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Manni W, Min W. Signaling pathways in the regulation of cancer stem cells and associated targeted therapy. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e176. [PMID: 36226253 PMCID: PMC9534377 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined as a subpopulation of malignant tumor cells with selective capacities for tumor initiation, self-renewal, metastasis, and unlimited growth into bulks, which are believed as a major cause of progressive tumor phenotypes, including recurrence, metastasis, and treatment failure. A number of signaling pathways are involved in the maintenance of stem cell properties and survival of CSCs, including well-established intrinsic pathways, such as the Notch, Wnt, and Hedgehog signaling, and extrinsic pathways, such as the vascular microenvironment and tumor-associated immune cells. There is also intricate crosstalk between these signal cascades and other oncogenic pathways. Thus, targeting pathway molecules that regulate CSCs provides a new option for the treatment of therapy-resistant or -refractory tumors. These treatments include small molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies that target key signaling in CSCs, as well as CSC-directed immunotherapies that harness the immune systems to target CSCs. This review aims to provide an overview of the regulating networks and their immune interactions involved in CSC development. We also address the update on the development of CSC-directed therapeutics, with a special focus on those with application approval or under clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Manni
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduP. R. China
| | - Wu Min
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of North DakotaGrand ForksNorth DakotaUSA
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Breast Cancer Metastasis: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126806. [PMID: 35743249 PMCID: PMC9224686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide. Metastasis is the leading cause of high mortality in most cancers. Although predicting the early stage of breast cancer before metastasis can increase the survival rate, breast cancer is often discovered or diagnosed after metastasis has occurred. In general, breast cancer has a poor prognosis because it starts as a local disease and can spread to lymph nodes or distant organs, contributing to a significant impediment in breast cancer treatment. Metastatic breast cancer cells acquire aggressive characteristics from the tumor microenvironment (TME) through several mechanisms including epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and epigenetic regulation. Therefore, understanding the nature and mechanism of breast cancer metastasis can facilitate the development of targeted therapeutics focused on metastasis. This review discusses the mechanisms leading to metastasis and the current therapies to improve the early diagnosis and prognosis in patients with metastatic breast cancer.
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Abstract
Hypoxia is defined as a cellular stress condition caused by a decrease in oxygen below physiologically normal levels. Cells in the core of a rapidly growing solid tumor are faced with the challenge of inadequate supply of oxygen through the blood, owing to improper vasculature inside the tumor. This hypoxic microenvironment inside the tumor initiates a gene expression program that alters numerous signaling pathways, allowing the cancer cell to eventually evade adverse conditions and attain a more aggressive phenotype. A multitude of studies covering diverse aspects of gene regulation has tried to uncover the mechanisms involved in hypoxia-induced tumorigenesis. The role of epigenetics in executing widespread and dynamic changes in gene expression under hypoxia has been gaining an increasing amount of support in recent years. This chapter discusses, in detail, various epigenetic mechanisms driving the cellular response to hypoxia in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Pant
- Epigenetics and RNA Processing Lab (ERPL), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Srinivas Abhishek Mutnuru
- Epigenetics and RNA Processing Lab (ERPL), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Sanjeev Shukla
- Epigenetics and RNA Processing Lab (ERPL), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India.
