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Lagrange J, Ahmed MU, Arnone D, Lacolley P, Regnault V, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Denis CV. Implications of von Willebrand Factor in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Beyond Bleeding and Thrombosis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024:izae142. [PMID: 38960879 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izae142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) displays an increased venous and arterial thrombotic risk despite the common occurrence of intestinal bleeding. While some of the mechanisms leading to these thrombotic complications have been studied, other specific changes in the hemostasis profile of IBD patients have been less explored. One such example relates to von Willebrand factor (VWF) whose plasma levels have been reported to be modulated in IBD. Von Willebrand factor is a plasma glycoprotein crucial for hemostatic functions via roles both in platelet function and coagulation. High plasma VWF is a known risk factor for venous thromboembolism. In addition to its canonical roles in hemostasis, VWF is known to be directly or indirectly involved in other vascular processes such as maintenance of endothelial barrier integrity or proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. The purpose of this review is to recapitulate and update the existing data about VWF biology in IBD and to highlight its role both in the existing procoagulant phenotype and in vascular alterations that may occur in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Lagrange
- Université de Lorraine, INSERM, DCAC, Nancy, France
- CHRU Nancy, IHU INFINY, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Djésia Arnone
- Université de Lorraine, INSERM, NGERE, IHU INFINY, Nancy, France
| | | | | | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Université de Lorraine, INSERM, NGERE, IHU INFINY, Nancy, France
- Department of Gastroenterology, CHRU Nancy, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Groupe Hospitalier privé Ambroise Paré - Hartmann, Paris IBD center, Neuilly sur Seine, France
| | - Cécile V Denis
- HITh, UMR_S1176, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Hou F, Bian X, Jing D, Gao H, Zhu F. Hypoxia, hypoxia-inducible factors and inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2024; 12:goae030. [PMID: 38638288 PMCID: PMC11023819 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goae030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Adequate oxygen supply is essential for maintaining the body's normal physiological function. In chronic inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), insufficient oxygen reaching the intestine triggers the regulatory system in response to environmental changes. However, the pathogenesis of IBD is still under investigation. Recent research has highlighted the significant role of hypoxia in IBD, particularly the involvement of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) and their regulatory mechanisms, making them promising therapeutic targets for IBD. This review will delve into the role of hypoxia, HIF, and the associated hypoxia-inflammatory microenvironment in the context of IBD. Potential interventions for addressing these challenging gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases will also be discussed within this framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Hou
- Department of Critical Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xixi Bian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, P. R. China
- Clinical Medical College of Jining Medical University, Department of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Dehuai Jing
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Huikuan Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Fengqin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, P. R. China
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3
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Effects of extensive mobilization and tension anastomosis in anorectal reconstruction (experimental study). Pediatr Surg Int 2022; 39:10. [PMID: 36441276 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-022-05306-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Anorectoplasty and pull-through procedure can be performed with extensive mobilization or tension anastomosis, which can compromise bowel blood perfusion. We aimed to analyze the hypoxia biomarker values and histopathological findings in both conditions to correlate the occurrence of anal stenosis and defecation disorders in experimental models. METHODS We created anorectal reconstruction models with impaired vascularization of the anorectum (group I) and tension anastomosis (group II) in rats. A third group of animals underwent sham operation (group III) and another as controls (group IV). Hypoxia biomarker values were assessed in all groups. The histopathological changes on the postoperative days 3 and 35, anal stenosis and defecation disorders on day 35 were compared. RESULTS Hypoxia biomarker values confirmed postoperative ischemia in groups I-III compared to control. Group I and II rats had a similarly pronounced ischemia with histopathologic changes in the anorectum on the postoperative day 3 and accompanied by severe fibrosis on day 35. Compared to the sham operation, both groups showed defecation disorders with significant anal stenoses. CONCLUSION Extensive rectal mobilization to about the same extent as tension anastomosis has a major impact on postoperative rectal ischemia, resulting in severe fibrotic changes in the anorectum and defecation disorders in the long term.
