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Zhang J, Yang H, Sun Y, Yan B, Chen W, Fan D. The potential use of microalgae for nutrient supply and health enhancement in isolated and confined environments. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13418. [PMID: 39073089 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Exploring isolated and confined environments (IACEs), such as deep-sea ecosystems, polar regions, and outer space, presents multiple challenges. Among these challenges, ensuring sustainable food supply over long timescales and maintaining the health of personnel are fundamental issues that must be addressed. Microalgae, as a novel food resource, possess favorable physiological and nutritional characteristics, demonstrating potential as nutritional support in IACEs. In this review, we discuss the potential of microalgae as a nutritional supplement in IACEs from four perspectives. The first section provides a theoretical foundation by reviewing the environmental adaptability and previous studies in IACEs. Subsequently, the typical nutritional components of microalgae and their bioavailability are comprehensively elucidated. And then focus on the impact of these ingredients on health enhancement and elucidate its mechanisms in IACEs. Combining the outstanding stress resistance, rich active ingredients, the potential to alleviate osteoporosis, regulate metabolism, and promote mental well-being, microalgae demonstrate significant value for food applications. Furthermore, the development of novel microalgae biomatrices enhances health safeguards. Nevertheless, the widespread application of microalgae in IACEs still requires extensive studies and more fundamental data, necessitating further exploration into improving bioavailability, high biomass cultivation methods, and enhancing palatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Huayu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Bowen Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Daming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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2
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Abiusi F, Tumulero B, Neutsch L, Mathys A. Productivity, amino acid profile, and protein bioaccessibility in heterotrophic batch cultivation of Galdieria sulphuraria. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 399:130628. [PMID: 38521173 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The polyextremophilic Galdieria sulphuraria is emerging as a promising microalgal species for food applications. This work explores the potential of heterotrophically cultivated G. sulphuraria as a protein producer for human consumption. To this end, the performances of four G. sulphuraria strains grown under the same conditions were compared. Amino acid profiles varied among strains and growth phases, but all samples met FAO dietary requirements for adults. The specific growth rates were between 1.01 and 1.48 day-1. After glucose depletion, all strains showed an increase of 38-49 % in nitrogen content within 48 h, reaching 7.8-12.0 % w/w. An opposite trend was observed in protein bioaccessibility, which decreased on average from 69 % during the exponential phase to a minimum of 32 % 48 h after stationary phase, with significant differences among the strains. Therefore, selecting the appropriate strain and harvesting time is crucial for successful single-cell protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Abiusi
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - B Tumulero
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Zurich, Switzerland; ZHAW, Campus Grüental, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - L Neutsch
- ZHAW, Campus Grüental, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - A Mathys
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Xie Y, Zhang Z, Ma R, Liu X, Miao M, Ho SH, Chen J, Kit Leong Y, Chang JS. High-cell-density heterotrophic cultivation of microalga Chlorella sorokiniana FZU60 for achieving ultra-high lutein production efficiency. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 365:128130. [PMID: 36252750 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chlorella sorokiniana has received particular attention as a promising candidate for microalgal biomass and lutein production. In this work, heterotrophic cultivation was explored to improve the lutein production efficiency of a lutein-rich microalga C. sorokiniana FZU60. Flask cultivation results showed that the highest lutein productivity was achieved at 30°C with an initial cell concentration of 1.40 g/L. Furthermore, six types of fed-batch strategies based on nutrient composition and concentration were examined using a 5 L fermenter. Among them, ultra-high lutein production (415.93 mg/L) and productivity (82.50 mg/L/d) with lutein content of 2.57 mg/g were achieved with fed-batch 3F (i.e., pulse-feeding with concentrated urea-N medium to achieve a 3-fold nutrient concentration). The lutein production performance achieved is much higher than the reported values. This work demonstrates that heterotrophic cultivation of C. sorokiniana FZU60 with the proposed fed-batch strategy could significantly enhance the production performance and the commercial viability of microalgae-derived lutein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youping Xie
- Marine Biological Manufacturing Center of Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Marine Biological Manufacturing Center of Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ruijuan Ma
- Marine Biological Manufacturing Center of Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Marine Biological Manufacturing Center of Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Miao Miao
- Marine Biological Manufacturing Center of Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- Marine Biological Manufacturing Center of Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yoong Kit Leong
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li 32003, Taiwan.
