1
|
Bagdasarian IA, Tonmoy TI, Park BH, Morgan JT. In vitro formation and extended culture of highly metabolically active and contractile tissues. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293609. [PMID: 37910543 PMCID: PMC10619834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
3D cell culture models have gained popularity in recent years as an alternative to animal and 2D cell culture models for pharmaceutical testing and disease modeling. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a cost-effective and accessible molding material for 3D cultures; however, routine PDMS molding may not be appropriate for extended culture of contractile and metabolically active tissues. Failures can include loss of culture adhesion to the PDMS mold and limited culture surfaces for nutrient and waste diffusion. In this study, we evaluated PDMS molding materials and surface treatments for highly contractile and metabolically active 3D cell cultures. PDMS functionalized with polydopamine allowed for extended culture duration (14.8 ± 3.97 days) when compared to polyethylamine/glutaraldehyde functionalization (6.94 ± 2.74 days); Additionally, porous PDMS extended culture duration (16.7 ± 3.51 days) compared to smooth PDMS (6.33 ± 2.05 days) after treatment with TGF-β2 to increase culture contraction. Porous PDMS additionally allowed for large (13 mm tall × 8 mm diameter) constructs to be fed by diffusion through the mold, resulting in increased cell density (0.0210 ± 0.0049 mean nuclear fraction) compared to controls (0.0045 ± 0.0016 mean nuclear fraction). As a practical demonstration of the flexibility of porous PDMS, we engineered a vascular bioartificial muscle model (VBAM) and demonstrated extended culture of VBAMs anchored with porous PDMS posts. Using this model, we assessed the effect of feeding frequency on VBAM cellularity. Feeding 3×/week significantly increased nuclear fraction at multiple tissue depths relative to 2×/day. VBAM maturation was similarly improved in 3×/week feeding as measured by nuclear alignment (23.49° ± 3.644) and nuclear aspect ratio (2.274 ± 0.0643) relative to 2x/day (35.93° ± 2.942) and (1.371 ± 0.1127), respectively. The described techniques are designed to be simple and easy to implement with minimal training or expense, improving access to dense and/or metabolically active 3D cell culture models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella A. Bagdasarian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - Thamidul Islam Tonmoy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - B. Hyle Park
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - Joshua T. Morgan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Suppamutharwyam M, Shah TM. Statin-Associated Autoimmune Myopathy Masquerading As Recurrent Falls in an Older Adult. Cureus 2023; 15:e45515. [PMID: 37868542 PMCID: PMC10585192 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins are widely prescribed in clinical practice. Statin-induced myopathy is relatively common, benign, and resolves after statin withdrawal. However, statin-associated autoimmune myopathy is an exceptionally rare and devastating complication that can occur any time after statin initiation. It is characterized by persistent muscle weakness and elevated creatine kinase levels that persist after statin withdrawal. Herein, we present a challenging case of a statin-associated autoimmune myopathy that developed after a decade of atorvastatin use that resulted in debilitating weakness. It is important to recognize cases of myopathies wherein statin discontinuation and aggressive immunosuppressive therapy can reduce morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
|
3
|
Tariq S, Goriparthi L, Ismail D, Kankeu Tonpouwo G, Thapa M, Khalid K, Cooper AC, Jean-Charles G. Correlates of Myopathy in Diabetic Patients Taking Statins. Cureus 2023; 15:e37708. [PMID: 37206522 PMCID: PMC10191392 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the most common chronic ailments; its incidence has reached epidemic proportions in the 21st century. Diabetes significantly increases micro and macrovascular complications, which are effectively managed with statins. Therefore, statins' pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacogenetics have been extensively studied. Although statins act as a keystone in preventing cardiovascular complications, at the same time, they pose a threat to the quality of life of diabetics due to the resulting muscular side effects. This article summarizes the prevalence, clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, and risk factors of statin-induced myopathy in diabetic patients. Among the diverse predisposing risk factors, the primary variables identified for causing myopathy in diabetic patients include age, gender, ethnicity, duration and severity of illness, comorbid conditions, level of physical activity, alcohol use, cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) levels, type and dose of statins, and anti-diabetic drugs or other drugs used concomitantly. In addition, cardiovascular risk quotients also potentially impact diabetic patients making them more vulnerable to developing myopathy from statins. Therefore, this study highlights the importance of managing statin-associated myopathic side effects by providing consensus guidelines on diagnostic, monitoring, and treatment strategies. We also discussed statins' prognostic value in reducing cardiovascular events in diabetic individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tariq
- Internal Medicine, Mayo Hospital, Lahore, PAK
- Internal Medicine, JC (Jean-Charles) Medical Center, Orlando, USA
| | - Lakshmi Goriparthi
- General Surgery, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, IND
- Internal Medicine, JC (Jean-Charles) Medical Center, Orlando, USA
| | - Dina Ismail
- Internal Medicine, JC (Jean-Charles) Medical Center, Orlando, USA
- Family Medicine, University Hassan II of Casablanca Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Casablanca, MAR
| | - Gauvain Kankeu Tonpouwo
- Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Plaine Tshombé, Lubumbashi, COD
| | - Milan Thapa
- Internal Medicine, Monmouth Medical Center, Long Branch, USA
| | - Khizer Khalid
- Internal Medicine, JC (Jean-Charles) Medical Center, Orlando, USA
| | | | - Gutteridge Jean-Charles
- Internal Medicine, AdventHealth Orlando Hospital, Orlando, USA
- Internal Medicine, JC (Jean-Charles) Medical Center, Orlando, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Takahashi H, Wakayama H, Nagase K, Shimizu T. Engineered Human Muscle Tissue from Multilayered Aligned Myofiber Sheets for Studies of Muscle Physiology and Predicting Drug Response. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2200849. [PMID: 36562139 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In preclinical drug testing, human muscle tissue models are critical to understanding the complex physiology, including drug effects in the human body. This study reports that a multilayering approach to cell sheet-based engineering produces an engineered human muscle tissue with sufficient contractile force suitable for measurement. A thermoresponsive micropatterned substrate regulates the biomimetic alignment of myofiber structures enabling the harvest of the aligned myofibers as a single cell sheet. The functional muscle tissue is produced by layering multiple myofiber sheets on a fibrin-based gel. This gel environment promotes myofiber maturation, provides the tissue an elastic platform for contraction, and allows the attachment of a measurement device. Since this multilayering approach is effective in enhancing the contractile ability of the muscle tissue, this muscle tissue generates a significantly high contractile force that can be measured quantitatively. The multilayered muscle tissue shows unidirectional contraction from electrical and chemical stimulation. In addition, their physiological responses to representative drugs can be determined quantitatively in real time by changes in contractile force and fatigue resistance. These physiological properties indicate that the engineered muscle tissue can become a promising tissue model for preclinical in vitro studies in muscle physiology and drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Takahashi
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Haruno Wakayama
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Kenichi Nagase
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Shimizu
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
A Liposomal Formulation of Simvastatin and Doxorubicin for Improved Cardioprotective and Anti-Cancer Effect. Int J Pharm 2022; 629:122379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
6
|
Lloyd-Jones DM, Morris PB, Ballantyne CM, Birtcher KK, Covington AM, DePalma SM, Minissian MB, Orringer CE, Smith SC, Waring AA, Wilkins JT. 2022 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the Role of Nonstatin Therapies for LDL-Cholesterol Lowering in the Management of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022; 80:1366-1418. [PMID: 36031461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
7
|
Penson PE, Bruckert E, Marais D, Reiner Ž, Pirro M, Sahebkar A, Bajraktari G, Mirrakhimov E, Rizzo M, Mikhailidis DP, Sachinidis A, Gaita D, Latkovskis G, Mazidi M, Toth PP, Pella D, Alnouri F, Postadzhiyan A, Yeh HI, Mancini GBJ, von Haehling S, Banach M, Al‐Khnifsawi M, Alnouri F, Amar F, Atanasov AG, Bajraktari G, Banach M, Bhaskar S, Bytyçi I, Bjelakovic B, Bruckert E, Cafferata A, Ceska R, Cicero AF, Collet X, Daccord M, Descamps O, Djuric D, Durst R, Ezhov MV, Fras Z, Gaita D, Hernandez AV, Jones SR, Jozwiak J, Kakauridze N, Kallel A, Katsiki N, Khera A, Kostner K, Kubilius R, Latkovskis G, Mancini GJ, Marais AD, Martin SS, Martinez JA, Mazidi M, Mikhailidis DP, Mirrakhimov E, Miserez AR, Mitchenko O, Mitkovskaya NP, Moriarty PM, Nabavi SM, Nair D, Panagiotakos DB, Paragh G, Pella D, Penson PE, Petrulioniene Z, Pirro M, Postadzhiyan A, Puri R, Reda A, Reiner Ž, Radenkovic D, Rakowski M, Riadh J, Richter D, Rizzo M, Ruscica M, Sahebkar A, Sattar N, Serban M, Shehab AM, Shek AB, Sirtori CR, Stefanutti C, Tomasik T, Toth PP, Viigimaa M, Valdivielso P, Vinereanu D, Vohnout B, von Haehling S, Vrablik M, Wong ND, Yeh H, Zhisheng J, Zirlik A. Step-by-step diagnosis and management of the nocebo/drucebo effect in statin-associated muscle symptoms patients: a position paper from the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP). J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:1596-1622. [PMID: 35969116 PMCID: PMC9178378 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Statin intolerance is a clinical syndrome whereby adverse effects (AEs) associated with statin therapy [most commonly statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS)] result in the discontinuation of therapy and consequently increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. However, complete statin intolerance occurs in only a small minority of treated patients (estimated prevalence of only 3-5%). Many perceived AEs are misattributed (e.g. physical musculoskeletal injury and inflammatory myopathies), and subjective symptoms occur as a result of the fact that patients expect them to do so when taking medicines (the nocebo/drucebo effect)-what might be truth even for over 50% of all patients with muscle weakness/pain. Clear guidance is necessary to enable the optimal management of plasma in real-world clinical practice in patients who experience subjective AEs. In this Position Paper of the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP), we present a step-by-step patient-centred approach to the identification and management of SAMS with a particular focus on strategies to prevent and manage the nocebo/drucebo effect and to improve long-term compliance with lipid-lowering therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Penson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, UK
| | - Eric Bruckert
- Pitié-Salpetrière Hospital and Sorbonne University, Cardio metabolic Institute, Paris, France
| | - David Marais
- Chemical Pathology Division of the Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town Health Science Faculty, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Clinic of Cardiology, University Clinical Centre of Kosova, Medical Faculty, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Gani Bajraktari
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Internal Disease, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Erkin Mirrakhimov
- Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Dimitri P Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Alexandros Sachinidis
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,2nd Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dan Gaita
- Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Victor Babes, Timisoara, Romania.,Clinica de Cardiologie, Institutul de Boli Cardiovasculare Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Gustavs Latkovskis
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia.,University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Mohsen Mazidi
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter P Toth
- CGH Medical Center, Sterling, IL, USA.,Cicarrone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Pella
- 2nd Department of Cardiology of the East Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Faculty of Medicine, PJ Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Fahad Alnouri
