1
|
Shahdab N, Ward C, Hansbro PM, Cummings S, Young JS, Moheimani F. Distinct Effects of Respiratory Viral Infection Models on miR-149-5p, IL-6 and p63 Expression in BEAS-2B and A549 Epithelial Cells. Cells 2024; 13:919. [PMID: 38891051 PMCID: PMC11172188 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses cause airway inflammation, resulting in epithelial injury and repair. miRNAs, including miR-149-5p, regulate different pathological conditions. We aimed to determine how miR-149-5p functions in regulating pro-inflammatory IL-6 and p63, key regulators of airway epithelial wound repair, in response to viral proteins in bronchial (BEAS-2B) and alveolar (A549) epithelial cells. BEAS-2B or A549 cells were incubated with poly (I:C, 0.5 µg/mL) for 48 h or SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-1 or 2 subunit (S1 or S2, 1 μg/mL) for 24 h. miR-149-5p was suppressed in BEAS-2B challenged with poly (I:C), correlating with IL-6 and p63 upregulation. miR-149-5p was down-regulated in A549 stimulated with poly (I:C); IL-6 expression increased, but p63 protein levels were undetectable. miR-149-5p remained unchanged in cells exposed to S1 or S2, while S1 transfection increased IL-6 expression in BEAS-2B cells. Ectopic over-expression of miR-149-5p in BEAS-2B cells suppressed IL-6 and p63 mRNA levels and inhibited poly (I:C)-induced IL-6 and p63 mRNA expressions. miR-149-5p directly suppressed IL-6 mRNA in BEAS-2B cells. Hence, BEAS-2B cells respond differently to poly (I:C), S1 or S2 compared to A549 cells. Thus, miR-149-5p dysregulation may be involved in poly (I:C)-stimulated but not S1- or S2-stimulated increased IL-6 production and p63 expression in BEAS-2B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nafeesa Shahdab
- National Horizons Centre, School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK; (N.S.); (S.C.); (J.S.Y.)
| | - Christopher Ward
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK;
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney 2007, Australia;
| | - Stephen Cummings
- National Horizons Centre, School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK; (N.S.); (S.C.); (J.S.Y.)
| | - John S. Young
- National Horizons Centre, School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK; (N.S.); (S.C.); (J.S.Y.)
| | - Fatemeh Moheimani
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zahra A, Menon R, Bento GFC, Selim J, Taylor BD, Vincent KL, Pyles RB, Richardson LS. Validation of vaginal microbiome proxies for in vitro experiments that biomimic Lactobacillus-dominant vaginal cultures. Am J Reprod Immunol 2023; 90:e13797. [PMID: 38009054 PMCID: PMC10691763 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The vaginal microbiome includes diverse microbiota dominated by Lactobacillus [L.] spp. that protect against infections, modulate inflammation, and regulate vaginal homeostasis. Because it is challenging to incorporate vaginal microbiota into in vitro models, including organ-on-a-chip systems, we assessed microbial metabolites as reliable proxies in addition to traditional vaginal epithelial cultures (VECs). Human immortalized VECs cultured on transwells with an air-liquid interface generated stratified cell layers colonized by transplanted healthy microbiomes (L. jensenii- or L. crispatus-dominant) or a community representing bacterial vaginosis (BV). After 48-h, a qPCR array confirmed the expected donor community profiles. Pooled apical and basal supernatants were subjected to metabolomic analysis (untargeted mass spectrometry) followed by ingenuity pathways analysis (IPA). To determine the bacterial metabolites' ability to recreate the vaginal microenvironment in vitro, pooled bacteria-free metabolites were added to traditional VEC cultures. Cell morphology, viability, and cytokine production were assessed. IPA analysis of metabolites from colonized samples contained fatty acids, nucleic acids, and sugar acids that were associated with signaling networks that contribute to secondary metabolism, anti-fungal, and anti-inflammatory functions indicative of a healthy vaginal microbiome compared to sterile VEC transwell metabolites. Pooled metabolites did not affect cell morphology or induce cell death (∼5.5%) of VEC cultures (n = 3) after 72-h. However, metabolites created an anti-inflammatory milieu by increasing IL-10 production (p = .06, T-test) and significantly suppressing pro-inflammatory IL-6 (p = .0001), IL-8 (p = .009), and TNFα (p = .0007) compared to naïve VEC cultures. BV VEC conditioned-medium did not affect cell morphology nor viability; however, it induced a pro-inflammatory environment by elevating levels of IL-6 (p = .023), IL-8 (p = .031), and TNFα (p = .021) when compared to L.-dominate microbiome-conditioned medium. VEC transwells provide a suitable ex vivo system to support the production of bacterial metabolites consistent with the vaginal milieu allowing subsequent in vitro studies with enhanced accuracy and utility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abir Zahra
- School of Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Ramkumar Menon
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Giovana Fernanda Cosi Bento
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jessica Selim
- School of Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Brandie D. Taylor
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Kathleen L. Vincent
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard B. Pyles
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Lauren S. Richardson