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Je S, Yamaoka Y. Biotechnological Approaches for Biomass and Lipid Production Using Microalgae Chlorella and Its Future Perspectives. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:1357-1372. [PMID: 36310359 PMCID: PMC9720082 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2209.09012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Heavy reliance on fossil fuels has been associated with increased climate disasters. As an alternative, microalgae have been proposed as an effective agent for biomass production. Several advantages of microalgae include faster growth, usage of non-arable land, recovery of nutrients from wastewater, efficient CO2 capture, and high amount of biomolecules that are valuable for humans. Microalgae Chlorella spp. are a large group of eukaryotic, photosynthetic, unicellular microorganisms with high adaptability to environmental variations. Over the past decades, Chlorella has been used for the large-scale production of biomass. In addition, Chlorella has been actively used in various food industries for improving human health because of its antioxidant, antidiabetic, and immunomodulatory functions. However, the major restrictions in microalgal biofuel technology are the cost-consuming cultivation, processing, and lipid extraction processes. Therefore, various trials have been performed to enhance the biomass productivity and the lipid contents of Chlorella cells. This study provides a comprehensive review of lipid enhancement strategies mainly published in the last five years and aimed at regulating carbon sources, nutrients, stresses, and expression of exogenous genes to improve biomass production and lipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeong Je
- Division of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Yasuyo Yamaoka
- Division of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-2-2164-4034 Fax: +82-2-2164-4778 E-mail:
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Effects of Marine Bioactive Compounds on Gut Ecology Based on In Vitro Digestion and Colonic Fermentation Models. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14163307. [PMID: 36014813 PMCID: PMC9412687 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestion and the absorption of food compounds are necessary steps before nutrients can exert a role in human health. The absorption and utilization of nutrients in the diet is an extremely complex dynamic process. Accurately grasping the digestion and absorption mechanisms of different nutrients or bioactive compounds can provide a better understanding regarding the relationship between health and nutrition. Several in vitro models for simulating human gastrointestinal digestion and colonic fermentation have been established to obtain more accurate data for further understanding of the metabolism of dietary components. Marine media is rich in a wide variety of nutrients that are essential for humans and is gaining increased attention as a research topic. This review summarizes some of the most explored in vitro digestion and colonic fermentation models. It also summarizes the research progress on the digestion and absorption of nutrients and bioactive compounds from marine substrates when subjected to these in vitro models. Additionally, an overview of the changes imparted by the digestion process on these bioactive compounds is provided, in order to support those marine resources that can be utilized for developing new healthy foods.