- Cardiovascular Prevention Unit, Adult Cardiology Department, Prince Sultan Cardiac Centre Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arman Postadzhiyan
- Department of General Medicine, Emergency University Hospital 'St. Anna', Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Hung-I Yeh
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - G B John Mancini
- Department of General Medicine, Emergency University Hospital 'St. Anna', Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stephan von Haehling
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Heart Center, University of Göttingen Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maciej Banach
- Polish Moother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland.,Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Medical University of Lodz (MUL), Lodz, Poland.,Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Youhanna S, Kemas AM, Preiss L, Zhou Y, Shen JX, Cakal SD, Paqualini FS, Goparaju SK, Shafagh RZ, Lind JU, Sellgren CM, Lauschke VM. Organotypic and Microphysiological Human Tissue Models for Drug Discovery and Development-Current State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:141-206. [PMID: 35017176 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of successful drug development projects has been stagnant for decades despite major breakthroughs in chemistry, molecular biology, and genetics. Unreliable target identification and poor translatability of preclinical models have been identified as major causes of failure. To improve predictions of clinical efficacy and safety, interest has shifted to three-dimensional culture methods in which human cells can retain many physiologically and functionally relevant phenotypes for extended periods of time. Here, we review the state of the art of available organotypic culture techniques and critically review emerging models of human tissues with key importance for pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity. In addition, developments in bioprinting and microfluidic multiorgan cultures to emulate systemic drug disposition are summarized. We close by highlighting important trends regarding the fabrication of organotypic culture platforms and the choice of platform material to limit drug absorption and polymer leaching while supporting the phenotypic maintenance of cultured cells and allowing for scalable device fabrication. We conclude that organotypic and microphysiological human tissue models constitute promising systems to promote drug discovery and development by facilitating drug target identification and improving the preclinical evaluation of drug toxicity and pharmacokinetics. There is, however, a critical need for further validation, benchmarking, and consolidation efforts ideally conducted in intersectoral multicenter settings to accelerate acceptance of these novel models as reliable tools for translational pharmacology and toxicology. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Organotypic and microphysiological culture of human cells has emerged as a promising tool for preclinical drug discovery and development that might be able to narrow the translation gap. This review discusses recent technological and methodological advancements and the use of these systems for hit discovery and the evaluation of toxicity, clearance, and absorption of lead compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Youhanna
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Aurino M Kemas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Lena Preiss
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Yitian Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Joanne X Shen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Selgin D Cakal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Francesco S Paqualini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Sravan K Goparaju
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Reza Zandi Shafagh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Johan Ulrik Lind
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Carl M Sellgren
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Stillemans G, Paquot A, Muccioli GG, Hoste E, Panin N, Åsberg A, Balligand JL, Haufroid V, Elens L. Atorvastatin population pharmacokinetics in a real-life setting: Influence of genetic polymorphisms and association with clinical response. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 15:667-679. [PMID: 34761521 PMCID: PMC8932751 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential clinical relevance of estimating the apparent clearance (CL/F) of atorvastatin through population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) modeling with samples collected in a real‐life setting in a cohort of ambulatory patients at risk of cardiovascular disease by using an opportunistic sampling strategy easily accessible in clinical routine. A total of 132 pharmacokinetic (PK) samples at a maximum of three visits were collected in the 70 included patients. The effects of demographic, genetic, and clinical covariates were also considered. With the collected data, we developed a two‐compartment PopPK model that allowed estimating atorvastatin CL/F relatively precisely and considering the genotype of the patient for SLCO1B1 c.521T>C single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Our results indicate that the estimation of the CL/F of atorvastatin through our PopPK model might help in identifying patients at risk of myalgia. Indeed, we showed that a patient presenting a CL/F lower than 414.67 L h−1 is at risk of suffering from muscle discomfort. We also observed that the CL/F was correlated with the efficacy outcomes, suggesting that a higher CL/F is associated with a better drug efficacy (i.e., a greater decrease in total and LDL‐cholesterol levels). In conclusion, our study demonstrates that PopPK modeling can be useful in daily clinics to estimate a patient’ atorvastatin clearance. Notifying the clinician with this information can help in identifying patients at risk of myalgia and gives indication about the potential responsiveness to atorvastatin therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Stillemans
- Integrated PharmacoMetrics, PharmacoGenomics and PharmacoKinetics, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Adrien Paquot
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emilia Hoste
- Integrated PharmacoMetrics, PharmacoGenomics and PharmacoKinetics, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nadtha Panin
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anders Åsberg
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jean-Luc Balligand
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Haufroid
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure Elens
- Integrated PharmacoMetrics, PharmacoGenomics and PharmacoKinetics, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Najjar SA, Smith AST, Long CJ, McAleer CW, Cai Y, Srinivasan B, Martin C, Vandenburgh HH, Hickman JJ. A multiplexed in vitro assay system for evaluating human skeletal muscle functionality in response to drug treatment. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:736-747. [PMID: 31758543 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In vitro systems that mimic organ functionality have become increasingly important tools in drug development studies. Systems that measure the functional properties of skeletal muscle are beneficial to compound screening studies and also for integration into multiorgan devices. To date, no studies have investigated human skeletal muscle responses to drug treatments at the single myotube level in vitro. This report details a microscale cantilever chip-based assay system for culturing individual human myotubes. The cantilevers, along with a laser and photo-detector system, enable measurement of myotube contractions in response to broad-field electrical stimulation. This system was used to obtain baseline functional parameters for untreated human myotubes, including peak contractile force and time-to-fatigue data. The cultured myotubes were then treated with known myotoxic compounds and the resulting functional changes were compared to baseline measurements as well as known physiological responses in vivo. The collected data demonstrate the system's capacity for screening direct effects of compound action on individual human skeletal myotubes in a reliable, reproducible, and noninvasive manner. Furthermore, it has the potential to be utilized for high-content screening, disease modeling, and exercise studies of human skeletal muscle performance utilizing iPSCs derived from specific patient populations such as the muscular dystrophies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Najjar
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Alexander S T Smith
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Christopher J Long
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | | | - Yunqing Cai
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Balaji Srinivasan
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Candace Martin
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Herman H Vandenburgh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - James J Hickman
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Janssen L, Allard NAE, Saris CGJ, Keijer J, Hopman MTE, Timmers S. Muscle Toxicity of Drugs: When Drugs Turn Physiology into Pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2019; 100:633-672. [PMID: 31751166 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00002.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs are prescribed to manage or prevent symptoms and diseases, but may sometimes cause unexpected toxicity to muscles. The symptomatology and clinical manifestations of the myotoxic reaction can vary significantly between drugs and between patients on the same drug. This poses a challenge on how to recognize and prevent the occurrence of drug-induced muscle toxicity. The key to appropriate management of myotoxicity is prompt recognition that symptoms of patients may be drug related and to be aware that inter-individual differences in susceptibility to drug-induced toxicity exist. The most prevalent and well-documented drug class with unintended myotoxicity are the statins, but even today new classes of drugs with unintended myotoxicity are being discovered. This review will start off by explaining the principles of drug-induced myotoxicity and the different terminologies used to distinguish between grades of toxicity. The main part of the review will focus on the most important pathogenic mechanisms by which drugs can cause muscle toxicity, which will be exemplified by drugs with high risk of muscle toxicity. This will be done by providing information on key clinical and laboratory aspects, muscle electromyography patterns and biopsy results, and pathological mechanism and management for a specific drug from each pathogenic classification. In addition, rather new classes of drugs with unintended myotoxicity will be highlighted. Furthermore, we will explain why it is so difficult to diagnose drug-induced myotoxicity, and which tests can be used as a diagnostic aid. Lastly, a brief description will be given of how to manage and treat drug-induced myotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lando Janssen
- Departments of Physiology, Hematology, and Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A E Allard
- Departments of Physiology, Hematology, and Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan G J Saris
- Departments of Physiology, Hematology, and Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Departments of Physiology, Hematology, and Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria T E Hopman
- Departments of Physiology, Hematology, and Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Silvie Timmers
- Departments of Physiology, Hematology, and Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Johnson D, Hughes D, Pirmohamed M, Jorgensen A. Evidence to Support Inclusion of Pharmacogenetic Biomarkers in Randomised Controlled Trials. J Pers Med 2019; 9:E42. [PMID: 31480618 PMCID: PMC6789450 DOI: 10.3390/jpm9030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics and biomarkers are becoming normalised as important technologies to improve drug efficacy rates, reduce the incidence of adverse drug reactions, and make informed choices for targeted therapies. However, their wider clinical implementation has been limited by a lack of robust evidence. Suitable evidence is required before a biomarker's clinical use, and also before its use in a clinical trial. We have undertaken a review of five pharmacogenetic biomarker-guided randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and evaluated the evidence used by these trials to justify biomarker inclusion. We assessed and quantified the evidence cited in published rationale papers, or where these were not available, obtained protocols from trial authors. Very different levels of evidence were provided by the trials. We used these observations to write recommendations for future justifications of biomarker use in RCTs and encourage regulatory authorities to write clear guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Johnson
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Waterhouse Building, 1-5 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK.