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gweon B, Jang TK, Thuy PX, Moon EY. Primary Cilium by Polyinosinic:Polycytidylic Acid Regulates the Regenerative Migration of Beas-2B Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2022; 30:170-178. [PMID: 35221299 PMCID: PMC8902458 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2022.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium is equipped with the ability to resist respiratory disease development and airway damage, including the migration of airway epithelial cells and the activation of TLR3, which recognizes double-stranded (ds) RNA. Primary cilia on airway epithelial cells are involved in the cell cycle and cell differentiation and repair. In this study, we used Beas-2B human bronchial epithelial cells to investigate the effects of the TLR3 agonist polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [Poly(I:C)] on airway cell migration and primary cilia (PC) formation. PC formation increased in cells incubated under serum deprivation. Migration was faster in Beas-2B cells pretreated with Poly(I:C) than in control cells, as judged by a wound healing assay, single-cell path tracking, and a Transwell migration assay. No changes in cell migration were observed when the cells were incubated in conditioned medium from Poly(I:C)-treated cells. PC formation was enhanced by Poly(I:C) treatment, but was reduced when the cells were exposed to the ciliogenesis inhibitor ciliobrevin A (CilioA). The inhibition of Beas-2B cell migration by CilioA was also assessed and a slight decrease in ciliogenesis was detected in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP)-treated Beas-2B cells overexpressing ACE2 compared to control cells. Cell migration was decreased by SP but restored by Poly(I:C) treatment. Taken together, our results demonstrate that impaired migration by SP-treated cells can be attenuated by Poly(I:C) treatment, thus increasing airway cell migration through the regulation of ciliogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bomi Gweon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyu Jang
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Pham Xuan Thuy
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Yi Moon
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yu CC, Chan MWY, Lin HY, Chiou WY, Lin RI, Chen CA, Lee MS, Chi CL, Chen LC, Huang LW, Chew CH, Hsu FC, Yang HJ, Hung SK. IRAK2, an IL1R/TLR Immune Mediator, Enhances Radiosensitivity via Modulating Caspase 8/3-Mediated Apoptosis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:647175. [PMID: 34249686 PMCID: PMC8260692 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.647175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting and overcoming radioresistance are crucial in radiation oncology, including in managing oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). First, we used RNA-sequence to compare expression profiles of parent OML1 and radioresistant OML1-R OSCC cells in order to select candidate genes responsible for radiation sensitivity. We identified IRAK2, a key immune mediator of the IL-1R/TLR signaling, as a potential target in investigating radiosensitivity. In four OSCC cell lines, we observed that intrinsically low IRAK2 expression demonstrated a radioresistant phenotype (i.e., OML1-R and SCC4), and vice versa (i.e., OML1 and SCC25). Next, we overexpressed IRAK2 in low IRAK2-expression OSCC cells and knocked it down in high IRAK2-expression cells to examine changes of irradiation response. After ionizing radiation (IR) exposure, IRAK2 overexpression enhanced the radiosensitivity of radioresistant cells and synergistically suppressed OSCC cell growth both in vitro and in vivo, and vice versa. We found that IRAK2 overexpression restored and enhanced radiosensitivity by enhancing IR-induced cell killing via caspase-8/3-dependent apoptosis. OSCC patients with high IRAK2 expression had better post-irradiation local control than those with low expression (i.e., 87.4% vs. 60.0% at five years, P = 0.055), showing that IRAK2 expression was associated with post-radiation recurrence. Multivariate analysis confirmed high IRAK2 expression as an independent predictor for local control (HR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.016 – 0.760; P = 0.025). In conclusion, IRAK2 enhances radiosensitivity, via modulating caspase 8/3-medicated apoptosis, potentially playing double roles as a predictive biomarker and a novel therapeutic target in OSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chia Yu
- Department of Medical Research, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Michael W Y Chan
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.,Epigenomics and Human Disease Research Center, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.,Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society (CIRAS), National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Hon-Yi Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualian, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yen Chiou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualian, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Inn Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Chien-An Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongxing Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Moon-Sing Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualian, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Lin Chi
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualian, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Cheng Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualian, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wen Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualian, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hui Chew