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Santos Correa S, Schultz J, Lauersen KJ, Soares Rosado A. Natural carbon fixation and advances in synthetic engineering for redesigning and creating new fixation pathways. J Adv Res 2022; 47:75-92. [PMID: 35918056 PMCID: PMC10173188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autotrophic carbon fixation is the primary route through which organic carbon enters the biosphere, and it is a key step in the biogeochemical carbon cycle. The Calvin-Benson-Bassham pathway, which is predominantly found in plants, algae, and some bacteria (mainly cyanobacteria), was previously considered to be the sole carbon-fixation pathway. However, the discovery of a new carbon-fixation pathway in sulfurous green bacteria almost two decades ago encouraged further research on previously overlooked ancient carbon-fixation pathways in taxonomically and phylogenetically distinct microorganisms. AIM OF REVIEW In this review, we summarize the six known natural carbon-fixation pathways and outline the newly proposed additions to this list. We also discuss the recent achievements in synthetic carbon fixation and the importance of the metabolism of thermophilic microorganisms in this field. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Currently, at least six carbon-fixation routes have been confirmed in Bacteria and Archaea. Other possible candidate routes have also been suggested on the basis of emerging "omics" data analyses, expanding our knowledge and stimulating discussions on the importance of these pathways in the way organisms acquire carbon. Notably, the currently known natural fixation routes cannot balance the excessive anthropogenic carbon emissions in a highly unbalanced global carbon cycle. Therefore, significant efforts have also been made to improve the existing carbon-fixation pathways and/or design new efficient in vitro and in vivo synthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulamita Santos Correa
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbial Ecology, Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Junia Schultz
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kyle J Lauersen
- Bioengineering Program, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexandre Soares Rosado
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; Bioscience Program, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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Tan FHP, Nadir N, Sudesh K. Microalgal Biomass as Feedstock for Bacterial Production of PHA: Advances and Future Prospects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:879476. [PMID: 35646848 PMCID: PMC9133917 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.879476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for biodegradable plastics has become the focus in combating the global plastic pollution crisis. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are renewable substitutes to petroleum-based plastics with the ability to completely mineralize in soil, compost, and marine environments. The preferred choice of PHA synthesis is from bacteria or archaea. However, microbial production of PHAs faces a major drawback due to high production costs attributed to the high price of organic substrates as compared to synthetic plastics. As such, microalgal biomass presents a low-cost solution as feedstock for PHA synthesis. Photoautotrophic microalgae are ubiquitous in our ecosystem and thrive from utilizing easily accessible light, carbon dioxide and inorganic nutrients. Biomass production from microalgae offers advantages that include high yields, effective carbon dioxide capture, efficient treatment of effluents and the usage of infertile land. Nevertheless, the success of large-scale PHA synthesis using microalgal biomass faces constraints that encompass the entire flow of the microalgal biomass production, i.e., from molecular aspects of the microalgae to cultivation conditions to harvesting and drying microalgal biomass along with the conversion of the biomass into PHA. This review discusses approaches such as optimization of growth conditions, improvement of the microalgal biomass manufacturing technologies as well as the genetic engineering of both microalgae and PHA-producing bacteria with the purpose of refining PHA production from microalgal biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kumar Sudesh
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Canelli G, Tevere S, Jaquenod L, Dionisi F, Rohfritsch Z, Bolten CJ, Neutsch L, Mathys A. A novel strategy to simultaneously enhance bioaccessible lipids and antioxidants in hetero/mixotrophic Chlorella vulgaris as functional ingredient. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 347:126744. [PMID: 35074464 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are a promising source of polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as bioactive antioxidant compounds such as carotenoids, phenolics and tocopherols. However, the accumulation of these biomolecules is often promoted by conflicting growth conditions. In this study, a phased bioprocessing strategy was developed to simultaneously enhance the lipid and antioxidant amounts by tailoring nitrogen content in the cultivation medium and applying light stress. This approach increased the overall contents of total fatty acids, carotenoids, phenolics, and α-tocopherol in Chlorella vulgaris by 2.2-, 2.2-, 1.5-, and 2.1-fold, respectively. Additionally, the bioaccessibility of the lipids and bioactives from the obtained biomasses improved after pulsed electric field (5 μs, 20 kV cm-1, 31.8 kJ kg-1sus) treatment (up to +12%) and high-pressure homogenization (100 MPa, 5-6 passes) (+41-76%). This work represents a step towards the generation of more efficient algae biorefineries, thus expanding the alternative resources available for essential nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Canelli