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Ungefroren H. Autocrine TGF-β in Cancer: Review of the Literature and Caveats in Experimental Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:977. [PMID: 33478130 PMCID: PMC7835898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autocrine signaling is defined as the production and secretion of an extracellular mediator by a cell followed by the binding of that mediator to receptors on the same cell to initiate signaling. Autocrine stimulation often operates in autocrine loops, a type of interaction, in which a cell produces a mediator, for which it has receptors, that upon activation promotes expression of the same mediator, allowing the cell to repeatedly autostimulate itself (positive feedback) or balance its expression via regulation of a second factor that provides negative feedback. Autocrine signaling loops with positive or negative feedback are an important feature in cancer, where they enable context-dependent cell signaling in the regulation of growth, survival, and cell motility. A growth factor that is intimately involved in tumor development and progression and often produced by the cancer cells in an autocrine manner is transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). This review surveys the many observations of autocrine TGF-β signaling in tumor biology, including data from cell culture and animal models as well as from patients. We also provide the reader with a critical discussion on the various experimental approaches employed to identify and prove the involvement of autocrine TGF-β in a given cellular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Ungefroren
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany;
- Clinic for General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
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Ledard N, Liboz A, Blondeau B, Babiak M, Moulin C, Vallin B, Guillas I, Mateo V, Jumeau C, Blirando K, Meilhac O, Limon I, Glorian M. Slug, a Cancer-Related Transcription Factor, is Involved in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Transdifferentiation Induced by Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB During Atherosclerosis. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e014276. [PMID: 31959031 PMCID: PMC7033846 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.014276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Heart attacks and stroke often result from occlusive thrombi following the rupture of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a pivotal role in plaque vulnerability because of their switch towards a proinflammatory/macrophage-like phenotype when in the context of atherosclerosis. The prometastatic transcription factor Slug/Snail2 is a critical regulator of cell phenotypic transition. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of Slug in the transdifferentiation process of VSMCs occurring during atherogenesis. Methods and Results In rat and human primary aortic smooth muscle cells, Slug protein expression is strongly and rapidly increased by platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB). PDGF-BB increases Slug protein without affecting mRNA levels indicating that this growth factor stabilizes Slug protein. Immunocytochemistry and subcellular fractionation experiments reveal that PDGF-BB triggers a rapid accumulation of Slug in VSMC nuclei. Using pharmacological tools, we show that the PDGF-BB-dependent mechanism of Slug stabilization in VSMCs involves the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway. Immunohistochemistry experiments on type V and type VI atherosclerotic lesions of human carotids show smooth muscle-specific myosin heavy chain-/Slug-positive cells surrounding the prothrombotic lipid core. In VSMCs, Slug siRNAs inhibit prostaglandin E2 secretion and prevent the inhibition of cholesterol efflux gene expression mediated by PDGF-BB, known to be involved in plaque vulnerability and/or thrombogenicity. Conclusions Our results highlight, for the first time, a role of Slug in aortic smooth muscle cell transdifferentiation and enable us to consider Slug as an actor playing a role in the atherosclerotic plaque progression towards a life-threatening phenotype. This also argues for common features between acute cardiovascular events and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahéma Ledard
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) Biological Adaptation and Ageing UMR 8256 Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Alexandrine Liboz
- INSERM Saint-Antoine Research Center Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Bertrand Blondeau
- INSERM Saint-Antoine Research Center Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Mégane Babiak
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) Biological Adaptation and Ageing UMR 8256 Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Célia Moulin
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) Biological Adaptation and Ageing UMR 8256 Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Benjamin Vallin
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) Biological Adaptation and Ageing UMR 8256 Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Isabelle Guillas
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) Faculté de Médecine Pitié Salpétrière UMR-S 1166 ICAN Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Véronique Mateo
- CIMI-Paris INSERM U1135 Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne-Université Site Pitié-Salpêtrière Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | | | - Karl Blirando
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) Biological Adaptation and Ageing UMR 8256 Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- Université de La Réunion Diabète, Athérothrombose, Thérapies, Réunion, Océan Indien (UMR DéTROI U1188) - -CYROI- Sainte Clotilde La Réunion
| | - Isabelle Limon
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) Biological Adaptation and Ageing UMR 8256 Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Martine Glorian
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) Biological Adaptation and Ageing UMR 8256 Sorbonne Université Paris France
