1
|
Miranda JA, da Cruz YF, Girão ÍC, de Souza FJJ, de Oliveira WN, Alencar ÉDN, Amaral-Machado L, do Egito EST. Beyond Traditional Sunscreens: A Review of Liposomal-Based Systems for Photoprotection. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:661. [PMID: 38794323 PMCID: PMC11125201 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Sunscreen products are essential for shielding the skin from ultraviolet (UV) radiation, a leading cause of skin cancer. While existing products serve this purpose, there is a growing need to enhance their efficacy while minimizing potential systemic absorption of UV filters and associated toxicological risks. Liposomal-based formulations have emerged as a promising approach to address these challenges and develop advanced photoprotective products. These vesicular systems offer versatility in carrying both hydrophilic and lipophilic UV filters, enabling the creation of broad-spectrum sunscreens. Moreover, their composition based on phospholipids, resembling that of the stratum corneum, facilitates adherence to the skin's surface layers, thereby improving photoprotective efficacy. The research discussed in this review underscores the significant advantages of liposomes in photoprotection, including their ability to limit the systemic absorption of UV filters, enhance formulation stability, and augment photoprotective effects. However, despite these benefits, there remains a notable gap between the potential of liposomal systems and their utilization in sunscreen development. Consequently, this review emphasizes the importance of leveraging liposomes and related vesicular systems as innovative tools for crafting novel and more efficient photoprotective formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Júlio Abreu Miranda
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, Brazil; (J.A.M.); (F.J.J.d.S.); (W.N.d.O.); (E.S.T.d.E.)
| | - Yasmin Ferreira da Cruz
- Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, Brazil; (Y.F.d.C.); (Í.C.G.)
| | - Ícaro Chaves Girão
- Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, Brazil; (Y.F.d.C.); (Í.C.G.)
| | - Fabia Julliana Jorge de Souza
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, Brazil; (J.A.M.); (F.J.J.d.S.); (W.N.d.O.); (E.S.T.d.E.)
| | - Wógenes Nunes de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, Brazil; (J.A.M.); (F.J.J.d.S.); (W.N.d.O.); (E.S.T.d.E.)
| | - Éverton do Nascimento Alencar
- Laboratory of Micro and Nanostructured Systems (LaSMiNano), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil;
| | - Lucas Amaral-Machado
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Eryvaldo Sócrates Tabosa do Egito
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, Brazil; (J.A.M.); (F.J.J.d.S.); (W.N.d.O.); (E.S.T.d.E.)
- Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, Brazil; (Y.F.d.C.); (Í.C.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Munir M, Zaman M, Waqar MA, Hameed H, Riaz T. A comprehensive review on transethosomes as a novel vesicular approach for drug delivery through transdermal route. J Liposome Res 2024; 34:203-218. [PMID: 37338000 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2023.2221354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery through transdermal route is one of the effective methods for the application of drugs. It overcomes many drawbacks which are encountered with the oral route. Moreover, many drugs are not able to pass through the stratum corneum, which is the main barrier for the transdermal drug delivery. Formation of ultra-deformable vesicles (UDVs) is a novel technique for the transdermal applications of the drugs. Transethosomes (TEs), ethosomes, and transferosomes are all part of the UDV. Because of the presence of increased concentrations of ethanol, phospholipids, and edge activators, TEs provide improved drug permeation through the stratum corneum. Because of the elasticity of TEs, drug penetration into the deeper layer of skin also increases. TEs can be prepared using a variety of techniques, including the cold method, hot method, thin film hydration method, and the ethanol injection method. It increases patient adherence and compliance because it is a non-invasive procedure of administering drugs. Characterization of the TEs includes pH determination, size and shape, zeta potential, particle size determination, transition temperature, drug content, vesicle stability, and skin permeation studies. These vesicular systems can be utilized to deliver a variety of medications transdermally, including analgesics, antibiotics, antivirals, and anticancer and arthritis medications. This review aims to describe vesicular approaches that had been used to overcome the barrier for the transdermal delivery of drug and also describes brief composition, method of preparation, characterization tests, mechanism of penetration of TEs, as well as highlighted various applications of TEs in medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minahal Munir
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zaman
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ahsan Waqar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Huma Hameed
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tehseen Riaz
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ahuja A, Bajpai M. Novel Arena of Nanocosmetics: Applications and their Remarkable Contribution in the Management of Dermal Disorders, Topical Delivery, Future Trends and Challenges. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:115-139. [PMID: 38204262 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128288516231228101024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Nanocosmetics have attracted a considerable audience towards natural care due to their low cost, target-specific delivery, and reduced toxicity compared to chemical-based cosmetics. Nanofomulations, including nanoemulsions, nanotubes, and polymeric carriers, have become next-generation products explored for the multifaced applications of nanotechnology in skin care. The rise in the cosmetic industry demands innovative and personalized products designed using nanocarriers for better targeting and improving patient compliance. Furthermore, nanocosmetics increase the efficiency of skin permeation active ingredient entrapment, providing better UV protection. Moreover, it offers controlled drug release, targeting active sites and enhancing physical stability. Further, overcoming the drawback of penetration problems makes them sustainable formulations for precision medicine. Skincare nourishment with nanocosmetics using Indian spices helps to maintain, beautify, and rejuvenate human skin. Nanophytopharmaceuticals extracted from plants, including alkaloids, flavonoids, antioxidants, and volatile oils, are essential phyto-products for skin care. Nano herbals and nanocosmetics are a growing market and gift of nature that nourishes and cures skin ailments like acne, pemphigus, anti-aging, albinism, psoriasis, and fungal infections. The emerging concern is highlighted in the investigation of nanoformulation toxicity and safety concerns in skin care. Further, it helps to manifest research, development, and innovation in expanding the scope of herbal industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Ahuja
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, U.P. 281406, India
| | - Meenakshi Bajpai
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, U.P. 281406, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vettorato E, Fiordelisi M, Ferro S, Zanin D, Franceschinis E, Marzaro G, Realdon N. Deformable Vesicles with Edge Activators for the Transdermal Delivery of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoids. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:921-934. [PMID: 38482628 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128289593240226071813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transdermal delivery of highly lipophilic molecules is challenging due to the strong barrier function of the skin. Vesicles with penetration enhancers are safe and efficient systems that could improve the transdermal delivery of non-psychoactive cannabinoids such as cannabidiol and desoxy-cannabidiol. In the last decades, research interest in desoxy-cannabidiol as a potent drug with anti-nociceptive properties has risen. Still, its scarce market availability poses a limit for both research and clinical applications. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the synthesis to produce sufficient amounts of desoxy-cannabidiol. Moreover, also the formulation aspects for this drug are challenging and require to be addressed to meet an efficient delivery to the patients. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to develop innovative phospholipid-based vesicles with propylene glycol (PG), oleic acid (OA), or limonene as edge activators, for the transdermal delivery of highly lipophilic drugs such as non-psychoactive cannabinoids. In particular, desoxy-cannabidiol was selected thanks to its anti-nociceptive activity, and its synthesis was improved enhancing the stereoselectivity of its synthon's production. METHODS Desoxy-cannabidiol was synthesized by Lewis acid-mediated condensation of p-mentha-2,8-dien- 1-ol and m-pentylphenol, improving the stereoselectivity of the first synthon's production. Transethosomes containing 20-50% w/w PG, 0.4-0.8% w/w OA, or 0.1-1% w/w limonene were optimized and loaded with cannabidiol or desoxy-cannabidiol (0.07-0.8% w/w, 0.6-7.0 mg/mL). Ex-vivo studies were performed to assess both the skin permeation and accumulation of the cannabinoids, as well as the penetration depth of fluorescein- loaded systems used as models. RESULTS An enantioselective bromination was added to the pathway, thus raising the production yield of pmentha- 2,8-dien-1-ol to 81% against 35%, and the overall yield of desoxy-cannabidiol synthesis from 12% to 48%. Optimized transethosomes containing 0.6 mg/mL cannabinoids were prepared with 1:10 PG:lipid weight ratio, 0.54 OA:lipid molar ratio, and 0.3 limonene:lipid molar ratio, showing good nanometric size (208 ± 20.8 nm - 321 ± 26.3 nm) and entrapment efficiency (> 80%). Ex-vivo tests showed both improved skin permeation rates of cannabinoids (up to 21.32 ± 4.27 μg/cm2 cannabidiol), and skin penetration (depth of fluorescein up to 240 μm, with PG). CONCLUSION Desoxy-cannabidiol was successfully produced at high yields, and formulated into transethosomes optimized for transdermal delivery. Loaded vesicles showed improved skin penetration of desoxy-cannabidiol, cannabidiol and a lipophilic probe. These results suggest the potential of these carriers for the transdermal delivery of highly lipophilic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Vettorato
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo, 5, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Marisa Fiordelisi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo, 5, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Silvia Ferro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo, 5, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Desirè Zanin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo, 5, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Erica Franceschinis
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo, 5, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Giovanni Marzaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo, 5, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Nicola Realdon