- ETH Zürich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Tevere
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, ZHAW, Campus Grüental, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Luc Jaquenod
- ETH Zürich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fabiola Dionisi
- Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zhen Rohfritsch
- Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Lukas Neutsch
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, ZHAW, Campus Grüental, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- ETH Zürich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Continuous Culture of Auxenochlorella protothecoides on Biodiesel Derived Glycerol under Mixotrophic and Heterotrophic Conditions: Growth Parameters and Biochemical Composition. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030541. [PMID: 35336116 PMCID: PMC8953379 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As crude glycerol comprises a potential substrate for microalga fermentation and value added products’ biosynthesis, Auxenochlorella protothecoides was grown on it under heterotrophic and mixotrophic conditions and its growth kinetics were evaluated in a continuous system under steady state conditions. Increasing initial glycerol concentration (from 30 to 50 g/L) in the heterotrophic culture led to reduced biomass yield (Yx/S) and productivity (Px), but favored lipid accumulation. Under heterotrophic conditions, the microalga was found to grow better (biomass up to 7.888 g/L) and faster (higher growth rates), the system functioned more effectively (higher Px) and crude glycerol was exploited more efficiently. Heterotrophy also favored proteins synthesis (up to 53%), lipids (up to 9.8%), and carbohydrates (up to 44.6%) accumulation. However, different trophic modes had no significant impact on the consistency of proteins and lipids. Oleic acid was the most abundant fatty acid detected (55–61.2% of the total lipids). The algal biomass contained many essential and non-essential amino acids, especially arginine, glutamic acid, lysine, aspartic acid, leucine, and alanine. In all the experimental trials, the protein contents in the microalgal biomass increased with the increasing dilution rate (D), with a concomitant decrease in the lipids and carbohydrates fractions.
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Demarco M, Oliveira de Moraes J, Matos ÂP, Derner RB, de Farias Neves F, Tribuzi G. Digestibility, bioaccessibility and bioactivity of compounds from algae. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Canelli G, Kuster I, Jaquenod L, Buchmann L, Murciano Martínez P, Rohfritsch Z, Dionisi F, Bolten CJ, Nanni P, Mathys A. Pulsed electric field treatment enhances lipid bioaccessibility while preserving oxidative stability in Chlorella vulgaris. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Georgiev YN, Batsalova TG, Dzhambazov BM, Ognyanov MH, Denev PN, Antonova DV, Wold CW, Yanakieva IZ, Teneva II, Paulsen BS, Simova SD. Immunomodulating polysaccharide complexes and antioxidant metabolites from Anabaena laxa, Oscillatoria limosa and Phormidesmis molle. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Artificial neural network (ANN) approach to optimize cultivation conditions of microalga Chlorella vulgaris in view of biodiesel production. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Matos J, Afonso C, Cardoso C, Serralheiro ML, Bandarra NM. Yogurt Enriched with Isochrysis galbana: An Innovative Functional Food. Foods 2021; 10:1458. [PMID: 34202539 PMCID: PMC8306745 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are a valuable and innovative emerging source of natural nutrients and bioactive compounds that can be used as functional ingredients in order to increase the nutritional value of foods to improve human health and to prevent disease. The marine microalga Isochrysis galbana has great potential for the food industry as a functional ingredient, given its richness in ω3 long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), with high contents of oleic, linoleic, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), stearidonic, and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. This study focuses on the formulation of a functional food by the incorporation of 2% (w/w) of I. galbana freeze-dried biomass and 2% (w/w) of I. galbana ethyl acetate lipidic extract in solid natural yogurts preparation. In the functional yogurt enriched with microalgal biomass, the ω3 LC-PUFA's content increased (to 60 mg/100 g w/w), specifically the DHA content (9.6 mg/100 g ww), and the ω3/ω6 ratio (augmented to 0.8). The in vitro digestion study showed a poor bioaccessibility of essential ω3 LC-PUFAs, wherein linoleic acid (18:2 ω6) presented a bioaccessibility inferior to 10% and no DHA or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was detected in the bioaccessible fraction of the functional yogurts, thus indicating a low accessibility of lipids during digestion. Notwithstanding, when compared to the original yogurt, an added value novel functional yogurt with DHA and a higher ω3 LC-PUFAs content was obtained. The functional yogurt enriched with I. galbana can be considered important from a nutritional point of view and a suitable source of essential FAs in the human diet. However, this needs further confirmation, entailing additional investigation into bioavailability through in vivo assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Matos
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Avenida Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Algés, Portugal; (C.A.); (C.C.); (N.M.B.)
