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Dobó J, Kocsis A, Farkas B, Demeter F, Cervenak L, Gál P. The Lectin Pathway of the Complement System-Activation, Regulation, Disease Connections and Interplay with Other (Proteolytic) Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1566. [PMID: 38338844 PMCID: PMC10855846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The complement system is the other major proteolytic cascade in the blood of vertebrates besides the coagulation-fibrinolytic system. Among the three main activation routes of complement, the lectin pathway (LP) has been discovered the latest, and it is still the subject of intense research. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), other collectins, and ficolins are collectively termed as the pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) of the LP, and they are responsible for targeting LP activation to molecular patterns, e.g., on bacteria. MBL-associated serine proteases (MASPs) are the effectors, while MBL-associated proteins (MAps) have regulatory functions. Two serine protease components, MASP-1 and MASP-2, trigger the LP activation, while the third component, MASP-3, is involved in the function of the alternative pathway (AP) of complement. Besides their functions within the complement system, certain LP components have secondary ("moonlighting") functions, e.g., in embryonic development. They also contribute to blood coagulation, and some might have tumor suppressing roles. Uncontrolled complement activation can contribute to the progression of many diseases (e.g., stroke, kidney diseases, thrombotic complications, and COVID-19). In most cases, the lectin pathway has also been implicated. In this review, we summarize the history of the lectin pathway, introduce their components, describe its activation and regulation, its roles within the complement cascade, its connections to blood coagulation, and its direct cellular effects. Special emphasis is placed on disease connections and the non-canonical functions of LP components.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Dobó
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Research Network, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (J.D.); (A.K.); (B.F.)
| | - Andrea Kocsis
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Research Network, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (J.D.); (A.K.); (B.F.)
| | - Bence Farkas
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Research Network, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (J.D.); (A.K.); (B.F.)
| | - Flóra Demeter
- Cell Biology and Cell Therapy Group, Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (F.D.); (L.C.)
| | - László Cervenak
- Cell Biology and Cell Therapy Group, Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (F.D.); (L.C.)
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Research Network, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (J.D.); (A.K.); (B.F.)
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2
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Golomingi M, Kohler J, Lamers C, Pouw RB, Ricklin D, Dobó J, Gál P, Pál G, Kiss B, Dopler A, Schmidt CQ, Hardy ET, Lam W, Schroeder V. Complement inhibition can decrease the haemostatic response in a microvascular bleeding model at multiple levels. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1226832. [PMID: 37771595 PMCID: PMC10525698 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1226832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Haemostasis is a crucial process by which the body stops bleeding. It is achieved by the formation of a platelet plug, which is strengthened by formation of a fibrin mesh mediated by the coagulation cascade. In proinflammatory and prothrombotic conditions, multiple interactions of the complement system and the coagulation cascade are known to aggravate thromboinflammatory processes and increase the risk of arterial and venous thrombosis. Whether those interactions also play a relevant role during the physiological process of haemostasis is not yet completely understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of complement components and activation during the haemostatic response to mechanical vessel injury. Methods We used a microvascular bleeding model that simulates a blood vessel, featuring human endothelial cells, perfusion with fresh human whole blood, and an inducible mechanical injury to the vessel. We studied the effects of complement inhibitors against components of the lectin (MASP-1, MASP-2), classical (C1s), alternative (FD) and common pathways (C3, C5), as well as a novel triple fusion inhibitor of all three complement pathways (TriFu). Effects on clot formation were analysed by recording of fibrin deposition and the platelet activation marker CD62P at the injury site in real time using a confocal microscope. Results With the inhibitors targeting MASP-2 or C1s, no significant reduction of fibrin formation was observed, while platelet activation was significantly reduced in the presence of the FD inhibitor. Both common pathway inhibitors targeting C3 or C5, respectively, were associated with a substantial reduction of fibrin formation, and platelet activation was also reduced in the presence of the C3 inhibitor. Triple inhibition of all three activation pathways at the C3-convertase level by TriFu reduced both fibrin formation and platelet activation. When several complement inhibitors were directly compared in two individual donors, TriFu and the inhibitors of MASP-1 and C3 had the strongest effects on clot formation. Conclusion The observed impact of complement inhibition on reducing fibrin clot formation and platelet activation suggests a role of the complement system in haemostasis, with modulators of complement initiation, amplification or effector functions showing distinct profiles. While the interactions between complement and coagulation might have evolved to support haemostasis and protect against bleeding in case of vessel injury, they can turn harmful in pathological conditions when aggravating thromboinflammation and promoting thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Golomingi
- Experimental Haemostasis Group, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jessie Kohler
- Experimental Haemostasis Group, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christina Lamers
- Molecular Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard B. Pouw
- Molecular Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ricklin
- Molecular Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - József Dobó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Pál
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Kiss
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Arthur Dopler
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacology of Natural Products, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christoph Q. Schmidt
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacology of Natural Products, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elaissa Trybus Hardy
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Wilbur Lam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Verena Schroeder
- Experimental Haemostasis Group, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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3
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Skjeflo EW, Evensen LH, Jensen SB, Latysheva N, Michelsen A, Ueland T, Brækkan SK, Hindberg K, Snir O, Mollnes TE, Hansen JB. Complement factors B, D, C3bBbP and risk of future venous thromboembolism. Clin Immunol 2023; 249:109278. [PMID: 36894046 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The complement system appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of venous thromboembolism (VTE). We investigated the association of complement factors (CF) B, D, and the alternative pathway convertase, C3bBbP, measured at inclusion, with the risk of future VTE in a nested case-control study; 380 VTE patients and 804 age- and sex-matched controls derived from the Tromsø study. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for VTE across tertiles of CF concentrations were estimated using logistic regression. There was no association between CFB or CFD and risk of future VTE. Higher levels of C3bBbP gave an increased risk of provoked VTE; subjects in Q4 had a 1.68-fold higher OR compared with Q1 in the age-, sex- and BMI-adjusted model (OR 1.68; 95% CI 1.08-2.64). There was no increased risk of future VTE in individuals with higher levels of complement factors B or D of the alternative pathway. Increased levels of the alternative pathway activation product, C3bBbP, showed an association with future risk of provoked VTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Espen W Skjeflo
- K.G. Jebsen - Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center (TREC), Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway.
