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Ruknudin P, Nazari AR, Wirth M, Lahaie I, Bajon E, Rivard A, Chemtob S, Desjarlais M. Novel Function of Nogo-A as Negative Regulator of Endothelial Progenitor Cell Angiogenic Activity: Impact in Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13185. [PMID: 37685993 PMCID: PMC10488245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) can actively participate in revascularization in oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). Yet the mechanisms responsible for their dysfunction is unclear. Nogo-A, whose function is traditionally related to the inhibition of neurite function in the central nervous system, has recently been documented to display anti-angiogenic pro-repellent properties. Based on the significant impact of EPCs in retinal vascularization, we surmised that Nogo-A affects EPC function, and proceeded to investigate the role of Nogo-A on EPC function in OIR. The expression of Nogo-A and its specific receptor NgR1 was significantly increased in isolated EPCs exposed to hyperoxia, as well as in EPCs isolated from rats subjected to OIR compared with respective controls (EPCs exposed to normoxia). EPCs exposed to hyperoxia displayed reduced migratory and tubulogenic activity, associated with the suppressed expression of prominent EPC-recruitment factors SDF-1/CXCR4. The inhibition of Nogo-A (using a Nogo-66 neutralizing antagonist peptide) or siRNA-NGR1 in hyperoxia-exposed EPCs restored SDF-1/CXCR4 expression and, in turn, rescued the curtailed neovascular functions of EPCs in hyperoxia. The in vivo intraperitoneal injection of engineered EPCs (Nogo-A-inhibited or NgR1-suppressed) in OIR rats at P5 (prior to exposure to hyperoxia) prevented retinal and choroidal vaso-obliteration upon localization adjacent to vasculature; coherently, the inhibition of Nogo-A/NgR1 in EPCs enhanced the expression of key angiogenic factors VEGF, SDF-1, PDGF, and EPO in retina; CXCR4 knock-down abrogated suppressed NgR1 pro-angiogenic effects. The findings revealed that hyperoxia-induced EPC malfunction is mediated to a significant extent by Nogo-A/NgR1 signaling via CXCR4 suppression; the inhibition of Nogo-A in EPCs restores specific angiogenic growth factors in retina and the ensuing vascularization of the retina in an OIR model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakiza Ruknudin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H1T 2H2, Canada
| | - Ali Riza Nazari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H1T 2H2, Canada
| | - Maelle Wirth
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H1T 2H2, Canada
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC H1T 2H2, Canada
| | - Isabelle Lahaie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H1T 2H2, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Bajon
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC H1T 2H2, Canada
| | - Alain Rivard
- Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM) Research Center, Montréal, QC H1T 2H2, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H1T 2H2, Canada
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC H1T 2H2, Canada
| | - Michel Desjarlais
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H1T 2H2, Canada
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC H1T 2H2, Canada
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2
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Ma C, Li H, Lu S, Li X, Wang S, Wang W. Tryptase and Exogenous Trypsin: Mechanisms and Ophthalmic Applications. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:927-939. [PMID: 36891173 PMCID: PMC9987324 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s402900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular injuries caused by inflammation, surgery or accidents are subject to a physiological healing process that ultimately restores the structure and function of the damaged tissue. Tryptase and trypsin are essential component of this process and they play a role in promoting and reducing the inflammatory response of tissues, respectively. Following injury, tryptase is endogenously produced by mast cells and can exacerbate the inflammatory response both by stimulating neutrophil secretion, and through its agonist action on proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). In contrast, exogenously introduced trypsin promotes wound healing by attenuating inflammatory responses, reducing oedema and protecting against infection. Thus, trypsin may help resolve ocular inflammatory symptoms and promote faster recovery from acute tissue injury associated with ophthalmic diseases. This article describes the roles of tryptase and exogenous trypsin in affected tissues after onset of ocular injury, and the clinical applications of trypsin injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Clinical Research Centre of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuwen Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Li
- Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.,Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, the University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
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3
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Chaudhari P, Madaan A, Rivera JC, Charfi I, Habelrih T, Hou X, Nezhady M, Lodygensky G, Pineyro G, Muanza T, Chemtob S. Neuronal GPR81 regulates developmental brain angiogenesis and promotes brain recovery after a hypoxic ischemic insult. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:1294-1308. [PMID: 35107038 PMCID: PMC9207492 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221077499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxic/ischemic (HI) brain injury is a major clinical problem with devastating neurodevelopmental outcomes in neonates. During HI brain injury, dysregulated factor production contributes to microvascular impairment. Glycolysis-derived lactate accumulated during ischemia has been proposed to protect against ischemic injury, but its mechanism of action is poorly understood. Herein, we hypothesize that lactate via its G-protein coupled receptor (GPR81) controls postnatal brain angiogenesis and plays a protective role after HI injury. We show that GPR81 is predominantly expressed in neurons of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. GPR81-null mice displayed a delay in cerebral microvascular development linked to reduced levels of various major angiogenic factors and augmented expression of anti-angiogenic Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) in comparison to their WT littermates. Coherently, lactate stimulation induced an increase in growth factors (VEGF, Ang1 and 2, PDGF) and reduced TSP-1 expression in neurons, which contributed to accelerating angiogenesis. HI injury in GPR81-null animals curtailed vascular density and consequently increased infarct size compared to changes seen in WT mice; conversely intracerebroventricular lactate injection increased vascular density and diminished infarct size in WT but not in GPR81-null mice. Collectively, we show that lactate acting via GPR81 participates in developmental brain angiogenesis, and attenuates HI injury by restoring compromised microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhas Chaudhari
