival (OS) (p = .004). Thus, our results suggest the potential utility of CTSL in predicting the outcome of pediatric AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Pandey
- a Department of Biochemistry , AIIMS , New Delhi , India
| | - Sameer Bakhshi
- b Department of Medical Oncology , AIIMS , New Delhi , India
| | - Bhaskar Thakur
- c Department of Biostatistics , AIIMS , New Delhi , India
| | - Prerna Jain
- a Department of Biochemistry , AIIMS , New Delhi , India
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30
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Donovan P, Dubey OA, Kallioinen S, Rogers KW, Muehlethaler K, Müller P, Rimoldi D, Constam DB. Paracrine Activin-A Signaling Promotes Melanoma Growth and Metastasis through Immune Evasion. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:2578-2587. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.07.845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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31
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Breznik B, Motaln H, Lah Turnšek T. Proteases and cytokines as mediators of interactions between cancer and stromal cells in tumours. Biol Chem 2017; 398:709-719. [PMID: 28002021 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes are highly relevant in different processes of cancer progression. Their interplay with other signalling molecules such as cytokines represents important regulation of multicellular cross-talk. In this review, we discuss protease regulation mechanisms of cytokine signalling in various types of cancer. Additionally, we highlight the reverse whereby cytokines have an impact on protease expression in an autocrine and paracrine manner, representing complex feedback mechanisms among multiple members of these two protein families. The relevance of the protease-cytokine axis is illustrated in glioblastoma, where interactions between normal mesenchymal stem cells and cancer cells play an important role in this very malignant form of brain cancer.
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32
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UV radiation promotes melanoma dissemination mediated by the sequential reaction axis of cathepsins-TGF-β1-FAP-α. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:535-544. [PMID: 28697174 PMCID: PMC5558678 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the major risk factor for development of malignant melanoma. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP)-α is a serine protease expressed on the surface of activated fibroblasts, promoting tumour invasion through extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. The signalling mechanism behind the upregulation of FAP-α is not yet completely revealed. METHODS Expression of FAP-α was analysed after UVR exposure in in vitro co-culture systems, gene expression arrays and artificial skin constructs. Cell migration and invasion was studied in relation to cathepsin activity and secretion of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. RESULTS Fibroblast activation protein-α expression was induced by UVR in melanocytes of human skin. The FAP-α expression was regulated by UVR-induced release of TGF-β1 and cathepsin inhibitors prevented such secretion. In melanoma cell culture models and in a xenograft tumour model of zebrafish embryos, FAP-α mediated ECM degradation and facilitated tumour cell dissemination. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence for a sequential reaction axis from UVR via cathepsins, TGF-β1 and FAP-α expression, promoting cancer cell dissemination and melanoma metastatic spread.
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Cantelli G, Crosas-Molist E, Georgouli M, Sanz-Moreno V. TGFΒ-induced transcription in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 42:60-69. [PMID: 27586372 PMCID: PMC6137079 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGFβ) pathway mediates a broad spectrum of cellular processes and is involved in several diseases, including cancer. TGFβ has a dual role in tumours, acting as a tumour suppressor in the early phase of tumorigenesis and as a tumour promoter in more advanced stages. In this review, we discuss the effects of TGFβ-driven transcription on all stages of tumour progression, with special focus on lung cancer. Since some TGFβ target genes are specifically involved in promoting metastasis, we speculate that these genes might be good targets to block tumour progression without compromising the tumour suppressor effects of the TGFβ pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Cantelli
- Tumour Plasticity Laboratory, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Eva Crosas-Molist
- Tumour Plasticity Laboratory, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Mirella Georgouli
- Tumour Plasticity Laboratory, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Victoria Sanz-Moreno
- Tumour Plasticity Laboratory, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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Simultaneous blocking of IL-6 and IL-8 is sufficient to fully inhibit CAF-induced human melanoma cell invasiveness. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 146:205-17. [PMID: 27102177 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1433-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumour microenvironment plays a critical role in cell invasion and metastasis. To investigate the role of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in melanoma cell invasiveness, we used 3D spheroid invasion assay. The effect of conditioned media from normal fibroblasts and CAFs cultivated alone or co-cultivated with melanoma cells on BLM or A2058 melanoma spheroid invasion was analysed. We found that conditioned media from CAFs and CAFs co-cultured with melanoma cells, especially, promote invasion and migration, without significant effect on melanoma cell proliferation. We further analysed the expression of pro-invasive cytokines IL-8 and IL-6 in media and found that melanoma cells are dominant producers of IL-8 and fibroblasts are dominant producers of IL-6 in 2D monocultures, while co-cultivation of CAFs with melanoma cells induces production/secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 into the media. The analyses of IL-6 levels in 3D cultures and human melanoma samples, however, revealed that at least in some cases IL-6 is also produced directly by melanoma cells. Analysis of the role of IL-6 and IL-8 in CAF-induced melanoma invasion, using neutralising antibodies, revealed that simultaneous blocking of IL-6 and IL-8 is sufficient to fully inhibit CAF-induced human melanoma cell invasiveness. In summary, these experiments indicate the important role of CAFs and IL-8 and IL-6 cytokines in melanoma cell invasiveness.