| | - Dyfrig Hughes
- Centre for Health Economics and Medicines Evaluation, Bangor University, Ardudwy, Normal Site, Bangor LL57 2PZ, UK
| | - Munir Pirmohamed
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science and Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Waterhouse Building, 1-5 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK
| | - Andrea Jorgensen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Waterhouse Building, 1-5 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Berent T, Berent R, Steiner S, Sinzinger H. Statin-induced muscular side effects at rest and exercise - An anatomical mapping. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2019; 40:73-78. [PMID: 31447216 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2019.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Muscle-related symptoms with or without creatine kinase (CK) elevation are common adverse effects associated with statin use. Symptoms are ranging from benign myalgia to myositis and in rare cases to rhabdomyolysis. The aim was to characterize and describe muscular side effects and create an anatomical frequency mapping. METHODS The prospective observational study was performed at a large lipidology outpatient unit in Vienna. 1111 consecutively admitted patients with muscular side effects on statin monotherapy were included during a 4-year period. Anatomical mapping of the affected muscles, signs and symptoms, the onset of symptoms after starting statin therapy and disappearance after cessation of treatment was assessed. RESULTS In 96.5% of the patients with muscle symptoms, there was no elevation of CK. The anatomical mapping revealed exercised muscles as being mainly affected in 84%. In the upper extremity, symptoms were mainly described at the dominating side. Mostly affected muscles were the pectoral (61.4%), followed by the quadriceps femoris (59.8%), the biceps brachii (54.3%) and the deltoid (22.5%) muscles. The majority of symptoms (76.9%, n = 854) appeared within 29 days. Symptoms disappeared after discontinuation of statin therapy at a mean of 5.4 days. CONCLUSIONS Physical activity seems to be a key trigger for onset of statin-induced muscular side effects. The appearance of symptoms can be symmetrical, asymmetrical, generalized or in isolated muscle groups only. Different statins usually produce similar symptoms, but often some patients tolerate one statin better than another.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Berent
- Athos Institute, Institute for Diagnosis and Treatment of Lipid Disorders, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Berent
- Center for Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, HerzReha Bad Ischl, Austria.
| | | | - Helmut Sinzinger
- Athos Institute, Institute for Diagnosis and Treatment of Lipid Disorders, Vienna, Austria; Sigmund Freud University, Department of Lipid Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dohlmann TL, Morville T, Kuhlman AB, Chrøis KM, Helge JW, Dela F, Larsen S. Statin Treatment Decreases Mitochondrial Respiration But Muscle Coenzyme Q10 Levels Are Unaltered: The LIFESTAT Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:2501-2508. [PMID: 30299473 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myalgia is a common adverse effect of statin therapy, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Statins may reduce levels of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), which is an essential electron carrier in the mitochondrial electron transport system, thereby impairing mitochondrial respiratory function, potentially leading to myalgia. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether statin-induced myalgia is coupled to reduced intramuscular CoQ10 concentration and impaired mitochondrial respiratory function. METHODS Patients receiving simvastatin (i.e., statin) therapy (n = 64) were recruited, of whom 25 experienced myalgia (myalgic group) and 39 had no symptoms of myalgia (NS group). Another 20 had untreated high blood cholesterol levels (control group). Blood and muscle samples were obtained. Intramuscular CoQ10 concentration was measured, and mitochondrial respiratory function and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were measured. Citrate synthase (CS) activity was used as a biomarker of mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle. RESULTS Intramuscular CoQ10 concentration was comparable among groups. Mitochondrial complex II-linked respiration was reduced in the statin-myalgic and -NS groups compared with the control group. When mitochondrial respiration was normalized to CS activity, respiration rate was higher in the myalgic group compared with the NS and control groups. Maximal ROS production was similar among groups. CONCLUSION Statin therapy appeared to impair mitochondrial complex-II-linked respiration, but the mitochondrial capacity for complex I+II-linked respiration remained intact. Myalgia was not coupled to reduced intramuscular CoQ10 levels. Intrinsic mitochondrial respiratory capacity was increased with statin-induced myalgia but not accompanied by increased ROS production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tine Lovsø Dohlmann
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Morville
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Birk Kuhlman
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karoline Maise Chrøis
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørn Wulff Helge
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Dela
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Larsen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
With an ever aging population, identifying interventions that can alleviate age-related functional declines has become increasingly important. Dietary supplements have taken center stage based on various health claims and have become a multi-million dollar business. One such supplement is creatine, a major contributor to normal cellular physiology. Creatine, an energy source that can be endogenously synthesized or obtained through diet and supplement, is involved primarily in cellular metabolism via ATP replenishment. The goal of this chapter is to summarize how creatine and its associated enzyme, creatine kinase, act under normal physiological conditions, and how altered levels of either may lead to detrimental functional outcomes. Furthermore, we will focus on the effect of aging on the creatine system and how supplementation may affect the aging process and perhaps reverse it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Sumien
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Ritu A Shetty
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Eric B Gonzales
- Department of Medical Education, TCU and UNTHSC School of Medicine, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Watanabe K, Oda S, Matsubara A, Akai S, Yokoi T. Establishment and characterization of a mouse model of rhabdomyolysis by coadministration of statin and fibrate. Toxicol Lett 2019; 307:49-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
17
|
Tan JT, Barry AR. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation in the management of statin-associated myalgia. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2019; 74:786-793. [PMID: 28546301 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp160714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Tan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver, Canada
| | - Arden R Barry
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver, @ArdenBarry
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gosho M. Rhabdomyolysis risk from the use of two-drug combination of antidyslipidemic drugs with antihypertensive and antidiabetic medications: a signal detection analysis. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2018; 33:339-346. [PMID: 30575126 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis is one of the most concerning complications of antidyslipidemic drugs. Most patients with dyslipidemia take multiple medications. Our objective was to explore which two-drug combinations lead to a higher risk of rhabdomyolysis. We analyzed data from the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) database between April 2004 and September 2017. The primary outcome was the report of rhabdomyolysis. We assessed the risk of rhabdomyolysis for the two-drug concomitant use of antidyslipidemic drugs (statin, fibrate, and ezetimibe) with antihypertensive and antidiabetic medications. The Norén and Gosho methods were used for detecting two-drug interactions. The JADER contained 468 292 records for patient characteristics, 2 973 172 drug information records, and 741 016 adverse reactions records. Rhabdomyolysis was reported in 5 017 patients. Concomitant use of pravastatin/fenofibrate, simvastatin/mefruside, fluvastatin/temocapril, bezafibrate/temocapril, bezafibrate/spironolactone, bezafibrate/metoprolol, bezafibrate/losartan, fluvastatin/mitiglinide, or fenofibrate/glibenclamide was detected as the signal of rhabdomyolysis in this analysis. Combination therapy with the drugs listed above has the potential of drug-drug interactions that could result in rhabdomyolysis in patients with dyslipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Gosho
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kuhlman AB, Morville T, Dohlmann TL, Hansen M, Kelly B, Helge JW, Dela F. Coenzyme Q10 does not improve peripheral insulin sensitivity in statin-treated men and women: the LIFESTAT study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 44:485-492. [PMID: 30273493 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Simvastatin is a cholesterol-lowering drug that is prescribed to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease following high levels of blood cholesterol. There is a possible risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus with statin treatment but the mechanisms behind are unknown. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) supplementation has been found to improve glucose homeostasis in various patient populations and may increase muscle glucose transporter type 4 content. Our aim was to investigate if 8 weeks of CoQ10 supplementation can improve glucose homeostasis in simvastatin-treated subjects. Thirty-five men and women in treatment with a minimum of 40 mg of simvastatin daily were randomized to receive either 2 × 200 mg/day of CoQ10 supplementation or placebo for 8 weeks. Glucose homeostasis was investigated with fasting blood samples, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and intravenous glucose tolerance test. Insulin sensitivity was assessed with the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Different indices were calculated from fasting samples and OGTT as secondary measures of insulin sensitivity. A muscle biopsy was obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle for muscle protein analyzes. There were no changes in body composition, fasting plasma insulin, fasting plasma glucose, or 3-h glucose with intervention, but glycated hemoglobin decreased with time. Glucose homeostasis measured as the area under the curve for glucose, insulin, and C-peptide during OGTT was unchanged after intervention. Insulin secretory capacity was also unaltered after CoQ10 supplementation. Insulin sensitivity was unchanged but hepatic insulin sensitivity increased. No changes in muscle GLUT4 content was observed after intervention. CoQ10 supplementation does not change muscle GLUT4 content, insulin sensitivity, or secretory capacity, but hepatic insulin sensitivity may improve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Birk Kuhlman