- Faculty of Sciences, BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Cláudia Afonso
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Avenida Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Algés, Portugal; (C.A.); (C.C.); (N.M.B.)
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Cardoso
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Avenida Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Algés, Portugal; (C.A.); (C.C.); (N.M.B.)
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria L. Serralheiro
- Faculty of Sciences, BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Narcisa M. Bandarra
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Avenida Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Algés, Portugal; (C.A.); (C.C.); (N.M.B.)
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
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Canelli G, Murciano Martínez P, Maude Hauser B, Kuster I, Rohfritsch Z, Dionisi F, Bolten CJ, Neutsch L, Mathys A. Tailored enzymatic treatment of Chlorella vulgaris cell wall leads to effective disruption while preserving oxidative stability. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Cai Y, Liu Y, Liu T, Gao K, Zhang Q, Cao L, Wang Y, Wu X, Zheng H, Peng H, Ruan R. Heterotrophic cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris using broken rice hydrolysate as carbon source for biomass and pigment production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 323:124607. [PMID: 33385629 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The high cost of carbon source limits the heterotrophic culture of Chlorella. In this study, broken rice was hydrolyzed into glucose. Then, the broken rice hydrolysate (BRH) was utilized for heterotrophic cultivation of C. vulgaris instead of glucose. Results showed that algal cells released H+ when they consumed NH4+, leading to a sharp decrease in pH. Growth inhibition by acid could be avoided by using a pH buffer. Adding alkaline reagents intermittently during culture could not only reduce the amount of pH stabilizer but also obtain increased biomass production. When using Tris as pH stabilizer, the biomass productivity of C. vulgaris in BRH was the largest (1.01 g/L/d), followed by NaOH (1.00 g/L/d), and Na2CO3 (0.95 g/L/d). Using BRH instead of glucose for heterotrophic cultivation of C. vulgaris could save 89.58% of the cost of culture medium. This study developed a novel strategy for cultivating C. vulgaris heterotrophically using BRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China.
| | - Tongying Liu
- Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Kaili Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Leipeng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Yunpu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Xiaodan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Hongli Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Hong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Roger Ruan
- Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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17
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Canelli G, Murciano Martínez P, Austin S, Ambühl ME, Dionisi F, Bolten CJ, Carpine R, Neutsch L, Mathys A. Biochemical and Morphological Characterization of Heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris Cell Walls. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2226-2235. [PMID: 33570396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are attractive for the food and cosmetic industries because of their nutrient composition. However, the bioaccessibility and extractability of nutrients in microalgae are limited by the rigid and indigestible cell wall. The goal of this study is to explore the cell wall polysaccharides (CWPSs) composition and morphology in heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii and Chlorella vulgaris biomasses during growth. Our results showed that glucose was the major component of CWPSs and exopolysaccharides in C. cohnii. C. vulgaris CWPSs have a similar sugar profile in exponential and stationary phases, essentially composed of rhamnose and galactose. C. vulgaris cell wall thickness increased from 82 nm in the exponential phase to 114 nm in the stationary phase and consisted of two main layers. C. cohnii's cell wall was 133 nm thick and composed of several membranes surrounding thecal plates. Understanding of the microalgae cell wall helps developing a more efficient and targeted biorefinery approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Canelli
- Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Sean Austin
- Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mark E Ambühl
- Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabiola Dionisi
- Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Roberta Carpine
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, ZHAW, Campus Grüental, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Neutsch
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, ZHAW, Campus Grüental, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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18
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Bertsch P, Böcker L, Mathys A, Fischer P. Proteins from microalgae for the stabilization of fluid interfaces, emulsions, and foams. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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19
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Ding N, Li C, Wang T, Guo M, Mohsin A, Zhang S. Evaluation of an enclosed air-lift photobioreactor (ALPBR) for biomass and lipid biosynthesis of microalgal cells grown under fluid-induced shear stress. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1856717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Meijin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ali Mohsin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Siliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
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20