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo, 5, Padova 35131, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ahuja A, Bajpai M. Nanoformulations Insights: A Novel Paradigm for Antifungal Therapies and Future Perspectives. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:1241-1272. [PMID: 37859317 DOI: 10.2174/0115672018270783231002115728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Currently, fungal infections are becoming more prevalent worldwide. Subsequently, many antifungal agents are available to cure diseases like pemphigus, athlete's foot, acne, psoriasis, hyperpigmentation, albinism, and skin cancer. Still, they fall short due to pitfalls in physiochemical properties. Conventional medications like lotion, creams, ointments, poultices, and gels are available for antifungal therapy but present many shortcomings. They are associated with drug retention and poor penetration problems, resulting in drug resistance, hypersensitivity, and diminished efficacy. On the contrary, nanoformulations have gained tremendous potential in overcoming the drawbacks of conventional delivery. Furthermore, the potential breakthroughs of nanoformulations are site-specific targeting. It has improved bioavailability, patient-tailored approach, reduced drug retention and hypersensitivity, and improved skin penetration. Nowadays, nanoformulations are gaining popularity for antifungal therapy against superficial skin infections. Nanoformulations-based liposomes, niosomes, nanosponges, solid lipid nanoparticles, and potential applications have been explored for antifungal therapy due to enhanced activity and reduced toxicity. Researchers are now more focused on developing patient-oriented target-based nano delivery to cover the lacunas of conventional treatment with higher immune stimulatory effects. Future direction involves the construction of novel nanotherapeutic devices, nanorobotics, and robust methods. In addition, for the preparations of nanoformulations for clinical studies, animal modeling solves the problems of antifungal therapy. This review describes insights into various superficial fungal skin infections and their potential applications, nanocarrier-based drug delivery, and mechanism of action. In addition, it focuses on regulatory considerations, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies, clinical trials, patents, challenges, and future inputs for researchers to improve antifungal therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Ahuja
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281406, India
| | - Meenakshi Bajpai
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281406, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Joga R, Kannan B, Yerram S, Nandagawale A, Gawai M, Behera HK, Kumar N, Grover P, Srivastava S, Monga G, Kumar S. Transethosome as a versatile nano vehicle for various indications and its regulatory insights. Pharm Dev Technol 2023; 28:1056-1078. [PMID: 38018532 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2023.2289127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Transethosomes, classified as 3rd generation nanocarriers, have gained global acclaim due to their profound potential in addressing diverse medical conditions. Their superior dermal penetration, attributed to essential constituents, such as edge activators and alcohol, sets them apart from other nanoformulations. The current review article embarks with an introduction followed by a comprehensive exploration of transethosome structures, differentiating them from fellow nanocarriers. A detailed analysis of characteristics and the spectrum of marketed products of various nanocarriers is also provided. Furthermore, the article offers a taxonomy of preparation methods of transethosomes and reports the frequently employed methods. It briefly surveys research studies encompassing various drug categories, spanning a wide range of medical conditions. In summary, this review article is dedicated to achieving several pivotal aims and objectives. We aim to substantiate the superior attributes of transethosomes when compared to conventional commercial products and other nanoformulations, demonstrating their clinical promise in addressing various human medical conditions. Additionally, we seek to elucidate the regulatory pathway required to secure approvals for transethosomes from relevant regulatory authorities and shine a light on their innovative potential as revealed in patent literature. Collectively, these objectives contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the significance and potential of transethosomes in the field of pharmaceutical nanotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Joga
- Department of Regulatory Affairs, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Bharathi Kannan
- Department of Regulatory Affairs, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Sravani Yerram
- Department of Regulatory Affairs, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Amruta Nandagawale
- Department of Regulatory Affairs, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Manasi Gawai
- Department of Regulatory Affairs, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Hitesh Kumar Behera
- Department of Regulatory Affairs, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Regulatory Affairs, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Parul Grover
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Gorav Monga
- Sharda School of Pharmacy, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Regulatory Affairs, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Correia M, Lopes J, Lopes D, Melero A, Makvandi P, Veiga F, Coelho JFJ, Fonseca AC, Paiva-Santos AC. Nanotechnology-based techniques for hair follicle regeneration. Biomaterials 2023; 302:122348. [PMID: 37866013 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The hair follicle (HF) is a multicellular complex structure of the skin that contains a reservoir of multipotent stem cells. Traditional hair repair methods such as drug therapies, hair transplantation, and stem cell therapy have limitations. Advances in nanotechnology offer new approaches for HF regeneration, including controlled drug release and HF-specific targeting. Until recently, embryogenesis was thought to be the only mechanism for forming hair follicles. However, in recent years, the phenomenon of wound-induced hair neogenesis (WIHN) or de novo HF regeneration has gained attention as it can occur under certain conditions in wound beds. This review covers HF-specific targeting strategies, with particular emphasis on currently used nanotechnology-based strategies for both hair loss-related diseases and HF regeneration. HF regeneration is discussed in several modalities: modulation of the hair cycle, stimulation of progenitor cells and signaling pathways, tissue engineering, WIHN, and gene therapy. The HF has been identified as an ideal target for nanotechnology-based strategies for hair regeneration. However, some regulatory challenges may delay the development of HF regeneration nanotechnology based-strategies, which will be lastly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Correia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Lopes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela Lopes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Melero
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia (Campus de Burjassot), Av. Vicente A. Estelles s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, 324000, Quzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge F J Coelho
- CEMMPRE - Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana C Fonseca
- CEMMPRE - Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bashkeran T, Kamaruddin AH, Ngo TX, Suda K, Umakoshi H, Watanabe N, Nadzir MM. Niosomes in cancer treatment: A focus on curcumin encapsulation. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18710. [PMID: 37593605 PMCID: PMC10428065 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is widely used as a therapeutic drug for cancer treatment. However, its limited absorption and rapid excretion are the major therapeutic limitations to its clinical use. Using niosomes as a curcumin delivery system is a cheap, easy, and less toxic strategy for enhancing the absorption of curcumin by cells and delaying its excretion. Thus, there is a vital need to explore curcumin niosomes to configure the curcumin to suitably serve and aid current pharmacokinetics in treatments for cancer. To date, no comprehensive review has focused on the cytotoxic effects of curcumin niosomes on malignant cells. Thus, this review provides a critical analysis of the curcumin niosomes in cancer treatment, formulations of curcumin niosomes, characterizations of curcumin niosomes, and factors influencing their performance. The findings from this review article can strongly accelerate the understanding of curcumin niosomes and pave a brighter direction towards advances in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thaaranni Bashkeran
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Azlina Harun Kamaruddin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Trung Xuan Ngo
- Rohto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Basic Research Division, Research Village Kyoto, 6-5-4 Kunimidai, Kizugawa, Kyoto, 619-0216, Japan
| | - Kazuma Suda
- Rohto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Basic Research Division, Research Village Kyoto, 6-5-4 Kunimidai, Kizugawa, Kyoto, 619-0216, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Umakoshi
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Nozomi Watanabe
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masrina Mohd Nadzir
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chakraborty S, Sanshita, Singh I. Therapeutic treatment strategies for the management of onychomycosis: a patent perspective. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2023; 33:613-630. [PMID: 37800854 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2023.2268278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Onychomycosis, a multifactorial fungal infection of the nails, shows a global prevalence of about 5.5% and is responsible for 50% of all nail infections. To develop effective management strategies, it is necessary to understand the etiology, pathophysiology, and risk factors of onychomycosis. Oral route of drug delivery is one of the routes utilized to deliver anti-fungal agents, but, has its own limitations like longer duration of treatment, increased adverse effects, and potential for drug interaction. The ungual route has received greater attention due to its localized, non- invasive action and improved patient compliance. AREAS COVERED This review comprehensively discusses conventional onychomycosis therapies and patented novel drug delivery systems for the management of onychomycosis including chemical permeation enhancers, non-particulate drug delivery systems, penetration enhancing devices etc., Databases such as PubMed, ResearchGate, and Google Patents were searched by using the keywords onychomycosis and trans-ungual drug delivery. EXPERT OPINION Enormous research has been conducted and is still ongoing to find the best possible novel drug delivery system for onychomycosis management. Approaches like incorporation of herbal constituents in nano-formulations, inkjet printing, laser devices, iontophoretic techniques, etc. can be employed to make safe and effective drug delivery systems which are regulatory compliant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanshita
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Inderbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ferreira MD, Duarte J, Veiga F, Paiva-Santos AC, Pires PC. Nanosystems for Brain Targeting of Antipsychotic Drugs: An Update on the Most Promising Nanocarriers for Increased Bioavailability and Therapeutic Efficacy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020678. [PMID: 36840000 PMCID: PMC9959474 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Orally administered antipsychotic drugs are the first-line treatment for psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nevertheless, adverse drug reactions jeopardize clinical outcomes, resulting in patient non-compliance. The design formulation strategies for enhancing brain drug delivery has been a major challenge, mainly due to the restrictive properties of the blood-brain barrier. However, recent pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic in vivo assays confirmed the advantage of the intranasal route when compared to oral and intravenous administration, as it allows direct nose-to-brain drug transport via neuronal pathways, reducing systemic side effects and maximizing therapeutic outcomes. In addition, the incorporation of antipsychotic drugs into nanosystems such as polymeric nanoparticles, polymeric mixed micelles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, nanoemulsions, nanoemulgels, nanosuspensions, niosomes and spanlastics, has proven to be quite promising. The developed nanosystems, having a small and homogeneous particle size (ideal for nose-to-brain delivery), high encapsulation efficiency and good stability, resulted in improved brain bioavailability and therapeutic-like effects in animal models. Hence, although it is essential to continue research in this field, the intranasal delivery of nanosystems for the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and other related disorders has proven to be quite promising, opening a path for future therapies with higher efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Daniela Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Duarte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.C.P.-S.); or (P.C.P.)