- a Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Morville
- a Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tine Lovsø Dohlmann
- a Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Hansen
- a Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo Kelly
- a Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørn Wulff Helge
- a Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Dela
- a Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,b Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg University Hospital, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ramakumari N, Indumathi B, Katkam SK, Kutala VK. Impact of pharmacogenetics on statin-induced myopathy in South-Indian subjects. Indian Heart J 2018; 70 Suppl 3:S120-S125. [PMID: 30595243 PMCID: PMC6309567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Statins are the most commonly prescribed medications for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Statin-associated adverse effects occur in ∼10% of patients and are associated with polymorphisms in several key genes coding for transporters and metabolizing enzymes that affect statin pharmacokinetics. In the present study, we examine the association between cytochrome P450 3A5*3 (CYP3A5*3) T>C (rs776746), COQ G>C (rs4693075), and SLCO1B1 T>C (rs4149056) genetic variants with the risk of myopathy in South Indian patients on statin therapy. METHODS A total of 202 patients on atorvastatin or rosuvastatin therapy for 12 years were recruited in the study. Genotyping of drug metabolic CYP3A5*3 gene variant and drug transporter genes COQ G>C (rs4693075) and SLCO1B1 T>C (rs4149056) was analyzed by Sanger's sequencing. RESULTS In our study subjects, the percentage of patients diagnosed to have statin-induced myopathy was 18%. The majority of the patients were on 10 mg/day dose of either atorvastatin or rosuvastatin. The homozygous nonexpressors genotype CYP3A5*3/3 frequency of the CYP3A5 polymorphism was higher in patients with myopathy. But we could not find association of CYP3A5, COQ, and SLCO1B1 gene polymorphisms with either rosuvastatin or atorvastatin. CONCLUSION Our results clearly demonstrate that the frequency of CYP3A5*3 splicing variant is higher in myopathy group than in the tolerant group. We did not find significant association of genetic polymorphisms in CYP3A5, COQ, and SLCO1B1 with atorvastatin- or rosuvastatin-induced myopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuthalapati Ramakumari
- Department of Cardiology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Panjagutta, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Bobbala Indumathi
- Department of Cardiology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Panjagutta, Hyderabad, India
| | - Shiva Krishna Katkam
- Department of Cardiology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Panjagutta, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Kutala
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Punjagutta, Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Klaren WD, Rusyn I. High-Content Assay Multiplexing for Muscle Toxicity Screening in Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Skeletal Myoblasts. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2018; 16:333-342. [PMID: 30070899 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2018.860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle-associated toxicity is an underresearched area in the field of high-throughput toxicity screening; hence, the potential adverse effects of drugs and chemicals on skeletal muscle are largely unknown. Novel organotypic microphysiological in vitro models are being developed to replicate the contractile function of skeletal muscle; however, the throughput and a need for specialized equipment may limit the utility of these tissue chip models for screening. In addition, recent developments in stem cell biology have resulted in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived skeletal myoblasts that enable high-throughput in vitro screening. This study set out to develop a high-throughput multiplexed assay using iPSC-derived skeletal myoblasts that can be used as a first-pass screen to assess the potential for chemicals to affect skeletal muscle. We found that cytotoxicity and cytoskeletal integrity are most useful and reproducible assays for the skeletal myoblasts when evaluating overall cellular health or gauging disruptions in actin polymerization following 24 h of exposure. Both assays are based on high-content imaging and quantitative image processing to derive quantitative phenotypes. Both assays showed good to excellent assay robustness and reproducibility measured by interplate and interday replicability, coefficients of variation of negative controls, and Z'-factors for positive control chemicals. Concentration response assessment of muscle-related toxicants showed specificity of the observed effects compared to the general cytotoxicity. Overall, this study establishes a high-throughput multiplexed assay using skeletal myoblasts that may be used for screening and prioritization of chemicals for more complex tissue chip-based and in vivo evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William D Klaren
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Riaz R, Merchant AZ, Ul Haq MS, Nasir SAR, Rizvi Y, Khan JA, Zakaria SM, Jawed H, Hamid K, Zehra NUA, Ahmed M, Ali HA, Fatima K. Statins everyday versus alternate days: Is there a difference in myalgia rates? Indian Heart J 2018; 70:492-496. [PMID: 30170642 PMCID: PMC6116713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Statins are widely used drugs, known to cause myalgia, leading to high discontinuation rates. The objective of our study was to determine the frequency of myalgia in patients on everyday-dose (EDD) regimen with those on alternate-day dose (ADD) regimen. METHODS This cross sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital of Pakistan. A sample size of 400 patients between the age of 40-70 years, taking simvastatin 40mg for at least 6 months or more were selected. Patients with prior musculoskeletal or neuromuscular complains, and family history of muscular disorders were excluded. Subjects were evaluated for myalgia via a self-administered questionnaire, and those complaining of myalgia were then evaluated for serum vitamin D levels. Data was analyzed through SPSS 16.0 and compared using chi square test. RESULTS The overall prevalence of myalgia was 7% (28/400). Frequency of myalgia in patients taking simvastatin everyday (n=20, 10%) was significantly higher compared to those taking it every alternate day (n=8, 4%) (p=0.02). There was no significant difference between the time of onset, nature, severity, type, or location of myalgia between the 2 groups. The most common cited triggering factor for pain was physical exercise. Of the patients experiencing myalgia, 13 (6.5%) from the EDD group and 6 (3%) from the ADD group had low levels of vitamin D. CONCLUSIONS ADD regime was better tolerated by the patients than EDD regime. Alternate day therapy, with or without vitamin D supplementation, may be used by the physicians for troublesome muscular complains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramsha Riaz
- Dow Medical College, Dow university of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Yusra Rizvi
- Dow Medical College, Dow university of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | | | | | - Hassaan Jawed
- Dow Medical College, Dow university of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Khizar Hamid
- Dow Medical College, Dow university of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Noor-Ul-Ain Zehra
- Dow Medical College, Dow university of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Madiha Ahmed
- Dow Medical College, Dow university of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hussain Asif Ali
- Dow Medical College, Dow university of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Kaneez Fatima
- Dow Medical College, Dow university of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Toth PP, Patti AM, Giglio RV, Nikolic D, Castellino G, Rizzo M, Banach M. Management of Statin Intolerance in 2018: Still More Questions Than Answers. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2018; 18:157-173. [PMID: 29318532 PMCID: PMC5960491 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-017-0259-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Statin therapy is generally well tolerated and very effective in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease, regardless of cholesterol levels; however, it can be associated with various adverse events (myalgia, myopathy, rhabdomyolysis, and diabetes mellitus, among others). Patients frequently discontinue statin therapy without medical advice because of perceived side effects and consequently increase their risk for cardiovascular events. In patients with statin intolerance, it may be advisable to change the dose, switch to a different statin, or try an alternate-day regimen. If intolerance is associated with all statins-even at the lowest dose-non-statin drugs and certain nutraceuticals can be considered. This review focuses on the definition of statin intolerance and on the development of clinical and therapeutic strategies for its management, including emerging alternative therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Toth
- CGH Medical Center, Sterling, IL, USA
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Angelo Maria Patti
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosaria Vincenza Giglio
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Dragana Nikolic
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Castellino
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maciej Banach
- Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549, Lodz, Poland.
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland.