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Silva IJP, Cintra LTA, Ervolino E, Chaves HGDS, Sivieri-AraúJo G, Briso ALF, Cosme-Silva L, Benetti F. Photobiomodulation reduces inflammation but does not influence the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in pulp tissue of rats after bleaching. J Appl Oral Sci 2022; 30:e20210559. [PMID: 35416830 PMCID: PMC9004371 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2021-0559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the influence of photobiomodulation with infrared laser (IRL) in the rat pulp tissue after bleaching, considering the immunolabeling of interleukin (IL)-23 and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α. Methodology: The right and left molars of forty rats were divided into groups: Control – with placebo gel and Bleached – with 35% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Half of the rats received one IRL application on both sides, establishing a split-mouth design, which resulted in 4 groups with 20 hemi-maxillae each: Control, Bleach, IRL, and Bleached-IRL. Rats (n=10) from each group were euthanized, at 2- and 30-days mark, and the pulp tissue was evaluated using inflammation and immunolabeling scores. Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney statistical tests were performed (p<0.05). Results: At the 2-days mark, the Bleached group had severe inflammation and necrosis in the occlusal thirds of the pulp, and moderate to severe inflammation in cervical third, whereas the Bleached-IRL had mild to moderate inflammation (p<0.05). At the 30-days mark, there was no inflammation, but tertiary dentine formation in the bleached groups. Regarding IL-23, severe immunolabeling was observed in the Bleached group (p<0.05) at the 2-days mark; at the 30-days mark, there was a reduction in immunolabeling, in which the Bleached group had moderate and the Bleached-IRL group had mild immunolabeling (p>0.05). HIF-1α was more evident at the 2-days mark in the Bleached group, without significant difference with the Bleached-IRL (p>0.05). The difference was observed between the bleached and control groups, without immunolabeling (p<0.05); at the 30-days mark, the Bleached group had reduction in HIF-1α immunolabeling, while the Bleached-IRL had an increase; the difference remained between the bleached and the controls groups (p<0.05) Conclusion: Photobiomodulation using IRL minimized the inflammation and IL-23 immunolabeling in the pulp tissue of rats after dental bleaching, but did not influence significantly the HIF-1α immunolabeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Joane Prado Silva
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Endodontia, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Edilson Ervolino
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Hebertt Gonzaga Dos Santos Chaves
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Gustavo Sivieri-AraúJo
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Endodontia, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - André Luiz Fraga Briso
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Leopoldo Cosme-Silva
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL), Faculdade de Odontologia, Maceió, AL, Brasil
| | - Francine Benetti
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Sánchez ML, Coveñas R. The Neurotensinergic System: A Target for Cancer Treatment. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:3231-3260. [PMID: 34711154 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666211027124328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The scientific interest regarding the involvement of peptides in cancer has increased in the last years. In tumor cells the overexpression of peptides and their receptors is known and new therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer have been suggested. The overexpression of the neurotensinergic system has been associated with poor prognosis, tumor size, higher tumor aggressiveness, increased relapse risk and worse sensitivity to chemotherapy agents. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to update the findings regarding the involvement of the neurotensinergic system in cancer to suggest anticancer therapeutic strategies targeting this system. The neurotensin (NT) precursor, NT and its receptors (NTR) and the involvement of the neurotensinergic system in lung, breast, prostate, gastric, colon, liver and pancreatic cancers, glioblastoma, neuroendocrine tumors and B-cell leukemia will be mentioned and discussed as well as the signaling pathways mediated by NT. Some research lines to be developed in the future will be suggested such as: molecules regulating the expression of the NT precursor, influence of the diet in the development of tumors, molecules and signaling pathways activated by NT and antitumor therapeutic strategies targeting the neurotensinergic system. CONCLUSION NT, via the NTR, exerts oncogenic (tumor cell proliferation, invasion, migration, angiogenesis) and antiapoptotic effects, whereas NTR antagonists inhibit these effects. NTR expression can be used as a diagnostic tool/therapeutic target and the administration of NTR antagonists as antitumor drugs could be a therapeutic strategy to treat tumors overexpressing NTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Lisardo Sánchez
- University of Salamanca, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems (Lab. 14), Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCYL), Salamanca. Spain
| | - Rafael Coveñas
- University of Salamanca, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems (Lab. 14), Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCYL), Salamanca. Spain
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Liu X, Fan Y, Du L, Mei Z, Fu Y. In Silico and In Vivo Studies on the Mechanisms of Chinese Medicine Formula (Gegen Qinlian Decoction) in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:665102. [PMID: 34177580 PMCID: PMC8232523 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.665102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, and Gegen Qinlian Decoction (GQD), a Chinese botanical formula, has exhibited beneficial efficacy against UC. However, the mechanisms underlying the effect of GQD still remain to be elucidated. In this study, network pharmacology approach and molecular docking in silico were applied to uncover the potential multicomponent synergetic effect and molecular mechanisms. The targets of ingredients in GQD were obtained from Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) and Bioinformatics Analysis Tool for Molecular mechANism of TCM (BATMAN-TCM) database, while the UC targets were retrieved from Genecards, therapeutic target database (TTD) and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database. The topological parameters of Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) data were used to screen the hub targets in the network. The possible mechanisms were investigated with gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. Molecular docking was used to verify the binding affinity between the active compounds and hub targets. Network pharmacology analysis successfully identified 77 candidate compounds and 56 potential targets. The targets were further mapped to 20 related pathways to construct a compound-target-pathway network and an integrated network of GQD treating UC. Among these pathways, PI3K-AKT, HIF-1, VEGF, Ras, and TNF signaling pathways may exert important effects in the treatment of UC via inflammation suppression and anti-carcinogenesis. In the animal experiment, treatment with GQD and sulfasalazine (SASP) both ameliorated inflammation in UC. The proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) induced by UC were significantly decreased by GQD and SASP. Moreover, the protein expression of EGFR, PI3K, and phosphorylation of AKT were reduced after GQD and SASP treatment, and there was no significance between the GQD group and SASP group. Our study systematically dissected the molecular mechanisms of GQD on the treatment of UC using network pharmacology, as well as uncovered the therapeutic effects of GQD against UC through ameliorating inflammation via downregulating EGFR/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Liu
- Institute of Basic Theory for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China.,Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yuling Fan
- Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Lipeng Du
- Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Zhigang Mei
- Institute of Basic Theory for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China.,Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yang Fu
- Xiangyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiangyang, China
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7
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Bistoletti M, Micheloni G, Baranzini N, Bosi A, Conti A, Filpa V, Pirrone C, Millefanti G, Moro E, Grimaldi A, Valli R, Baj A, Crema F, Giaroni C, Porta G. Homeoprotein OTX1 and OTX2 involvement in rat myenteric neuron adaptation after DNBS-induced colitis. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8442. [PMID: 32095330 PMCID: PMC7024580 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel diseases are associated with remodeling of neuronal circuitries within the enteric nervous system, occurring also at sites distant from the acute site of inflammation and underlying disturbed intestinal functions. Homeoproteins orthodenticle OTX1 and OTX2 are neuronal transcription factors participating to adaptation during inflammation and underlying tumor growth both in the central nervous system and in the periphery. In this study, we evaluated OTX1 and OTX2 expression in the rat small intestine and distal colon myenteric plexus after intrarectal dinitro-benzene sulfonic (DNBS) acid-induced colitis. METHODS OTX1 and OTX2 distribution was immunohistochemically investigated in longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus (LMMP)-whole mount preparations. mRNAs and protein levels of both OTX1 and OTX2 were evaluated by qRT-PCR and Western blotting in LMMPs. RESULTS DNBS-treatment induced major gross morphology and histological alterations in the distal colon, while the number of myenteric neurons was significantly reduced both in the small intestine and colon. mRNA levels of the inflammatory markers, TNFα, pro-IL1β, IL6, HIF1α and VEGFα and myeloperoxidase activity raised in both regions. In both small intestine and colon, an anti-OTX1 antibody labeled a small percentage of myenteric neurons, and prevalently enteric glial cells, as evidenced by co-staining with the glial marker S100β. OTX2 immunoreactivity was present only in myenteric neurons and was highly co-localized with neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Both in the small intestine and distal colon, the number of OTX1- and OTX2-immunoreactive myenteric neurons significantly increased after DNBS treatment. In these conditions, OTX1 immunostaining was highly superimposable with inducible nitric oxide synthase in both regions. OTX1 and OTX2 mRNA and protein levels significantly enhanced in LMMP preparations of both regions after DNBS treatment. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that colitis up-regulates OTX1 and OTX2 in myenteric plexus both on site and distantly from the injury, potentially participating to inflammatory-related myenteric ganglia remodeling processes involving nitrergic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Bistoletti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Giovanni Micheloni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Nicolò Baranzini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bosi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Andrea Conti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Viviana Filpa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Cristina Pirrone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Giorgia Millefanti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Moro
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Roberto Valli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Andreina Baj
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Francesca Crema
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Giaroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Giovanni Porta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Schwerdtfeger LA, Nealon NJ, Ryan EP, Tobet SA. Human colon function ex vivo: Dependence on oxygen and sensitivity to antibiotic. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217170. [PMID: 31095647 PMCID: PMC6522050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human intestines contain a heterogeneous collection of cells that include immune, neural and epithelial elements interacting in a highly complex physiology that is challenging to maintain ex vivo. There is an extreme oxygen gradient across the intestinal wall due in part to microbiota in the lumen and close to the gut wall, which complicates the design of tissue culture systems. The current study established the use of an organotypic slice model of human intestinal tissue derived from colonoscopy biopsies to study host-microbial interactions after antibiotic treatment, and the influence of oxygen concentration on gut wall function. Methods Organotypic slices from human colon biopsies collected during routine colonoscopy provided three-dimensional environments that maintained cellular morphology ex vivo. Biopsy slices were used to study impacts of oxygen concentrations and antibiotic treatments on epithelial proliferation rates, and metabolites from tissue culture supernatants. Results Immune function was validated via demonstration of a T lymphocyte response to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Following 24 h of Salmonella exposure there was a significant increase in CD3+ T-lymphocytes in biopsy slices. Metabolite profiling of tissue culture supernatants validated the influence of antibiotic treatment under varied oxygen culture conditions on both host and microbiome-mediated metabolism. Epithelial health was influenced by oxygen and antibiotic. Increased epithelial proliferation was measured in lowered oxygen conditions (1% = 5.9 mmHg) compared to atmospheric conditions standard at 5000 feet above sea level in Colorado (~17% = 100 mmHg). Antibiotic treatment reduced epithelial proliferation only in 5.9 mmHg oxygen cultured slices. Conclusions A human colon organotypic slice model was established for applications ranging from gut epithelial proliferation to enteric pathogen influence on mucosal immune functions ex vivo. The results further support the need to account for oxygen concentration in primary tissue cultures, and that antibiotic use impacts gut-microbe-immune interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A. Schwerdtfeger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nora Jean Nealon
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth P. Ryan
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Stuart A. Tobet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Clostridium difficile toxins induce VEGF-A and vascular permeability to promote disease pathogenesis. Nat Microbiol 2018; 4:269-279. [PMID: 30510170 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0300-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is mediated by two major exotoxins, toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB), that damage the colonic epithelial barrier and induce inflammatory responses. The function of the colonic vascular barrier during CDI has been relatively understudied. Here we report increased colonic vascular permeability in CDI mice and elevated vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), which was induced in vivo by infection with TcdA- and/or TcdB-producing C. difficile strains but not with a TcdA-TcdB- isogenic mutant. TcdA or TcdB also induced the expression of VEGF-A in human colonic mucosal biopsies. Hypoxia-inducible factor signalling appeared to mediate toxin-induced VEGF production in colonocytes, which can further stimulate human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells. Both neutralization of VEGF-A and inhibition of its signalling pathway attenuated CDI in vivo. Compared to healthy controls, CDI patients had significantly higher serum VEGF-A that subsequently decreased after treatment. Our findings indicate critical roles for toxin-induced VEGF-A and colonic vascular permeability in CDI pathogenesis and may also point to the pathophysiological significance of the gut vascular barrier in response to virulence factors of enteric pathogens. As an alternative to pathogen-targeted therapy, this study may enable new host-directed therapeutic approaches for severe, refractory CDI.