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualian, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Chun Hsu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Ju Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Kai Hung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualian, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mariappan V, Manoharan PS, R P, Shanmugam L, Rao SR, Pillai AB. Potential biomarkers for the early prediction of SARS-COV-2 disease outcome. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105057. [PMID: 34153419 PMCID: PMC8215377 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The current pandemic due to the fast spreading of SARS-CoV-2 infection has caused severe impairment in health, social, economic, scientific, and medical sectors across the globe. Owing to the not so well understood mechanism of disease pathogenesis in terms of variations in immune responses, there remains obscure why some of the patients who are infected by the novel SARS-CoV-2 develop an unpredictable clinical course that rapidly causes severe and deadly complications/manifestations. Currently, several assays are available for the confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection at the point of care. However, none of these assays can predict the severity of the COVID-19 disease. Thus, the identification of a prognostic biomarker that forecasts the condition of SARS-CoV-2 patients to develop a severe form of the disease could enable the clinicians for more efficient patient triage and treatment. In this regard, the present review describes the role of selected biomolecules that are crucially involved in the immune-pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection such as hyper-immune responsiveness, bradykinin storm and vascular leakage assuming these may serve as an effective prognostic biomarker in COVID-19 to understand the outcome of the disease. Based on the review, we also propose the development of a cost-effective SERS-based prognostic biosensor for the detection and quantification of biomolecules for use as a point-of-care system during a disease outbreak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Mariappan
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility (CIDRF), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India.
| | - P S Manoharan
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Science (IGIDS), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India.
| | - Pajanivel R
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute (MGMCRI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India.
| | - Lokesh Shanmugam
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute (MGMCRI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India.
| | - S R Rao
- Vice-President (Research, Innovation & Development), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India.
| | - Agieshkumar Balakrishna Pillai
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility (CIDRF), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bonam SR, Kotla NG, Bohara RA, Rochev Y, Webster TJ, Bayry J. Potential immuno-nanomedicine strategies to fight COVID-19 like pulmonary infections. NANO TODAY 2021; 36:101051. [PMID: 33519949 PMCID: PMC7834523 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2020.101051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a pandemic. At the time of writing this (October 14, 2020), more than 38.4 million people have become affected, and 1.0 million people have died across the world. The death rate is undoubtedly correlated with the cytokine storm and other pathological pulmonary characteristics, as a result of which the lungs cannot provide sufficient oxygen to the body's vital organs. While diversified drugs have been tested as a first line therapy, the complexity of fatal cases has not been reduced so far, and the world is looking for a treatment to combat the virus. However, to date, and despite such promise, we have received very limited information about the potential of nanomedicine to fight against COVID-19 or as an adjunct therapy in the treatment regimen. Over the past two decades, various therapeutic strategies, including direct-acting antiviral drugs, immunomodulators, a few non-specific drugs (simple to complex), have been explored to treat Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), influenza, and sometimes the common flu, thus, correlating and developing specific drugs centric to COVID-19 is possible. This review article focuses on the pulmonary pathology caused by SARS-CoV-2 and other viral pathogens, highlighting possible nanomedicine therapeutic strategies that should be further tested immediately.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris F-75006, France
| | - Niranjan G Kotla
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Raghvendra A Bohara
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, D. Y. Patil Education Society (Institution Deemed to be University), Kolhapur (MS), India
| | - Yury Rochev
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris F-75006, France
- Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kozhippara, Palakkad 678557, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Beacon TH, Su RC, Lakowski TM, Delcuve GP, Davie JR. SARS-CoV-2 multifaceted interaction with the human host. Part II: Innate immunity response, immunopathology, and epigenetics. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:2331-2354. [PMID: 32936531 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 makes its way into the cell via the ACE2 receptor and the proteolytic action of TMPRSS2. In response to the SARS-CoV-2 infection, the innate immune response is the first line of defense, triggering multiple signaling pathways to produce interferons, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and initiating the adaptive immune response against the virus. Unsurprisingly, the virus has developed strategies to evade detection, which can result in delayed, excessive activation of the innate immune system. The response elicited by the host depends on multiple factors, including health status, age, and sex. An overactive innate immune response can lead to a cytokine storm, inflammation, and vascular disruption, leading to the vast array of symptoms exhibited by COVID-19 patients. What is known about the expression and epigenetic regulation of the ACE2 gene and the various players in the host response are explored in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tasnim H Beacon
