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Serikbaeva A, Li Y, Ma S, Yi D, Kazlauskas A. Resilience to diabetic retinopathy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 101:101271. [PMID: 38740254 PMCID: PMC11262066 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Chronic elevation of blood glucose at first causes relatively minor changes to the neural and vascular components of the retina. As the duration of hyperglycemia persists, the nature and extent of damage increases and becomes readily detectable. While this second, overt manifestation of diabetic retinopathy (DR) has been studied extensively, what prevents maximal damage from the very start of hyperglycemia remains largely unexplored. Recent studies indicate that diabetes (DM) engages mitochondria-based defense during the retinopathy-resistant phase, and thereby enables the retina to remain healthy in the face of hyperglycemia. Such resilience is transient, and its deterioration results in progressive accumulation of retinal damage. The concepts that co-emerge with these discoveries set the stage for novel intellectual and therapeutic opportunities within the DR field. Identification of biomarkers and mediators of protection from DM-mediated damage will enable development of resilience-based therapies that will indefinitely delay the onset of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anara Serikbaeva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1905 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Yanliang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1905 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Simon Ma
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1905 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Darvin Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1905 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1905 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Andrius Kazlauskas
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1905 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1905 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Patel V, Edison P. Cardiometabolic risk factors and neurodegeneration: a review of the mechanisms underlying diabetes, obesity and hypertension in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2024; 95:581-589. [PMID: 38290839 PMCID: PMC11103343 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2023-332661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that cardiometabolic risk factors play a significant role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Diabetes, obesity and hypertension are highly prevalent and can accelerate neurodegeneration and perpetuate the burden of AD. Insulin resistance and enzymes including insulin degrading enzymes are implicated in AD where breakdown of insulin is prioritised over amyloid-β. Leptin resistance and inflammation demonstrated by higher plasma and central nervous system levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α, are mechanisms connecting obesity and diabetes with AD. Leptin has been shown to ameliorate AD pathology and enhance long-term potentiation and hippocampal-dependent cognitive function. The renin-aldosterone angiotensin system, involved in hypertension, has been associated with AD pathology and neurotoxic reactive oxygen species, where angiotensin binds to specific angiotensin-1 receptors in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. This review aims to consolidate the evidence behind putative processes stimulated by obesity, diabetes and hypertension, which leads to increased AD risk. We focus on how novel knowledge can be applied clinically to facilitate recognition of efficacious treatment strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Patel
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Edison
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Fekete M, Major D, Feher A, Fazekas-Pongor V, Lehoczki A. Geroscience and pathology: a new frontier in understanding age-related diseases. Pathol Oncol Res 2024; 30:1611623. [PMID: 38463143 PMCID: PMC10922957 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2024.1611623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Geroscience, a burgeoning discipline at the intersection of aging and disease, aims to unravel the intricate relationship between the aging process and pathogenesis of age-related diseases. This paper explores the pivotal role played by geroscience in reshaping our understanding of pathology, with a particular focus on age-related diseases. These diseases, spanning cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders, malignancies, and neurodegenerative conditions, significantly contribute to the morbidity and mortality of older individuals. We delve into the fundamental cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning aging, including mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular senescence, and elucidate their profound implications for the pathogenesis of various age-related diseases. Emphasis is placed on the importance of assessing key biomarkers of aging and biological age within the realm of pathology. We also scrutinize the interplay between cellular senescence and cancer biology as a central area of focus, underscoring its paramount significance in contemporary pathological research. Moreover, we shed light on the integration of anti-aging interventions that target fundamental aging processes, such as senolytics, mitochondria-targeted treatments, and interventions that influence epigenetic regulation within the domain of pathology research. In conclusion, the integration of geroscience concepts into pathological research heralds a transformative paradigm shift in our understanding of disease pathogenesis and promises breakthroughs in disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Fekete
- Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - David Major
- Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Agnes Feher
- Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Andrea Lehoczki
- Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Departments of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, South Pest Central Hospital, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Saint Ladislaus Campus, Budapest, Hungary