| | - Patrícia C. Pires
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.C.P.-S.); or (P.C.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Priya S, Desai VM, Singhvi G. Surface Modification of Lipid-Based Nanocarriers: A Potential Approach to Enhance Targeted Drug Delivery. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:74-86. [PMID: 36643539 PMCID: PMC9835629 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nanocarriers have the utmost significance for advancements in drug delivery and nanomedicine technology. They are classified as polymer-based nanocarriers, lipid-based nanocarriers, viral nanoparticles, or inorganic nanoparticles, depending on their constituent parts. Lipid-based nanocarrier systems have gained tremendous attention over the years because of their noteworthy properties like high drug-loading capacity, lower toxicity, better bioavailability and biocompatibility, stability in the gastrointestinal tract, controlled release, simpler scale-up, and validation process. Nanocarriers still have some disadvantages like poor drug penetration, limited drug encapsulation, and poor targeting. These disadvantages can be overcome by their surface modification. Surface-modified nanocarriers result in controlled release, enhanced penetration efficiency, and targeted medication delivery. In this review, the authors summarize the numerous lipid-based nanocarriers and their functionalization through various surface modifiers such as polymers, ligands, surfactants, and fatty acids. Recent examples of newly developing surface-modified lipid-based nanocarrier systems from the available literature, along with their applications, have been compiled in this work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Priya
- Industrial
Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) - Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Vaibhavi Meghraj Desai
- Industrial
Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) - Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Industrial
Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) - Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Harwansh RK, Yadav P, Deshmukh R. Current Insight into Novel Delivery Approaches of Resveratrol for Improving Therapeutic Efficacy and Bioavailability with its Clinical Updates. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:2921-2939. [PMID: 38053352 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128282713231129094715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV) is a polyphenolic phytoalexin, and belongs to the stilbene family. RSV has several therapeutic activities such as cardioprotective, anticancer, and antioxidant. Apart from its therapeutic benefits, its pharmacological uses are limited due to low solubility, poor bioavailability, and short biological halflife. A researcher continuously focuses on overcoming the limitations of RSV through nanotechnology platforms to get the optimum health benefits. In this context, nanocarriers are pioneering to overcome these drawbacks. Nanocarriers possess high drug loading capacity, thermal stability, low production cost, longer shelflife, etc. Fortunately, scientists were proficient in delivering resveratrol-based nanocarriers in the present scenario. Nanocarriers can deliver drugs to the target sites without compromising the bioavailability. Thus, this review highlights how the latest nanocarrier systems overcome the shortcomings of RSV, which will be good for improving therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability. Moreover, recent updates on resveratrol-based novel formulations and their clinical trials have been addressed to manage several health-related problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit K Harwansh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India
| | - Paras Yadav
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India
| | - Rohitas Deshmukh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nie Q, Li C, Wang Y, Hu Y, Pu W, Zhang Q, Cai J, Lin Y, Li G, Wang C, Li L, Dou Y, Zhang J. Pathologically triggered in situ aggregation of nanoparticles for inflammation-targeting amplification and therapeutic potentiation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:390-409. [PMID: 36815041 PMCID: PMC9939322 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled and persistent inflammation is closely related to numerous acute and chronic diseases. However, effective targeting delivery systems remain to be developed for precision therapy of inflammatory diseases. Herein we report a novel strategy for engineering inflammation-accumulation nanoparticles via phenolic functionalization. Different phenol-functionalized nanoparticles were first developed, which can undergo in situ aggregation upon triggering by the inflammatory/oxidative microenvironment. Phenolic compound-decorated poly (lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles, in particular tyramine (Tyr)-coated nanoparticles, showed significantly enhanced accumulation at inflammatory sites in mouse models of colitis, acute liver injury, and acute lung injury, mainly resulting from in situ cross-linking and tissue anchoring of nanoparticles triggered by local myeloperoxidase and reactive oxygen species. By combining a cyclodextrin-derived bioactive material with Tyr decoration, a multifunctional nanotherapy (TTN) was further developed, which displayed enhanced cellular uptake, anti-inflammatory activities, and inflammatory tissue accumulation, thereby affording amplified therapeutic effects in mice with colitis or acute liver injury. Moreover, TTN can serve as a bioactive and inflammation-targeting nanoplatform for site-specifically delivering a therapeutic peptide to the inflamed colon post oral administration, leading to considerably potentiated in vivo efficacies. Preliminary studies also revealed good safety of orally delivered TTN. Consequently, Tyr-based functionalization is promising for inflammation targeting amplification and therapeutic potentiation of nanotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Nie
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chenwen Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Radiology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wendan Pu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qixiong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jiajun Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yongyao Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chenping Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lanlan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yin Dou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jianxiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China,State Key Lab of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China,Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 23 68771637.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nano-Size Characterization and Antifungal Evaluation of Essential Oil Molecules-Loaded Nanoliposomes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175728. [PMID: 36080492 PMCID: PMC9457754 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoliposomes, bilayer vesicles at the nanoscale, are becoming popular because of their safety, patient compliance, high entrapment efficiency, and prompt action. Several notable biological activities of natural essential oils (EOs), including fungal inhibition, are of supreme interest. As developed, multi-compositional nanoliposomes loaded with various concentrations of clove essential oil (CEO) and tea tree oil (TTO) were thoroughly characterized to gain insight into their nano-size distribution. The present work also aimed to reconnoiter the sustainable synthesis conditions to estimate the efficacy of EOs in bulk and EO-loaded nanoliposomes with multi-functional entities. Following a detailed nano-size characterization of in-house fabricated EO-loaded nanoliposomes, the antifungal efficacy was tested by executing the mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) test using Trichophyton rubrum fungi as a test model. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) profile of as-fabricated EO-loaded nanoliposomes revealed the mean size, polydispersity index (PdI), and zeta potential values as 37.12 ± 1.23 nm, 0.377 ± 0.007, and −36.94 ± 0.36 mV, respectively. The sphere-shaped morphology of CEO and TTO-loaded nanoliposomes was confirmed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The existence of characteristic functional bands in all tested counterparts was demonstrated by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Compared to TTO-loaded nanoliposomes, the CEO-loaded nanoliposomes exhibited a maximum entrapment efficacy of 91.57 ± 2.5%. The CEO-loaded nanoliposome fraction, prepared using 1.5 µL/mL concentration, showed the highest MGI of 98.4 ± 0.87% tested against T. rubrum strains compared to the rest of the formulations.
Collapse
|
15
|
Mosallam S, Albash R, Abdelbari MA. Advanced Vesicular Systems for Antifungal Drug Delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:206. [PMID: 35896903 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02357-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are considered one of the most serious conditions as their occurrence has increased lately. Fungi like Candida, Fusarium, and Aspergillus species mostly affect immunocompromised patients as they are considered opportunistic pathogens. These infections can be superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, or systemic fungal infections that require specific treatment. There is a wide variety of antifungal drugs that can be used to cure fungal infections; however, most of them have many systemic side effects due to their physicochemical characteristics and high toxicity profile. Hence, the current review focuses on various advanced vesicular carriers with high biocompatibility that can encapsulate the antifungal drugs owing to increase their efficacy and limit the undesirable side effects. These advanced systems can manage stability, solubility, bioavailability, safety, and effectiveness issues present in conventional systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa Mosallam
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, 12585, Egypt.
| | - Rofida Albash
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Manar Adel Abdelbari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, 12585, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
De Jesús Valle MJ, Zarzuelo Castañeda A, Maderuelo C, Cencerrado Treviño A, Loureiro J, Coutinho P, Sánchez Navarro A. Development of a Mucoadhesive Vehicle Based on Lyophilized Liposomes for Drug Delivery through the Sublingual Mucosa. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071497. [PMID: 35890395 PMCID: PMC9317145 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A pharmaceutical vehicle based on lyophilized liposomes is proposed for the buccal administration of drugs aimed at systemic delivery through the sublingual mucosa. Liposomes made of egg phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol (7/3 molar ratio) were prepared and lyophilized in the presence of different additive mixtures with mucoadhesive and taste-masking properties. Palatability was assayed on healthy volunteers. The lyophilization cycle was optimized, and the lyophilized product was compressed to obtain round and capsule-shaped tables that were evaluated in healthy volunteers. Tablets were also assayed regarding weight and thickness uniformities, swelling index and liposome release. The results proved that lyophilized liposomes in unidirectional round tablets have palatability, small size, comfortability and buccal retention adequate for sublingual administration. In contact with water fluids, the tablets swelled, and rehydrated liposomes were released at a slower rate than permeation efficiency determined using a biomimetic membrane. Permeability efficiency values of 0.72 ± 0.34 µg/cm2/min and 4.18 ± 0.95 µg/cm2/min were obtained for the liposomes with and without additives, respectively. Altogether, the results point to the vehicle proposed as a liposomal formulation suitable for systemic drug delivery through the sublingual mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María José De Jesús Valle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.J.D.J.V.); (A.Z.C.); (C.M.); (A.C.T.)