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Wang HJ, Wei JY, Liu DX, Zhuang SF, Li Y, Liu H, Ban M, Fang WG, Cao L, Zhao WD, Chen YH. Endothelial Atg7 Deficiency Ameliorates Acute Cerebral Injury Induced by Ischemia/Reperfusion. Front Neurol 2018; 9:998. [PMID: 30555402 PMCID: PMC6280951 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic strokes often result in cerebral injury due to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Although the local inflammatory responses are known to play a primary role in the brain I/R injury, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In the current study, we investigated the effect of brain endothelial Atg7 (autophagy related 7) depletion in the acute brain injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion. Endothelial knockout of Atg7 in mice (Atg7 eKO) was found to significantly attenuate both the infarct volume and the neurological defects induced by I/R when compared to the controls. In fact, brain inflammatory responses induced by I/R were alleviated by the Atg7 eKO. Furthermore, an increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, was observed in brain endothelial cells in response to oxygen/glucose depletion/reoxygenation, which was decreased by the shRNA-mediated Atg7 knockdown. Interestingly, Atg7 knockdown reduced IKKβ phosphorylation, leading to NF-κB deactivation and downregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines mRNA levels. Further, Atg7 transcriptional regulation function is independent of its role in autophagy. Taken together, our results demonstrated that brain endothelial Atg7 contributes to brain damage during I/R by modulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Depletion of Atg7 in brain endothelium has a neuroprotective effect against the ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute cerebral injury during stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Yi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dong-Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shi-Fang Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meng Ban
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wen-Gang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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11
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Obesity and gastrointestinal cancer: the interrelationship of adipose and tumour microenvironments. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15:699-714. [PMID: 30323319 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing recognition of an association between obesity and many cancer types exists, but how the myriad of local and systemic effects of obesity affect key cellular and non-cellular processes within the tumour microenvironment (TME) relevant to carcinogenesis, tumour progression and response to therapies remains poorly understood. The TME is a complex cellular environment in which the tumour exists along with blood vessels, immune cells, fibroblasts, bone marrow-derived inflammatory cells, signalling molecules and the extracellular matrix. Obesity, in particular visceral obesity, might fuel the dysregulation of key pathways relevant to both the adipose microenvironment and the TME, which interact to promote carcinogenesis in at-risk epithelium. The tumour-promoting effects of obesity can occur at the local level as well as systemically via circulating inflammatory, growth factor and metabolic mediators associated with adipose tissue inflammation, as well as paracrine and autocrine effects. This Review explores key pathways linking visceral obesity and gastrointestinal cancer, including inflammation, hypoxia, altered stromal and immune cell function, energy metabolism and angiogenesis.
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Deng H, Wang H, Zhang H, Wang M, Giglio B, Ma X, Jiang G, Yuan H, Wu Z, Li Z. Imaging Neurotensin Receptor in Prostate Cancer With 64Cu-Labeled Neurotensin Analogs. Mol Imaging 2018; 16:1536012117711369. [PMID: 28849698 PMCID: PMC6081756 DOI: 10.1177/1536012117711369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurotensin receptor 1 (NTR-1) is expressed and activated in prostate cancer cells. In this study, we explore the NTR expression in normal mouse tissues and study the positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of NTR in prostate cancer models. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three 64Cu chelators (1, 4, 7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane-1, 4, 7, 10-tetraacetic acid [DOTA], 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N″-triacetic acid [NOTA], or AmBaSar) were conjugated to an NT analog. Neurotensin receptor binding affinity was evaluated using cell binding assay. The imaging profile of radiolabeled probes was compared in well-established NTR+ HT-29 tumor model. Stability of the probes was tested. The selected agents were further evaluated in human prostate cancer PC3 xenografts. RESULTS All 3 NT conjugates retained the majority of NTR binding affinity. In HT-29 tumor, all agents demonstrated prominent tumor uptake. Although comparable stability was observed, 64Cu-NOTA-NT and 64Cu-AmBaSar-NT demonstrated improved tumor to background contrast compared with 64Cu-DOTA-NT. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging of the NTR expression in PC-3 xenografts showed high tumor uptake of the probes, correlating with the in vitro Western blot results. Blocking experiments further confirmed receptor specificity. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that 64Cu-labeled neurotensin analogs are promising imaging agents for NTR-positive tumors. These agents may help us identify NTR-positive lesions and predict which patients and individual tumors are likely to respond to novel interventions targeting NTR-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaifu Deng
- 1 Department of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,2 PET/CT Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- 1 Department of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - He Zhang
- 1 Department of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,3 Department of Radiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengzhe Wang
- 1 Department of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ben Giglio
- 1 Department of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xiaofen Ma
- 1 Department of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,4 Department of Medical Imaging, Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihua Jiang
- 4 Department of Medical Imaging, Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- 1 Department of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zhanhong Wu
- 1 Department of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zibo Li
- 1 Department of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Korbecki J, Gutowska I, Kojder I, Jeżewski D, Goschorska M, Łukomska A, Lubkowska A, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. New extracellular factors in glioblastoma multiforme development: neurotensin, growth differentiation factor-15, sphingosine-1-phosphate and cytomegalovirus infection. Oncotarget 2018; 9:7219-7270. [PMID: 29467963 PMCID: PMC5805549 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen considerable progress in understanding the biochemistry of cancer. For example, more significance is now assigned to the tumor microenvironment, especially with regard to intercellular signaling in the tumor niche which depends on many factors secreted by tumor cells. In addition, great progress has been made in understanding the influence of factors such as neurotensin, growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) on the 'hallmarks of cancer' in glioblastoma multiforme. Therefore, in the present work we describe the influence of these factors on the proliferation and apoptosis of neoplastic cells, cancer stem cells, angiogenesis, migration and invasion, and cancer immune evasion in a glioblastoma multiforme tumor. In particular, we discuss the effect of neurotensin, GDF-15, S1P (including the drug FTY720), and infection with CMV on tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), microglial cells, neutrophil and regulatory T cells (Treg), on the tumor microenvironment. In order to better understand the role of the aforementioned factors in tumoral processes, we outline the latest models of intratumoral heterogeneity in glioblastoma multiforme. Based on the most recent reports, we discuss the problems of multi-drug therapy in treating glioblastoma multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biała, 43-309 Bielsko-Biała, Poland