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Canada.,Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Ankush Madaan
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - José Carlos Rivera
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Canada.,Department of Opthalmology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Research Center, Montréal, Canada
| | - Iness Charfi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Tiffany Habelrih
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Canada
| | - Xin Hou
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Canada
| | - Mohammad Nezhady
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Canada
| | - Gregory Lodygensky
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Canada
| | - Graciela Pineyro
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Canada.,Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Thierry Muanza
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.,Department of Opthalmology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Research Center, Montréal, Canada
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4
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Hui Q, Zheng F, Qin L, Pei C. Annexin A1 promotes reparative angiogenesis and ameliorates neuronal injury in ischemic retinopathy. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:791-801. [PMID: 35179426 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2029904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal ischemia is the main reason for vision threatening. Inflammation and aberrant angiogenesis play an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemia. Annexin A1 is an endogenous protein modulating anti-inflammatory processes, and its therapeutic potential has been reported in a range of inflammatory diseases. However, the effect of annexin A1 on ischemic retinal injury has not been examined. METHODS Expression of annexin A1 was assessed by real time PCR and western blotting, and location of annexin A1 was evaluated by immunofluorescence staining in retina of OIR. The activation of annexin A1 were assayed in HRECs after hypoxia stimuli. The effect of annexin A1 on vascularization of OIR mouse through quantification vaso-obliteration and neovascularization, as well as expression of relevant angiogenic factors and inflammatory cytokines was compared between wild type and annexin A1 deficiency mice. We also investigated the effect of annexin A1 on retinal neuronal degeneration as measured by ERG and OCT. RESULTS In retinas of OIR, the expression of annexin A1 significantly increased and located in inner retinal layers. Annexin A1 was induced in HRECs after hypoxic stimuli. Furthermore, annexin A1 deficiency increased pro-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Ablation of annexin A1 suppressed aortic outgrowth and retinal reparative revascularization and promoted pathological neovascularization to exacerbate retinal dysfunction after ischemia injury. CONCLUSION Annexin A1 inhibits angiogenic and inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes reparative angiogenesis, thus exhibits neuronal protective function in ischemic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyan Hui
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Xi'an Fourth Hospital, Affiliated Xi'an Fourth Hospital, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Affiliated Guangren Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fengwei Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cheng Pei
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Ali MA, Amin MR, Mahbub S, Hossen MD, Hoque MA, Kumar D. Impact of salts on the phase separation and thermodynamic properties of mixed nonionic surfactants in absence/attendance of polyvinyl alcohol. Z PHYS CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2021-3013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mixed surfactant systems are used in different applied fields like pharmaceutical formulation rather than single surfactant. Therefore, the determination of the clouding nature of the triton X-100 (TX-100) + Tween 80 (TW-80) mixture was carried out in H2O and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). In the occurrence of PVA, the cloud point (CP) values of TX-100 initially enhance with enhancing the concentration of PVA and tend to decrease after a certain concentration. For different ratios of TX-100 and TW-80 mixture having the same concentration of both solutions, CP values increase through the decreasing ratios of TX-100 with/without PVA. In the presence of polymer, at higher ratios of TX-100 than TW-80, the CP values are higher in magnitudes in comparison to the aqueous medium but at lower ratios of TX-100, the value of CP are lower in magnitudes in comparison to the aqueous system. The CP values of the TX-100 + TW-80 mixture in the salt system are lower in magnitudes than the aqueous medium in both the absence/presence of PVA. However, a reduction of CP values was obtained to a large extent for Na2SO4 over NaCl in the case of lower volume ratios of TX-100. Various thermodynamic variables (standard free energy (
Δ
G
c
o
${\Delta}{G}_{c}^{o}$
), standard enthalpy (
Δ
H
c
o
${\Delta}{H}_{c}^{o}$
), standard entropy (
Δ
S
c
o
${\Delta}{S}_{c}^{o}$
) change, thermodynamic parameters of transfer (free energy of transfer (
Δ
G
c
,
t
o
${\Delta}{G}_{c,t}^{o}$
), and transfer of enthalpies (
Δ
H
c
,
t
o
${\Delta}{H}_{c,t}^{o}$
)) of phase transition) were also determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Ackas Ali
- Department of Chemistry , Jahangirnagar University , Savar , Dhaka , 1342 , Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ruhul Amin
- Department of Chemistry , Jahangirnagar University , Savar , Dhaka , 1342 , Bangladesh
- Department of Chemistry & Physics , Gono Bishwabidyalay , Savar , Dhaka , 1344 , Bangladesh
| | - Shamim Mahbub
- Department of Chemistry & Physics , Gono Bishwabidyalay , Savar , Dhaka , 1344 , Bangladesh
| | - Md. Delwar Hossen
- Department of Chemistry , Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University , Santosh , Tangail , 1902 , Bangladesh
| | - Md. Anamul Hoque
- Department of Chemistry , Jahangirnagar University , Savar , Dhaka , 1342 , Bangladesh
| | - Dileep Kumar
- Division of Computational Physics , Institute for Computational Science, Ton Duc Thang University , Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences , Ton Duc Thang University , Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam
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6