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35
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Eriksson J, Le Joncour V, Nummela P, Jahkola T, Virolainen S, Laakkonen P, Saksela O, Hölttä E. Gene expression analyses of primary melanomas reveal CTHRC1 as an important player in melanoma progression. Oncotarget 2016; 7:15065-92. [PMID: 26918341 PMCID: PMC4924771 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is notorious for its high tendency to metastasize and its refractoriness to conventional treatments after metastasis, and the responses to most targeted therapies are short-lived. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind melanoma development and progression is needed to develop more effective therapies and to identify new markers to predict disease behavior. Here, we compared the gene expression profiles of benign nevi, and non-metastatic and metastatic primary melanomas to identify any common changes in disease progression. We identified several genes associated with inflammation, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix modification to be upregulated in metastatic melanomas. We selected one of these genes, collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (CTHRC1), for detailed analysis, and found that CTHRC1 was expressed in both melanoma cells and the associated fibroblasts, as well as in the endothelium of tumor blood vessels. Knockdown of CTHRC1 expression by shRNAs in melanoma cells inhibited their migration in Transwell assays and their invasion in three-dimensional collagen and Matrigel matrices. We also elucidated the possible down-stream effectors of CTHRC1 by gene expression profiling of the CTHRC1-knockdown cells. Our analyses showed that CTHRC1 is regulated coordinately with fibronectin and integrin β3 by the pro-invasive and -angiogenic transcription factor NFATC2. We also found CTHRC1 to be a target of TFGβ and BRAF. These data highlight the importance of tumor stroma in melanoma progression. Furthermore, CTHRC1 was recognized as an important mediator of melanoma cell migration and invasion, providing together with its regulators-NFATC2, TGFβ, and BRAF-attractive therapeutic targets against metastatic melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Eriksson
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vadim Le Joncour
- University of Helsinki, Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nummela
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Jahkola
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanna Virolainen
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirjo Laakkonen
- University of Helsinki, Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Saksela
- Department of Dermatology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erkki Hölttä
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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36
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Brinckerhoff CE. What are the therapeutic implications of increased collagen expression in melanoma cells treated with vemurafenib? Melanoma Manag 2016; 3:5-8. [PMID: 30190867 DOI: 10.2217/mmt.15.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Constance E Brinckerhoff
- Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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37
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Ruan J, Zheng H, Rong X, Rong X, Zhang J, Fang W, Zhao P, Luo R. Over-expression of cathepsin B in hepatocellular carcinomas predicts poor prognosis of HCC patients. Mol Cancer 2016; 15:17. [PMID: 26896959 PMCID: PMC4761221 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0503-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have found that Cathepsin B (CTSB) is up-regulated in many tumor types and facilitates tumor progression. However, the role of CTSB in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression remains unclear. This study was aimed at investigating the expression and role of CTSB in HCC in a large set of samples and cell lines (MHCC-97H and MHCC-97 L), and evaluating the clinical and prognostic significance of CTSB protein in patients with HCC. Methods The expression of CTSB was examined in HCC tissue and cell lines by Western-blotting, Real-time PCR, and immunohistochemical staining. Wound healing assay and invasion assay were used to verify the effect of CTSB on the migration and invasion ability of HCC cell lines. Tumor formation assay in nude mice was used to analyze the effect of CTSB on the tumorigenicity of HCC cell lines. Results The status of CTSB protein in carcinoma tissues is much higher than that in paracarcinoma tissues. The overall survival of the patients with high CTSB expression was significantly shorter than the low CTSB expression group. High CTSB expression was significantly correlated with advanced clinical staging, histological grade, and tumor recurrence. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that over-expression of CTSB in MHCC-97 L cells promoted cell invasion and tumor progression ability. Down-regulation of CTSB in MHCC-97H showed the opposite effects. These phenotypic changes caused by CTSB knockdown or over-expression correlated with expression of the matrix metallopeptidase MMP-9. Moreover, multivariate analysis suggested that CTSB expression might be an independent prognostic indicator for the survival of HCC patients after curative surgery. Conclusions CTSB might be involved in the development and progression of HCC as an oncogene, and thereby may be a valuable prognostic marker for HCC patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-016-0503-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ruan
- Cancer Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital, Southern medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haiyan Zheng
- The Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaodong Rong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaomin Rong
- Department of pharmacy, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Junyi Zhang
- Cancer Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital, Southern medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weijia Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rongcheng Luo
- Cancer Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital, Southern medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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Lysosomal cysteine peptidases – Molecules signaling tumor cell death and survival. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35:168-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Olson OC, Joyce JA. Cysteine cathepsin proteases: regulators of cancer progression and therapeutic response. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:712-29. [PMID: 26597527 DOI: 10.1038/nrc4027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsin protease activity is frequently dysregulated in the context of neoplastic transformation. Increased activity and aberrant localization of proteases within the tumour microenvironment have a potent role in driving cancer progression, proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Recent studies have also uncovered functions for cathepsins in the suppression of the response to therapeutic intervention in various malignancies. However, cathepsins can be either tumour promoting or tumour suppressive depending on the context, which emphasizes the importance of rigorous in vivo analyses to ascertain function. Here, we review the basic research and clinical findings that underlie the roles of cathepsins in cancer, and provide a roadmap for the rational integration of cathepsin-targeting agents into clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oakley C Olson
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
- Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Lausanne, Switzerland
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40
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Porter KM, Wieser FA, Wilder CL, Sidell N, Platt MO. Cathepsin Protease Inhibition Reduces Endometriosis Lesion Establishment. Reprod Sci 2015; 23:623-9. [PMID: 26482207 DOI: 10.1177/1933719115611752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a gynecologic disease characterized by the ectopic presence of endometrial tissue on organs within the peritoneal cavity, causing debilitating abdominal pain and infertility. Current treatments alleviate moderate pain symptoms associated with the disorder but exhibit limited ability to prevent new or recurring lesion establishment and growth. Retrograde menstruation has been implicated for introducing endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity, but molecular mechanisms underlying attachment and invasion are not fully understood. We hypothesize that cysteine cathepsins, a group of powerful extracellular matrix proteases, facilitate endometrial tissue invasion and endometriosis lesion establishment in the peritoneal wall and inhibiting this activity would decrease endometriosis lesion implantation. To test this, we used an immunocompetent endometriosis mouse model and found that endometriotic lesions exhibited a greater than 5-fold increase in active cathepsins compared to tissue from peritoneal wall or eutopic endometrium, with cathepsins L and K specifically implicated. Human endometriosis lesions also exhibited greater cathepsin activity than adjacent peritoneum tissue, supporting the mouse results. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that inhibiting cathepsin activity could block endometriosis lesion attachment and implantation in vivo. Intraperitoneal injection of the broad cysteine cathepsin inhibitor, E-64, significantly reduced the number of attached endometriosis lesions in our murine model compared to vehicle-treated controls demonstrating that cathepsin proteases contribute to endometriosis lesion establishment, and their inhibition may provide a novel, nonhormonal therapy for endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi M Porter