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Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects on Tumor Cells of Exopolysaccharides From Tetraselmis suecica (Kylin) Butcher Grown Under Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Conditions. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18110534. [PMID: 33114784 PMCID: PMC7693365 DOI: 10.3390/md18110534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine microalgae produce extracellular metabolites such as exopolysaccharides (EPS) with potentially beneficial biological applications to human health, especially antioxidant and antitumor properties, which can be increased with changes in crop trophic conditions. This study aimed to develop the autotrophic and heterotrophic culture of Tetraselmis suecica (Kylin) Butcher in order to increase EPS production and to characterize its antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effects on tumor cells. The adaptation of autotrophic to heterotrophic culture was carried out by progressively reducing the photoperiod and adding glucose. EPS extraction and purification were performed. EPS were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The antioxidant capacity of EPS was analyzed by the 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) method, and the antitumor capacity was measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, showing high activity on human leukemia, breast and lung cancer cell lines. Although total EPS showed no cytotoxicity, acidic EPS showed cytotoxicity over the gingival fibroblasts cell line. Heterotrophic culture has advantages over autotrophic, such as increasing EPS yield, higher antioxidant capacity of the EPS and, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first probe that T. suecica EPS have cytotoxic effects on tumor cells; therefore, they could offer greater advantages as possible natural nutraceuticals for the pharmaceutical industry.
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21
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Deprá MC, Severo IA, dos Santos AM, Zepka LQ, Jacob-Lopes E. Environmental impacts on commercial microalgae-based products: Sustainability metrics and indicators. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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Canelli G, Tarnutzer C, Carpine R, Neutsch L, Bolten CJ, Dionisi F, Mathys A. Biochemical and Nutritional Evaluation of Chlorella and Auxenochlorella Biomasses Relevant for Food Application. Front Nutr 2020; 7:565996. [PMID: 33117841 PMCID: PMC7557355 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.565996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are a source of potentially healthy and sustainable nutrients. However, the bioaccessibility of these nutrients remains uncertain. In this study, we analyzed the biomass composition of five commercial Chlorella and Auxenochlorella strains, and Chlorella vulgaris heterotrophically cultivated in our laboratory. Protein accounted for 65 ± 3% (w w-1) dry matter (DM) in all biomasses, except for the lab-grown C. vulgaris that contained 20% (w w-1) DM protein. The fatty acids content was comparable and ranged between 7 and 10% (w w-1) DM. Most of the biomasses had a ω6-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)/ω3-PUFAs ratio <4, as recommended by nutritional experts. A recently published harmonized protocol for in vitro digestion was used to evaluate fatty acids and protein bioaccessibilities. Protein bioaccessibility ranged between 60 and 74% for commercial Chlorella and Auxenochlorella biomasses and was 43% for the lab-grown C. vulgaris. Fatty acids bioaccessibility was <7% in commercial biomasses and 19% in the lab-grown C. vulgaris. Taken together, the results show that microalgae are promising sources of bioaccessible protein. The limited fatty acids bioaccessibility indicates the need for alternative upstream and downstream production strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Canelli
- Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Tarnutzer
- Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Carpine
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, ZHAW, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland.,Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Neutsch
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, ZHAW, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Alexander Mathys
- Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Manoyan J, Gabrielyan L, Kalantaryan V, Trchounian A. Growth properties and hydrogen yield in green microalga Parachlorella kessleri: Effects of low-intensity electromagnetic irradiation at the frequencies of 51.8 GHz and 53.0 GHz. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 211:112016. [PMID: 32920483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The current research reports the effects of low-intensity extremely high frequency electromagnetic irradiation (EMI) of 51.8 GHz and 53.0 GHz on green microalga Parachlorella kessleri RA-002 isolated in Armenia. EMI demonstrated different effects on the growth properties of microalgae under various conditions. Under aerobic conditions a positive effect of EMI on the growth rate of P. kessleri and the content of photosynthetic pigments were observed. The data obtained indicates a significant role of O2, since the enhancing effect of EMI was determined only under aerobic conditions. Meanwhile under anaerobic conditions EMI with both frequencies caused inhibition of algal growth and a decrease in the amount of photosynthetic pigments. EMI also inhibited the yield of H2 production in P. kessleri, which was partially restored after 5-day cultivation due to the existence of protective mechanisms in this alga. The results might indicate membrane-bound mechanisms of EMI action on algae, which can be associated with the effects on photosynthetic pigments and membrane-associated enzymes responsible for H2 production. The results are useful for the development of algae biotechnology and the possibility of using EMI as a factor which regulates the production of biomass and biohydrogen by green microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma Manoyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yerevan State University, 1 A. Manoukian Str, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Lilit Gabrielyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yerevan State University, 1 A. Manoukian Str, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Vitaly Kalantaryan
- Department of Telecommunication and Signal Processing, Yerevan State University, 1 A. Manoukian Str, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Armen Trchounian
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yerevan State University, 1 A. Manoukian Str, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia.