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Jiao B, Liu S, Tan X, Lu P, Wang D, Xu H. Class-3 semaphorins: Potent multifunctional modulators for angiogenesis-associated diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111329. [PMID: 33545660 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins, the neuronal guidance cues, were shown to have broad influences on pathophysiological processes such as bone remodeling, immune responses, and angiogenesis. In particular, Class-3 Semaphorins (SEMA3) is considered a vital regulator involved in angiogenesis. Scientific evidence has pointed to the role of angiogenesis in many diseases, and numerous efforts have been made to explore the possibilities of curing those diseases by targeting angiogenesis. Nevertheless, the efficacies are limited owing to the complex mechanisms of angiogenesis. Hence, investigating the mechanisms of SEMA3 in angiogenesis may contribute to novel therapeutics for diseases. Previous reviews mainly focused on the various functions of semaphorins in one particular disease, and the specific angiogenesis mechanism of SEMA3 in diverse diseases has not been well elucidated. Additionally, the role of SEMA3 in angiogenesis remains elusive, as contradicting results have been found in different disease types. Some evidence from recent studies implies that, while most SEMA3 molecules inhibit pathological angiogenesis in different diseases, occasionally SEMA3 may also promote angiogenesis. This review summarizes the specific role of SEMA3 in a variety of angiogenesis-associated diseases, and documents SEMA3 may be a promising therapeutic target for treating angiogenesis-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shiyang Liu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xi Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Pei Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Danning Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Noueihed B, Rivera JC, Dabouz R, Abram P, Omri S, Lahaie I, Chemtob S. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Promote Retinal Vascular Repair by Modulating Sema3E and IL-17A in a Model of Ischemic Retinopathy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:630645. [PMID: 33553187 PMCID: PMC7859341 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.630645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic retinopathies (IRs), such as retinopathy of prematurity and diabetic retinopathy, are characterized by an initial phase of microvascular degeneration that results in retinal ischemia, followed by exaggerated pathologic neovascularization (NV). Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have potent pro-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties associated with tissue repair and regeneration, and in this regard exert protection to neurons in ischemic and degenerative conditions; however, the exact mechanisms underlying these functions remain largely unknown. Class III Semaphorins (A–G) are particularly implicated in regulating neural blood supply (as well as neurogenesis) by suppressing angiogenesis and affecting myeloid cell function; this is the case for distinct neuropillin-activating Sema3A as well as PlexinD1-activating Sema3E; but during IR the former Sema3A increases while Sema3E decreases. We investigated whether retinal vascular repair actions of MSCs are exerted by normalizing Semaphorin and downstream cytokines in IR. Intravitreal administration of MSCs or their secretome (MSCs-conditioned media [MSCs-CM]) significantly curtailed vasoobliteration as well as aberrant preretinal NV in a model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). The vascular repair effects of MSCs-CM in the ischemic retina were associated with restored levels of Sema3E. Vascular benefits of MSCs-CM were reversed by anti-Sema3E; while intravitreal injection of anti-angiogenic recombinant Sema3E (rSema3E) in OIR-subjected mice reproduced effects of MSCs-CM by inhibiting as expected preretinal NV but also by decreasing vasoobliteration. To explain these opposing vascular effects of Sema3E we found in OIR high retinal levels, respectively, of the pro- and anti-angiogenic IL-17A and Sema3A-regulating IL-1β; IL-17A positively affected expression of IL-1β. rSema3E decreased concentrations of these myeloid cell-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, IL-17A suppression by MSCs-CM was abrogated by anti-Sema3E neutralizing antibody. Collectively, our findings provide novel evidence by which MSCs inhibit aberrant NV and diminish vasoobliteration (promoting revascularization) in retinopathy by restoring (at least in part) neuronal Sema3E levels that reduce pathological levels of IL-17A (and in turn other proinflammatory factors) in myeloid cells. The ability of MSCs to generate a microenvironment permissive for vascular regeneration by controlling the production of neuronal factors involved in immunomodulatory activities is a promising opportunity for stem cell therapy in ocular degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baraa Noueihed
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - José Carlos Rivera
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Rabah Dabouz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Pénélope Abram
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Samy Omri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Lahaie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
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8
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The role of semaphorins in small vessels of the eye and brain. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105044. [PMID: 32590102 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Small vessel diseases, such as ischemic retinopathy and cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), are increasingly recognized in patients with diabetes, dementia and cerebrovascular disease. The mechanisms of small vessel diseases are poorly understood, but the latest studies suggest a role for semaphorins. Initially identified as axon guidance cues, semaphorins are mainly studied in neuronal morphogenesis, neural circuit assembly, and synapse assembly and refinement. In recent years, semaphorins have been found to play important roles in regulating vascular growth and development and in many pathophysiological processes, including atherosclerosis, angiogenesis after stroke and retinopathy. Growing evidence indicates that semaphorins affect the occurrence, perfusion and regression of both the macrovasculature and microvasculature by regulating the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, barrier function and inflammatory response of endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and pericytes. In this review, we concentrate on the regulatory effects of semaphorins on the cell components of the vessel wall and their potential roles in microvascular diseases, especially in the retina and cerebral small vessel. Finally, we discuss potential molecular approaches in targeting semaphorins as therapies for microvascular disorders in the eye and brain.