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Aranzazu Zarzuelo Castañeda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.J.D.J.V.); (A.Z.C.); (C.M.); (A.C.T.)
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Cristina Maderuelo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.J.D.J.V.); (A.Z.C.); (C.M.); (A.C.T.)
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alejandro Cencerrado Treviño
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.J.D.J.V.); (A.Z.C.); (C.M.); (A.C.T.)
| | - Jorge Loureiro
- CPIRN-IPG—Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal; (J.L.); (P.C.)
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal
| | - Paula Coutinho
- CPIRN-IPG—Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal; (J.L.); (P.C.)
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal
| | - Amparo Sánchez Navarro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.J.D.J.V.); (A.Z.C.); (C.M.); (A.C.T.)
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-677-584152
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Asfour HZ, Alhakamy NA, Alam MS, Al-Rabia MW, Md S. Design of Experiment Navigated Methodical Development of Neem Oil Nanoemulsion Containing Tea Tree Oil for Dual Effect Against Dermal Illness: Ex Vivo Dermatokinetic and In Vivo. J CLUST SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-022-02301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
18
|
Lamie C, Elmowafy E, Ragaie MH, Attia DA, Mortada ND. Assessment of antifungal efficacy of itraconazole loaded aspasomal cream: comparative clinical study. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:1345-1357. [PMID: 35506466 PMCID: PMC9090397 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2067601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Topical conveyance of antifungal agents like itraconazole ITZ has been giving good grounds for expecting felicitous antifungal medicines. The defiance of topical delivery of this poorly water soluble and high-molecular-weight drug, however, mightily entail an adequate vehiculation. ITZ aspasomes, newer antioxidant generation of liposomes, have been designed and enclosed in a cream to ameliorate skin deposition. The proposed creams containing non-formulated ITZ or encapsulated in aspasomes (0.1% or 0.5%) were topically applied in patients with diagnosed diaper dermatitis complicated by candidiasis, tinea corporis (TC), and tinea versicolor (TVC). Placebos (void aspasomal cream and cream base) were also utilized. The obtained results for diaper rash revealed that aspasomal cream (0.5% ITZ) was eminent with respect to complete cure and negative candida culture after 10-day therapy relative to counterparts containing 0.1% ITZ aspasomes or non-formulated ITZ (0.1% and 0.5%). For tinea, the same trend was manifested in terms of ‘cleared’ clinical response in 90% of patients and absence of fungal elements after 4-week treatment. Relative to non-formulated ITZ, ITZ aspasomal cream was endorsed to be auspicious especially when ITZ concentration was lowered to half commercially available cream concentration (1%), pushing further exploitation in other dermal fungal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lamie
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Enas Elmowafy
- Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha H Ragaie
- Department of Dermatology, STD's and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Al Minya, Egypt
| | - Dalia A Attia
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nahed D Mortada
- Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gu Y, Bian Q, Zhou Y, Huang Q, Gao J. Hair follicle-targeting drug delivery strategies for the management of hair follicle-associated disorders. Asian J Pharm Sci 2022; 17:333-352. [PMID: 35782323 PMCID: PMC9237597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hair follicle is not only a critical penetration route in percutaneous absorption but also has been recognized to be a target for hair follicle-associated disorders, such as androgenetic alopecia (AGA) and acne vulgaris. Hair follicle-targeting drug delivery systems allow for controlled drug release and enhance therapeutic efficacy with minimal side effects, exerting a promising method for the management of hair follicle-associated dysfunctions. Therefore, they have obtained much attention in several fields of research in recent years. This review gives an overview of potential follicle-targeting drug delivery formulations currently applied based on the particularities of the hair follicles, including a comprehensive assessment of their preclinical and clinical performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueting Gu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiong Bian
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- Zhejiang Huanling Pharmaceutical Technology Company, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Qiaoling Huang
- The Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Jianqing Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for New-type External and Transdermal Preparations, Changzhou 213149, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kandregula B, Narisepalli S, Chitkara D, Mittal A. Exploration of Lipid-Based Nanocarriers as Drug Delivery Systems in Diabetic Foot Ulcer. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1977-1998. [PMID: 35481377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic manifestation characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood resulting in several complications including diabetic wounds and ulcers, which predominantly require a longer duration of treatment and adversely affect the quality of life of the patients. Nanotechnology-based therapeutics (both intrinsic and extrinsic types) have emerged as a promising treatment in diabetic foot ulcer/chronic wounds owing to their unique characteristics and specific functional properties. In this review, we have focused on the significance of the use of lipids in the healing of diabetic ulcers, their interaction with the injured skin, and recent trends in lipid-based nanocarriers for the healing of diabetic wounds. Lipid nanocarriers are also being investigated for gene therapy in diabetic wound healing to encapsulate nucleic acids such as siRNA and miRNA, which could silence the expression of inflammatory cytokines overexpressed in chronic wounds. Additionally, these are also being explored for encapsulating proteins, peptides, growth factors, and other biological genetic material as therapeutic agents. Lipid-based nanocarriers encompassing a wide variety of carriers such as liposomes, niosomes, ethosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and lipidoid nanoparticles that are explored for the treatment of foot ulcers supplemented with relevant research studies have been discussed in the present review. Lipid-based nanodrug delivery systems have demonstrated promising wound healing potential, particularly in diabetic conditions due to the enhanced efficacy of the entrapped active molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Kandregula
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Saibhargav Narisepalli
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepak Chitkara
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anupama Mittal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gupta V, Mohapatra S, Mishra H, Farooq U, Kumar K, Ansari MJ, Aldawsari MF, Alalaiwe AS, Mirza MA, Iqbal Z. Nanotechnology in Cosmetics and Cosmeceuticals—A Review of Latest Advancements. Gels 2022; 8:gels8030173. [PMID: 35323286 PMCID: PMC8951203 DOI: 10.3390/gels8030173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has the potential to generate advancements and innovations in formulations and delivery systems. This fast-developing technology has been widely exploited for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Today, cosmetic formulations incorporating nanotechnology are a relatively new yet very promising and highly researched area. The application of nanotechnology in cosmetics has been shown to overcome the drawbacks associated with traditional cosmetics and also to add more useful features to a formulation. Nanocosmetics and nanocosmeceuticals have been extensively explored for skin, hair, nails, lips, and teeth, and the inclusion of nanomaterials has been found to improve product efficacy and consumer satisfaction. This is leading to the replacement of many traditional cosmeceuticals with nanocosmeceuticals. However, nanotoxicological studies on nanocosmeceuticals have raised concerns in terms of health hazards due to their potential skin penetration, resulting in toxic effects. This review summarizes various nanotechnology-based approaches being utilized in the delivery of cosmetics as well as cosmeceutical products, along with relevant patents. It outlines their benefits, as well as potential health and environmental risks. Further, it highlights the regulatory status of cosmeceuticals and analyzes the different regulatory guidelines in India, Europe, and the USA and discusses the different guidelines and recommendations issued by various regulatory authorities. Finally, this article seeks to provide an overview of nanocosmetics and nanocosmeceuticals and their applications in cosmetic industries, which may help consumers and regulators to gain awareness about the benefits as well as the toxicity related to the continuous and long-term uses of these products, thus encouraging their judicious use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Gupta
- Nanotechnology Lab, School of Pharmaceutics Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, Delhi, India; (V.G.); (S.M.); (U.F.); (K.K.)
| | - Sradhanjali Mohapatra
- Nanotechnology Lab, School of Pharmaceutics Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, Delhi, India; (V.G.); (S.M.); (U.F.); (K.K.)
| | - Harshita Mishra
- Smart Society Research Team, Faculty of Business and Economics, Mendel University, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Uzma Farooq
- Nanotechnology Lab, School of Pharmaceutics Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, Delhi, India; (V.G.); (S.M.); (U.F.); (K.K.)
| | - Keshav Kumar
- Nanotechnology Lab, School of Pharmaceutics Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, Delhi, India; (V.G.); (S.M.); (U.F.); (K.K.)