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ruey-Chyi Su
- National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratory, JC Wilt Infectious Disease Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ted M Lakowski
- College of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Geneviève P Delcuve
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - James R Davie
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pelst MP, Höbart C, Wallaeys C, De Rooster H, Gansemans Y, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Devriendt B, Cox E. Adjuvanting Allergen Extracts for Sublingual Immunotherapy: Calcitriol Downregulates CXCL8 Production in Primary Sublingual Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1033. [PMID: 32582164 PMCID: PMC7295906 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of allergens onto the sublingual epithelium is used to desensitize allergic individuals, a treatment known as sublingual immunotherapy. However, the response of sublingual epithelial cells to house dust mite allergen and potential tolerance-promoting adjuvants such as Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and calcitriol has not been investigated. In order to study this, primary sublingual epithelial cells were isolated from dogs and cultured in vitro. After 24-h incubation with a Dermatophagoides farinae extract, a Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extract, TLR2 ligands (FSL-1, heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes, Pam3CSK4), a TLR3 ligand (poly I:C), a TLR4 ligand [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)], and calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), viability of the cells was analyzed using an MTT test, and their secretion of interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-10, CXCL8, and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Additionally, to evaluate its potential effect as an adjuvant, sublingual epithelial cells were incubated with calcitriol in combination with a D. farinae extract followed by measurement of CXCL8 secretion. Furthermore, the effect of D. farinae and calcitriol on the transcriptome was assessed by RNA sequencing. The viability of the sublingual epithelial cells was significantly decreased by poly I:C, but not by the other stimuli. CXCL8 secretion was significantly increased by D. farinae extract and all TLR ligands apart from LPS. Calcitriol significantly decreased CXCL8 secretion, and coadministration with D. farinae extract reduced CXCL8 concentrations to levels seen in unstimulated sublingual epithelial cells. Although detectable, TGF-β1 secretion could not be modulated by any of the stimuli. Interleukin 6 and IL-10 could not be detected at the protein or at the mRNA level. It can be concluded that a D. farinae extract and TLR ligands augment the secretion of the proinflammatory chemokine CXCL8, which might interfere with sublingual desensitization. On the other hand, CXCL8 secretion was reduced by coapplication of calcitriol and a D. farinae extract. Calcitriol therefore seems to be a suitable candidate to be used as adjuvant during sublingual immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Pelst
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Clara Höbart
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charlotte Wallaeys
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hilde De Rooster
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Yannick Gansemans
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Nieuwerburgh
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cen X, Liu S, Cheng K. The Role of Toll-Like Receptor in Inflammation and Tumor Immunity. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:878. [PMID: 30127747 PMCID: PMC6088210 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) activation enables host to recognize a large number of pathogen-associated molecule patterns (PAMPs), ignite immune cells to discriminate between self and non-self, and then promote the following innate and adaptive immune responses. Accumulated clinical/preclinical evidences have proven TLRs to be critical role in the autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory and tumor-associated diseases. Activation of TLRs is becoming or has been a target for cancer treatment. It is shown that TLRs can induce preferable anti-tumor effect by eliciting inflammatory cytokines expression and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) response. As adjuvant, TLRs agonists can launch a strong immune response to assist cancer radiotherapy and bio-chemotherapy. On the other hand, tumor-associated antigens acting as PAMPs, can also activate TLRs and induce tumor gene-related programmed cell death, including apoptosis, autophagy and programmed necrosis. While there are also arguments that the excessive TLRs expression will promote tumor deterioration in various organisms, as the TLR-induced inflammation will accelerate the cancer cells boost in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the effect of TLRs acting on cancers is still not quite clear today. In this review, we will summarize the recent researches of TLRs in cancer treatment and their role in TME, giving a brief overview on future