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Alfian SD, Worawutputtapong P, Schuiling-Veninga CCM, van der Schans J, Bos JHJ, Hak E, Denig P. Pharmacy-based predictors of non-persistence with and non-adherence to statin treatment among patients on oral diabetes medication in the Netherlands. Curr Med Res Opin 2018; 34:1013-1019. [PMID: 29292657 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2017.1417242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate statin non-persistence and non-adherence as discrete processes in diabetes patients, and identify pharmacy-based predictors of these processes in the first year after statin initiation. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of statin initiators using a pharmacy database. Persistence and adherence were measured in the first, second and third year. Non-persistence was defined as a gap >180 days. Non-adherence was calculated in persistent patients and defined as a medication possession ratio <80%. Cox regression hazard ratios (HRs) and logistic regression odds ratios (ORs) were assessed for sociodemographic and medication-related factors as possible predictors. RESULTS Of 12,741 initiators, 20.0% were non-persistent in the first year, while 9.0% and 7.5% were non-persistent in the second and third years. Non-adherence in persistent patients increased from 13.4% in the first to 15.6% and 18.1% in the second and third years. Predictors of non-persistence were female gender (HR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.01-1.19), older age (HR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.31-1.75), primary prevention (HR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.00-1.20), initiating on low dose (HR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.07-1.94) or standard dose (HR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.16-2.10), and no cardiovascular co-medication (HR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.07-1.33), while patients with four or more other medications were more likely to be persistent. Age <50 years (OR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.22-1.77), low socioeconomic status (OR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.12-1.45) and primary prevention (OR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.07-1.38) were predictors of non-adherence, while females were more likely to be adherent (OR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.77-0.98). CONCLUSION Non-persistence was the foremost problem in the first year after statin initiation, while non-adherence in persistent patients increased in the second and third years. Pharmacy-based predictors of statin non-persistence were different from predictors of non-adherence among persistent patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofa D Alfian
- a Unit of PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology, & -Economics , Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
- b Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Universitas Padjadjaran , Indonesia
| | - Pawida Worawutputtapong
- a Unit of PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology, & -Economics , Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Catharina C M Schuiling-Veninga
- a Unit of PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology, & -Economics , Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Jurjen van der Schans
- a Unit of PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology, & -Economics , Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Jens H J Bos
- a Unit of PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology, & -Economics , Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Eelko Hak
- a Unit of PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology, & -Economics , Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Petra Denig
- c Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bakar NS, Neely D, Avery P, Brown C, Daly AK, Kamali F. Genetic and Clinical Factors Are Associated With Statin-Related Myotoxicity of Moderate Severity: A Case-Control Study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 104:178-187. [PMID: 28940218 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the contribution of patient-specific clinical and genetic factors to statin-related muscle toxicity (SRM) without a significant creatine kinase elevation (125 cases related to simvastatin or atorvastatin and 481 controls). The association between 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in nine candidate genes and clinical factors with SRM was evaluated. Of the 12 SNPs genotyped, only rs4149056 in SLCO1B1 was associated with SRM in univariate analysis (with any statin, odd ratio (OR) = 1.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.14-2.62, P = 0.010) and this association was influenced by sex (P = 0.006) and BMI (P = 0.02). In multivariate and binary logistic regression analyses, SLCO1B1 rs4149056 genotype (OR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.08-2.54, P = 0.014) and sex (OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.15-2.59, P = 0.006) were independently associated with muscle toxicity related to statin treatment. Patient-specific genetic and clinical factors associated with increased systemic exposure to statins are implicated in the full spectrum of SRM, including myalgia in addition to severe myopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dermot Neely
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK
| | - Peter Avery
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Colin Brown
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Ann K Daly
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Farhad Kamali
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tsamandouras N, Guo Y, Wendling T, Hall S, Galetin A, Aarons L. Modelling of atorvastatin pharmacokinetics and the identification of the effect of a BCRP polymorphism in the Japanese population. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2017; 27:27-38. [PMID: 27787353 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM Ethnicity plays a modulating role in atorvastatin pharmacokinetics (PK), with Asian patients reported to have higher exposure compared with Caucasians. Therefore, it is difficult to safely extrapolate atorvastatin PK data and models across ethnic groups. This work aims to develop a population PK model for atorvastatin and its pharmacologically active metabolites specifically for the Japanese population. Subsequently, it aimed to identify genetic polymorphisms affecting atorvastatin PK in this population. METHODS Atorvastatin acid (ATA) and ortho-hydroxy-atorvastatin acid (o-OH-ATA) plasma concentrations, clinical/demographic characteristics and genotypes for 18 (3, 3, 1, 1, 7, 2 and 1 in the ABCB1, ABCG2, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, SLCO1B1, SLCO2B1 and PPARA genes, respectively) genetic polymorphisms were collected from 27 Japanese individuals (taking 10 mg atorvastatin once daily) and analysed using a population PK modelling approach. RESULTS The population PK model developed (one-compartment for ATA linked through metabolite formation to an additional compartment describing the disposition of o-OH-ATA) accurately described the observed data and the associated population variability. Our analysis suggested that patients carrying one variant allele for the rs2622604 polymorphism (ABCG2) show a 55% (95% confidence interval: 16-131%) increase in atorvastatin oral bioavailability relative to the value in individuals without the variant allele. CONCLUSION The current work reports the identification in the Japanese population of a BCRP polymorphism, not previously associated with the PK of any statin, that markedly increases ATA and o-OH-ATA exposure. The model developed may be of clinical importance to guide dosing recommendations tailored specifically for the Japanese.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Tsamandouras
- aManchester Pharmacy School, Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK bEli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Comparison of 3 risk estimators to guide initiation of statin therapy for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. J Clin Lipidol 2017; 11:1441-1447. [PMID: 29050979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among high-risk individuals, statins are beneficial for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In Nigeria, currently, there are no CVD prevention guidelines, so the use of CVD risk estimation to guide statin therapy is left to the discretion of the physician. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to compare 3 CVD risk estimation tools in the evaluation of patients presenting to a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. METHODS Cross-sectional study involving 295 patients with any CVD risk factors but not taking statins. Traditional CVD risk factors were assessed with a standard questionnaire and laboratory evaluation. Ten-year CVD risk was estimated with American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ACC/AHA ASCVD) Risk Estimator (2013), Framingham Risk Score (Framingham Risk Score [FRS] 2008), and the World Health Organisation/International Society of Hypertension (WHO/ISH) risk prediction chart for Africa Region D. Kappa statistic was used to determine agreement among the estimators. RESULTS The mean age was 48.4 ± 10.4 years; 60.7% were females. Risk factors for CVD were hypertension (56.3%), dyslipidemia (41.4%), diabetes (20%), obesity (28.5%), and cigarette smoking (4.4%). In all, 50.2%, 16.9%, and 15.2% were classified as high risk using the ACC/AHA ASCVD Risk Estimator, FRS 2008, and WHO/ISH risk chart, respectively. The agreement was moderate between FRS and WHO/ISH (Kappa 0.414, P < .001) and fair between ACC/AHA Estimator and WHO/ISH (Kappa 0.223, P < .001) and between ACC/AHA Estimator and FRS (Kappa 0.301, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The considerable variation in prediction of high risk using the 3 tools may lead to underutilization of evidence-based therapy. This underscores the dire need for the development of risk prediction tools derived from our own Nigerian population.
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhou Z, Albarqouni L, Breslin M, Curtis AJ, Nelson M. Statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS) in primary prevention for cardiovascular disease in older adults: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017587. [PMID: 28963307 PMCID: PMC5623566 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although statins are commonly used for prevention of cardiovascular disease, there is limited evidence about statin-related adverse effects in older people. Statin-related adverse events (AEs), especially the statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS), are the most common reasons for their discontinuation. Therefore, it is important to determine the risk of SAMS in the older population. We will undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis primarily focusing on the risk of SAMS and secondarily targeting myopathy, rhabdomyolysis, AEs and serious AEs, dropouts due to SAMS in run-in period, related permanent discontinuation rate of statins and creatine kinase level, among older people who received statins for primary prevention. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This study has been developed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols statement. We will include randomised controlled trials in which statin was compared with placebo with at least 1 year follow-up among older adults aged ≥65. This review is an update of a Cochrane systematic review that included the articles published before 2012. Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline OvidSP and Embase electronic database searches will be performed to identify relevant articles, limiting the publication date from 1 January 2012 to 13 February 2017. There will be no language limitation. Two independent reviewers will screen titles and abstracts and full text in duplicate. Risk of bias and evidence quality will be assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach, respectively. A meta-analysis using pooled data will be undertaken, if appropriate. We will also perform metaregression and subgroup analyses to identify sources of heterogeneity. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study is exempt from ethics approval due to the anonymous and aggregated data used. The outcomes will be disseminated by conference presentations and published in a peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42017058436.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhou
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Loai Albarqouni
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Monique Breslin
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Andrea J Curtis
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Nelson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Noyes AM, Thompson PD. The effects of statins on exercise and physical activity. J Clin Lipidol 2017; 11:1134-1144. [PMID: 28807461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to review studies examining the effect of statins on symptoms of exercise tolerance, markers of muscle injury and activity levels in physical active individuals. BACKGROUND Statin therapy reduces atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Regular physical activity is also associated with reduced CVD events, but statin therapy can produce muscle complaints, which may be more frequent in physically active individuals. We reviewed the literature to determine the effects of statins on symptoms, exercise performance and activity levels in physically active individuals. METHODS We performed a PubMed search to identify English language articles reporting on statins and their effect on athletic/exercise performance, and symptoms in active individuals. RESULTS We identified 65 articles, 32 of which provided sufficient information to be included in this review. Seventeen of the 32 studies examined the incidence of myalgia while exercising on statins, and showed that myalgia was increased in 8 of the 17 (47%) of these studies. Of the 17 studies examining the effects of statin therapy on muscle injury, 6 (35%) studies reported that statins augment the increase in creatine kinase (CK) produced by exercise. There were 10 studies that examined statin effects on aerobic exercise performance, only 3 of which (33%) concluded that statins decreased performance. Two (25%) of the 8 studies examined the effects of statins on muscular strength and suggested that statins decreased muscular strength, whereas 2 (25%) reported increased strength. Statins did not consistently affect physical activity levels since statins were associated with an increase in activity in 3 of the 5 studies examining habitual exercise. None of the studies showed a relationship between statins use and exercise and an increase in myalgia or a decrease in exercise performance. There was also no correlation between intensity of statin therapy and an effect on these variables. CONCLUSION Statins may increase the incidence of exercise-related muscle complaints and in some studies augment the exercise-induced rise in muscle enzymes, but statins do not consistently reduce muscle strength, endurance, overall exercise performance or physical activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Noyes
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Paul D Thompson
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in a patient on simvastatin : Delayed recovery from neuromuscular blockade. Anaesthesist 2017; 66:422-425. [PMID: 28265685 DOI: 10.1007/s00101-017-0284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Delayed recovery from anesthesia remains a very challenging subject for anesthesiologists. This case report describes the clinical course of delayed recovery from neuromuscular blockade after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in a patient on simvastatin. The patient was hypertensive on regular treatment with oral captopril 25 mg twice daily and amlodipine 5 mg once daily and hypercholesterolemic on regular simvastatin 40 mg once daily with a normal electrocardiogram (ECG). All preoperative laboratory findings were within normal ranges. The patient was premedicated with midazolam 1 mg and general anesthesia was induced with fentanyl 2 µg/kg body weight, propofol 2 mg/kg and rocuronium bromide 0.6 mg/kg to facilitate tracheal intubation. Anesthesia was maintained with inhalation of isoflurane 1.0-1.5 % in 40 % oxygen-enriched air and 25 µg boluses of fentanyl. The patient did not require any additional rocuronium throughout surgery which was finished after 4 h. The patient most probably had preoperative simvastatin-induced myotoxicity. This potentiated the muscle relaxant effect of rocuronium bromide and was the reason for patient unresponsiveness and delayed postoperative recovery. We can conclude that anesthesiologists should preoperatively identify statin myotoxicity and to avoid neuromuscular blocking drugs for statin-treated patients. Also, preoperative adjustment of statin dosage may be recommended.