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Kojder
- Department of Applied Neurocognitivistics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Jeżewski
- Department of Applied Neurocognitivistics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Goschorska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Łukomska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Lubkowska
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Neuropeptides, Inflammation, and Diabetic Wound Healing: Lessons from Experimental Models and Human Subjects. CONTEMPORARY DIABETES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89869-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Law IKM, Padua DM, Iliopoulos D, Pothoulakis C. Role of G protein-coupled receptors-microRNA interactions in gastrointestinal pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G361-G372. [PMID: 28774868 PMCID: PMC5792214 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00144.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) make up the largest transmembrane receptor superfamily in the human genome and are expressed in nearly all gastrointestinal cell types. Coupling of GPCRs and their respective ligands activates various phosphotransferases in the cytoplasm, and, thus, activation of GPCR signaling in intestine regulates many cellular and physiological processes. Studies in microRNAs (miRNAs) demonstrate that they represent critical epigenetic regulators of different pathophysiological responses in different organs and cell types in humans and animals. Here, we reviewed recent research on GPCR-miRNA interactions related to gastrointestinal pathophysiology, such as inflammatory bowel diseases, irritable bowel syndrome, and gastrointestinal cancers. Given that the presence of different types of cells in the gastrointestinal tract suggests the importance of cell-cell interactions in maintaining gastrointestinal homeostasis, we also discuss how GPCR-miRNA interactions regulate gene expression at the cellular level and subsequently modulate gastrointestinal pathophysiology through molecular regulatory circuits and cell-cell interactions. These studies helped identify novel molecular pathways leading to the discovery of potential biomarkers for gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Ka Man Law
- 1Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - David Miguel Padua
- 1Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Dimitrios Iliopoulos
- 1Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and ,2Center for Systems Biomedicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
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Hibiya S, Tsuchiya K, Hayashi R, Fukushima K, Horita N, Watanabe S, Shirasaki T, Nishimura R, Kimura N, Nishimura T, Gotoh N, Oshima S, Okamoto R, Nakamura T, Watanabe M. Long-term Inflammation Transforms Intestinal Epithelial Cells of Colonic Organoids. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11:621-630. [PMID: 28453760 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Patients with ulcerative colitis [UC] are at an increased risk of developing colitis-associated cancer [CAC], suggesting that continuous inflammation in the colon promotes the transformation of colonic epithelial cells. However, the mechanisms underlying cell transformation in UC remain unknown. We therefore aimed to investigate the effect of long-term inflammation on intestinal epithelial cells [IECs] using organoid culture. METHODS IECs were isolated from mouse colon, and were cultured according to a method for a three-dimensional [3D] organoid culture. To mimic chronic inflammation, a mixture of cytokines and bacterial components were added to the medium for over a year. Cell signal intensity was assessed by 3D immunofluorescence. Cell transformation was assessed by microarray with gene set enrichment analysis. RESULTS Stimulation with cytokines resulted in a significant induction of target genes for the nuclear factor [NF]-κB pathway in colonic organoids. Following 60 weeks of continuous stimulation, cell differentiation was suppressed. Continuous stimulation also resulted in significant amplification of NF-κB signalling. Amplified NF-κB signalling by long-term stimulation remained in colonic organoids even 11 weeks after the removal of all cytokines. Some genes were specifically upregulated only in colonic organoids after the removal all cytokines following long-term stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Colonic organoids stimulated with cytokines for a prolonged period were established as in vitro model to assess long-term epithelial responses to inflammatory cytokines. Chronic inflammation led to sustained NF-κB signalling activation in colonic organoids, resulting in cell transformation that might be related to the carcinogenesis of CAC in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Hibiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Hayashi
- Department of Endoscopy and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Keita Fukushima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobukatsu Horita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Shirasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryu Nishimura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kimura
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Nishimura
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Noriko Gotoh
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shigeru Oshima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Advanced Therapeutics for Gastrointestinal Diseases, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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Expression and Localization of miR-21 and miR-126 in Mucosal Tissue from Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017; 23:739-752. [PMID: 28426456 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000001086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND microRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that guide degradation of mRNA and regulate protein expression. miRNA based diagnostic biomarkers for ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are emerging but information about the cellular localization of many miRNAs is limited and more detailed histologic evaluation of miRNA expression patterns is needed to understand their immunobiological function. METHODS Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded colon biopsies from 10 patients with UC and 8 patients with CD together with 9 controls were examined by RT-qPCR and quantitative in situ hybridization (ISH). The cellular expression of miR-21 positive cells was further characterized using immunohistochemical cellular markers. RESULTS Increased levels of miR-21 and miR-126 were found in UC compared with controls and increased levels of miR-21 were observed in UC compared with CD by both RT-qPCR and quantitative in situ hybridization. miR-126 was localized to endothelial cells and miR-21 to cells in the lamina propria. Multiplex immunohistochemical staining showed miR-21 expression in subsets of CD68 macrophages and CD3 T cells in UC, however, far the majority of the miR-21 positive cells could not be categorized among CD68, CD3, and CD19 cells. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that miR-126 levels are increased in UC and expressed in endothelial cells. miR-21 is expressed in subsets of monocytes/macrophages and T cells and may work as a potential biomarker to distinguish UC from CD. Quantitative in situ hybridization may be a powerful tool for such analysis as it combines overall expression with validation of cellular origin. Studies in larger cohorts may confirm this for clinical diagnostics.