expectation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Cen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kui Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Graber TG, Rawls BL, Tian B, Durham WJ, Brightwell CR, Brasier AR, Rasmussen BB, Fry CS. Repetitive TLR3 activation in the lung induces skeletal muscle adaptations and cachexia. Exp Gerontol 2018; 106:88-100. [PMID: 29452288 PMCID: PMC5911410 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to immunosenescence, older adults are particularly susceptible to lung-based viral infections, with increased severity of symptoms in those with underlying chronic lung disease. Repeated respiratory viral infections produce lung maladaptations, accelerating pulmonary dysfunction. Toll like 3 receptor (TLR3) is a membrane protein that senses exogenous double-stranded RNA to activate the innate immune response to a viral infection. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] mimics double stranded RNA and has been shown to activate TLR3. Utilizing an established mouse viral exacerbation model produced by repetitive intranasal poly(I:C) administration, we sought to determine whether repetitive poly(I:C) treatment induced negative muscle adaptations (i.e. atrophy, weakness, and loss of function). We determined skeletal muscle morphological properties (e.g. fiber-type, fiber cross-sectional area, muscle wet mass, etc.) from a treated group ((poly(I:C), n = 9) and a sham-treated control group (PBS, n = 9); age approximately 5 months. In a subset (n = 4 for both groups), we determined in vivo physical function (using grip test for strength, rotarod for overall motor function, and treadmill for endurance) and muscle contractile properties with in vitro physiology (in the EDL, soleus and diaphragm). Our findings demonstrate that poly(I:C)-treated mice exhibit both muscle morphological and functional deficits. Changes of note when comparing poly(I:C)-treated mice to PBS-treated controls include reductions in fiber cross-sectional area (-27% gastrocnemius, -25% soleus, -16% diaphragm), contractile dysfunction (soleus peak tetanic force, -26%), muscle mass (gastrocnemius -19%, soleus -23%), physical function (grip test -34%), body mass (-20%), and altered oxidative capacity (140% increase in succinate dehydrogenase activity in the diaphragm, but 66% lower in the gastrocnemius). Our data is supportive of a new model of cachexia/sarcopenia that has potential for future research into the mechanisms underlying muscle wasting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ted G. Graber
- Division of Rehabilitation Science, University of Texas Medical
Branch, 301 University BLVD, Galveston, Texas 77555,Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical
Branch, 301 University BLVD, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Brandy L. Rawls
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical
Branch, 301 University BLVD, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Bing Tian
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch,
301 University BLVD, Galveston, Texas 77555,Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical
Branch, 301 University BLVD, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - William J. Durham
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch,
301 University BLVD, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Camille R. Brightwell
- Program in Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301
University BLVD, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Allan R. Brasier
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch,
301 University BLVD, Galveston, Texas 77555,Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical
Branch, 301 University BLVD, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Blake B. Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical
Branch, 301 University BLVD, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Christopher S. Fry
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical
Branch, 301 University BLVD, Galveston, Texas 77555
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Forman HJ, Finch CE. A critical review of assays for hazardous components of air pollution. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 117:202-217. [PMID: 29407794 PMCID: PMC5845809 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increased mortality and diverse morbidities are globally associated with exposure to ambient air pollution (AAP), cigarette smoke (CS), and household air pollution (HAP). The AAP-CS-HAP aerosols present heterogeneous particulate matter (PM) of diverse chemical and physical characteristics. Some epidemiological models have assumed the same health hazards by PM weight for AAP, CS, and HAP regardless of the composition. While others have recognized that biological activities and toxicity will vary with components, we focus particularly on oxidation because of its major role in assay outcomes. Our review of PM assays considers misinterpretations of some chemical measures used for oxidative activity. Overall, there is low consistency across chemical and cell-based assays for oxidative and inflammatory activity. We also note gaps in understanding how much airborne PM of various sizes enter cells and organs. For CS, the body burden per cigarette may be much below current assumptions. Synergies shown for health hazards of AAP and CS suggest crosstalk in detoxification pathways mediated by AHR, NF-κB, and Nrf2. These complex genomic and biochemical interactions frustrate resolution of the toxicity of specific AAP components. We propose further strategies based on targeted gene expression based on cell-type differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Jay Forman
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, United States.