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9
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Sayah DN, Zhou TE, Omri S, Mazzaferri J, Quiniou C, Wirth M, Côté F, Dabouz R, Desjarlais M, Costantino S, Chemtob S. Novel Anti-Interleukin-1β Therapy Preserves Retinal Integrity: A Longitudinal Investigation Using OCT Imaging and Automated Retinal Segmentation in Small Rodents. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:296. [PMID: 32226385 PMCID: PMC7081735 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is the leading cause of blindness in neonates. Inflammation, in particular interleukin-1β (IL-1β), is increased in early stages of the disorder, and contributes to inner and outer retinal vasoobliteration in the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model of ROP. A small peptide antagonist of IL-1 receptor, composed of the amino acid sequence, rytvela, has been shown to exert beneficial anti-inflammatory effects without compromising immunovigilance-related NF-κB in reproductive tissues. We conducted a longitudinal study to determine the efficacy of “rytvela” in preserving the integrity of the retina in OIR model, using optical coherence tomography (OCT) which provides high-resolution cross-sectional imaging of ocular structures in vivo. Sprague–Dawley rats subjected to OIR and treated or not with “rytvela” were compared to IL-1 receptor antagonist (Kineret). OCT imaging and custom automated segmentation algorithm used to measure retinal thickness (RT) were obtained at P14 and P30; gold-standard immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to confirm retinal anatomical changes. OCT revealed significant retinal thinning in untreated animals by P30, confirmed by IHC; these changes were coherently associated with increased apoptosis. Both rytvela and Kineret subsided apoptosis and preserved RT. As anticipated, Kineret diminished both SAPK/JNK and NF-κB axes, whereas rytvela selectively abated the former which resulted in preserved monocyte phagocytic function. Altogether, OCT imaging with automated segmentation is a reliable non-invasive approach to study longitudinally retinal pathology in small animal models of retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane N Sayah
- Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tianwei E Zhou
- Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Samy Omri
- Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Christiane Quiniou
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maëlle Wirth
- Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - France Côté
- Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rabah Dabouz
- Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Desjarlais
- Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Santiago Costantino
- Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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10
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Madaan A, Chaudhari P, Nadeau-Vallée M, Hamel D, Zhu T, Mitchell G, Samuels M, Pundir S, Dabouz R, Howe Cheng CW, Mohammad Nezhady MA, Joyal JS, Rivera JC, Chemtob S. Müller Cell-Localized G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 81 (Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor 1) Regulates Inner Retinal Vasculature via Norrin/Wnt Pathways. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1878-1896. [PMID: 31220454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic retinopathies are characterized by a progressive microvascular degeneration followed by a postischemic aberrant neovascularization. To reinstate vascular supply and metabolic equilibrium to the ischemic tissue during ischemic retinopathies, a dysregulated production of growth factors and metabolic intermediates occurs, promoting retinal angiogenesis. Glycolysis-derived lactate, highly produced during ischemic conditions, has been associated with tumor angiogenesis and wound healing. Lactate exerts its biological effects via G-protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81) in several tissues; however, its physiological functions and mechanisms of action in the retina remain poorly understood. Herein, we show that GPR81, localized predominantly in Müller cells, governs deep vascular complex formation during development and in ischemic retinopathy. Lactate-stimulated GPR81 Müller cells produce numerous angiogenic factors, including Wnt ligands and particularly Norrin, which contributes significantly in triggering inner retinal blood vessel formation. Conversely, GPR81-null mice retina shows reduced inner vascular network formation associated with low levels of Norrin (and Wnt ligands). Lactate accumulation during ischemic retinopathy selectively activates GPR81-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2-Norrin signaling to accelerate inner retinal vascularization in wild-type animals, but not in the retina of GPR81-null mice. Altogether, we reveal that lactate via GPR81-Norrin participates in inner vascular network development and in restoration of the vasculature in response to injury. These findings suggest a new potential therapeutic target to alleviate ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Madaan
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Prabhas Chaudhari
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Nadeau-Vallée
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Hamel
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tang Zhu
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Grant Mitchell
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark Samuels
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sheetal Pundir
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rabah Dabouz
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Colin Wayne Howe Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mohammad A Mohammad Nezhady
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Sébastien Joyal
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - José Carlos Rivera