| | - Line H Evensen
- K.G. Jebsen - Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center (TREC), Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Søren B Jensen
- K.G. Jebsen - Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center (TREC), Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nadezhda Latysheva
- K.G. Jebsen - Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center (TREC), Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Annika Michelsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- K.G. Jebsen - Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center (TREC), Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrid K Brækkan
- K.G. Jebsen - Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center (TREC), Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kristian Hindberg
- K.G. Jebsen - Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center (TREC), Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Omri Snir
- K.G. Jebsen - Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center (TREC), Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tom Eirik Mollnes
- K.G. Jebsen - Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center (TREC), Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway; Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway; Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - John-Bjarne Hansen
- K.G. Jebsen - Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center (TREC), Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Urwyler P, Moser S, Trendelenburg M, Sendi P, Osthoff M. Targeting thromboinflammation in COVID-19 - A narrative review of the potential of C1 inhibitor to prevent disease progression. Mol Immunol 2022; 150:99-113. [PMID: 36030710 PMCID: PMC9393183 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 is associated with a clinical spectrum ranging from asymptomatic carriers to critically ill patients with complications including thromboembolic events, myocardial injury, multisystemic inflammatory syndromes and death. Since the beginning of the pandemic several therapeutic options emerged, with a multitude of randomized trials, changing the medical landscape of COVID-19. The effect of various monoclonal antibodies, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and anticoagulation drugs have been studied, and to some extent, implemented into clinical practice. In addition, a multitude of trials improved the understanding of the disease and emerging evidence points towards a significant role of the complement system, kallikrein-kinin, and contact activation system as drivers of disease in severe COVID-19. Despite their involvement in COVID-19, treatments targeting these plasmatic cascades have neither been systematically studied nor introduced into clinical practice, and randomized studies with regards to these treatments are scarce. Given the multiple-action, multiple-target nature of C1 inhibitor (C1-INH), the natural inhibitor of these cascades, this drug may be an interesting candidate to prevent disease progression and combat thromboinflammation in COVID-19. This narrative review will discuss the current evidence with regards to the involvement of these plasmatic cascades as well as endothelial cells in COVID-19. Furthermore, we summarize the evidence of C1-INH in COVID-19 and potential benefits and pitfalls of C1-INH treatment in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Urwyler
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Research and Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Moser
- Department of Clinical Research and Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marten Trendelenburg
- Department of Clinical Research and Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Parham Sendi
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Osthoff
- Department of Clinical Research and Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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5
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Huang Z, He Y, Li QJ, Wen H, Zhang XY, Tu RH, Zhong GQ. Postconditioning attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting complement activation and upregulation of miR-499. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:684. [PMID: 33986849 PMCID: PMC8111864 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system plays a vital role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. microRNA (miR)-499 is involved in the cardioprotection of ischemic postconditioning (IPostC). The present study aimed to study the role of the complement system and miR-499 in IPostC. Rat hearts were subjected to coronary ligation for 30 min, followed by reperfusion for 2 h. IPostC was introduced at the onset of reperfusion with three cycles of reperfusion for 30 sec and coronary artery occlusion for 30 sec. To study the role of miR-499 in IPostC, adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors of miR-499-5p (AAV-miR-499-5p) and miR-499-5p-sponge (AAV-miR-499-5p-sponge) were transfected via tail vein injection, followed by IPostC protocols. Cardiac injury as well as the status of local and systemic complement activation and inflammation were assessed. IPostC significantly attenuated I/R-induced rat cardiomyocyte apoptosis and the myocardial infarct size. These beneficial effects were accompanied by decreased local and circulating complement component (C)3a and C5a levels, decreased inflammatory marker expression, decreased NF-κB signaling and increased cardiac miR-499 expression. AAV-miR-499-5p prevented local and systemic complement activation and inflammation as well as enhanced the cardioprotection of IPostC, whereas AAV-miR-499-5p-sponge produced the opposite effects. In summary, IPostC protected the rat myocardium against I/R injury, by inhibiting local and systemic complement activation; inflammation; NF-κB signaling; and upregulation of miR-499. As such, miR-499 may have a critical role in IPostC-mediated cardioprotection against I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Huang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Jie Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Hong Wen
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Yue Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Rong-Hui Tu
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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6