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Friedrich A Wieser
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, GA, USA
| | - Catera L Wilder
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Neil Sidell
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, GA, USA
| | - Manu O Platt
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Jenkins MH, Croteau W, Mullins DW, Brinckerhoff CE. The BRAF(V600E) inhibitor, PLX4032, increases type I collagen synthesis in melanoma cells. Matrix Biol 2015; 48:66-77. [PMID: 25989506 PMCID: PMC5048745 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vertical growth phase (VGP) melanoma is frequently metastatic, a process mediated by changes in gene expression, which are directed by signal transduction pathways in the tumor cells. A prominent signaling pathway is the Ras-Raf-Mek-Erk MAPK pathway, which increases expression of genes that promote melanoma progression. Many melanomas harbor a mutation in this pathway, BRAF(V600E), which constitutively activates MAPK signaling and expression of downstream target genes that facilitate tumor progression. In BRAF(V600E) melanoma, the small molecule inhibitor, vemurafenib (PLX4032), has revolutionized therapy for melanoma by inducing rapid tumor regression. This compound down-regulates the expression of many genes. However, in this study, we document that blocking the Ras-Raf-Mek-Erk MAPK pathway, either with an ERK (PLX4032) or a MEK (U1026) signaling inhibitor, in BRAF(V600E) human and murine melanoma cell lines increases collagen synthesis in vitro and collagen deposition in vivo. Since TGFß signaling is a major mediator of collagen synthesis, we examined whether blocking TGFß signaling with a small molecule inhibitor would block this increase in collagen. However, there was minimal reduction in collagen synthesis in response to blocking TGFß signaling, suggesting additional mechanism(s), which may include activation of the p38 MAPK pathway. Presently, it is unclear whether this increased collagen synthesis and deposition in melanomas represent a therapeutic benefit or an unwanted "off target" effect of inhibiting the Ras-Raf-Erk-Mek pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly H Jenkins
- Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States.
| | - Walburga Croteau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States
| | - David W Mullins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States
| | - Constance E Brinckerhoff
- Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States
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In-vitro melanoma models: invasive growth is determined by dermal matrix and basement membrane. Melanoma Res 2015; 24:305-14. [PMID: 24892959 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A critical first step in the metastatic progression of cutaneous melanoma, invasive growth into the dermal compartment, would ideally be studied in the proper three-dimensional tissue microenvironment. In this study, we compared the growth and behavior of four melanoma cell lines originating from primary and metastatic human cutaneous melanomas (AN, RU, M14, and WK) in in-vitro human skin equivalents (HSEs) generated with four different dermal matrices: human fibroblast-seeded rat tail collagen, human fibroblast-derived matrix (FDM), noncellular human de-epidermized dermis (DED), and a novel fully cellular human DED with an intact pre-existent basement membrane. Melanoma cells showed proliferation in all HSEs, indicating that the microenvironment formed in all HSEs studied here allows the growth of melanoma cells in concert with epidermal keratinocytes for multiple weeks in vitro. Melanoma cells did not affect epidermal proliferation and terminal differentiation. Growth of melanoma cells in the dermal compartment, as a measure of invasive potential, differs markedly between the four types of in-vitro human melanoma models. Notably, the growth of melanoma cells in the dermal matrix was observed in all HSEs cultured with cell lines originating from metastatic melanoma, except for cDED-based HSEs, and the growth of melanoma cells of nonmetastatic origin was observed in the dermal compartment of FDM-based HSEs. Our results show that the type of dermal equivalent and the presence of an intact basement membrane should be taken into consideration when studying melanoma invasion using in-vitro HSEs.