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 16278, Saudi Arabia or (M.J.A.); (M.F.A.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Mohammed F. Aldawsari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 16278, Saudi Arabia or (M.J.A.); (M.F.A.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Ahmed S. Alalaiwe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 16278, Saudi Arabia or (M.J.A.); (M.F.A.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Mohd Aamir Mirza
- Nanotechnology Lab, School of Pharmaceutics Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, Delhi, India; (V.G.); (S.M.); (U.F.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.M.); (Z.I.); Tel.: +98-11733016 (Z.I.)
| | - Zeenat Iqbal
- Nanotechnology Lab, School of Pharmaceutics Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, Delhi, India; (V.G.); (S.M.); (U.F.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.M.); (Z.I.); Tel.: +98-11733016 (Z.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Joy R, George J, John F. Brief Outlook on Polymeric Nanoparticles, Micelles, Niosomes, Hydrogels and Liposomes: Preparative Methods and Action. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202104045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Joy
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory Sacred Heart college (Autonomous), Thevara Kochi Kerala 682013 India
| | - Jinu George
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory Sacred Heart college (Autonomous), Thevara Kochi Kerala 682013 India
| | - Franklin John
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory Sacred Heart college (Autonomous), Thevara Kochi Kerala 682013 India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abdel-Rashid RS, Helal DA, Alaa-Eldin AA, Abdel-Monem R. Polymeric versus lipid nanocapsules for miconazole nitrate enhanced topical delivery: in vitro and ex vivo evaluation. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:294-304. [PMID: 35037528 PMCID: PMC8765242 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2026535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocapsules can be equated to other nanovesicular systems in which a drug is entrapped in a void containing liquid core surrounded by a coat. The objective of the present study was to investigate the potential of polymeric and lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) as innovative carrier systems for miconazole nitrate (MN) topical delivery. Polymeric nanocapsules and LNCs were prepared using emulsification/nanoprecipitation technique where the effect of poly(ε-caprolactone (PCL) and lipid matrix concentrations with respect to MN were assessed. The resulted nanocapsules were examined for their average particle size, zeta potential, %EE, and in vitro drug release. Optimum formulation in both polymeric and lipidic nanocapsules was further subjected to anti-fungal activity and ex vivo permeation tests. Based on the previous results, nanoencapsulation strategy into polymeric and LNCs created formulations of MN with slow biphasic release, high %EE, and improved stability, representing a good approach for the delivery of MN. PNCs were best fitted to Higuchi’s diffusion while LNCs followed Baker and Lonsdale model in release kinetics. The encapsulated MN either in PNCs or LNCs showed higher cell viability in WISH amniotic cells in comparison with free MN. PNCs showed less ex vivo permeation. PNCs were accompanied by high stability and more amount drug deposition (32.2 ± 3.52 µg/cm2) than LNCs (12.7 ± 1.52 µg/cm2). The antifungal activity of the PNCs was high 19.07 mm compared to 11.4 mm for LNCs. In conclusion, PNCs may have an advantage over LNCs by offering dual action for both superficial and deep fungal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rania S. Abdel-Rashid
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doaa A. Helal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fayoum University, Faiyum, Egypt
| | | | - Raghda Abdel-Monem
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Trousil J, Matějková J, Dai YS, Urbánek T, Šlouf M, Škorič M, Nejedlý T, Hrubý M, Fang JY. Nanocrystalline chloroxine possesses broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities and excellent skin tolerability in mice. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:137-149. [PMID: 35012369 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Antimicrobial submicrometer particles are being studied as promising interventions against a wide range of skin conditions, such as fungal or bacterial infections. Aims: To submicronize chloroxine, the crystalline compound 5,7-dichloro-8-hydroxyquinoline, by nanoprecipitation and characterize the resulting assemblies. Methods: The chloroxine particles were stabilized by a nonionic surfactant and were studied by a broth microdilution assay against 20 medically important bacteria and fungi. The intervention was studied using a murine model of skin irritation. Results & conclusions: Chloroxine nanoparticles with a diameter of 600-800 nm exhibit good tolerability in terms of skin irritation in vivo and good antimicrobial activity. Thus, the fabricated formulation shows great promise for interventions for both cutaneous infection control and prophylaxis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Trousil
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 00 Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Jana Matějková
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu 84, 150 06 Prague 5, Czechia.,Military Health Institute, Military Medical Agency, Tychonova 1, 160 00 Prague 6, Czechia
| | - You-Shan Dai
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Tomáš Urbánek
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 00 Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Šlouf
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 00 Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Miša Škorič
- Department of Pathological Morphology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Nejedlý
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 00 Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Martin Hrubý
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 00 Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Saveleva M, Lengert E, Verkhovskii RA, Abalymov A, Pavlov AM, Ermakov A, Prikhozhdenko E, Shtykov SN, Svenskaya YI. CaCO 3-based carriers with prolonged release property for antifungal drug delivery to hair follicles. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:3323-3345. [DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00539e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Superficial fungal infections are of serious concern worldwide due to their morbidity and increasing distribution across the globe in this era of growing antimicrobial resistance. Delivery of antifungals to target...
Collapse
|
26
|
Wal A, Vig H, Mishra M, Singh R, Rathore S, Tyagi S, Kalita J, Wal P. Phytoniosomes: A Phytoplankton-Derived System for Targeted Drug Delivery. PHARMACOPHORE 2022. [DOI: 10.51847/da4mxlsbjr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
27
|
Gaynanova G, Vasileva L, Kashapov R, Kuznetsova D, Kushnazarova R, Tyryshkina A, Vasilieva E, Petrov K, Zakharova L, Sinyashin O. Self-Assembling Drug Formulations with Tunable Permeability and Biodegradability. Molecules 2021; 26:6786. [PMID: 34833877 PMCID: PMC8624506 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on key topics in the field of drug delivery related to the design of nanocarriers answering the biomedicine criteria, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity, and the ability to overcome biological barriers. For these reasons, much attention is paid to the amphiphile-based carriers composed of natural building blocks, lipids, and their structural analogues and synthetic surfactants that are capable of self-assembly with the formation of a variety of supramolecular aggregates. The latter are dynamic structures that can be used as nanocontainers for hydrophobic drugs to increase their solubility and bioavailability. In this section, biodegradable cationic surfactants bearing cleavable fragments are discussed, with ester- and carbamate-containing analogs, as well as amino acid derivatives received special attention. Drug delivery through the biological barriers is a challenging task, which is highlighted by the example of transdermal method of drug administration. In this paper, nonionic surfactants are primarily discussed, including their application for the fabrication of nanocarriers, their surfactant-skin interactions, the mechanisms of modulating their permeability, and the factors controlling drug encapsulation, release, and targeted delivery. Different types of nanocarriers are covered, including niosomes, transfersomes, invasomes and chitosomes, with their morphological specificity, beneficial characteristics and limitations discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gulnara Gaynanova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Street 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia; (L.V.); (R.K.); (D.K.); (R.K.); (A.T.); (E.V.); (K.P.); (L.Z.); (O.S.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Subramanian P. Lipid-Based Nanocarrier System for the Effective Delivery of Nutraceuticals. Molecules 2021; 26:5510. [PMID: 34576981 PMCID: PMC8468612 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutraceuticals possess several health benefits and functions; however, most nutraceuticals are prone to degradation in the gastrointestinal environment and have poor bioavailability. Application of a novel carrier system is of increasing importance to overcome obstacles and provide efficient applicability. Lipid-based nanocarriers provide a large surface-to-mass ratio, enhanced intestinal absorption by solubilization in the intestinal milieu, intestinal lymphatic transport, and altering enterocyte-based transport. A critical overview of the current limitation, preparation, and application of lipid-based nanocarriers (liposomes and niosomes) and lipid nanoparticles (SLNs and NLCs) is discussed. Physical and gastrointestinal stability and bioavailability of nanoencapsulated nutraceuticals are considered as well.
Collapse
|
29
|
Wang X, Mohammad IS, Fan L, Zhao Z, Nurunnabi M, Sallam MA, Wu J, Chen Z, Yin L, He W. Delivery strategies of amphotericin B for invasive fungal infections. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2585-2604. [PMID: 34522599 PMCID: PMC8424280 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) represent a growing public concern for clinicians to manage in many medical settings, with substantial associated morbidities and mortalities. Among many current therapeutic options for the treatment of IFIs, amphotericin B (AmB) is the most frequently used drug. AmB is considered as a first-line drug in the clinic that has strong antifungal activity and less resistance. In this review, we summarized the most promising research efforts on nanocarriers for AmB delivery and highlighted their efficacy and safety for treating IFIs. We have also discussed the mechanism of actions of AmB, rationale for treating IFIs, and recent advances in formulating AmB for clinical use. Finally, this review discusses some practical considerations and provides recommendations for future studies in applying AmB for combating IFIs.