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhu V, Ou SH. Safety of alectinib for the treatment of metastatic ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2017; 16:509-514. [PMID: 28276856 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2017.1299706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may derive significant clinical benefit from targeted therapies against this driver mutation, but progression is virtually inevitable. Alectinib is a next-generation ALK inhibitor that provides a novel treatment option for this group of patients. Areas covered: In this review, we summarize the overall safety and tolerability of alectinib. Specifically, we cover cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hepatic, musculoskeletal, and respiratory adverse events. The safety profile of alectinib is also described in special populations and in comparison with other ALK inhibitors. Expert opinion: Alectinib is a well-tolerated tyrosine kinase inhibitor and should be considered for patients with ALK-rearranged NSCLC. The question then arises as to how to choose a next-generation ALK inhibitor in the second-line setting. Understanding acquired resistant mechanisms has become essential. Whether or not to use alectinib in the first-line setting is extremely controversial, but we anticipate its approval for this indication and availability in more countries in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viola Zhu
- a Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology , University of California, Irvine School of Medicine , Orange , California , USA.,b VA Long Beach Healthcare System , Hematology/Oncology Section , Long Beach, California , USA
| | - S H Ou
- a Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology , University of California, Irvine School of Medicine , Orange , California , USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Friede K, Li J, Voora D. Use of Pharmacogenetic Information in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease. Clin Chem 2017; 63:177-185. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.255232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
In 1964, Robert A. O'Reilly's research group identified members of a family who required remarkably high warfarin doses (up to 145 mg/day, 20 times the average dose) to achieve appropriate anticoagulation. Since this time, pharmacogenetics has become a mainstay of cardiovascular science, and genetic variants have been implicated in several fundamental classes of medications used in cardiovascular medicine.
CONTENT
In this review, we discuss genetic variants that affect drug response to 3 classes of cardiovascular drugs: statins, platelet P2Y12 inhibitors, and anticoagulants. These genetic variations have pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects and have been shown to explain differences in drug response such as lipid lowering, prevention of cardiovascular disease, and prevention of stroke, as well as incidence of adverse events such as musculoskeletal side effects and bleeding. Several groups have begun to implement pharmacogenetics testing as part of routine clinical care with the goal of improving health outcomes. Such strategies identify both patients at increased risk of adverse outcomes and alternative strategies to mitigate this risk as well as patients with “normal” genotypes, who, armed with this information, may have increased confidence and adherence to prescribed medications. While much is known about the genetic variants that underlie these effects, translation of this knowledge into clinical practice has been hampered by difficulty in implementing cost-effective, point-of-care tools to improve physician decision-making as well as a lack of data, as of yet, demonstrating the efficacy of using genetic information to improve health.
SUMMARY
Many genetic variants that affect individual responses to drugs used in cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment have been described. Further study of these variants is needed before successful implementation into clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Josephine Li
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Deepak Voora
- Department of Medicine and and
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Faber ES, Gavini M, Ramirez R, Sadovsky R. Rhabdomyolysis After Coadministration of Atorvastatin and Sacubitril/Valsartan (Entresto™) in a 63-Year-Old Woman. DRUG SAFETY - CASE REPORTS 2016; 3:14. [PMID: 27804100 PMCID: PMC5089965 DOI: 10.1007/s40800-016-0036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A 63-year-old woman previously stable on a regimen of atorvastatin 40 mg daily, carvedilol 25 mg twice daily, digoxin 0.125 mg daily, furosemide 40 mg daily, spironolactone 25 mg daily, rivaroxaban 15 mg daily, and enalapril 20 mg twice daily for heart failure developed rhabdomyolysis 26 days after enalapril was stopped and sacubitril/valsartan (Entresto™) started. The patient received sacubitril/valsartan at 24/26 mg twice daily for heart failure; however, after 26 days she developed muscle and skin pain. Investigations revealed elevated creatine kinase and liver function tests, and rhabdomyolysis with raised transaminases was diagnosed. Sacubitril/valsartan and atorvastatin were discontinued and the patient was hydrated. She returned to baseline in 23 days and has not had any reoccurrence of rhabdomyolysis and elevated transaminases for 46 days. A Naranjo assessment score of 5 was obtained, indicating a probable relationship between the patient's rhabdomyolysis and her use of sacubitril/valsartan. The Drug Interaction Probability Scale score was 3, consistent with a possible interaction as a cause for the reaction, with sacubitril/valsartan as the precipitant drug and atorvastatin as the object drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eve S Faber
- Department of Family Medicine, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Suite B, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.
| | - Madhavi Gavini
- Department of Family Medicine, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Suite B, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Ronald Ramirez
- Department of Family Medicine, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Suite B, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Richard Sadovsky
- Department of Family Medicine, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Suite B, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Singh K, Peyser B, Trujillo G, Milazzo N, Savard D, Haga SB, Musty M, Voora D. Rationale and design of the SLCO1B1 genotype guided statin therapy trial. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 17:1873-1880. [PMID: 27807988 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2016-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kavisha Singh
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bruce Peyser
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Susanne B Haga
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael Musty
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Deepak Voora
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kang JH, Nguyen QN, Mutka J, Le QA. Rechallenging Statin Therapy in Veterans With Statin-Induced Myopathy Post Vitamin D Replenishment. J Pharm Pract 2016; 30:521-527. [PMID: 27798247 DOI: 10.1177/0897190016674407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins are the primary class of medications used to lower cholesterol and reduce risks for coronary heart disease. However, statin muscular adverse effects are one of the main reasons for statin nonadherence and a barrier to cardiovascular risk reduction. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of our study was to examine the effect of replenishing vitamin D on statin-induced myopathy in veteran patients who failed to maintain statin therapy in a pharmacist-run ambulatory care setting. Secondary objectives were to examine changes in patients' vitamin D levels, fasting lipid profiles, and achievement of lipid goals after reinitiation of statin therapy. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of veteran patients conducted at a pharmacist-managed cholesterol-optimization clinic. Patients with low-serum vitamin D, history of statin-induced myopathy, and who received vitamin D replenishment prior to rechallenging statin therapy between December 1, 2008, and April 1, 2015, were identified. The primary outcome was the percentage of patients who maintained their statin therapy at 12 months after statin reinitiation. RESULTS Twenty-seven patients met the study criteria. All patients were able to maintain their statin therapy without myalgia after vitamin D supplementation. Eleven patients (40.7%) tolerated their previously failed statins. The most frequently restarted statins were atorvastatin, pravastatin, and rosuvastatin. A 22% to 30% increase in the number of patients who achieved cholesterol goals based on the national lipid guidelines was observed at 12-month follow-up. CONCLUSION Replenishing low vitamin D in patients with statin-induced myopathy appears to be an effective strategy in improving medication adherence and subsequently preventing cardiovascular and mortality events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny H Kang
- 1 Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA.,2 Department of Pharmacy, Veterans Affairs Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Quynh-Nhu Nguyen
- 2 Department of Pharmacy, Veterans Affairs Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Juleann Mutka
- 2 Department of Pharmacy, Veterans Affairs Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Quang A Le
- 1 Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA.,2 Department of Pharmacy, Veterans Affairs Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Muntean DM, Thompson PD, Catapano AL, Stasiolek M, Fabis J, Muntner P, Serban MC, Banach M. Statin-associated myopathy and the quest for biomarkers: can we effectively predict statin-associated muscle symptoms? Drug Discov Today 2016; 22:85-96. [PMID: 27634340 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, statins have become the cornerstone of prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Albeit generally well tolerated, these drugs can elicit a variety of muscle-associated symptoms that represent the most important reason for treatment discontinuation. Statin-associated myopathy has been systematically underestimated by randomized controlled trials as compared with the incidence observed in clinical practice and obtained from patient registries. There are several reasons for this discrepancy, among which the lack of reliable diagnostic tests and a validated questionnaire to assess muscle symptoms are recognized as unmet needs. Here, we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying statin-associated myopathy and discuss the experimental and clinical data on various biomarkers to diagnose and predict muscle-related complaints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danina M Muntean
- Department of Pathophysiology Functional Sciences, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania; Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Paul D Thompson
- Division of Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Alberico L Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariusz Stasiolek
- Department of Neurology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute in Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Fabis
- Department of Arthroscopy, Minimally Invasive Surgery and Sports Traumatology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Paul Muntner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Maria-Corina Serban
- Department of Pathophysiology Functional Sciences, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Poland; Healthy Aging Research Centre (HARC), Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Tao L, Zhu J, Chen Y, Wang Q, Pan Y, Yu Q, Zhou B, Zhu H. IL-35 improves T reg-mediated immune suppression in atherosclerotic mice. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:2469-2476. [PMID: 27698748 PMCID: PMC5038850 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-35 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that may have a protective role in atherosclerosis (AS). However, the exact role of IL-35 in the disease, and the etiology of AS, remain incompletely understood. The present study aimed to investigate whether exogenous IL-35 was able to attenuate the formation of atherosclerotic lesions in apoE-/- mice, and analyze alterations in the expression levels of forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3) in peripheral blood and the lesions during the progression of AS. ApoE-/- mice were randomly divided into two groups that received either a basal diet (negative control group) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks. The HFD group was further subdivided into groups that received IL-35, atorvastatin or no treatment for 12 weeks. Diagnostic enzyme assay kits were applied for the detection of plasma lipids, and hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to analyze the severity of atherosclerotic lesions in apoE-/- mice. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry were performed to analyze the expression of Foxp3 in the plasma and atherosclerotic plaques. As compared with the negative control group, the plasma lipids were significantly increased, and the lesions were obviously formed, in the HFD groups. Furthermore, the area of the lesion was reduced in IL-35- and atorvastatin-treated groups, as compared with the AS control group. In addition, Foxp3 expression was upregulated in the plasma and lesions of the IL-35- and atorvastatin-treated groups, as compared with the AS control group. The present study demonstrated that IL-35 improved Treg-mediated immune suppression in atherosclerotic mice, thus suggesting that IL-35 may be a novel therapeutic target for AS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Tao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Yuefeng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Qinghang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Ying Pan