| | - Caleb Ellicott Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Dornsife College, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ujino M, Sugimoto N, Koizumi Y, Ro S, Kojima Y, Asae KH, Yamashita N, Ohta K, Nagase H. Leukotriene receptor antagonist attenuated airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in a double-stranded RNA-induced asthma exacerbation model. Allergol Int 2017. [PMID: 28647381 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral infections are the most common triggers of asthma exacerbation, but the key molecules involved in this process have not been fully identified. Although cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) have been postulated as the key mediators, their precise roles remain largely unclear. To investigate the roles of cysLTs in virus-induced asthma exacerbation, we developed a murine model using a viral double-stranded RNA analog, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), and analyzed the effect of leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) administration. METHODS A/J mice were immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) + alum (days 0, 28, 42, and 49), followed by intranasal challenge with OVA (phase 1: days 50-52) and poly I:C (phase 2: days 53-55). Montelukast was administered during poly I:C challenge (phase 2) in the reliever model or throughout the OVA and poly I:C challenges (phases 1 and 2) in the controller model. Airway responsiveness to acetylcholine chloride was assessed, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed on day 56. RESULTS Administration of poly I:C to OVA-sensitized and -challenged mice increased the number of eosinophils and levels of IL-13, IL-9, CCL3, and CXCL1 in BAL fluid (BALF) and tended to increase airway responsiveness. Montelukast significantly attenuated the poly I:C-induced increase in the number of eosinophils and levels of IL-13, IL-9, and CCL3 in BALF and airway hyperresponsiveness in both the reliever and controller models. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report showing that LTRA functionally suppressed the pathophysiology of a virus-induced asthma exacerbation model, suggesting the importance of cysLTs as a potential treatment target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Ujino
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Sugimoto
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Koizumi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoki Ro
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kojima
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kamiyama-Hara Asae
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naomi Yamashita
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Ohta
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; National Hospital Organization, Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nagase
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhan Q, Song R, Li F, Ao L, Zeng Q, Xu D, Fullerton DA, Meng X. Double-stranded RNA upregulates the expression of inflammatory mediators in human aortic valve cells through the TLR3-TRIF-noncanonical NF-κB pathway. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 312:C407-C417. [PMID: 28052863 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00230.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease is a chronic inflammatory condition, and the inflammatory responses of aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) play a critical role in the disease progression. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) released from damaged or stressed cells is proinflammatory and may contribute to the mechanism of chronic inflammation observed in diseased aortic valves. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of dsRNA on AVIC inflammatory responses and the underlying mechanism. AVICs from normal human aortic valves were stimulated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], a mimic of dsRNA. Poly(I:C) increased the production of IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and ICAM-1. Poly(I:C) also induced robust activation of ERK1/2 and NF-κB. Knockdown of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) or Toll-IL-1 receptor domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-β (TRIF) suppressed ERK1/2 and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation and reduced inflammatory mediator production induced by poly(I:C). Inhibition of NF-κB, not ERK1/2, reduced inflammatory mediator production in AVICs exposed to poly(I:C). Interestingly, inhibition of NF-κB by prevention of p50 migration failed to suppress inflammatory mediator production. NF-κB p65 intranuclear translocation induced by the TLR4 agonist was reduced by inhibition of p50 migration; however, poly(I:C)-induced p65 translocation was not, although the p65/p50 heterodimer is present in AVICs. Poly(I:C) upregulates the production of multiple inflammatory mediators through the TLR3-TRIF-NF-κB pathway in human AVICs. The NF-κB activated by dsRNA appears not to be the canonical p65/p50 heterodimers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhan
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado; and.,Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Song
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Lihua Ao
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Qingchun Zeng
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado; and.,Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingli Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - David A Fullerton
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Xianzhong Meng
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado; and
| |
Collapse
|