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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11
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The Expression of Key Guidance Genes at a Forebrain Axon Turning Point Is Maintained by Distinct Fgfr Isoforms but a Common Downstream Signal Transduction Mechanism. eNeuro 2019; 6:eN-NWR-0086-19. [PMID: 30993182 PMCID: PMC6464512 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0086-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During development the axons of neurons grow toward and locate their synaptic partners to form functional neural circuits. Axons do so by reading a map of guidance cues expressed by surrounding tissues. Guidance cues are expressed at a precise space and time, but how guidance cue expression is regulated, and in a coordinated manner, is poorly understood. Semaphorins (Semas) and Slits are families of molecular ligands that guide axons. We showed previously that fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) signaling maintains sema3a and slit1 forebrain expression in Xenopus laevis, and these two repellents cooperate to guide retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons away from the mid-diencephalon and on towards the optic tectum. Here, we investigate whether there are common features of the regulatory pathways that control the expression of these two guidance cues at this single axon guidance decision point. We isolated the sema3a proximal promoter and confirmed its responsiveness to Fgf signaling. Through misexpression of truncated Fgf receptors (Fgfrs), we found that sema3a forebrain expression is dependent on Fgfr2-4 but not Fgfr1. This is in contrast to slit1, whose expression we showed previously depends on Fgfr1 but not Fgfr2-4. Using pharmacological inhibitors and misexpression of constitutively active (CA) and dominant negative (DN) signaling intermediates, we find that while distinct Fgfrs regulate these two guidance genes, intracellular signaling downstream of Fgfrs appears to converge along the phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling pathway. A common PI3K-Akt signaling pathway may allow for the coordinated expression of guidance cues that cooperate to direct axons at a guidance choice point.
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12
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Aouiss A, Anka Idrissi D, Kabine M, Zaid Y. Update of inflammatory proliferative retinopathy: Ischemia, hypoxia and angiogenesis. Curr Res Transl Med 2019; 67:62-71. [PMID: 30685380 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) present two examples of proliferative retinopathy, characterized by the same stages of progression; ischemia of the retinal vessels, leads to hypoxia and to correct the problem there is the setting up of uncontrolled angiogenesis, which subsequently causes blindness or even detachment of the retina. The difference is the following; that DR initiated by the metabolic complications that are due to hyperglycemia, and ROP is induced by overexposure of the neonatal retina to oxygen. In this review, we will demonstrate the physiopathological mechanism of the two forms of proliferative retinopathy DR and ROP, in particular the role of the CD40/CD40L axis and IL-1 on vascular complications and onset of inflammation of the retina, the implications of their effects on the onset of pathogenic angiogenesis, thus understanding the link between platelets and retinal ischemia. In addition, what are the therapeutic targets that could slow its progression?
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aouiss
- Laboratory of Health and Environment, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock, University of Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco.
| | - D Anka Idrissi
- Laboratory of Health and Environment, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock, University of Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - M Kabine
- Laboratory of Health and Environment, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock, University of Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Y Zaid
- Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, H1T1C8, Quebec, Canada
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13
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Sun J, Huang W, Yang SF, Zhang XP, Yu Q, Zhang ZQ, Yao J, Li KR, Jiang Q, Cao C. Gαi1 and Gαi3mediate VEGF-induced VEGFR2 endocytosis, signaling and angiogenesis. Theranostics 2018; 8:4695-4709. [PMID: 30279732 PMCID: PMC6160771 DOI: 10.7150/thno.26203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
VEGF binding to VEGFR2 leads to VEGFR2 endocytosis and downstream signaling activation to promote angiogenesis. Methods: Using genetic strategies, we tested the requirement of α subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins (Gαi1/3) in the process. Results: Gαi1/3 are located in the VEGFR2 endocytosis complex (VEGFR2-Ephrin-B2-Dab2-PAR-3), where they are required for VEGFR2 endocytosis and downstream signaling transduction. Gαi1/3 knockdown, knockout or dominant negative mutation inhibited VEGF-induced VEGFR2 endocytosis, and downstream Akt-mTOR and Erk-MAPK activation. Functional studies show that Gαi1/3 shRNA inhibited VEGF-induced proliferation, invasion, migration and vessel-like tube formation of HUVECs. In vivo, Gαi1/3 shRNA lentivirus inhibited alkali burn-induced neovascularization in mouse cornea. Further, oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR)-induced retinal neovascularization was inhibited by intravitreal injection of Gαi1/3 shRNA lentivirus. Moreover, in vivo angiogenesis by alkali burn and OIR was significantly attenuated in Gαi1/3 double knockout mice. Significantly, Gαi1/3 proteins are upregulated in proliferative retinal tissues of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) patients. Conclusion: These results provide mechanistic insights into the critical role played by Gαi1/3 proteins in VEGF-induced VEGFR2 endocytosis, signaling and angiogenesis.