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Filpa V, Carpanese E, Marchet S, Pirrone C, Conti A, Rainero A, Moro E, Chiaravalli AM, Zucchi I, Moriondo A, Negrini D, Crema F, Frigo G, Giaroni C, Porta G. Nitric oxide regulates homeoprotein OTX1 and OTX2 expression in the rat myenteric plexus after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G374-G389. [PMID: 28154013 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00386.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthase (nNOS and iNOS) play a protective and damaging role, respectively, on the intestinal neuromuscular function after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. To uncover the molecular pathways underlying this dichotomy we investigated their possible correlation with the orthodenticle homeobox proteins OTX1 and OTX2 in the rat small intestine myenteric plexus after in vivo I/R. Homeobox genes are fundamental for the regulation of the gut wall homeostasis both during development and in pathological conditions (inflammation, cancer). I/R injury was induced by temporary clamping the superior mesenteric artery under anesthesia, followed by 24 and 48 h of reperfusion. At 48 h after I/R intestinal transit decreased and was further reduced by Nω-propyl-l-arginine hydrochloride (NPLA), a nNOS-selective inhibitor. By contrast this parameter was restored to control values by 1400W, an iNOS-selective inhibitor. In longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus (LMMP) preparations, iNOS, OTX1, and OTX2 mRNA and protein levels increased at 24 and 48 h after I/R. At both time periods, the number of iNOS- and OTX-immunopositive myenteric neurons increased. nNOS mRNA, protein levels, and neurons were unchanged. In LMMPs, OTX1 and OTX2 mRNA and protein upregulation was reduced by 1400W and NPLA, respectively. In myenteric ganglia, OTX1 and OTX2 staining was superimposed with that of iNOS and nNOS, respectively. Thus in myenteric ganglia iNOS- and nNOS-derived NO may promote OTX1 and OTX2 upregulation, respectively. We hypothesize that the neurodamaging and neuroprotective roles of iNOS and nNOS during I/R injury in the gut may involve corresponding activation of molecular pathways downstream of OTX1 and OTX2.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury induces relevant alterations in myenteric neurons leading to dismotility. Nitrergic neurons seem to be selectively involved. In the present study the inference that both neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthase (nNOS and iNOS) expressing myenteric neurons may undergo important changes sustaining derangements of motor function is reinforced. In addition, we provide data to suggest that NO produced by iNOS and nNOS regulates the expression of the vital transcription factors orthodenticle homeobox protein 1 and 2 during an I/R damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Filpa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Elisa Carpanese
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchet
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Cristina Pirrone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Andrea Conti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Alessia Rainero
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Moro
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Ileana Zucchi
- ITB Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Moriondo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Daniela Negrini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Francesca Crema
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gianmario Frigo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Giaroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Porta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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He M, Bian Z. Expression of hypoxia-induced semaphorin 7A correlates with the severity of inflammation and osteoclastogenesis in experimentally induced periapical lesions. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 75:114-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhang L, Wu H, Xiao X, Li K, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Wen T. Analysis on regulatory network linked to Hpa gene in invasion and metastasis of colon cancer. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 24:504-507. [PMID: 28386173 PMCID: PMC5372369 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our purpose was to discuss the biological function of Hpa gene and its regulatory network in invasion and metastasis of colon cancer. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database were used to perform functional annotation and pathway analysis on Hpa gene. Gene Ontology analysis results showed that Hpa plays a significant role in cellular component, molecular function and biological process; and combined with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database, regulatory network of angiogenesis of colon cancer was drawn out. Through analysis of regulatory network linked to angiogenesis in invasion and metastasis of colon cancer, the study lays foundation for further prevention, diagnosis and treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huili Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, No.195, Tongbai Road, Zhongyuan District, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
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Genome-Wide Transcriptional Analysis Reveals the Protection against Hypoxia-Induced Oxidative Injury in the Intestine of Tibetans via the Inhibition of GRB2/EGFR/PTPN11 Pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:6967396. [PMID: 27594973 PMCID: PMC4993941 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6967396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms for hypoxic environment causing the injury of intestinal mucosal barrier (IMB) are widely unknown. To address the issue, Han Chinese from 100 m altitude and Tibetans from high altitude (more than 3650 m) were recruited. Histological and transcriptome analyses were performed. The results showed intestinal villi were reduced and appeared irregular, and glandular epithelium was destroyed in the IMB of Tibetans when compared with Han Chinese. Transcriptome analysis revealed 2573 genes with altered expression. The levels of 1137 genes increased and 1436 genes decreased in Tibetans when compared with Han Chinese. Gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated most immunological responses were reduced in the IMB of Tibetans when compared with Han Chinese. Gene microarray showed that there were 25-, 22-, and 18-fold downregulation for growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and tyrosine-protein phosphatase nonreceptor type 11 (PTPN11) in the IMB of Tibetans when compared with Han Chinese. The downregulation of EGFR, GRB2, and PTPN11 will reduce the production of reactive oxygen species and protect against oxidative stress-induced injury for intestine. Thus, the transcriptome analysis showed the protecting functions of IMB patients against hypoxia-induced oxidative injury in the intestine of Tibetans via affecting GRB2/EGFR/PTPN11 pathways.