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Wang T, Li K, Xiao S, Xia Y. A Plausible Role for Collectins in Skin Immune Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:594858. [PMID: 33790889 PMCID: PMC8006919 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.594858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is a complex organ that faces the external environment and participates in the innate immune system. Skin immune homeostasis is necessary to defend against external microorganisms and to recover from stress to the skin. This homeostasis depends on interactions among a variety of cells, cytokines, and the complement system. Collectins belong to the lectin pathway of the complement system, and have various roles in innate immune responses. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), collectin kidney 1, and liver (CL-K1, CL-L1) activate the lectin pathway, while all have multiple functions, including recognition of pathogens, opsonization of phagocytosis, and modulation of cytokine-mediated inflammatory responses. Certain collectins are localized in the skin, and their expressions change during skin diseases. In this review, we summarize important advances in our understanding of how MBL, surfactant proteins A and D, CL-L1, and CL-K1 function in skin immune homeostasis. Based on the potential roles of collectins in skin diseases, we suggest therapeutic strategies for skin diseases through the targeting of collectins and relevant regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ke Li
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shengxiang Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yumin Xia
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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7
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Eriksson O, Hultström M, Persson B, Lipcsey M, Ekdahl KN, Nilsson B, Frithiof R. Mannose-Binding Lectin is Associated with Thrombosis and Coagulopathy in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients. Thromb Haemost 2020; 120:1720-1724. [PMID: 32871607 PMCID: PMC7869044 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1715835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, as well as profound effects on society. COVID-19 patients have an increased risk of thromboembolic (TE) complications, which develop despite pharmacological thromboprophylaxis. The mechanism behind COVID-19-associated coagulopathy remains unclear. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), a pattern recognition molecule that initiates the lectin pathway of complement activation, has been suggested as a potential amplifier of blood coagulation during thromboinflammation. Here we describe data from a cohort of critically ill COVID-19 patients (
n
= 65) treated at a tertiary hospital center intensive care unit (ICU). A subset of patients had strongly elevated MBL plasma levels, and activity upon ICU admission, and patients who developed symptomatic TE (14%) had significantly higher MBL levels than patients without TE. MBL was strongly correlated to plasma D-dimer levels, a marker of COVID-19 coagulopathy, but showed no relationship to degree of inflammation or other organ dysfunction. In conclusion, we have identified complement activation through the MBL pathway as a novel amplification mechanism that contributes to pathological thrombosis in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Pharmacological targeting of the MBL pathway could be a novel treatment option for thrombosis in COVID-19. Laboratory testing of MBL levels could be of value for identifying COVID-19 patients at risk for TE events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Eriksson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Hultström
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Cell Biology, Unit for Integrative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Barbro Persson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Miklos Lipcsey
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Hedenstierna Laboratory, Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina Nilsson Ekdahl
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Linnaeus Center for Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Bo Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Frithiof
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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8
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Kushak RI, Boyle DC, Rosales IA, Ingelfinger JR, Stahl GL, Ozaki M, Colvin RB, Grabowski EF. Platelet thrombus formation in eHUS is prevented by anti-MBL2. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220483. [PMID: 31881024 PMCID: PMC6934323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
E. coli associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (epidemic hemolytic uremic syndrome, eHUS) caused by Shiga toxin-producing bacteria is characterized by thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and acute kidney injury that cause acute renal failure in up to 65% of affected patients. We hypothesized that the mannose-binding lectin (MBL) pathway of complement activation plays an important role in human eHUS, as we previously demonstrated that injection of Shiga Toxin-2 (Stx-2) led to fibrin deposition in mouse glomeruli that was blocked by co-injection of the anti-MBL-2 antibody 3F8. However, the markers of platelet thrombosis in affected mouse glomeruli were not delineated. To investigate the effect of 3F8 on markers of platelet thrombosis, we used kidney sections from our mouse model (MBL-2+/+ Mbl-A/C-/-; MBL2 KI mouse). Mice in the control group received PBS, while mice in a second group received Stx-2, and those in a third group received 3F8 and Stx-2. Using double immunofluorescence (IF) followed by digital image analysis, kidney sections were stained for fibrin(ogen) and CD41 (marker for platelets), von-Willebrand factor (marker for endothelial cells and platelets), and podocin (marker for podocytes). Electron microscopy (EM) was performed on ultrathin sections from mice and human with HUS. Injection of Stx-2 resulted in an increase of both fibrin and platelets in glomeruli, while administration of 3F8 with Stx-2 reduced both platelet and fibrin to control levels. EM studies confirmed that CD41-positive objects observed by IF were platelets. The increases in platelet number and fibrin levels by injection of Stx-2 are consistent with the generation of platelet-fibrin thrombi that were prevented by 3F8.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. I. Kushak
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - D. C. Boyle
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - I. A. Rosales
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - J. R. Ingelfinger
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - G. L. Stahl
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - M. Ozaki
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - R. B. Colvin
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - E. F. Grabowski
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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9