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24
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Schüler L, Greque de Morais E, Trovão M, Machado A, Carvalho B, Carneiro M, Maia I, Soares M, Duarte P, Barros A, Pereira H, Silva J, Varela J. Isolation and Characterization of Novel Chlorella Vulgaris Mutants With Low Chlorophyll and Improved Protein Contents for Food Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:469. [PMID: 32509750 PMCID: PMC7248561 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are widely used as food supplements due to their high protein content, essential fatty acids and amino acids as well as carotenoids. The addition of microalgal biomass to food products (e.g., baked confectioneries) is a common strategy to attract novel consumers. However, organoleptic factors such as color, taste and smell can be decisive for the acceptability of foods supplemented with microalgae. The aim of this work was to develop chlorophyll-deficient mutants of Chlorella vulgaris by chemically induced random mutagenesis to obtain biomass with different pigmentations for nutritional applications. Using this strategy, two C. vulgaris mutants with yellow (MT01) and white (MT02) color were successfully isolated, scaled up and characterized. The changes in color of MT01 and MT02 mutant strains were due to an 80 and 99% decrease in their chlorophyll contents, respectively, as compared to the original wild type (WT) strain. Under heterotrophic growth, MT01 showed a growth performance similar to that of the WT, reaching a concentration of 5.84 and 6.06 g L−1, respectively, whereas MT02 displayed slightly lower growth (4.59 g L−1). When grown under a light intensity of 100 μmol m−2 s−1, the pigment content in MT01 increased without compromising growth, while MT02 was not able to grow under this light intensity, a strong indication that it became light-sensitive. The yellow color of MT01 in the dark was mainly due to the presence of the xanthophyll lutein. On the other hand, phytoene was the only carotenoid detected in MT02, which is known to be colorless. Concomitantly, MT02 contained the highest protein content, reaching 48.7% of DW, a 60% increase as compared to the WT. MT01 exhibited a 30% increase when compared to that of the WT, reaching a protein content of 39.5% of DW. Taken together, the results strongly suggest that the partial abrogation of pigment biosynthesis is a factor that might promote higher protein contents in this species. Moreover, because of their higher protein and lower chlorophyll contents, the MT01 and MT02 strains are likely candidates to be feedstocks for the development of novel, innovative food supplements and foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schüler
- Marine Biotechnology Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Etiele Greque de Morais
- Marine Biotechnology Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Mariana Carneiro
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Maia
- Marine Biotechnology Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Maria Soares
- Allmicroalgae Natural Products S.A., Pataias, Portugal
| | - Paulo Duarte
- Marine Biotechnology Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ana Barros
- Allmicroalgae Natural Products S.A., Pataias, Portugal
| | - Hugo Pereira
- Marine Biotechnology Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Joana Silva
- Allmicroalgae Natural Products S.A., Pataias, Portugal
| | - João Varela
- Marine Biotechnology Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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