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14
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Joyal JS, Gantner ML, Smith LEH. Retinal energy demands control vascular supply of the retina in development and disease: The role of neuronal lipid and glucose metabolism. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 64:131-156. [PMID: 29175509 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Sébastien Joyal
- Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
| | - Marin L Gantner
- The Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Lois E H Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston MA 02115, United States.
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15
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Matsuda K, Okamoto N, Kondo M, Arkwright PD, Karasawa K, Ishizaka S, Yokota S, Matsuda A, Jung K, Oida K, Amagai Y, Jang H, Noda E, Kakinuma R, Yasui K, Kaku U, Mori Y, Onai N, Ohteki T, Tanaka A, Matsuda H. Mast cell hyperactivity underpins the development of oxygen-induced retinopathy. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3987-4000. [PMID: 28990934 PMCID: PMC5663365 DOI: 10.1172/jci89893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are classically thought to play an important role in protection against helminth infections and in the induction of allergic diseases; however, recent studies indicate that these cells also contribute to neovascularization, which is critical for tissue remodeling, chronic inflammation, and carcinogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that mast cells are essential for sprouting angiogenesis in a murine model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). Although mouse strains lacking mast cells did not exhibit retinal neovascularization following hypoxia, these mice developed OIR following infusion of mast cells or after injection of mast cell tryptase (MCT). Relative hypoxia stimulated mast cell degranulation via transient receptor potential ankyrin 1. Subsequent surges in MCT stimulated retinal endothelial cells to produce monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP1) and angiogenic factors, leading to sprouting angiogenesis. Mast cell stabilizers as well as specific tryptase and MCP1 inhibitors prevented the development of OIR in WT mice. Preterm infants with early retinopathy of prematurity had markedly higher plasma MCT levels than age-matched infants without disease, suggesting mast cells contribute to human disease. Together, these results suggest therapies that suppress mast cell activity should be further explored as a potential option for preventing eye diseases and subsequent blindness induced by neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenshiro Matsuda
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Okamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, and Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kondo
- Department of Neonatology and Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Peter D Arkwright
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kaoru Karasawa
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saori Ishizaka
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yokota
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, and Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Matsuda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, and Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyungsook Jung
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Oida
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Amagai
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Tokyo Biomarker Innovation Research Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hyosun Jang
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Noda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Kakinuma
- Laboratory of Comparative Animal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koujirou Yasui
- Laboratory of Comparative Animal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Uiko Kaku
- Laboratory of Comparative Animal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Mori
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Onai
- Department of Biodefense Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ohteki
- Department of Biodefense Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akane Tanaka
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Comparative Animal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuda
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, and Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Zuo P, Zuo Z, Zheng Y, Wang X, Zhou Q, Chen L, Ma G. Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Deficiency Attenuates Atherosclerotic Lesion Progression and Instability in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:647. [PMID: 28959204 PMCID: PMC5603739 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory mechanisms are involved in the process of atherosclerotic plaque formation and rupture. Accumulating evidence suggests that protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 contributes to the pathophysiology of chronic inflammation on the vasculature. To directly examine the role of PAR-2 in atherosclerosis, we generated apolipoprotein E/PAR-2 double-deficient mice. Mice were fed with high-fat diet for 12 weeks starting at ages of 6 weeks. PAR-2 deficiency attenuated atherosclerotic lesion progression with reduced total lesion area, reduced percentage of stenosis and reduced total necrotic core area. PAR-2 deficiency increased fibrous cap thickness and collagen content of plaque. Moreover, PAR-2 deficiency decreased smooth muscle cell content, macrophage accumulation, matrix metallopeptidase-9 expression and neovascularization in plaque. Relative quantitative PCR assay using thoracic aorta revealed that PAR-2 deficiency reduced mRNA expression of inflammatory molecules, such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1. In vitro experiment, we found that PAR-2 deficiency reduced mRNA expression of interferon-γ, interleukin-6, TNF-α and MCP-1 in macrophage under unstimulated and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated conditions. These results suggest that PAR-2 deficiency attenuates the progression and instability of atherosclerotic plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Zhi Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yueyue Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Qianxing Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Genshan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
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17
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Rivera JC, Madaan A, Zhou TE, Chemtob S. Review of the mechanisms and therapeutic avenues for retinal and choroidal vascular dysfunctions in retinopathy of prematurity. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105:1421-1433. [PMID: 27620714 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a multifactorial disease and the main cause of visual impairment and blindness in premature neonates. The inner retina has been considered the primary region affected in ROP, but choroidal vascular degeneration and progressive outer retinal dysfunctions have also been observed. This review focuses on observations regarding neurovascular dysfunctions in both the inner and outer immature retina, the mechanisms and the neuronal-derived factors implicated in the development of ROP, as well potential therapeutic avenues for this disorder. CONCLUSION Alterations in the neurovascular integrity of the inner and outer retina contribute to the development of ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Rivera