Collapse
Key Words
- ABCD, AmB colloidal dispersion
- AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- AP, antisolvent precipitation
- ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- AmB, amphotericin B
- AmB-GCPQ, AmB-encapsulated N-palmitoyl-N-methyl-N,N-dimethyl-N,N,N-trimethyl-6-O-glycol-chitosan nanoparticles
- AmB-IONP, AmB-loaded iron oxide nanoparticles
- AmB-PM, AmB-polymeric micelles
- AmB-SD, AmB sodium deoxycholate
- AmBd, AmB deoxycholate
- Amphotericin B
- Aspergillus fumigatus, A. fumigatus
- BBB, blood‒brain barrier
- BCS, biopharmaceutics classification system
- BDDE, butanediol diglycidyl ether
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- C. Albicans, Candida Albicans
- CFU, colony-forming unit
- CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscope
- CMC, carboxymethylated l-carrageenan
- CP, chitosan-polyethylenimine
- CS, chitosan
- Conjugates
- DDS, drug delivery systems
- DMPC, dimyristoyl phosphatidyl choline
- DMPG, dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerole
- DMSA, dimercaptosuccinic acid
- Drug delivery
- GNPs, gelatin nanoparticles
- HPH, high-pressure homogenization
- HPMC, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
- ICV, intensive care unit
- IFIs, invasive fungal infections
- Invasive fungal infections
- L-AmB, liposomal AmB
- LNA, linolenic acid
- MAA, methacrylic acid
- MFC, minimum fungicidal concentrations
- MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration
- MN, microneedles
- MOP, microneedle ocular patch
- MPEG-PCL, monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(epsilon-caprolactone)
- NEs, nanoemulsions
- NLC, nanostructured lipid carriers
- NPs, nanoparticles
- Nanoparticles
- P-407, poloxamer-407
- PAM, polyacrylamide
- PCL, polycaprolactone
- PDA, poly(glycolic acid)
- PDLLA, poly(d,l-lactic acid)
- PDLLGA, poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PEG, poly(ethylene glycol)
- PEG-DSPE, PEG-lipid poly(ethylene glycol)-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine
- PEG-PBC, phenylboronic acid-functionalized polycarbonate/PEG
- PEG-PUC, urea-functionalized polycarbonate/PEG
- PGA-PPA, poly(l-lysine-b-l-phenylalanine) and poly(l-glutamic acid-b-l-phenylalanine)
- PLA, poly(lactic acid)
- PLGA, polyvinyl alcohol poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PLGA-PLH-PEG, PLGA-b-poly(l-histidine)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)
- PMMA, poly(methyl methacrylate)
- POR, porphyran
- PVA, poly(vinyl alcohol)
- PVP, polyvinylpyrrolidone
- Poor water-solubility
- RBCs, red blood cells
- RES, reticuloendothelial system
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SEM, scanning electron microscope
- SL-AmB, sophorolipid-AmB
- SLNs, solid lipid nanoparticles
- Topical administration
- Toxicity
- γ-CD, γ-cyclodextrin
- γ-PGA, γ-poly(gamma-glutamic acid
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Imran Shair Mohammad
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lifang Fan
- Jiangsu Aosaikang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211112, China
| | - Zongmin Zhao
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Marwa A. Sallam
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Lifang Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mishra V, Singh M, Mishra Y, Charbe N, Nayak P, Sudhakar K, Aljabali AAA, Shahcheraghi SH, Bakshi H, Serrano-Aroca Á, Tambuwala MM. Nanoarchitectures in Management of Fungal Diseases: An Overview. APPLIED SCIENCES 2021; 11:7119. [DOI: 10.3390/app11157119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Fungal infections, from mild itching to fatal infections, lead to chronic diseases and death. Antifungal agents have incorporated chemical compounds and natural products/phytoconstituents in the management of fungal diseases. In contrast to antibacterial research, novel antifungal drugs have progressed more swiftly because of their mild existence and negligible resistance of infections to antifungal bioactivities. Nanotechnology-based carriers have gained much attention due to their magnificent abilities. Nanoarchitectures have served as excellent carriers/drug delivery systems (DDS) for delivering antifungal drugs with improved antifungal activities, bioavailability, targeted action, and reduced cytotoxicity. This review outlines the different fungal diseases and their treatment strategies involving various nanocarrier-based techniques such as liposomes, transfersomes, ethosomes, transethosomes, niosomes, spanlastics, dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, polymer nanocomposites, metallic nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials, and nanoemulsions, among other nanotechnological approaches.
Collapse
|
31
|
Bubić Pajić N, Vucen S, Ilić T, O'Mahony C, Dobričić V, Savić S. Comparative efficacy evaluation of different penetration enhancement strategies for dermal delivery of poorly soluble drugs - A case with sertaconazole nitrate. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 164:105895. [PMID: 34087357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of different approaches for enhancement of dermal availability of the highly lipophilic antifungal model drug - sertaconazole nitrate (SN). For this purpose, a physical penetration enhancer - dissolving microneedles (MNs) was fabricated by filling moulds with liquid formulation based on polyvinylpyrrolidone and loaded with SN. Dissolving MNs were characterised regarding their morphological and mechanical characteristics. A penetration enhancement efficacy of MNs was evaluated in vitro using porcine ear skin in parallel with the efficacy of formerly developed chemical penetration enhancer - biocompatible microemulsion (ME) formulation. Moreover, an ability of solid silicon MNs to significantly improve delivery of SN from ME into the skin has also been investigated. The obtained results showed that dissolving MNs had satisfying morphological properties and mechanical strength. This type of MNs provided comparable drug deposition in the skin as ME formulation, but also revealed an indication of percutaneous absorption of a portion of the administered drug dose. However, the penetration/permeation study results were largely influenced by experimental setup and dosing regimen. Although solid silicon MNs assisted SN dermal delivery led to increase of drug cutaneous retention (1.9-fold) under infinite dosing regimen, the synergistic action of solid MNs and ME applied under finite dosing was more pronounced in comparison with the application either of physical (dissolving MNs) or chemical enhancer (ME) alone. Namely, SN amount accumulated into the skin increased up to 4.67 and 4.37 folds in comparison with ME and dissolving MNs alone, respectively, while reaching a significant decrease in drug permeation through the skin compared to the use of dissolving MNs. Application of ME per se was the only approach that provided selective in vitro dermal drug delivery without SN permeation across the skin. However, despite both types of the used MNs lead to SN permeation in vitro, the ratio between the drug amount deposited in the skin and SN content permeated was significantly higher for the combined approach (12.05) than for dissolving MNs (2.10). Therefore, a combination of solid silicon MNs and biocompatible ME favoured more pronouncedly SN skin accumulation, which is preferable in the treatment of skin fungal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Bubić Pajić
- University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Sonja Vucen
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Tanja Ilić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Conor O'Mahony
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Vladimir Dobričić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Snežana Savić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Applications of Nanosized-Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Wound Care. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11114915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Impaired wound healing is an encumbering public health issue that increases the demand for developing new therapies in order to minimize health costs and enhance treatment efficacy. Available conventional therapies are still unable to maximize their potential in penetrating the skin at the target site and accelerating the healing process. Nanotechnology exhibits an excellent opportunity to enrich currently available medical treatments, enhance standard care and manage wounds. It is a promising approach, able to address issues such as the permeability and bioavailability of drugs with reduced stability or low water solubility. This paper focuses on nanosized-lipid-based drug delivery systems, describing their numerous applications in managing skin wounds. We also highlight the relationship between the physicochemical characteristics of nanosized, lipid-based drug delivery systems and their impact on the wound-healing process. Different types of nanosized-lipid-based drug delivery systems, such as vesicular systems and lipid nanoparticles, demonstrated better applicability and enhanced skin penetration in wound healing therapy compared with conventional treatments. Moreover, an improved chemically and physically stable drug delivery system, with increased drug loading capacity and enhanced bioavailability, has been shown in drugs encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles. Their applications in wound care show potential for overcoming impediments, such as the inadequate bioavailability of active agents with low solubility. Future research in nanosized-lipid-based drug delivery systems will allow the achievement of increased bioavailability and better control of drug release, providing the clinician with more effective therapies for wound care.
Collapse
|
33
|
Paiva-Santos AC, Silva AL, Guerra C, Peixoto D, Pereira-Silva M, Zeinali M, Mascarenhas-Melo F, Castro R, Veiga F. Ethosomes as Nanocarriers for the Development of Skin Delivery Formulations. Pharm Res 2021; 38:947-970. [PMID: 34036520 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of nanotechnology has been extensively explored for developing efficient drug delivery systems towards topical and transdermal applications. Ethosomes constitute a vesicular nanocarrier containing a relatively high concentration of ethanol (20-45%). Ethanol is a well-known permeation enhancer, which confers ethosomes unique features, including high elasticity and deformability, allowing them to penetrate deeply across the skin and enhance drug permeation and deposition. The improved composition of ethosomes offer, thereby, significant advantages in the delivery of therapeutic agents over particularly the conventional liposomes regarding different pathologies, including acne, psoriasis, alopecia, skin infections, hormonal deficiencies, among others. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the ethosomal system and an assessment of its potential as an efficient nanocarrier towards the skin delivery of active ingredients. Special attention is given to the composition of ethosomes and the mechanism of skin permeation, as well as their potential applications in different pathologies, particularly skin pathologies (acne, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, skin cancer and skin infections). Some examples of ethosome-based formulations for the management of skin disorders are also highlighted. Besides the need for further studies, particularly in humans, ethosomal-based formulations hold great promise in the skin delivery of active ingredients, which increasingly asserts oneself as a viable alternative to the oral route.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ana Luísa Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Guerra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diana Peixoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Pereira-Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mahdi Zeinali
- Student Research Committee and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Filipa Mascarenhas-Melo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Castro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
- CQC, Department of Chemistry of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Aguilar-Pérez KM, Medina DI, Narayanan J, Parra-Saldívar R, Iqbal HMN. Synthesis and Nano-Sized Characterization of Bioactive Oregano Essential Oil Molecule-Loaded Small Unilamellar Nanoliposomes with Antifungal Potentialities. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26102880. [PMID: 34068039 PMCID: PMC8152473 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of greener nano-constructs with noteworthy biological activity is of supreme interest, as a robust choice to minimize the extensive use of synthetic drugs. Essential oils (EOs) and their constituents offer medicinal potentialities because of their extensive biological activity, including the inhibition of fungi species. However, their application as natural antifungal agents are limited due to their volatility, low stability, and restricted administration routes. Nanotechnology is receiving particular attention to overcome the drawbacks of EOs such as volatility, degradation, and high sensitivity to environmental/external factors. For the aforementioned reasons, nanoencapsulation of bioactive compounds, for instance, EOs, facilitates protection and controlled-release attributes. Nanoliposomes are bilayer vesicles, at nanoscale, composed of phospholipids, and can encapsulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds. Considering the above critiques, herein, we report the in-house fabrication and nano-size characterization of bioactive oregano essential oil (Origanum vulgare L.) (OEO) molecules loaded with small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) nanoliposomes. The study was focused on three main points: (1) multi-compositional fabrication nanoliposomes using a thin film hydration-sonication method; (2) nano-size characterization using various analytical and imaging techniques; and (3) antifungal efficacy of as-developed OEO nanoliposomes against Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum) by performing the mycelial growth inhibition test (MGI). The mean size of the nanoliposomes was around 77.46 ± 0.66 nm and 110.4 ± 0.98 nm, polydispersity index (PdI) of 0.413 ± 0.015, zeta potential values up to -36.94 ± 0.36 mV were obtained by dynamic light scattering (DLS). and spherical morphology was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The presence of OEO into nanoliposomes was displayed by attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Entrapment efficiency values of 79.55 ± 6.9% were achieved for OEO nanoliposomes. In vitro antifungal activity of nanoliposomes tested against T. rubrum strains revealed that OEO nanoliposomes exhibited the highest MGI, 81.66 ± 0.86%, at a concentration of 1.5 µL/mL compared to the rest of the formulations. In summary, this work showed that bioactive OEO molecules with loaded nanoliposomes could be used as natural antifungal agents for therapeutical purposes against T. rubrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katya M. Aguilar-Pérez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Atizapan de Zaragoza 52926, Estado de Mexico, Mexico; (K.M.A.-P.); (D.I.M.)