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Liang RA, Høiland II, Ueland T, Aukrust P, Snir O, Hindberg K, Braekkan SK, Garred P, Mollnes TE, Hansen JB. Plasma levels of mannose-binding lectin and future risk of venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:1661-1669. [PMID: 31220397 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal and observational studies have suggested a pathophysiological role for complement in venous thromboembolism (VTE), but the initiating mechanisms are unknown. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) bound to altered host cells leads to activation of the lectin complement pathway, and both high and low MBL levels have been implicated in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between plasma MBL levels and future risk of incident VTE. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study in 417 VTE patients and 849 age-matched and sex-matched controls derived from the general population (Tromsø Study). Plasma MBL levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratio (OR) for VTE across quartiles of plasma MBL levels. RESULTS Subjects with plasma MBL levels in the lowest quartile (<435 ng/mL) had a reduced OR for overall VTE (OR 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.56-1.10) and for DVT (OR 0.70, 95% CI: 0.47-1.04) compared to those with MBL in the highest quartile (≥2423 ng/mL) after multivariable adjustments. For VTE, DVT, and pulmonary embolism (PE) the ORs decreased substantially with decreasing time between blood sampling and VTE event. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that low plasma MBL levels are associated with reduced risk of VTE, and DVT in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Liang
- K. G. Jebsen - Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center (TREC), Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ina I Høiland
- K. G. Jebsen - Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center (TREC), Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- K. G. Jebsen - Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center (TREC), Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- K. G. Jebsen - Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center (TREC), Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen - Inflammation Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Omri Snir
- K. G. Jebsen - Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center (TREC), Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kristian Hindberg
- K. G. Jebsen - Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center (TREC), Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sigrid K Braekkan
- K. G. Jebsen - Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center (TREC), Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tom E Mollnes
- K. G. Jebsen - Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center (TREC), Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - John-Bjarne Hansen
- K. G. Jebsen - Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center (TREC), Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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10
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Eriksson O, Mohlin C, Nilsson B, Ekdahl KN. The Human Platelet as an Innate Immune Cell: Interactions Between Activated Platelets and the Complement System. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1590. [PMID: 31354729 PMCID: PMC6635567 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets play an essential role in maintaining homeostasis in the circulatory system after an injury by forming a platelet thrombus, but they also occupy a central node in the intravascular innate immune system. This concept is supported by their extensive interactions with immune cells and the cascade systems of the blood. In this review we discuss the close relationship between platelets and the complement system and the role of these interactions during thromboinflammation. Platelets are protected from complement-mediated damage by soluble and membrane-expressed complement regulators, but they bind several complement components on their surfaces and trigger complement activation in the fluid phase. Furthermore, localized complement activation may enhance the procoagulant responses of platelets through the generation of procoagulant microparticles by insertion of sublytic amounts of C5b9 into the platelet membrane. We also highlight the role of post-translational protein modifications in regulating the complement system and the critical role of platelets in driving these reactions. In particular, modification of disulfide bonds by thiol isomerases and protein phosphorylation by extracellular kinases have emerged as important mechanisms to fine-tune complement activity in the platelet microenvironment. Lastly, we describe disorders with perturbed complement activation where part of the clinical presentation includes uncontrolled platelet activation that results in thrombocytopenia, and illustrate how complement-targeting drugs are alleviating the prothrombotic phenotype in these patients. Based on these clinical observations, we discuss the role of limited complement activation in enhancing platelet activation and consider how these drugs may provide opportunities for further dissecting the complex interactions between complement and platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Eriksson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Camilla Mohlin
- Linnaeus Center of Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Bo Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina N. Ekdahl
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Linnaeus Center of Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
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11
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Specific contribution of mannose-binding lectin murine isoforms to brain ischemia/reperfusion injury. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 17:218-226. [PMID: 30967639 PMCID: PMC7052250 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), an initiator of the lectin pathway (LP) of complement activation, is detrimental in ischemic stroke, as shown in clinical studies and rodent models. Whereas humans have one functional MBL protein, rodents have two isoforms, MBL-A and MBL-C, whose functions relative to that of human MBL are unknown. To permit the clinical translation of preclinical data, we aimed to define the specific contributions of MBL-A and MBL-C to brain ischemia. We subjected mice with double (MBL−/−) or single (MBL-A−/− or MBL-C−/−) MBL isoform depletion to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo). MBL−/− mice had fewer neurological deficits and smaller ischemic lesions than WT mice. MBL-A−/− mice had smaller lesions than WT mice and exhibited no significant behavioral defects, whereas MBL-C−/− mice did not differ from WT mice. The induction of Mbl1 and Mbl2 (the MBL-A and MBL-C genes) expression 48 h after tMCAo was similar across genotypes. The time course of Mbl1 and Mbl2 expression in WT ischemic mice showed that Mbl1 activation occurred earlier (24 h) than Mbl2 activation (48 h). The plasma levels of MBL-A and MBL-C in MBL-C−/− and MBL-A−/− mice, respectively, were similar to those in WT mice both at baseline and at 48 h after tMCAo. At 48 h, MBL-A−/− ischemic mice showed higher MBL-C levels in the brain than WT mice. WT and MBL-C−/− ischemic mice had higher LP activity in plasma and, accordingly, higher levels of C3 deposition in the brain than MBL-A−/− and MBL−/− mice. In conclusion, mice with depletion of both MBL isoforms exhibited strong protection from ischemia/reperfusion injury. MBL-A was the main contributor to injury, likely owing to its earlier activation after ischemia and more efficient activation of the complement system than MBL-C.