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43
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Lysosomal ceramide generated by acid sphingomyelinase triggers cytosolic cathepsin B-mediated degradation of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein in natural killer/T lymphoma cell apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1717. [PMID: 25855965 PMCID: PMC4650549 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that IL-2 deprivation induced acid sphingomyelinase-mediated (ASM-mediated) ceramide elevation and apoptosis in an NK/T lymphoma cell line KHYG-1. However, the molecular mechanism of ASM–ceramide-mediated apoptosis during IL-2 deprivation is poorly understood. Here, we showed that IL-2 deprivation induces caspase-dependent apoptosis characterized by phosphatidylserine externalization, caspase-8, -9, and -3 cleavage, and degradation of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). IL-2 re-supplementation rescued apoptosis via inhibition of XIAP degradation without affecting caspase cleavage. However, IL-2 deprivation induced ceramide elevation via ASM in lysosomes and activated lysosomal cathepsin B (CTSB) but not cathepsin D. A CTSB inhibitor CA-074 Me and knockdown of CTSB inhibited ceramide-mediated XIAP degradation and apoptosis. Inhibition of ceramide accumulation in lysosomes using an ASM inhibitor, desipramine, decreased cytosolic activation of CTSB by inhibiting its transfer into cytosol from the lysosome. Knockdown of ASM also inhibited XIAP degradation and apoptosis. Furthermore, cell permeable N-acetyl sphingosine (C2-ceramide), which increases mainly endogenous d18:1/16:0 and d18:1/24:1 ceramide-like IL-2 deprivation, induced caspase-dependent apoptosis with XIAP degradation through CTSB. These findings suggest that lysosomal ceramide produced by ASM mediates XIAP degradation by activation of cytosolic CTSB and caspase-dependent apoptosis. The ASM–ceramide–CTSB signaling axis is a novel pathway of ceramide-mediated apoptosis in IL-2-deprived NK/T lymphoma cells.
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Liu X, Wang J, Lu C, Zhu C, Qian B, Li Z, Liu C, Shao J, Yan J. The role of lysosomes in BDE 47-mediated activation of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in HepG2 cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 124:10-21. [PMID: 25479806 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of widely used flame retardants. The rising presence of PBDEs in human tissues has received considerable concerns with regard to potential health risks. While the mitochondrial-apoptotic pathway has been suggested in PBDEs-induced apoptosis, the role of lysosomes is yet to be understood. In the present study, HepG2 cells were exposed to BDE 47 at various concentrations and durations to establish the causal and temporal relationships among various cellular events, such as cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), apoptosis, and expression of cytochrome C and caspase 3. The involvement of lysosomes was simultaneously studied by evaluating lysosomal membrane permeability (LMP) and changes in the expression of cathepsin B, a lysosome hydrolase. In addition, a cathepsin B inhibitor (10 μM CA-074) was used to determine the involvement of lysosomes and potential interactions between lysosomes and mitochondria. Our results showed that ROS production was an initial response of HepG2 to BDE 47 exposure, followed by a decreased MMP; a loss of MMP caused additional ROS generation which acted to induce LMP; an increased LMP resulted in a release of cathepsin B which aggravated the loss of MMP leading to release of cytochrome C and caspase 3 and subsequent apoptosis. Pretreatment with CA-074 did not abolish the initial ROS generation, however, all downstream events were dramatically alleviated. Taken together, our data indicate that lysosomes might be involved in BDE 47-mediated mitochondrial-apoptotic pathway in HepG2 cells, possibly through feedback interactions between mitochondria and lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Liu
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Chengquan Lu
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Chunyan Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Bo Qian
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Zhenwei Li
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jing Shao
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Institute of Stem Cell Transplantation of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China.
| | - Jinsong Yan
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Institute of Stem Cell Transplantation of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China.