| | - Dora I. Medina
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Atizapan de Zaragoza 52926, Estado de Mexico, Mexico; (K.M.A.-P.); (D.I.M.)
| | - Jayanthi Narayanan
- División de Ingeniería en Nanotecnología, Universidad Politécnica del Valle de México, Av. Mexiquense s/n esquina Av. Universidad Politécnica, Col. Villa Esmeralda, Tultitlan 54910, Estado de México, Mexico;
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico;
| | - Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Bhat M, Pukale S, Singh S, Mittal A, Chitkara D. Nano-enabled topical delivery of anti-psoriatic small molecules. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
37
|
Investigation on drug entrapment location in liposomes and transfersomes based on molecular dynamics simulation. J Mol Model 2021; 27:111. [PMID: 33745026 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04722-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, liposome and transfersome were successfully constructed using molecular dynamics simulation. Three drugs with different polarity, including 5-fluorouracil, ligustrazine, and osthole, were selected as model drugs to study the distribution of drugs in lipid vesicles by calculating the radial distribution function and the potential of mean force. The solubility parameters between drugs and different regions in lipid vesicles were calculated to characterize the compatibility of drugs in different regions in lipid vesicles, which provided the basis for the conclusion of this paper. It showed that the radial distribution function and the potential of mean force were consistent in the characterization of drug distribution in vesicles, and the drug distribution in vesicles was closely related to the compatibility between drugs and vesicles. Therefore, the radial distribution function and the potential of mean force can be used to characterize the distribution of drugs in vesicles, and molecular simulation technology has a great potential in studying the characteristics of vesicles. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
|
38
|
Nanocarriers Mediated Cutaneous Drug Delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 158:105638. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
39
|
Asadi P, Mehravaran A, Soltanloo N, Abastabar M, Akhtari J. Nanoliposome-loaded antifungal drugs for dermal administration: A review. Curr Med Mycol 2021; 7:71-78. [PMID: 34553102 PMCID: PMC8443872 DOI: 10.18502/cmm.7.1.6247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous fungal infections are the fourth most common health problem, which involves approximately one billion people worldwide. Drug delivery to the skin seems to be the best choice for superficial fungal infections. Topical formulations can release a sufficient amount of drug in therapeutical concentrations and permeate higher layers of the skin like the stratum corneum. As the outermost layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum prevents the drug from penetrating the skin. Liposomes, especially nanosized as topical drug delivery systems to the skin, can show various functions depending on their size, lipids and cholesterol components, the percent of ingredients, lamellarity, and surface charge. Nanoliposomes can increase permeation through the stratum corneum, decrease systemic effects with their localizing actions, and overcome many dermal drug delivery obstacles. Antifungal drugs, such as croconazole, econazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, terbinafine hydrochloride, tolnaftate, and miconazole entrapped in liposomes have indicated improved skin penetration and localizing effects. According to the literature review summarized in this paper, many studies have identified liposomes as a powerful carrier for topical antifungal drug delivery to the skin. However, a few studies introduced new generations of liposomes like ethosomes and transfersomes. This paper was conducted on almost all liposomal studies of antifungal drugs with dermal application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Asadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmad Mehravaran
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Nahid Soltanloo
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahdi Abastabar
- Invasive Fungi Research Center/Department of Medical mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Javad Akhtari
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Das S, Kaur S. Nano-Lipid-Carriers for the Treatment of Vitiligo: A Recent Update, Pathophysiology and Mechanism of Drug Delivery. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2020; 14:306-320. [PMID: 33172383 DOI: 10.2174/1874467213999201109220714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitiligo is an auto-immune disease with white-coloured disfiguring patches or spots on the skin surface. It is highly prevalent in several corners of the world. This disease spreads in different age groups. AIM The main aim of this review is to provide an overview of pathophysiology and lipid-based nano-carriers for the treatment of vitiligo. METHODS The conventional delivery systems available have limited efficacy due to less retention of the drug in the epidermal layer where melanocytes reside. In order to overcome these issues, an advanced delivery system with lipid-based nano-carriers for the treatment of vitiligo was proven to be better as per the literature explored. RESULTS This review summarizes the pathophysiology along with novel lipid-based nano-carriers for the treatment of vitiligo. CONCLUSION Though various treatment regimens are present for the disease, nano-lipid carrier systems are significantly gaining importance nowadays, due to their high effectivity in topically acting on the target site. Nano-lipid carrier systems such as liposomes, ethosomes, transethosomes and transferosomes can be said to be at the top of the list in acting effectively against vitiligo or several other tropical diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supratim Das
- ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gupta P, Jha AK, Prasad M, Kushwaha P. Soft Malleable Vesicles: versatile carriers for efficient topical delivery of fungal therapeutics. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2020; 71:54-61. [PMID: 33137836 DOI: 10.1055/a-1286-5750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections have become a subject of great concern and the incidence of fungal infections is increasing, presenting an enormous challenge to healthcare professionals. Since most of the fungal infections are occurring over the skin, the treatment option of these infections always involves topical application. However, in topical delivery drug reaches into systemic circulation through different barriers of skin. Nevertheless, due to the low permeability, skin restricts the movement of many drugs. Hence, a delivery system is required, which deliver the medicament into the skin layers or through the skin and into the systemic circulation. Ethosomes or Soft malleable vesicles are the novel lipid vesicular carrier that offer improved skin permeability and efficient delivery due to their structure and composition. They contain high concentration of ethanol, which increases the fluidity of the skin. Therefore, in the present paper, we have explored the utility of ethosomal systems in the topical treatment of fungal infections. Structure, compositions types, mechanism and techniques of preparation of ethosome also discussed in the paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Gupta
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow.,Kamla Nehru Institute of Management and Technology (Faculty of Pharmacy), Sultanpur
| | - Antesh Kumar Jha
- Kamla Nehru Institute of Management and Technology (Faculty of Pharmacy), Sultanpur
| | - Mahesh Prasad
- Kamla Nehru Institute of Management and Technology (Faculty of Pharmacy), Sultanpur
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ramanunny AK, Wadhwa S, Gulati M, Singh SK, Kapoor B, Dureja H, Chellappan DK, Anand K, Dua K, Khursheed R, Awasthi A, Kumar R, Kaur J, Corrie L, Pandey NK. Nanocarriers for treatment of dermatological diseases: Principle, perspective and practices. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 890:173691. [PMID: 33129787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Skin diseases are the fourth leading non-fatal skin conditions that act as a burden and affect the world economy globally. This condition affects the quality of a patient's life and has a pronounced impact on both their physical and mental state. Treatment of these skin conditions with conventional approaches shows a lack of efficacy, long treatment duration, recurrence of conditions, systemic side effects, etc., due to improper drug delivery. However, these pitfalls can be overcome with the applications of nanomedicine-based approaches that provide efficient site-specific drug delivery at the target site. These nanomedicine-based strategies are evolved as potential treatment opportunities in the form of nanocarriers such as polymeric and lipidic nanocarriers, nanoemulsions along with emerging others viz. carbon nanotubes for dermatological treatment. The current review focuses on challenges faced by the existing conventional treatments along with the topical therapeutic perspective of nanocarriers in treating various skin diseases. A total of 213 articles have been reviewed and the application of different nanocarriers in treating various skin diseases has been explained in detail through case studies of previously published research works. The toxicity related aspects of nanocarriers are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheetu Wadhwa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India.