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12
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Szakács D, Kocsis A, Szász R, Gál P, Pál G. Novel MASP-2 inhibitors developed via directed evolution of human TFPI1 are potent lectin pathway inhibitors. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:8227-8237. [PMID: 30952698 PMCID: PMC6527154 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The lectin pathway (LP) of the complement system is an important antimicrobial defense mechanism, but it also contributes significantly to ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) associated with myocardial infarct, stroke, and several other clinical conditions. Mannan-binding lectin-associated serine proteinase 2 (MASP-2) is essential for LP activation, and therefore, it is a potential drug target. We have previously developed the first two generations of MASP-2 inhibitors by in vitro evolution of two unrelated canonical serine proteinase inhibitors. These inhibitors were selective LP inhibitors, but their nonhuman origin rendered them suboptimal lead molecules for drug development. Here, we present our third-generation MASP-2 inhibitors that were developed based on a human inhibitor scaffold. We subjected the second Kunitz domain of human tissue factor pathway inhibitor 1 (TFPI1 D2) to directed evolution using phage display to yield inhibitors against human and rat MASP-2. These novel TFPI1-based MASP-2 inhibitor (TFMI-2) variants are potent and selective LP inhibitors in both human and rat serum. Directed evolution of the first Kunitz domain of TFPI1 had already yielded the potent kallikrein inhibitor, Kalbitor® (ecallantide), which is an FDA-approved drug to treat acute attacks of hereditary angioedema. Like hereditary angioedema, acute IRI is also related to the uncontrolled activation of a specific plasma serine proteinase. Therefore, TFMI-2 variants are promising lead molecules for drug development against IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Szakács
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest
| | - Andrea Kocsis
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest
| | - Róbert Szász
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest
| | - Gábor Pál
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest; EvolVeritas Biotechnology Ltd., Somogyi Béla u. 17, H-6600 Szentes, Hungary.
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13
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Kiran P, Kumari S, Dernedde J, Haag R, Bhatia S. Synthesis and comparison of linear and hyperbranched multivalent glycosides for C-type lectin binding. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02018g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyperbranched and linear polyglycerol-based mannoside and fucosyllactoside residues with different ligand densities showed nanomolar binding affinities for MBL and DC-SIGN proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Kiran
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- Freie Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Shalini Kumari
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- Freie Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Jens Dernedde
- Charité-Universitäts Medizin Berlin
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine
- Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- Freie Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Sumati Bhatia
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- Freie Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
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14
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Chen L, Yan J, Shi J, Sun W, Chen Z, Yu J, Qi J, Du Y, Zhang H, Feng L. Zebrafish intelectin 1 (zITLN1) plays a role in the innate immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:96-103. [PMID: 30195915 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Intelectin displays carbohydrate binding capacity and has been demonstrated to agglutinate bacteria, suggesting its role in innate immunity. It has also been linked to many pathogenic conditions in human. After reporting two amphioxus orthologs and the zebrafish intelectin 2 (zITLN2), here we cloned and characterized zebrafish intelectin 1 (zITLN1). Like zITLN2, zITLN1 also contains a conserved fibrinogen-related domain (FReD) and a unique intelectin domain (ITLN-D), expresses in all the tissues tested, with the highest level in intestine, and responds to bacterial challenge in acute phase. We also expressed zITLN1 in E. coli system, and purified recombinant zITLN1 could agglutinate both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in a calcium dependent manner. Its ability to agglutinate Gram-positive bacteria is stronger than that to Gram-negative bacteria whereas zITLN2 did not show such preference. This is probably due to the fact that recombinant zITLN1 could bind peptidoglycan (PGN) with a higher degree to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our results of zITLN1 provided new insight into the evolution and function of the intelectin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, PR China; Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, PR China
| | - Jie Yan
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, PR China
| | - Jing Shi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Wenbo Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China
| | - Jiang Yu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China
| | - Jing Qi
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China
| | - Yijun Du
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China
| | - Haiqing Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Shandong Polytechnic, No. 23000, East JingShi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250104, PR China.
| | - Lijun Feng
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, PR China.
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15