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Activity levels of cathepsins B and L in tumor cells are a biomarker for efficacy of reovirus-mediated tumor cell killing. Cancer Gene Ther 2015; 22:188-97. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2015.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
Pericellular proteases have long been associated with cancer invasion and metastasis due to their ability to degrade extracellular matrix components. Recent studies demonstrate that proteases also modulate tumor progression and metastasis through highly regulated and complex processes involving cleavage, processing, or shedding of cell adhesion molecules, growth factors, cytokines, and kinases. In this review, we address how cancer cells, together with their surrounding microenvironment, regulate pericellular proteolysis. We dissect the multitude of mechanisms by which pericellular proteases contribute to cancer progression and discuss how this knowledge can be integrated into therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sevenich
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10065, USA
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47
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A clinicopathological analysis of primary mucosal malignant melanoma. Surg Today 2014; 45:886-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00595-014-1041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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48
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Tong B, Wan B, Wei Z, Wang T, Zhao P, Dou Y, Lv Z, Xia Y, Dai Y. Role of cathepsin B in regulating migration and invasion of fibroblast-like synoviocytes into inflamed tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 177:586-97. [PMID: 24749816 PMCID: PMC4137842 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin B (CB), an important proteinase that participates in joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), exhibits higher expression in fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) of abnormal proliferative synovial tissues. Whether and how it affects the biological behaviours of RA-FLS, such as migration and invasion, are poorly understood. In the present study, CB expression in synovial tissues of patients with RA and ostearthritis (OA) were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively. Stable depletion of endogenous CB was achieved by small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection, and decrease of CB activity was acquired by using its specific inhibitor (CA074Me). The effects of CA074Me and RNA interference (RNAi) treatments on proliferation, migration, invasion, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/-9 expression, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) phosphorylation of FLS were analysed. In RA synovial tissues, CB was expressed at elevated levels compared with OA synovial tissues. CA074Me could inhibit invasion of FLS obtained from RA patients in an ex-vivo invasion model. CA074Me and siRNA treatments suppressed the migration and invasion of FLS, reduced the activity, expression and mRNA level of MMP-2, restrained the activation of FAK and reduced the expression of F-actin. Moreover, CA074Me decreased the phosphorylation of P38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in FLS, while siCB treatment reduced the phosphorylation of P38 but not JNK. CB substantially contributes to the invasive phenotype of FLS that leads to joint destruction in RA. This proteinase may show promise as a therapeutic target in inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tong
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Lęgowska M, Wysocka M, Burster T, Pikuła M, Rolka K, Lesner A. Ultrasensitive internally quenched substrates of human cathepsin L. Anal Biochem 2014; 466:30-7. [PMID: 25151941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Internally quenched cathepsin L (Cat L) substrate ABZ-Bip-Arg-Ala-Gln-Tyr(3-NO2)-NH2 with high specificity constant (kcat/KM=2.6×10(7)M(-1)s(-1)) was synthesized. The resultant compound displayed high selectivity over other members of the cathepsin family (B, S, X, V, C, K, H, F, D, and A). Activity of Cat L at picomolar (pM) concentrations was found using this substrate. Moreover, it was established that the presence of the selective Cat L inhibitor suppressed the proteolysis of the substrate to a non-detectable level. Incubation of the synthesized compound with a cell lysate of healthy and cancer cell lines indicated significant differences in Cat L activity. Based on the obtained results, it is proposed that this substrate could be used for selective monitoring of Cat L activity in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Lęgowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wysocka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Timo Burster
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Michał Pikuła
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rolka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Adam Lesner
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland.
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BRAF(V600E) melanoma cells secrete factors that activate stromal fibroblasts and enhance tumourigenicity. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:1625-33. [PMID: 25117819 PMCID: PMC4200092 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma, the most lethal form of skin cancer, is responsible for over 80% of all skin cancer deaths and is highly metastatic, readily spreading to the lymph nodes or metastasising to other organs. The frequent genetic mutation found in metastatic melanoma, BRAF(V600E), results in constitutive activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. METHODS In this study, we utilised genetically engineered melanoma cell lines and xenograft mouse models to investigate how BRAF(V600E) affected cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression in tumour cells and in human dermal fibroblasts. RESULTS We found that BRAF(V600E) melanoma cells expressed higher levels of these cytokines and of MMP-1 than wild-type counterparts. Further, conditioned medium from the BRAF(V600E) melanoma cells promoted the activation of stromal fibroblasts, inducing expression of SDF-1 and its receptor CXCR4. This increase was mitigated when the conditioned medium was taken from melanoma cells treated with the BRAF(V600E) specific inhibitor, vemurafenib. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the role of BRAF(V600E) in activating the stroma and suggest a mechanistic link between BRAF(V600E) and MMP-1 in mediating melanoma progression and in activating adjacent fibroblasts in the tumour microenvironment.
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