- Department of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center; Montréal QC Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology; Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center; University of Montréal; Montréal QC Canada
| | - Ankush Madaan
- Department of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center; Montréal QC Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics; McGill University; Montréal QC Canada
| | - Tianwei Ellen Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology; Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center; University of Montréal; Montréal QC Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics; McGill University; Montréal QC Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Department of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center; Montréal QC Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology; Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center; University of Montréal; Montréal QC Canada
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18
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Zhou TE, Rivera JC, Bhosle VK, Lahaie I, Shao Z, Tahiri H, Zhu T, Polosa A, Dorfman A, Beaudry-Richard A, Costantino S, Lodygensky GA, Lachapelle P, Chemtob S. Choroidal Involution Is Associated with a Progressive Degeneration of the Outer Retinal Function in a Model of Retinopathy of Prematurity: Early Role for IL-1β. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:3100-3116. [PMID: 27768863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), the most common cause of blindness in premature infants, has long been associated with inner retinal alterations. However, recent studies reveal outer retinal dysfunctions in patients formerly afflicted with ROP. We have recently demonstrated that choroidal involution occurs early in retinopathy. Herein, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the choroidal involution and its long-term impact on retinal function. An oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model was used. In vitro and ex vivo assays were applied to evaluate cytotoxic effects of IL-1β on choroidal endothelium. Electroretinogram was used to evaluate visual function. We found that proinflammatory IL-1β was markedly increased in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroid and positively correlated with choroidal degeneration in the early stages of retinopathy. IL-1β was found to be cytotoxic to choroid in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. Long-term effects on choroidal involution included a hypoxic outer neuroretina, associated with a progressive loss of RPE and photoreceptors, and visual deterioration. Early inhibition of IL-1β receptor preserved choroid, decreased subretinal hypoxia, and prevented RPE/photoreceptor death, resulting in life-long improved visual function in IL-1 receptor antagonist-treated OIR animals. Together, these findings suggest a critical role for IL-1β-induced choroidal degeneration in outer retinal dysfunction. Neonatal therapy using IL-1 receptor antagonist preserves choroid and prevents protracted outer neuroretinal anomalies in OIR, suggesting IL-1β as a potential therapeutic target in ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei E Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Centre, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - José C Rivera
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Centre, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vikrant K Bhosle
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Centre, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Lahaie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Centre, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Zhuo Shao
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Houda Tahiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tang Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anna Polosa
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Allison Dorfman
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandra Beaudry-Richard
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Santiago Costantino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Centre, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gregory A Lodygensky
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Lachapelle
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Centre, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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19
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Barcelona PF, Sitaras N, Galan A, Esquiva G, Jmaeff S, Jian Y, Sarunic MV, Cuenca N, Sapieha P, Saragovi HU. p75NTR and Its Ligand ProNGF Activate Paracrine Mechanisms Etiological to the Vascular, Inflammatory, and Neurodegenerative Pathologies of Diabetic Retinopathy. J Neurosci 2016; 36:8826-41. [PMID: 27559166 PMCID: PMC6601903 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4278-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In many diseases, expression and ligand-dependent activity of the p75(NTR) receptor can promote pericyte and vascular dysfunction, inflammation, glial activation, and neurodegeneration. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is characterized by all of these pathological events. However, the mechanisms by which p75(NTR) may be implicated at each stage of DR pathology remain poorly understood. Using a streptozotocin mouse model of diabetic retinopathy, we report that p75(NTR) is upregulated very early in glia and in pericytes to mediate ligand-dependent induction of inflammatory cytokines, disruption of the neuro-glia-vascular unit, promotion of blood-retina barrier breakdown, edema, and neuronal death. In a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy, mimicking proliferative DR, p75(NTR)-dependent inflammation leads to ischemia and pathological angiogenesis through Semaphorin 3A. The acute use of antagonists of p75(NTR) or antagonists of the ligand proNGF suppresses each distinct phase of pathology, ameliorate disease, and prevent disease progression. Thus, our study documents novel disease mechanisms and validates druggable targets for diabetic retinopathy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Diabetic retinopathy (DR) affects an estimated 250 million people and has no effective treatment. Stages of progression comprise pericyte/vascular dysfunction, inflammation, glial activation, and neurodegeneration. The pathophysiology of each stage remains unclear. We postulated that the activity of p75NTR may be implicated. We show that p75NTR in glia and in pericytes mediate ligand-dependent induction of inflammatory cytokines, disruption of the neuro-glia-vascular unit, promotion of blood-retina barrier breakdown, edema, and neuronal death. p75NTR-promoted inflammation leads to ischemia and angiogenesis through Semaphorin 3A. Antagonists of p75NTR or antagonists of proNGF suppress each distinct phase of pathology, ameliorate disease, and prevent disease progression. Our study documents novel mechanisms in a pervasive disease and validates druggable targets for treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Astrocytes/chemistry