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Dobó J, Kocsis A, Gál P. Be on Target: Strategies of Targeting Alternative and Lectin Pathway Components in Complement-Mediated Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1851. [PMID: 30135690 PMCID: PMC6092519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system has moved into the focus of drug development efforts in the last decade, since its inappropriate or uncontrolled activation has been recognized in many diseases. Some of them are primarily complement-mediated rare diseases, such as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, C3 glomerulonephritis, and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Complement also plays a role in various multifactorial diseases that affect millions of people worldwide, such as ischemia reperfusion injury (myocardial infarction, stroke), age-related macular degeneration, and several neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we summarize the potential advantages of targeting various complement proteins with special emphasis on the components of the lectin (LP) and the alternative pathways (AP). The serine proteases (MASP-1/2/3, factor D, factor B), which are responsible for the activation of the cascade, are straightforward targets of inhibition, but the pattern recognition molecules (mannose-binding lectin, other collectins, and ficolins), the regulatory components (factor H, factor I, properdin), and C3 are also subjects of drug development. Recent discoveries about cross-talks between the LP and AP offer new approaches for clinical intervention. Mannan-binding lectin-associated serine proteases (MASPs) are not just responsible for LP activation, but they are also indispensable for efficient AP activation. Activated MASP-3 has recently been shown to be the enzyme that continuously supplies factor D (FD) for the AP by cleaving pro-factor D (pro-FD). In this aspect, MASP-3 emerges as a novel feasible target for the regulation of AP activity. MASP-1 was shown to be required for AP activity on various surfaces, first of all on LPS of Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Dobó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Kocsis
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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16
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Panagiotou A, Trendelenburg M, Osthoff M. The Lectin Pathway of Complement in Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury-Review of Its Significance and the Potential Impact of Therapeutic Interference by C1 Esterase Inhibitor. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1151. [PMID: 29910807 PMCID: PMC5992395 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in modern medicine. Early reperfusion accomplished by primary percutaneous coronary intervention is pivotal for reducing myocardial damage in ST elevation AMI. However, restoration of coronary blood flow may paradoxically trigger cardiomyocyte death secondary to a reperfusion-induced inflammatory process, which may account for a significant proportion of the final infarct size. Unfortunately, recent human trials targeting myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury have yielded disappointing results. In experimental models of myocardial I/R injury, the complement system, and in particular the lectin pathway, have been identified as major contributors. In line with this, C1 esterase inhibitor (C1INH), the natural inhibitor of the lectin pathway, was shown to significantly ameliorate myocardial I/R injury. However, the hypothesis of a considerable augmentation of myocardial I/R injury by activation of the lectin pathway has not yet been confirmed in humans, which questions the efficacy of a therapeutic strategy solely aimed at the inhibition of the lectin pathway after human AMI. Thus, as C1INH is a multiple-action inhibitor targeting several pathways and mediators simultaneously in addition to the lectin pathway, such as the contact and coagulation system and tissue leukocyte infiltration, this may be considered as being advantageous over exclusive inhibition of the lectin pathway. In this review, we summarize current concepts and evidence addressing the role of the lectin pathway as a potent mediator/modulator of myocardial I/R injury in animal models and in patients. In addition, we focus on the evidence and the potential advantages of using the natural inhibitor of the lectin pathway, C1INH, as a future therapeutic approach in AMI given its ability to interfere with several plasmatic cascades. Ameliorating myocardial I/R injury by targeting the complement system and other plasmatic cascades remains a valid option for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneza Panagiotou
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marten Trendelenburg
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Osthoff
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Effects of C1 inhibitor on endothelial cell activation in a rat hind limb ischemia-reperfusion injury model. J Vasc Surg 2018; 68:209S-221S.e2. [PMID: 29395422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2017.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a major clinical problem linked to vascular surgery. Currently, no drugs to prevent or to treat I/R injury are approved for clinical use. C1 inhibitor (C1 INH) is known to reduce activation of the plasma cascade systems that are involved in the pathophysiologic process of I/R injury. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the effect of C1 INH on complement deposition and endothelial cell activation in a rat model of hind limb I/R injury. METHODS Male Wistar rats (wild type, bred at the central animal facility, University of Bern), weighing 250 to 320 g, were used. The rats underwent 2-hour ischemia and 24-hour reperfusion by unilateral clamping of the femoral artery and additional use of a tourniquet. Five groups were divided according to intravenous treatment 5 minutes before ischemia: 50 IU/kg C1 INH (n = 5); 100 IU/kg C1 INH (n = 7); vehicle control (n = 5); nontreated control (n = 7); and normal, healthy control without intervention (n = 4). At the end, muscle edema, tissue viability, and histologic features were assessed. Deposition of immunoglobulin M, C1r, C4d, and fibrin and expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, heparan sulfate (HS), E-selectin, and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 were evaluated by fluorescence staining. In addition, high-mobility group box 1 protein was measured in plasma. RESULTS Edema formation was reduced by C1 INH at two dosages, mirrored by improved histologic injury scores and preserved muscle viability. Deposition of immunoglobulin M, C4d, and fibrin was significantly decreased by 100 IU/kg C1 INH compared with nontreated controls. Pretreatment with 100 IU/kg C1 INH also significantly reduced HS shedding and expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 as well as plasma levels of high-mobility group box 1 protein. CONCLUSIONS Pretreatment with both 50 and 100 IU/kg C1 INH attenuated reperfusion injury of rat hind limbs. Pretreatment with 100 IU/kg also preserved the endothelial HS layer as well as the natural, profibrinolytic phenotype of the endothelium. Prevention of endothelial cell activation by C1 INH may therefore be a promising strategy to prevent I/R injury in the clinical setting of peripheral vascular diseases and elective surgery on extremities.