| | - Bhupinder Kapoor
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Krishnan Anand
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences and National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Rubiya Khursheed
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Ankit Awasthi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Rajan Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Jaskiran Kaur
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Leander Corrie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Narendra Kumar Pandey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lengert EV, Talnikova EE, Tuchin VV, Svenskaya YI. Prospective Nanotechnology-Based Strategies for Enhanced Intra- and Transdermal Delivery of Antifungal Drugs. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 33:261-269. [PMID: 33091913 DOI: 10.1159/000511038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Topical therapy of superficial fungal infections allows the prevention of systemic side effects and provides drug targeting at the site of disease. However, an appropriate drug concentration in these sites should be provided to ensure the efficacy of such local treatment. The enhancement of intra- and transdermal penetration and accumulation of antifungal drugs is an important aspect here. The present overview is focused on novel nano-based formulations served to improve antimycotic penetration through the skin. Furthermore, it summarizes various approaches towards the stimulation of drug penetration through and into the stratum corneum and hair follicles, which are considered to be promising for the future improvement of superficial antifungal therapy as providing the drug localization and prolonged storage property at the targeted area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V Lengert
- Educational and Research Institute of Nanostructures and Biosystems, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russian Federation,
| | - Ekaterina E Talnikova
- Department of Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology, Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russian Federation
| | - Valery V Tuchin
- Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russian Federation.,Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia I Svenskaya
- Educational and Research Institute of Nanostructures and Biosystems, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Sousa F, Ferreira D, Reis S, Costa P. Current Insights on Antifungal Therapy: Novel Nanotechnology Approaches for Drug Delivery Systems and New Drugs from Natural Sources. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13090248. [PMID: 32942693 PMCID: PMC7558771 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The high incidence of fungal infections has become a worrisome public health issue, having been aggravated by an increase in host predisposition factors. Despite all the drugs available on the market to treat these diseases, their efficiency is questionable, and their side effects cannot be neglected. Bearing that in mind, it is of upmost importance to synthetize new and innovative carriers for these medicines not only to fight emerging fungal infections but also to avert the increase in drug-resistant strains. Although it has revealed to be a difficult job, new nano-based drug delivery systems and even new cellular targets and compounds with antifungal potential are now being investigated. This article will provide a summary of the state-of-the-art strategies that have been studied in order to improve antifungal therapy and reduce adverse effects of conventional drugs. The bidirectional relationship between Mycology and Nanotechnology will be also explained. Furthermore, the article will focus on new compounds from the marine environment which have a proven antifungal potential and may act as platforms to discover drug-like characteristics, highlighting the challenges of the translation of these natural compounds into the clinical pipeline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Sousa
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Domingos Ferreira
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Paulo Costa
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (P.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gupta R, Kumar A. Transfersomes: The Ultra-Deformable Carrier System for Non-Invasive Delivery of Drug. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 18:408-420. [PMID: 32753015 DOI: 10.2174/1567201817666200804105416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular systems have many advantages like prolonging the existence of the drug in the systemic circulation, minimizing the undesirable side-effects and helping the active moieties to reach their target sites using the carriers. However, the main drawback related to transdermal delivery is to cross stratum corneum, which can be overcome by the utilization of novel carrier systems e.g., transfersomes, which are ultra-deformable carrier systems composed of phospholipid (phosphatidylcholine) and edge activators (surfactants). Edge activators are responsible for the flexibility of the bilayer membranes of transfersomes. Different edge activators used in transfersomes include tween, span, bile salts (sodium cholate and sodium deoxycholate) and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate. These activators decrease the interfacial tension, thereby, increasing the deformability of the carrier system. Transfersomes can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs into a vesicular structure, which consists of one or more concentric bilayers. Due to the elastic nature of transfersomes, they can easily cross the natural physiological barriers i.e., skin and deliver the drug to its active site. The main benefit of using transfersomes as a carrier is the delivery of macromolecules through the skin by non-invasive route thereby increasing the patient's compliance. The transfersomal formulations can be used in the treatment of ocular diseases, alopecia, vulvovaginal candidiasis, osteoporosis, atopic dermatitis, tumor, leishmaniasis. It is also used in the delivery of growth hormones, anaesthesia, insulin, proteins, and herbal drugs. This review also focuses on the patents and clinical studies for various transfersomal products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Gupta
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Amrish Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Deaguero IG, Huda MN, Rodriguez V, Zicari J, Al-Hilal TA, Badruddoza AZM, Nurunnabi M. Nano-Vesicle Based Anti-Fungal Formulation Shows Higher Stability, Skin Diffusion, Biosafety and Anti-Fungal Efficacy In Vitro. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060516. [PMID: 32517047 PMCID: PMC7355414 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic fungal infections are responsible for over 1.5 million deaths per year. This has created a need for highly effective antifungal medication to be as potent as possible. In this study, we improved the efficacy of a common over the counter (OTC) antifungal skin medication, miconazole, by encapsulating nano-molecules of the drug in cholesterol/sodium oleate nano-vesicles. These nano-vesicles were characterized to optimize their size, zeta potential, polydispersity index and encapsulation efficiency. Furthermore, these nano-vesicles were compared to a conventional miconazole-based commercially available cream to determine potential improvements via permeation through the stratum corneum, cytotoxicity, and antifungal capabilities. Our results found that the vesicle size was within the nano range (~300 nm), with moderate polydispersity and stability. When compared with the commercially available cream, Actavis, as well as free miconazole, the miconazole nano-vesicle formulation displayed enhanced fungal inhibition by a factor of three or more when compared to free miconazole. Furthermore, with smaller nanoparticle (NP) sizes, higher percentages of miconazole may be delivered, further enhancing the efficacy of miconazole's antifungal capability. Cytotoxicity studies conducted with human dermal fibroblast cells confirm its biosafety and biocompatibility, as cell survival rate was observed to be twofold higher in nano-vesicle formulation than free miconazole. This formulation has the potential to treat fungal infections through increasing the retention time in the skin, improving the treatment approach, and by enhancing the efficacy via the use of nano-vesicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac G. Deaguero
- Biomedical Engineering Program, School of Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, TX 79902, USA; (I.G.D.); (M.N.H.); (V.R.); (J.Z.); (T.A.A.-H.)
| | - Md Nurul Huda
- Biomedical Engineering Program, School of Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, TX 79902, USA; (I.G.D.); (M.N.H.); (V.R.); (J.Z.); (T.A.A.-H.)
| | - Victor Rodriguez
- Biomedical Engineering Program, School of Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, TX 79902, USA; (I.G.D.); (M.N.H.); (V.R.); (J.Z.); (T.A.A.-H.)
| | - Jade Zicari
- Biomedical Engineering Program, School of Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, TX 79902, USA; (I.G.D.); (M.N.H.); (V.R.); (J.Z.); (T.A.A.-H.)
| | - Taslim A. Al-Hilal
- Biomedical Engineering Program, School of Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, TX 79902, USA; (I.G.D.); (M.N.H.); (V.R.); (J.Z.); (T.A.A.-H.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Abu Zayed Md Badruddoza
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
- Correspondence: (A.Z.M.B.); (M.N.); Tel.: +1-915-747-8335 (M.N.)
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- Biomedical Engineering Program, School of Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, TX 79902, USA; (I.G.D.); (M.N.H.); (V.R.); (J.Z.); (T.A.A.-H.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, TX 79902, USA
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, TX 79902, USA
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, TX 79902, USA
- Correspondence: (A.Z.M.B.); (M.N.); Tel.: +1-915-747-8335 (M.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bhardwaj P, Tripathi P, Gupta R, Pandey S. Niosomes: A review on niosomal research in the last decade. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
48
|
Pandey P, Satija S, Wadhwa R, Mehta M, Purohit D, Gupta G, Prasher P, Chellappan DK, Awasthi R, Dureja H, Dua K. Emerging trends in nanomedicine for topical delivery in skin disorders: Current and translational approaches. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:e13292. [DOI: 10.1111/dth.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parijat Pandey
- Shri Baba Mastnath Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Baba Mastnath University Rohtak Haryana India
| | - Saurabh Satija
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Lovely Professional University Phagwara Punjab India
| | - Ridhima Wadhwa
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology South Asian University Akbar Bhawan, Chanakyapuri New Delhi India
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health University of Technology Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - Meenu Mehta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Lovely Professional University Phagwara Punjab India
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health University of Technology Sydney Sydney Australia
- Centre for Inflammation Centenary Institute Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Deepika Purohit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Indira Gandhi University Rewari Haryana India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jaipur National University Jaipur Rajasthan India
| | - Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry University of Petroleum and Energy Studies Dehradun India
| | - Dinesh K. Chellappan
- Departmental Sciences, School of Pharmacy International Medical University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Rajendra Awasthi
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Maharshi Dayanand University Rohtak Haryana India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health University of Technology Sydney Sydney Australia
- Centre for Inflammation Centenary Institute Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) and School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle (UoN) Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| |
Collapse
|