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Yu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Birong Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Huaqing Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Jiang J, Tang Q, Feng J, Dai R, Wang Y, Yang Y, Tang X, Deng C, Zeng H, Zhao Y, Zhang F. Association between SLCO1B1 -521T>C and -388A>G polymorphisms and risk of statin-induced adverse drug reactions: A meta-analysis. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1368. [PMID: 27606156 PMCID: PMC4991977 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2912-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have investigated the association between SLCO1B1 -521T>C and -388A>G polymorphisms and the risk of statin-induced adverse drug reactions (ADRs), but the results have been inconsistent. This meta-analysis was performed to gain more insight into the relationship. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science were searched for relevant articles published before March 5th, 2015. The quality of included studies was evaluated by the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality scale. Pooled effect estimates (odds ratios [ORs] or hazard ratios [HRs) and corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the association in overall and subgroup analyses for various genetic models. Begg's rank correlation test and Egger's linear regression test were used to examine the publication bias. A total of nine cohort and four case-control studies involving 11, 246 statin users, of whom 2, 355 developing ADRs were included in the analysis. Combined analysis revealed a significant association between the SLCO1B1-521T>C polymorphism and increased risk for ADRs caused by various statins, but the synthesis heterogeneity was generally large (dominant model: pooled effect estimate = 1.85, 95 % CI 1.20-2.85, P = 0.005; I (2) = 80.70 %, Pheterogeneity < 0.001). Subgroup analysis by statin type showed that the ADRs risk was significantly elevated among simvastatin users (dominant model: pooled effect estimate = 3.43, 95 % CI 1.80-6.52, P = 0.001; I (2) = 59.60 %, Pheterogeneity = 0.060), but not among atorvastatin users. No significant relationship was found between the -388A>G polymorphism and ADRs caused by various statins (dominant model: pooled effect estimate = 0.94, 95 % CI 0.79-1.13, P = 0.526; I (2) = 40.10 %, Pheterogeneity = 0.196). The meta-analysis suggests that SLCO1B1 -521T>C polymorphism may be a risk factor for statin-induced ADRs, especially in simvastatin therapy. Conversely, there may be no significant association for -388A>G polymorphism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Jiang
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Qing Tang
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Jing Feng
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Rong Dai
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Xiaojun Tang
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Changkai Deng
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan China
| | - Huan Zeng
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Yong Zhao
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Skilving I, Eriksson M, Rane A, Ovesjö ML. Statin-induced myopathy in a usual care setting-a prospective observational study of gender differences. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 72:1171-1176. [PMID: 27484241 PMCID: PMC5021730 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-016-2105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The study aims to identify the occurrence and remission of statin-induced myopathy including patient perception and symptom characteristics with a gender perspective. Methods The study was designed as a prospective, non-interventional investigation in 192 outpatients receiving statin treatment in usual care with 12 months follow-up. Main outcome measure was myopathy related to statin treatment and classified as probable using WHO criteria for adverse drug reaction (ADR) assessment. Results Fourteen percent developed myopathy, risk ratio for women 1.52 [95 % CI 1.37; 1.66] as compared to men. The majority graded their pain as “severe.” CK values were within normal range. Eighty percent of the women compared to 43 % of the men reported that the muscular symptoms affected their daily life activities to a moderate or severe extent. For those who stopped treatment, mypopathy was the reason for 70 % of the women and 25 % of the men. There was a difference in mean dose between men with and without myopathy, but not in women. Among the patients with myopathy, 76 % reported other ADRs as compared to 21 % of the patients without myopathy (p = 0.002). Twenty-nine percent of the women and 18 % of the men reported other ADRs. Conclusion Women reported a higher frequency of myopathy and other ADRs as well as a larger impact on daily life activities. In men, but not in women, the risk of myopathy was dose-dependent. Patients with myopathy were more susceptible to other statin-induced ADRs which raises the question about common underlying mechanisms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00228-016-2105-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Skilving
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, SE, Sweden
| | - Mats Eriksson
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes; Center for Biosciences, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, SE, Sweden
| | - Anders Rane
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, SE, Sweden
| | - Marie-Louise Ovesjö
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, SE, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gluba-Brzozka A, Franczyk B, Toth PP, Rysz J, Banach M. Molecular mechanisms of statin intolerance. Arch Med Sci 2016; 12:645-58. [PMID: 27279860 PMCID: PMC4889699 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.59938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in primary and secondary prevention. Despite their efficacy, many persons are unable to tolerate statins due to adverse events such as hepatotoxicity and myalgia/myopathy. In the case of most patients, it seems that mild-to-moderate abnormalities in liver and muscle enzymes are not serious adverse effects and do not outweigh the benefits of coronary heart disease risk reduction. The risk for mortality or permanent organ damage ascribed to statin use is very small and limited to cases of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis. Statin-induced muscle-related adverse events comprise a highly heterogeneous clinical disorder with numerous, complex etiologies and a variety of genetic backgrounds. Every patient who presents with statin-related side effects cannot undergo the type of exhaustive molecular characterization that would include all of these mechanisms. Frequently the only solution is to either discontinue statin therapy/reduce the dose or attempt intermittent dosing strategies at a low dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gluba-Brzozka
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, WAM University Hospital, Lodz, Poland
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Franczyk
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Peter P. Toth
- CGH Medical Center, Sterling, Illinois, and Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacek Rysz
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Banach
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lawman HG, Troiano RP, Perna FM, Wang CY, Fryar CD, Ogden CL. Associations of Relative Handgrip Strength and Cardiovascular Disease Biomarkers in U.S. Adults, 2011-2012. Am J Prev Med 2016; 50:677-683. [PMID: 26689977 PMCID: PMC7337414 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although decline in muscle mass and quality and resulting declines in muscle strength are associated with aging, more research is needed in general populations to assess the utility of handgrip strength as an indicator of muscle strength and cardiovascular disease risk. METHODS Data from 4,221 participants aged ≥20 years in the 2011-2012 cycle of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed during 2014-2015. Standing isometric relative handgrip strength (calculated as maximal absolute handgrip strength from both hands divided by BMI) was used to predict cardiovascular biomarkers, including blood pressure (measured systolic and diastolic blood pressure); serum lipids (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides); and plasma insulin and glucose. RESULTS Results from regression analyses showed that higher relative grip strength was significantly associated with lower systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, and plasma insulin and glucose, and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in male and female participants (p<0.05 for all). Secondary descriptive analyses found that absolute handgrip strength increased significantly with increasing weight status, but relative handgrip strength decreased significantly with increasing weight status. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that increased relative handgrip strength may be associated with a better profile of cardiovascular health biomarkers among U.S. adults. Relative grip strength, which both adjusts for the confounding of mass and assesses concomitant health risks of increased body size and low muscle strength, may be a useful public health measure of muscle strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G Lawman
- CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, Maryland.
| | | | | | - Chia-Yih Wang
- CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, Maryland
| | - Cheryl D Fryar
- CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, Maryland
| | - Cynthia L Ogden
- CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Khan MW, Kurian S, Bishnoi R. Acute-onset rhabdomyolysis secondary to sitagliptin and atorvastatin interaction. Int J Gen Med 2016; 9:103-6. [PMID: 27199569 PMCID: PMC4857828 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s98543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis is a serious medical condition in which the skeletal muscle tissue gets damaged and breaks down at rapid rates, potentially leading to death if not managed early on. Rhabdomyolysis in adults has several etiologies such as crush injuries, prolonged immobilization, strenuous exercise, hormonal or metabolic causes, infections, and drug–drug interactions. We present a case report of the interaction of two drugs that are used commonly in the general population. We here discuss a case of a 60-year-old female who presented to the hospital with complaints of generalized weakness, muscle aches, and atypical chest pain for a week after her primary care physician started her on sitagliptin while she was already on atorvastatin. After review of literature, this is the second known case of such an interaction causing acute breakdown of skeletal musculature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Waqas Khan
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Saji Kurian
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rohit Bishnoi
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Stone NJ, Turin A, Spitz JA, Valle CW, Kazmi S. Statin therapy across the lifespan: evidence in major age groups. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2016; 14:341-66. [PMID: 26641725 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2016.1128825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This review provides needed perspective on statin efficacy and safety in individuals under 40, 40-75, and > 75 years of age. Starting with the 2013 ACC-AHA cholesterol guidelines extensive evidence base on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) we added references in the past 5 years that discussed statin efficacy and safety over the life span. In those under 40, statins are primarily used for treatment of severe hypercholesterolemia, often familial, and they are well tolerated. In middle-aged adults, statins have strong evidence for benefit in primary and secondary prevention trials; however, in primary prevention, a clinician-patient risk discussion should precede statin prescription in order to determine appropriate treatment. In those over 75, issues of statin intensity and net benefit loom large as associated comorbidity, polypharmacy, and potential for adverse effects impact the decision to use statins with RCT data strongest in support of use in secondary prevention. Statin drugs have been studied by RCTs in a large number of individuals. In those groups shown to benefit, statins have reduced the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease with few side effects as compared to controls. This review has detailed considerations that should occur when statins are given to individuals in different age groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Stone
- a Department of Medicine (Cardiology) , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Alexander Turin
- b Department of Medicine , Loyola University Medical Center , Maywood , IL , USA
| | - Jared A Spitz
- c Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Christopher W Valle
- c Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Sakina Kazmi
- d Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Clinical Research Associate , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Pilot study of safety and efficacy of polyprenols in combination with coenzyme Q10 in patients with statin-induced myopathy. Medicina (B Aires) 2016; 52:171-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medici.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
|
45
|
Statin Adverse Events in Primary Prevention: Between Randomized Trials and Observational Studies. Am J Med Sci 2015; 350:330-7. [PMID: 26181083 DOI: 10.1097/maj.0000000000000527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Considerable debate exists regarding who might benefit from statins for primary prevention. Statins have wide pleotropic effects, which contribute to their efficacy in lowering cardiovascular disease but may also result in adverse events (AEs). Caveats in identifying AEs in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) include the lack of a standardized definition of statin-associated AEs, the differences in properties of different statins, the selectivity of RCTs in choosing their participants, the presence of high rate of nonadherence/withdrawal from trials and other concerns related to study design and conflict of interest. Caveats in identifying or overestimating AEs in observational studies include failure to identify baseline confounders, ascertainment bias, confounding by indication and healthy user bias. Statin use in observational studies may be a surrogate marker for higher socioeconomic standards, access to health care or use of other preventive services. Integrating evidence from both RCTs and observational studies is of paramount importance for appropriate patient-centered decision.