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18
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Chun N, Fairchild RL, Li Y, Liu J, Zhang M, Baldwin WM, Heeger PS. Complement Dependence of Murine Costimulatory Blockade-Resistant Cellular Cardiac Allograft Rejection. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:2810-2819. [PMID: 28444847 PMCID: PMC5912159 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Building on studies showing that ischemia-reperfusion-(I/R)-injury is complement dependent, we tested links among complement activation, transplantation-associated I/R injury, and murine cardiac allograft rejection. We transplanted BALB/c hearts subjected to 8-h cold ischemic storage (CIS) into cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA4)Ig-treated wild-type (WT) or c3-/- B6 recipients. Whereas allografts subjected to 8-h CIS rejected in WT recipients with a median survival time (MST) of 37 days, identically treated hearts survived >60 days in c3-/- mice (p < 0.05, n = 4-6/group). Mechanistic studies showed recipient C3 deficiency prevented induction of intragraft and serum chemokines/cytokines and blunted the priming, expansion, and graft infiltration of interferon-γ-producing, donor-reactive T cells. MST of hearts subjected to 8-h CIS was >60 days in mannose binding lectin (mbl1-/- mbl2-/- ) recipients and 42 days in factor B (cfb-/- ) recipients (n = 4-6/group, p < 0.05, mbl1-/- mbl2-/- vs. cfb-/- ), implicating the MBL (not alternative) pathway. To pharmacologically target MBL-initiated complement activation, we transplanted BALB/c hearts subjected to 8-h CIS into CTLA4Ig-treated WT B6 recipients with or without C1 inhibitor (C1-INH). Remarkably, peritransplantation administration of C1-INH prolonged graft survival (MST >60 days, p < 0.05 vs. controls, n = 6) and prevented CI-induced increases in donor-reactive, IFNγ-producing spleen cells (p < 0.05). These new findings link donor I/R injury to T cell-mediated rejection through MBL-initiated, complement activation and support testing C1-INH administration to prevent CTLA4Ig-resistant rejection of deceased donor allografts in human transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Chun
- Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Recanati Miller Transplant Institute, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - R L Fairchild
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Y Li
- Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Recanati Miller Transplant Institute, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - J Liu
- Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Recanati Miller Transplant Institute, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - M Zhang
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - W M Baldwin
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - P S Heeger
- Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Recanati Miller Transplant Institute, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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19
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Chun N, Haddadin AS, Liu J, Hou Y, Wong KA, Lee D, Rushbrook JI, Gulaya K, Hines R, Hollis T, Nistal Nuno B, Mangi AA, Hashim S, Pekna M, Catalfamo A, Chin HY, Patel F, Rayala S, Shevde K, Heeger PS, Zhang M. Activation of complement factor B contributes to murine and human myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179450. [PMID: 28662037 PMCID: PMC5491012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of myocardial injury that results from cardiac ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) is incompletely understood. Experimental evidence from murine models indicates that innate immune mechanisms including complement activation via the classical and lectin pathways are crucial. Whether factor B (fB), a component of the alternative complement pathway required for amplification of complement cascade activation, participates in the pathophysiology of myocardial I/R injury has not been addressed. We induced regional myocardial I/R injury by transient coronary ligation in WT C57BL/6 mice, a manipulation that resulted in marked myocardial necrosis associated with activation of fB protein and myocardial deposition of C3 activation products. In contrast, in fB-/- mice, the same procedure resulted in significantly reduced myocardial necrosis (% ventricular tissue necrotic; fB-/- mice, 20 ± 4%; WT mice, 45 ± 3%; P < 0.05) and diminished deposition of C3 activation products in the myocardial tissue (fB-/- mice, 0 ± 0%; WT mice, 31 ± 6%; P<0.05). Reconstitution of fB-/- mice with WT serum followed by cardiac I/R restored the myocardial necrosis and activated C3 deposition in the myocardium. In translational human studies we measured levels of activated fB (Bb) in intracoronary blood samples obtained during cardio-pulmonary bypass surgery before and after aortic cross clamping (AXCL), during which global heart ischemia was induced. Intracoronary Bb increased immediately after AXCL, and the levels were directly correlated with peripheral blood levels of cardiac troponin I, an established biomarker of myocardial necrosis (Spearman coefficient = 0.465, P < 0.01). Taken together, our results support the conclusion that circulating fB is a crucial pathophysiological amplifier of I/R-induced, complement-dependent myocardial necrosis and identify fB as a potential therapeutic target for prevention of human myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Chun
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine and Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ala S. Haddadin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Junying Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Yunfang Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Karen A. Wong
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel Lee
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Julie I. Rushbrook
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Karan Gulaya
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Roberta Hines
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Tamika Hollis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Beatriz Nistal Nuno
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Abeel A. Mangi
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sabet Hashim
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Amy Catalfamo
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Hsiao-ying Chin
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Foramben Patel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University, Brookville, New York, United States of America
| | - Sravani Rayala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University, Brookville, New York, United States of America
| | - Ketan Shevde
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Heeger
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine and Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
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20
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Abstract
Ischemic disorders, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, are the most common causes of debilitating disease and death in westernized cultures. The extent of tissue injury relates directly to the extent of blood flow reduction and to the length of the ischemic period, which influence the levels to which cellular ATP and intracellular pH are reduced. By impairing ATPase-dependent ion transport, ischemia causes intracellular and mitochondrial calcium levels to increase (calcium overload). Cell volume regulatory mechanisms are also disrupted by the lack of ATP, which can induce lysis of organelle and plasma membranes. Reperfusion, although required to salvage oxygen-starved tissues, produces paradoxical tissue responses that fuel the production of reactive oxygen species (oxygen paradox), sequestration of proinflammatory immunocytes in ischemic tissues, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and development of postischemic capillary no-reflow, which amplify tissue injury. These pathologic events culminate in opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores as a common end-effector of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced cell lysis and death. Emerging concepts include the influence of the intestinal microbiome, fetal programming, epigenetic changes, and microparticles in the pathogenesis of I/R. The overall goal of this review is to describe these and other mechanisms that contribute to I/R injury. Because so many different deleterious events participate in I/R, it is clear that therapeutic approaches will be effective only when multiple pathologic processes are targeted. In addition, the translational significance of I/R research will be enhanced by much wider use of animal models that incorporate the complicating effects of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:113-170, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Kalogeris