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Wang W, Gao Z, Wang H, Li T, He W, Lv W, Zhang J. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Distinct Gene Expression Profiles in Eosinophilic and Noneosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26604. [PMID: 27216292 PMCID: PMC4877582 DOI: 10.1038/srep26604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), one of the most prevalent chronic diseases, is characterized by persistent inflammation of sinonasal mucosa. However, the pathogenesis of CRSwNP remains unclear. Here, we performed next-generation RNA sequencing and a comprehensive bioinformatics analyses to characterize the transcriptome profiles, including mRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), in patients with eosinophilic and noneosinophilic CRSwNP. A total of 1917 novel lncRNAs and 280 known lncRNAs were identified. We showed eosinophilic CRSwNP (ECRSwNP) and noneosinophilic CRSwNP (non-ECRSwNP) display distinct transcriptome profiles. We identified crucial pathways, including inflammatory, immune response and extracellular microenvironment, connected to the pathogenetic mechanism of CRSwNP. We also discovered key lncRNAs differentially expressed, including lncRNA XLOC_010280, which regulates CCL18 and eosinophilic inflammation. The qRT-PCR and in situ RNA hybridization results verified the key differentially expressed genes. The feature of distinct transcriptomes between ECRSwNP and non-ECRSwNP suggests the necessity to develop specific biomarkers and personalized therapeutic strategies. Our findings lay a solid foundation for subsequent functional studies of mRNAs and lncRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic targets in CRSwNP by providing a candidate reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huaishan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Taisheng Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Lv
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
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Rajitha B, Nagaraju GP, Shaib WL, Alese OB, Snyder JP, Shoji M, Pattnaik S, Alam A, El-Rayes BF. Novel synthetic curcumin analogs as potent antiangiogenic agents in colorectal cancer. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:288-299. [PMID: 27128654 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-κB plays a central role in angiogenesis in colorectal cancer (CRC). Curcumin is a natural dietary product that inhibits NF-κB. The objective of this study is to evaluate the antiangiogenic effects of curcumin and two potent synthetic analogues (EF31 and UBS109) in CRC. IC50 values for curcumin, EF31, and UBS109 were determined in the HCT116 and HT-29 cell lines. HUVEC tube formation, egg CAM assay, and matrigel plug assays revealed decreased angiogenesis in cell lines treated with curcumin, EF31, or UBS109. Curcumin and its analogues significantly inhibited VEGF-A synthesis and secretion in both cell lines in association with loss of HIF-1α, COX-2, and p-STAT-3 expression. Nuclear NF-κB expression was inhibited by curcumin, EF31, and UBS109. Transfection of p65-NF-κB in HCT116 and HT-29 cells resulted in increased expression of HIF-1α, COX-2, STAT-3, and VEGF-A. Treatment with curcumin, EF31, or UBS109 inhibited these effects in transfected cell lines. In mice carrying HCT116 and HT-29 cell xenografts, EF31 and UBS109 inhibited subcutaneous tumor growth and potentiated the effects of oxaliplatin and 5-FU. Tumors from treated animals revealed inhibition of HIF-1α, COX-2, p-STAT-3, and VEGF expression. Our findings suggest that inhibition of NF-κB leading to decreased transcription and expression of HIF-1α, COX-2, STAT-3, and VEGF is a rational approach for antiangiogenic therapy in CRC. The distinctive properties of EF31 and UBS109 make them promising therapeutic agents for development in CRC as single agents or as part of combination chemotherapy regimens. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balney Rajitha
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Microbiology, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Biotechnology, Berhampur University, Bhanjavihar, Odisha, India
| | - Walid L Shaib
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Olatunji B Alese
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - James P Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mamoru Shoji
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Subasini Pattnaik
- Department of Biotechnology, Berhampur University, Bhanjavihar, Odisha, India
| | - Afroz Alam
- Department of Microbiology, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
| | - Bassel F El-Rayes
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Bakirtzi K, Law IKM, Xue X, Iliopoulos D, Shah YM, Pothoulakis C. Neurotensin Promotes the Development of Colitis and Intestinal Angiogenesis via Hif-1α-miR-210 Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4311-21. [PMID: 27076683 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurotensin (NT) via its receptor 1 (NTR1) modulates the development of colitis, decreases HIF-1α/PHD2 interaction, stabilizes and increases HIF-1α transcriptional activity, and promotes intestinal angiogenesis. HIF-1α induces miR-210 expression, whereas miR-210 is strongly upregulated in response to NT in NCM460 human colonic epithelial cells overexpressing NTR1 (NCM460-NTR1). In this study, we examined whether NT activates a NTR1-HIF-1α-miR-210 cascade using in vitro (NCM460-NTR1 cells) and in vivo (transgenic mice overexpressing [HIF-1α-OE] or lacking HIF-1α [HIF-1α-knockout (KO)] in intestinal epithelial cells and mice lacking NTR1 [NTR1-KO]) models. Pretreatment of NCM460-NTR1 cells with the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 or silencing of HIF-1α (small interfering HIF-1α) attenuated miR-210 expression in