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Cubillos S, Kazlauskas A. Manifestation of Pathology in Animal Models of Diabetic Retinopathy Is Delayed from the Onset of Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1610. [PMID: 38338889 PMCID: PMC10855501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common complication that develops in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. Fortunately, sight-threatening forms of DR develop only after several decades of DM. This well-documented resilience to DR suggests that the retina is capable of protecting itself from DM-related damage and also that accumulation of such damage occurs only after deterioration of this resilience. Despite the enormous translational significance of this phenomenon, very little is known regarding the nature of resilience to DR. Rodent models of DR have been used extensively to study the nature of the DM-induced damage, i.e., cardinal features of DR. Many of these same animal models can be used to investigate resilience because DR is delayed from the onset of DM by several weeks or months. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature describing the use of rodent models of DR in type-1 and type-2 diabetic animals, which most clearly document the delay between the onset of DM and the appearance of DR. These readily available experimental settings can be used to advance our current understanding of resilience to DR and thereby identify biomarkers and targets for novel, prevention-based approaches to manage patients at risk for developing DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cubillos
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
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Brooks CD, Kodati B, Stankowska DL, Krishnamoorthy RR. Role of mitophagy in ocular neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1299552. [PMID: 37965225 PMCID: PMC10641468 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1299552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the central nervous system are among the most metabolically active cells in the body, characterized by high oxygen consumption utilizing glucose both aerobically and anaerobically. Neurons have an abundance of mitochondria which generate adequate ATP to keep up with the high metabolic demand. One consequence of the oxidative phosphorylation mechanism of ATP synthesis, is the generation of reactive oxygen species which produces cellular injury as well as damage to mitochondria. Mitochondria respond to injury by fusion which serves to ameliorate the damage through genetic complementation. Mitochondria also undergo fission to meet an increased energy demand. Loss of mitochondria is also compensated by increased biogenesis to generate new mitochondria. Damaged mitochondria are removed by mitophagy, an autophagic process, in which damaged mitochondria are surrounded by a membrane to form an autophagosome which ultimately fuses with the lysosome resulting in degradation of faulty mitochondria. Dysregulation of mitophagy has been reported in several central nervous system disorders, including, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Recent studies point to aberrant mitophagy in ocular neurodegenerative disorders which could be an important contributor to the disease etiology/pathology. This review article highlights some of the recent findings that point to dysregulation of mitophagy and it's underlying mechanisms in ocular neurodegenerative diseases, including, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin D. Brooks
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Bindu Kodati
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Dorota L. Stankowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Raghu R. Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
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Lietuvninkas L, Baccouche B, Kazlauskas A. The Multi-Kinase Inhibitor RepSox Enforces Barrier Function in the Face of Both VEGF and Cytokines. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2431. [PMID: 37760872 PMCID: PMC10525881 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic benefit provided by anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) for patients with vision-threatening conditions such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) demonstrates the important role of VEGF in this affliction. Cytokines, which can be elevated in the vitreous of patients with DR, promote leakage of retinal blood vessels, and may also contribute to pathology, especially in those patients for whom anti-VEGF does not provide adequate benefit. In this in vitro study using primary human retinal endothelial cells, we compared anti-VEGF with the (transforming growth factor beta) TGFβ receptor inhibitor RepSox (RS) for their ability to enforce barrier function in the face of VEGF, cytokines, and the combination of both. RS was superior to anti-VEGF because it prevented permeability in response to VEGF, cytokines, and their combination, whereas anti-VEGF was effective against VEGF alone. The inhibitory effect of RS was associated with suppression of both agonist-induced pore formation and disorganization of adherens junctions. RS-mediated inhibition of the TGFβ pathway and increased expression of claudin-5 did not adequately explain how RS stabilized the endothelial cell barrier. Finally, RS not only prevented barrier relaxation, but also completely or partially reclosed a barrier relaxed with tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α) or VEGF, respectively. These studies demonstrate that RS stabilized the endothelial barrier in the face of both cytokines and VEGF, and thereby identify RS as a therapeutic that has the potential to overcome permeability driven by multiple agonists that play a role in the pathology of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Lietuvninkas
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (L.L.)
| | - Basma Baccouche
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (L.L.)
| | - Andrius Kazlauskas
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (L.L.)
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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