Collapse
|
46
|
Nichols L, Pfeifer K, Mammen AL, Shahnoor N, Konersman CG. An Unusual Case of Statin-Induced Myopathy: Anti-HMGCoA Necrotizing Autoimmune Myopathy. J Gen Intern Med 2015; 30:1879-83. [PMID: 25855481 PMCID: PMC4636568 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-015-3303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Statins are some of the most widely prescribed medications, and though generally well tolerated, can lead to a self-limited myopathy in a minority of patients. Recently, these medications have been associated with a necrotizing autoimmune myopathy (NAM). Statin-associated NAM is characterized by irritable myopathy on electromyography (EMG) and muscle necrosis with minimal inflammation on muscle biopsy. The case presented is a 63-year-old woman who has continued elevation of creatine kinase (CK) after discontinuation of statin therapy. She has irritable myopathy on EMG and NAM is confirmed by muscle biopsy. She subsequently tests positive for an experimental anti-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (anti-HMGCoA) antibody that is found to be present in patients with statin-associated NAM. Though statin-associated NAM is a relatively rare entity, it is an important consideration for the general internist in patients who continue to have CK elevation and weakness after discontinuation of statin therapy. Continued research is necessary to better define statin-specific and dose-dependent risk, as well as optimal treatment for this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nichols
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Kurt Pfeifer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Andrew L Mammen
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Muscle Disease Unit, Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institutes of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nazima Shahnoor
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Chamindra G Konersman
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Asthana A, Kisaalita WS. Is time an extra dimension in 3D cell culture? Drug Discov Today 2015; 21:395-9. [PMID: 26482739 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Time or the temporal microenvironment is a parameter that is often overlooked in 3D cell culture. However, given that the 3D system is a dynamic entity, there exists bidirectional signaling between the cells and their microenvironment and, in time, cells can develop the capacity to modulate their environment. We make this case here by illustrating the relation between the temporal dimension and other microenvironmental parameters and demonstrate how the exogenously incorporated microenvironmental factors (MEFs) can be rendered less significant with time. Such knowledge can guide construct design to make 3D platforms architecturally simpler by eliminating redundancy. We further show that there is a need to establish the point at which the construct is complex enough such that its use yields responses that more closely emulate in vivo outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amish Asthana
- Cellular Bioengineering Laboratory, Driftmier Engineering Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - William S Kisaalita
- Cellular Bioengineering Laboratory, Driftmier Engineering Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kutner JS, Blatchford PJ, Taylor DH, Ritchie CS, Bull JH, Fairclough DL, Hanson LC, LeBlanc TW, Samsa GP, Wolf S, Aziz NM, Currow DC, Ferrell B, Wagner-Johnston N, Zafar SY, Cleary JF, Dev S, Goode PS, Kamal AH, Kassner C, Kvale EA, McCallum JG, Ogunseitan AB, Pantilat SZ, Portenoy RK, Prince-Paul M, Sloan JA, Swetz KM, Von Gunten CF, Abernethy AP. Safety and benefit of discontinuing statin therapy in the setting of advanced, life-limiting illness: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2015; 175:691-700. [PMID: 25798575 PMCID: PMC4618294 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE For patients with limited prognosis, some medication risks may outweigh the benefits, particularly when benefits take years to accrue; statins are one example. Data are lacking regarding the risks and benefits of discontinuing statin therapy for patients with limited life expectancy. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety, clinical, and cost impact of discontinuing statin medications for patients in the palliative care setting. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This was a multicenter, parallel-group, unblinded, pragmatic clinical trial. Eligibility included adults with an estimated life expectancy of between 1 month and 1 year, statin therapy for 3 months or more for primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, recent deterioration in functional status, and no recent active cardiovascular disease. Participants were randomized to either discontinue or continue statin therapy and were monitored monthly for up to 1 year. The study was conducted from June 3, 2011, to May 2, 2013. All analyses were performed using an intent-to-treat approach. INTERVENTIONS Statin therapy was withdrawn from eligible patients who were randomized to the discontinuation group. Patients in the continuation group continued to receive statins. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Outcomes included death within 60 days (primary outcome), survival, cardiovascular events, performance status, quality of life (QOL), symptoms, number of nonstatin medications, and cost savings. RESULTS A total of 381 patients were enrolled; 189 of these were randomized to discontinue statins, and 192 were randomized to continue therapy. Mean (SD) age was 74.1 (11.6) years, 22.0% of the participants were cognitively impaired, and 48.8% had cancer. The proportion of participants in the discontinuation vs continuation groups who died within 60 days was not significantly different (23.8% vs 20.3%; 90% CI, -3.5% to 10.5%; P=.36) and did not meet the noninferiority end point. Total QOL was better for the group discontinuing statin therapy (mean McGill QOL score, 7.11 vs 6.85; P=.04). Few participants experienced cardiovascular events (13 in the discontinuation group vs 11 in the continuation group). Mean cost savings were $3.37 per day and $716 per patient. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This pragmatic trial suggests that stopping statin medication therapy is safe and may be associated with benefits including improved QOL, use of fewer nonstatin medications, and a corresponding reduction in medication costs. Thoughtful patient-provider discussions regarding the uncertain benefit and potential decrement in QOL associated with statin continuation in this setting are warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01415934.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean S Kutner
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Patrick J Blatchford
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Denver
| | - Donald H Taylor
- Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Christine S Ritchie
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Center for Research on Aging, Jewish Home of San Francisco, San Francisco, California5Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Janet H Bull
- Four Seasons Compassion for Life, Flat Rock, North Carolina
| | - Diane L Fairclough
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Denver
| | - Laura C Hanson
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Thomas W LeBlanc
- Center for Learning Health Care, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Greg P Samsa
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Steven Wolf
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Noreen M Aziz
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David C Currow
- Discipline, Palliative, and Supportive Services, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Betty Ferrell
- Department of Nursing Research, City of Hope Medical Center, City of Hope, California
| | | | - S Yousuf Zafar
- Center for Learning Health Care, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - James F Cleary
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
| | - Sandesh Dev
- Department of Medicine, Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Patricia S Goode
- Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama17Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Arif H Kamal
- Center for Learning Health Care, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Elizabeth A Kvale
- Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama17Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | | | - Adeboye B Ogunseitan
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Russell K Portenoy
- Metropolitan Jewish Health System, Hospice and Palliative Care, New York, New York
| | - Maryjo Prince-Paul
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jeff A Sloan
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Keith M Swetz
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Amy P Abernethy
- Center for Learning Health Care, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Banach M, Rizzo M, Toth PP, Farnier M, Davidson MH, Al-Rasadi K, Aronow WS, Athyros V, Djuric DM, Ezhov MV, Greenfield RS, Hovingh GK, Kostner K, Serban C, Lighezan D, Fras Z, Moriarty PM, Muntner P, Goudev A, Ceska R, Nicholls SJ, Broncel M, Nikolic D, Pella D, Puri R, Rysz J, Wong ND, Bajnok L, Jones SR, Ray KK, Mikhailidis DP. Statin intolerance – an attempt at a unified definition. Position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2015; 14:935-55. [PMID: 25907232 DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2015.1039980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
50
|
Bonfim MR, Oliveira ASB, do Amaral SL, Monteiro HL. Treatment of dyslipidemia with statins and physical exercises: recent findings of skeletal muscle responses. Arq Bras Cardiol 2015; 104:324-31. [PMID: 25993596 PMCID: PMC4415869 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20150005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Statin treatment in association with physical exercise practice can substantially reduce cardiovascular mortality risk of dyslipidemic individuals, but this practice is associated with myopathic event exacerbation. This study aimed to present the most recent results of specific literature about the effects of statins and its association with physical exercise on skeletal musculature. Thus, a literature review was performed using PubMed and SciELO databases, through the combination of the keywords "statin" AND "exercise" AND "muscle", restricting the selection to original studies published between January 1990 and November 2013. Sixteen studies evaluating the effects of statins in association with acute or chronic exercises on skeletal muscle were analyzed. Study results indicate that athletes using statins can experience deleterious effects on skeletal muscle, as the exacerbation of skeletal muscle injuries are more frequent with intense training or acute eccentric and strenuous exercises. Moderate physical training, in turn, when associated to statins does not increase creatine kinase levels or pain reports, but improves muscle and metabolic functions as a consequence of training. Therefore, it is suggested that dyslipidemic patients undergoing statin treatment should be exposed to moderate aerobic training in combination to resistance exercises three times a week, and the provision of physical training prior to drug administration is desirable, whenever possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Rotta Bonfim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da
Motricidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista
“Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP – Brazil
| | - Acary Souza Bulle Oliveira
- Setor de Doenças Neuromusculares, Escola Paulista de Medicina,
Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP - Brazil
| | - Sandra Lia do Amaral
- Departamento de Educação Física, Faculdade de
Ciências, UNESP, Bauru, SP – Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|