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Najafi M, Farhood B, Mortezaee K, Kharazinejad E, Majidpoor J, Ahadi R. Hypoxia in solid tumors: a key promoter of cancer stem cell (CSC) resistance. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 146:19-31. [PMID: 31734836 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-03080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are highly tumorigenic cell types that reside within specific areas of tumor microenvironment (TME), and are endowed with self-renewal and resistance properties. Here, we aimed to discuss mechanisms involved in hypoxia-derived CSC resistance and targeting for effective cancer therapy. RESULTS Preferential localization within hypoxic niches would help CSCs develop adaptive mechanisms, mediated through the modification of responses to various stressors and, as a result, show a more aggressive behavior. CONCLUSION Hypoxia, in fact, serves as a multi-tasking strategy to nurture CSCs with this adaptive capacity, complexing targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Cancer and Immunology Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. .,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Ebrahim Kharazinejad
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ahadi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Penolazzi L, Bonaccorsi G, Gafà R, Ravaioli N, Gabriele D, Bosi C, Lanza G, Greco P, Piva R. SLUG/HIF1-α/miR-221 regulatory circuit in endometrial cancer. Gene 2019; 711:143938. [PMID: 31220580 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The pathogenesis of endometrial cancer (EC) involves many regulatory pathways including transcriptional regulatory networks supported by transcription factors and microRNAs only in part known. The aim of this retrospective study was to explore the possible correlation in the EC microenvironment between master regulators of complex phenomena such as steroid responsiveness through estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and progesterone receptor (PR), epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (supported by SLUG transcription factor), hypoxia (with hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha, HIF-1α), and obesity that has been recognized as a EC risk factor. METHODS Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) blocks from University of Ferrara Pathology Archive were used and allocated into 2 groups according to their immunohistochemical positivity to ERα and PR, distinguishing the samples with a more benign prognosis (ERα+/PR+) from those with a poorer prognosis (ERα-/PR-). Immunohistochemistry for HIF1-α and SLUG was also performed. Body mass index (BMI) was registered at the time of diagnosis: patients with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 were defined obese (OB). Total RNA was isolated for miR-221 analysis. RESULTS We showed a comparable percentage of HIF1-α and SLUG positive samples in the ERα+/PR+ and ERα-/PR- groups. However, the obesity factor impacted more in the ERα+/PR+ group since the ratio between OB and non-obese (NOB) patients with high expression of HIF1-α and SLUG was higher in ERα+/PR+ than in the ERα-/PR- group. miR-221 levels were significantly higher in the OB than NOB patients, and, also in this case, obesity impacted more in the ERα+/PR+ group. CONCLUSIONS A molecular circuit of mutual regulation between ERα, PR, HIF1-α, SLUG and miR-221 is feasible in the EC and was firstly suggested by our research. In this interplay miR-221 seems to be in a nodal point of the regulatory system that is particularly strengthened by the metabolic changes in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Penolazzi
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gloria Bonaccorsi
- Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, S. Anna University Hospital, Via Aldo Moro, 8, 44124 Cona, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberta Gafà
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, S. Anna University Hospital, Via Aldo Moro, 8, 44124 Cona, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Noemi Ravaioli
- Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, S. Anna University Hospital, Via Aldo Moro, 8, 44124 Cona, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Deborah Gabriele
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, S. Anna University Hospital, Via Aldo Moro, 8, 44124 Cona, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cristina Bosi
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, S. Anna University Hospital, Via Aldo Moro, 8, 44124 Cona, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lanza
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, S. Anna University Hospital, Via Aldo Moro, 8, 44124 Cona, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pantaleo Greco
- Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, S. Anna University Hospital, Via Aldo Moro, 8, 44124 Cona, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberta Piva
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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Genomic stability, anti-inflammatory phenotype, and up-regulation of the RNAseH2 in cells from centenarians. Cell Death Differ 2019; 26:1845-1858. [PMID: 30622304 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Current literature agrees on the notion that efficient DNA repair favors longevity across evolution. The DNA damage response machinery activates inflammation and type I interferon signaling. Both pathways play an acknowledged role in the pathogenesis of a variety of age-related diseases and are expected to be detrimental for human longevity. Here, we report on the anti-inflammatory molecular make-up of centenarian's fibroblasts (low levels of IL-6, type 1 interferon beta, and pro-inflammatory microRNAs), which is coupled with low level of DNA damage (measured by comet assay and histone-2AX activation) and preserved telomere length. In the same cells, high levels of the RNAseH2C enzyme subunit and low amounts of RNAseH2 substrates, i.e. cytoplasmic RNA:DNA hybrids are present. Moreover, RNAseH2C locus is hypo-methylated and RNAseH2C knock-down up-regulates IL-6 and type 1 interferon beta in centenarian's fibroblasts. Interestingly, RNAseH2C locus is hyper-methylated in vitro senescent cells and in tissues from atherosclerotic plaques and breast tumors. Finally, extracellular vesicles from centenarian's cells up-regulate RNAseH2C expression and dampen the pro-inflammatory phenotype of fibroblasts, myeloid, and cancer cells. These data suggest that centenarians are endowed with restrained DNA damage-induced inflammatory response, that may facilitate their escape from the deleterious effects of age-related chronic inflammation.