- Cells, Cultured
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Diabetic Retinopathy/chemically induced
- Diabetic Retinopathy/complications
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/physiology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Inflammation/etiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Neurodegenerative Diseases/etiology
- Protein Precursors/immunology
- Protein Precursors/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Retina/pathology
- Streptozocin/toxicity
- Tomography, Optical Coherence
- Vascular Diseases/etiology
- Visual Pathways/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo F Barcelona
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, Center for Translational Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Nicholas Sitaras
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Alba Galan
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, Center for Translational Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Gema Esquiva
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante CP 03690, Spain
| | - Sean Jmaeff
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, Center for Translational Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Yifan Jian
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Marinko V Sarunic
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Nicolas Cuenca
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante CP 03690, Spain
| | - Przemyslaw Sapieha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada, Department of Biochemistry, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada, Department of Neurology-Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada, and
| | - H Uri Saragovi
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, Center for Translational Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada, McGill Cancer Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
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TLR2/4 deficiency prevents oxygen-induced vascular degeneration and promotes revascularization by downregulating IL-17 in the retina. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27739. [PMID: 27297042 PMCID: PMC4906284 DOI: 10.1038/srep27739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular degeneration is a critical pathological process in many human degenerative diseases, which need efficient ways to revascularization. However, little is known about cellular and molecular mechanisms that are used during vascular degeneration and revascularization. Here, we show that Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 (TLR2/4) double deficiency suppressed hyperoxia induced retinal vessel regression in an oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model. Notably, the TLR2/4−/− mice experienced more revascularization after reduced vessel regression compared with wild-type mice, accompanied with less activation of glial cells. Mechanistically, TLR2/4 activation can tip the balance between Th17 cells and regulatory T cells towards Th17 cells, a critical source of the IL-17A. Less migration and infiltration of IL-17A-expressing proinflammatory cells but elevated regulatory T cells were observed in OIR-retinae from TLR2/4−/− mice. Coincidentally, TLR2/4 deficiency suppressed IL-17A production and increased expressions of anti-inflammatory genes. Furthermore, IL-17A promoted activation of glial cells. IL-17A blockade using a neutralizing antibody alleviated retinal cell apoptosis and glial activation in C57/B6-OIR mice, demonstrating the important role of IL-17A pathway in glial function during revascularization. Thus TLR2/4-mediated IL-17A inflammatory signaling is involved in vessel degeneration and revascularization, indicating that modulation of the TLR2/4-IL-17A pathway may be a novel therapeutic strategy for degenerative diseases.
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21
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Characterization and Functions of Protease-Activated Receptor 2 in Obesity, Diabetes, and Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3130496. [PMID: 27006943 PMCID: PMC4781943 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3130496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a cell surface receptor activated by serine proteinases or specific synthetic compounds. Interest in PAR2 as a pharmaceutical target for various diseases is increasing. Here we asked two questions relevant to endothelial dysfunction and diabetes: How is PAR2 function affected in blood vessels? What role does PAR2 have in promoting obesity, diabetes, and/or metabolic syndrome, specifically via the endothelium and adipose tissues? We conducted a systematic review of the published literature in PubMed and Scopus (July 2015; search terms: par2, par-2, f2lr1, adipose, obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome). Seven studies focused on PAR2 and vascular function. The obesity, diabetes, or metabolic syndrome animal models differed amongst studies, but each reported that PAR2-mediated vasodilator actions were preserved in the face of endothelial dysfunction. The remaining studies focused on nonvascular functions and provided evidence supporting the concept that PAR2 activation promoted obesity. Key studies showed that PAR2 activation regulated cellular metabolism, and PAR2 antagonists inhibited adipose gain and metabolic dysfunction in rats. We conclude that PAR2 antagonists for treatment of obesity indeed show early promise as a therapeutic strategy; however, endothelial-specific PAR2 functions, which may offset mechanisms that produce vascular dysfunction in diabetes, warrant additional study.
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Yu Y, Chen H, Su SB. Neuroinflammatory responses in diabetic retinopathy. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:141. [PMID: 26245868 PMCID: PMC4527131 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0368-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes and has been recognized as a vascular dysfunction leading to blindness in working-age adults. It becomes increasingly clear that neural cells in retina play an important role in the pathogenesis of DR. Neural retina located at the back of the eye is part of the brain and a representative of the central nervous system. The neurosensory deficits seen in DR are related to inflammation and occur prior to the clinically identifiable vascular complications. The neural deficits are associated with abnormal reactions of retina glial cells and neurons in response to hyperglycemia. Improper activation of the innate immune system may also be an important contributor to the pathophysiology of DR. Therefore, DR manifests characteristics of both vasculopathy and chronic neuroinflammatory diseases. In this article, we attempt to provide an overview of the current understanding of inflammation in neural retina abnormalities in diabetes. Inhibition of neuroinflammation may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to the prevention of the progression of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 S Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Hui Chen
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Shao Bo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 S Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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