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Christopher P. Baines
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Maike Krenz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Ronald J. Korthuis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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21
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Poppelaars F, Gaya da Costa M, Berger SP, Assa S, Meter-Arkema AH, Daha MR, van Son WJ, Franssen CFM, Seelen MAJ. Strong predictive value of mannose-binding lectin levels for cardiovascular risk of hemodialysis patients. J Transl Med 2016; 14:236. [PMID: 27495980 PMCID: PMC4974702 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0995-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hemodialysis patients have higher rates of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality compared to the general population. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular disease. In addition, hemodialysis alters MBL concentration and functional activity. The present study determines the predictive value of MBL levels for future cardiac events (C-event), cardiovascular events (CV-event) and all-cause mortality in HD patients. Methods We conducted a prospective study of 107 patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Plasma MBL, properdin, C3d and sC5b-9 was measured before and after one dialysis session. The association with future C-events, CV-events, and all-cause mortality was evaluated using Cox regression models. Results During median follow-up of 27 months, 36 participants developed 21 C-events and 36 CV-events, whereas 37 patients died. The incidence of C-events and CV-events was significantly higher in patients with low MBL levels (<319 ng/mL, lower quartile). In fully adjusted models, low MBL level was independently associated with increased CV-events (hazard ratio 3.98; 95 % CI 1.88–8.24; P < 0.001) and C-events (hazard ratio 3.96; 95 % CI 1.49–10.54; P = 0.006). No association was found between low MBL levels and all-cause mortality. Furthermore, MBL substantially improved risk prediction for CV-events beyond currently used clinical markers. Conclusions Low MBL levels are associated with a higher risk for future C-events and CV-events. Therefore, MBL levels may help to identify hemodialysis patients who are at risk to develop cardiovascular disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-0995-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Poppelaars
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mariana Gaya da Costa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan P Berger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Solmaz Assa
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anita H Meter-Arkema
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamed R Daha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J van Son
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Casper F M Franssen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc A J Seelen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Rehulkova H, Rehulka P, Myslivcova Fucikova A, Stulik J, Pudil R. Identification of novel biomarker candidates for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and other cardiovascular diseases leading to heart failure. Physiol Res 2016; 65:751-762. [PMID: 27429122 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In-depth proteome discovery analysis represents new strategy in an effort to identify novel reliable specific protein markers for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and other life threatening cardiovascular diseases. To systematically identify novel protein biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases with high mortality we employed an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) proteome technology to make comparative analysis of plasma samples obtained from patients suffering from non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, stable dilated cardiomyopathy, aortic valve stenosis, chronic stable coronary artery disease and stable arterial hypertension. We found 128 plasma proteins whose abundances were uniquely regulated among the analyzed cardiovascular pathologies. 49 of them have not been described yet. Additionally, application of statistical exploratory analyses of the measured protein profiles indicated the relationship in pathophysiology of the examined cardiovascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rehulkova
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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23
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Human mannose-binding lectin inhibitor prevents Shiga toxin-induced renal injury. Kidney Int 2016; 90:774-82. [PMID: 27378476 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC HUS) is a worldwide endemic problem, and its pathophysiology is not fully elucidated. Here we tested whether the mannose-binding lectin (MBL2), an initiating factor of lectin complement pathway activation, plays a crucial role in STEC HUS. Using novel human MBL2-expressing mice (MBL2 KI) that lack murine Mbls (MBL2(+/+)Mbl1(-/-)Mbl2(-/-)), a novel STEC HUS model consisted of an intraperitoneal injection with Shiga toxin-2 (Stx-2) with or without anti-MBL2 antibody (3F8, intraperitoneal). Stx-2 induced weight loss, anemia, and thrombocytopenia and increased serum creatinine, free serum hemoglobin, and cystatin C levels, but a significantly decreased glomerular filtration rate compared with control/sham mice. Immunohistochemical staining revealed renal C3d deposition and fibrin deposition in glomeruli in Stx-2-injected mice. Treatment with 3F8 completely inhibited serum MBL2 levels and significantly attenuated Stx-2 induced-renal injury, free serum hemoglobin levels, renal C3d, and fibrin deposition and preserved the glomerular filtration rate. Thus, MBL2 inhibition significantly protected against complement activation and renal injury induced by Stx-2. This novel mouse model can be used to study the role of complement, particularly lectin pathway-mediated complement activation, in Stx-2-induced renal injury.
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24
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Gallego-Llamas J, Timms AE, Geister KA, Lindsay A, Beier DR. Variant mapping and mutation discovery in inbred mice using next-generation sequencing. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:913. [PMID: 26552429 PMCID: PMC4640199 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of powerful new methods for DNA sequencing enable the discovery of sequence variants, their utilization for the mapping of mutant loci, and the identification of causal variants in a single step. We have applied this approach for the analysis of ENU-mutagenized mice maintained on an inbred background. Results We ascertained ENU-induced variants in four different phenotypically mutant lines. These were then used as informative markers for positional cloning of the mutated genes. We tested both whole genome (WGS) and whole exome (WES) datasets. Conclusion Both approaches were successful as a means to localize a region of homozygosity, as well as identifying mutations of candidate genes, which could be individually assessed. As expected, the WGS strategy was more reliable, since many more ENU-induced variants were ascertained. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2173-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabier Gallego-Llamas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave., Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
| | - Andrew E Timms
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave., Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
| | - Krista A Geister
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave., Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
| | - Anna Lindsay
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave., Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
| | - David R Beier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave., Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
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