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De Carolis S, Bertoni S, Nati M, D'Anello L, Papi A, Tesei A, Cricca M, Bonafé M. Carbonic Anhydrase 9 mRNA/microRNA34a Interplay in Hypoxic Human Mammospheres. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:1534-41. [PMID: 26553365 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The hypoxic environment is a crucial component of the cancer stem cell niche and it is capable of eliciting stem cell features in cancer cells. We previously reported that SNAI2 up-regulates the expression of Carbonic Anhydrase iso-enzyme 9 (CA9) in hypoxic MCF7 cells. Here we show that SNAI2 down-regulates miR34a expression in hypoxic MCF7 cell-derived mammospheres. Next, we report on the capability of miR34a to decrease CA9 mRNA stability and CA9 protein expression. We also convey that the over-expression of cloned CA9-mRNA-3'UTR increases the mRNA half-life and protein levels of two miR34a targets JAGGED1 and NOTCH3. The data here reported shows that the SNAI2-dependent down-regulation of miR34a substantially contributes to the post-transcriptional up-regulation of CA9, and that CA9-mRNA-3'UTR acts as an endogenous microRNA sponge. We conclude that CA9/miR34 interplay shares in the hypoxic regulation of mammospheres and therefore, may play a relevant role in the hypoxic breast cancer stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina De Carolis
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Bertoni
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marina Nati
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura D'Anello
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessio Papi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Tesei
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Biosciences Laboratory, Meldola, Italy
| | - Monica Cricca
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Bonafé
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Jin C, Yan B, Lu Q, Lin Y, Ma L. The role of MALAT1/miR-1/slug axis on radioresistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:4025-33. [PMID: 26482776 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4227-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have a critical role in the regulation of cancer progression and metastasis. However, little is known whether lncRNA regulated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell radioresistance. In the present study, we found that MALAT1 was significantly upregulated in NPC cell lines and tissues. Knockdown of MALAT1 could sensitize NPC cells to radiation both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, we found that MALAT1 regulated radioresistance by modulating cancer stem cell (CSC) activity. Furthermore, we found that there was reciprocal repression between MALAT1 and miR-1, and slug was identified as a downstream target of miR-1. Taking these observations into consideration, we proposed that MALAT1 regulated CSC activity and radioresistance by modulating miR-1/slug axis, which indicated that MALAT1 could act as a therapeutic target for NPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingchuan Yan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanmin Lin
- Oncology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Park TS, Donnenberg VS, Donnenberg AD, Zambidis ET, Zimmerlin L. Dynamic Interactions Between Cancer Stem Cells And Their Stromal Partners. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2014; 2:41-52. [PMID: 24660130 PMCID: PMC3956651 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-013-0036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) paradigm presumes the existence of self-renewing cancer cells capable of regenerating all tumor compartments and exhibiting stem cell-associated phenotypes. Recent interpretations of the CSC hypothesis envision stemness as a dynamic trait of tumor-initiating cells rather than a defined and unique cell type. Bidirectional crosstalk between the tumor microenvironment and the cancer bulk is well described in the literature and the tumor-associated stroma, vasculature and immune infiltrate have all been implicated as direct contributors to tumor development. These non-neoplastic cell types have also been shown to organize specific niches within the tumor bulk where they can control the intra-tumor CSC content and alter the fate of CSCs and tumor progenitors during tumorigenesis to acquire phenotypic features for invasion, metastasis and dormancy. Despite the complexity of the tumor-stroma interactome, novel therapeutic approaches envision combining tumor-ablative treatment with manipulation of the tumor microenvironment. We will review the currently available literature that provides clues about the complex cellular network that regulate the CSC phenotype and its niches during tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Soon Park
- Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vera S. Donnenberg
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Albert D. Donnenberg
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elias T. Zambidis
- Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ludovic Zimmerlin
- Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Li J, Lu HP, Mo WJ, Li HR, Feng ZB. RNAi-mediated silencing of Sp3 expression reduces invasion of HepG2 cells in a xenogeneic graft mouse model. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:813-818. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i6.813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To observe the influence of specificity protein 3 (Sp3) silencing on invasion of HepG2 cells in a xenogeneic graft mouse model, and to explore the possible mechanisms involved.