response to NT. Intracolonic 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) administration (2-d model) increased colonic miR-210 expression that was significantly reduced in NTR1-KO, HIF-1α-KO mice, and wild-type mice pretreated intracolonically with locked nucleic acid anti-miR-210. In contrast, HIF-1α-OE mice showed increased miR-210 expression at baseline that was further increased following TNBS administration. HIF-1α-OE mice had also exacerbated TNBS-induced neovascularization compared with TNBS-exposed wild-type mice. TNBS-induced neovascularization was attenuated in HIF-1α-KO mice, or mice pretreated intracolonically with anti-miR-210. Intracolonic anti-miR-210 also reduced colitis in response to TNBS (2 d). Importantly, miR-210 expression was increased in tissue samples from ulcerative colitis patients. We conclude that NT exerts its proinflammatory and proangiogenic effects during acute colitis via a NTR1-prolyl hydroxylase 2/HIF-1α-miR-210 signaling pathway. Our results also demonstrate that miR-210 plays a proinflammatory role in the development of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Bakirtzi
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Ivy Ka Man Law
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Xiang Xue
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Dimitrios Iliopoulos
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Center for Systems Biomedicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and
| | - Yatrik M Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
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25
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Angiogenesis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Inflam 2015; 2015:970890. [PMID: 26839731 PMCID: PMC4709626 DOI: 10.1155/2015/970890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an important component of pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Chronic inflammation and angiogenesis are two closely related processes. Chronic intestinal inflammation is dependent on angiogenesis and this angiogenesis is modulated by immune system in IBD. Angiogenesis is a very complex process which includes multiple cell types, growth factors, cytokines, adhesion molecules, and signal transduction. Lymphangiogenesis is a new research area in the pathogenesis of IBD. While angiogenesis supports inflammation via leukocyte migration, carrying oxygen and nutrients, on the other hand, it has a major role in wound healing. Angiogenic molecules look like perfect targets for the treatment of IBD, but they have risk for serious side effects because of their nature.
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26
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Osadchii OE. Emerging role of neurotensin in regulation of the cardiovascular system. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 762:184-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Li P, Gao Y, Li F, Pan Q, Liu Z, Lu X, Song C, Diao X. MicroRNA-18a regulates invasive meningiomas via hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:1165-1170. [PMID: 26622458 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of microRNA-18a (miR-18a) on the invasiveness and metastasis of invasive meningiomas and the underlying mechanism. A total of 69 patients with meningiomas (30 patients in the invasive meningioma group and 39 patients in the non-invasive meningioma group) and 48 cases in the control group were enrolled. Samples of meningioma tissues, serum and cerebrospinal fluid were collected. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to quantify the expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) mRNA and miR-18a. Western blot analysis was used to determine protein expression levels of HIF-1α. The expression levels of HIF-1α mRNA and protein in all three types of sample from the invasive meningioma group were significantly higher compared with those in the control and non-invasive meningioma groups (P<0.05), and the expression levels of HIF-1α mRNA in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of the non-invasive meningioma group were significantly higher compared with those in the control group (P<0.05). The expression levels of miR-18a in the invasive meningioma group were significantly reduced compared with those in the control and non-invasive meningioma groups (P<0.05), whereas the levels of miR-18a in the non-invasive meningioma group were significantly lower compared with those in the control group (P<0.05). The expression of HIF-1α is significantly upregulated in patients with invasive meningiomas, possibly due to the downregulation of miR-18a expression. Therefore, miR-18a may regulate invasive meningiomas via HIF-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puxian Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Laiwu City People's Hospital, Laiwu, Shandong 271100, P.R. China
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Laiwu City People's Hospital, Laiwu, Shandong 271100, P.R. China
| | - Fengjia Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Laiwu City People's Hospital, Laiwu, Shandong 271100, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Laiwu City People's Hospital, Laiwu, Shandong 271100, P.R. China
| | - Zhenrui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Laiwu City People's Hospital, Laiwu, Shandong 271100, P.R. China
| | - Xiangdong Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Laiwu City People's Hospital, Laiwu, Shandong 271100, P.R. China
| | - Chunyu Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Laiwu City People's Hospital, Laiwu, Shandong 271100, P.R. China
| | - Xingtao Diao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Laiwu City People's Hospital, Laiwu, Shandong 271100, P.R. China
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