METHODS: A shRNA-Sp3 or non-relevant shRNA was transfected into HepG2 cells using a lentiviral vector. Non-transfected HepG2 cells were used as controls. The three groups of cells were injected into nude mice. Tumor formation rate was determined, and the pathological morphology of cells in three groups was observed. The mRNA and protein expression of Sp3, β-catenin, E-cadherin and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) was detected by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS: The tumor formation rate was lower in the shRNA-Sp3 group than in the non-relevant group and control group (60% vs 100%, 100%). The ability of invasion was weaker in the shRNA-Sp3 group. The expression of Sp3, β-catenin and MMP-9 mRNAs in the shRNA-Sp3 group was significantly lower than that in the non-relevant group and control group (F = 29.692, 21.894, 109.414; P = 0.001, 0.002, < 0.001). The expression of E-cadherin mRNA was significantly higher in the shRNA-Sp3 group than in the other two groups (F = 66.983, P < 0.001). The expression levels of Sp3 (30 ± 5.69), β-catenin (28 ± 5.13) and MMP-9 proteins (97 ± 10.41) were significantly lower than those in the non-relevant group and control group (P = 0.000 for all). The expression of E-cadherin protein (132 ± 4.36) was significantly higher in the shRNA-Sp3 group than in the other two groups (P = 0.000).
CONCLUSION: Sp3 may influence the invasion of HepG2 cells in vivo by up-regulating the expression of β-catenin and MMP-9 and down-regulating the expression of E-cadherin.
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13
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Beta-catenin/HuR post-transcriptional machinery governs cancer stem cell features in response to hypoxia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80742. [PMID: 24260469 PMCID: PMC3829939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia has been long-time acknowledged as major cancer-promoting microenvironment. In such an energy-restrictive condition, post-transcriptional mechanisms gain importance over the energy-expensive gene transcription machinery. Here we show that the onset of hypoxia-induced cancer stem cell features requires the beta-catenin-dependent post-transcriptional up-regulation of CA9 and SNAI2 gene expression. In response to hypoxia, beta-catenin moves from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm where it binds and stabilizes SNAI2 and CA9 mRNAs, in cooperation with the mRNA stabilizing protein HuR. We also provide evidence that the post-transcriptional activity of cytoplasmic beta-catenin operates under normoxia in basal-like/triple-negative breast cancer cells, where the beta-catenin knockdown suppresses the stem cell phenotype in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. In such cells, we unravel the generalized involvement of the beta-catenin-driven machinery in the stabilization of EGF-induced mRNAs, including the cancer stem cell regulator IL6. Our study highlights the crucial role of post-transcriptional mechanisms in the maintenance/acquisition of cancer stem cell features and suggests that the hindrance of cytoplasmic beta-catenin function may represent an unprecedented strategy for targeting breast cancer stem/basal-like cells.
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