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Stoecker JB, Cohen JB, Belkin N, Chen JC, Townsend RR, Xie D, Feldman HI, Wang GJ. Socioeconomic characteristics of those with peripheral artery disease in the chronic renal insufficiency cohort. Vascular 2023; 31:39-46. [PMID: 35343329 PMCID: PMC9515235 DOI: 10.1177/17085381211053492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between socioeconomic factors and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) has not been as well characterized as other cardiovascular conditions. We sought to define how annual income and education level are associated with PAD in a well-characterized diverse set of adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS The Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study (CRIC) is a multi-center, prospective cohort study designed to examine risk factors for progression of CKD and cardiovascular disease. Demographic, income, and education-level data, as well as clinical data including ankle-brachial index (ABI) were collected at baseline. Annual income was categorized as < $25,000, $25,000-50,000, $50,000-100,000, or above $100,000; educational level was categorized as some high school, high school graduate, some college, or college graduate. Participants with missing income data or incompressible ABI (>1.4) were excluded from initial analysis. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association of income and/or education level with PAD, defined as an enrollment ABI of <0.90, history of PAD, or history of PAD intervention. RESULTS A total of 4122 were included, mean age of participants was 59.5 years, 56% were male, and 44% were Black. There were 763 CRIC participants with PAD at study enrollment (18.5%). In the final multivariable logistic regression model, Black race (OR = 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.6, p = 0.004) and level of annual household income remained independently associated with PAD at the time of enrollment (income <$25,000 OR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.3-2.8, p < 0.001; income $25,000-50,000 OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.3, p = 0.011; income $50,000-100,000 OR = 1.2, 95% CI 0.9-1.8, p = 0.246), relative to a baseline annual income of >$100,000 (overall p-value <0.001). Decreasing level of educational attainment was not independently associated with increased PAD at enrollment, but lower level of educational attainment was associated with increased PAD when income data was not adjusted for (p = 0.001). Interestingly, Black race (OR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.6-0.8, p < 0.001), female gender (OR = 0.8, 95% CI 0.7-0.9, p = 0.007), and income <$25,000 (OR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.5-0.9, p = 0.008) were significantly associated with decreased statin use even after controlling for cardiovascular conditions. CONCLUSIONS In this prospectively followed CKD cohort, lower annual household income and Black race were significantly associated with increased PAD at study enrollment. In contrast, educational level was not associated with PAD when adjusted for patient income data. Black race, female gender, and low income were independently associated with decreased statin use, populations which could be targets of future public health programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan B Stoecker
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jordana B Cohen
- Renal, Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nathan Belkin
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jing C Chen
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Raymond R Townsend
- Renal, Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dawei Xie
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harold I Feldman
- Renal, Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Grace J Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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2
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Stoecker JB, Cohen JB, Belkin N, Chen JC, Townsend RR, Xie D, Feldman HI, Wang GJ. The Association Between Socioeconomic Factors and Incident Peripheral Artery Disease in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC). Ann Vasc Surg 2022; 80:196-205. [PMID: 34656710 PMCID: PMC8977117 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2021.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between socioeconomic factors and development of peripheral artery disease (PAD) has not been as well characterized compared to other cardiovascular diseases. We sought to define how annual income, sex, race, and education level are associated with newly diagnosed PAD in a well-characterized, diverse set of adults with CKD. METHODS The Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study (CRIC) is a multicenter, prospective cohort study designed to examine risk factors for progression of CKD and cardiovascular disease. Demographic and clinical data including ankle brachial index (ABI) and interventions were collected at baseline, as well as yearly during follow-up visits. Annual income was categorized as: <$25,000, $25,000-50,000, $50,000-100,000, or above $100,000. We excluded those with pre-existing PAD, defined as enrollment ABI of <0.9 or >1.4, or missing income data. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the risk for incident PAD during CRIC enrollment, defined as a drop in ABI to <0.90 or a confirmed PAD intervention, including revascularization or amputation. RESULTS A total of 3,313 patients met inclusion criteria, the mean age was 58.7 years, 56% were male, and 42% were Black. Over a median follow-up of 10.1 years, 639 participants (19%) were newly diagnosed with PAD. After adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors, all lower levels of annual household income were associated with increased incidence of PAD (income <$25,000 HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.4, P = 0.008; income $25,000-50,000 HR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-2.3, P = 0.009; income $50,000-100,000 HR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-2.4, P = 0.004), relative to a baseline annual income of >$100,000 (overall P-value = 0.02). In the multivariable model, there was no association between education level and PAD incidence (P = 0.80). Black race (HR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0-1.5, P = 0.023) and female sex (HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.4-2.0, P < 0.001) were independently associated with PAD incidence. Multiple imputation analysis provided similar results. CONCLUSIONS In the CRIC, a multi-center cohort of prospectively followed CKD patients undergoing yearly CVD surveillance, lower annual household income, female sex, and Black race were significantly associated with the PAD incidence. In contrast, level of education was not independently associated with incident PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan B Stoecker
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Jordana B Cohen
- Renal, Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nathan Belkin
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jing C Chen
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA,Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Raymond R Townsend
- Renal, Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dawei Xie
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Harold I Feldman
- Renal, Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Grace J Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - CRIC Study Investigators
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Lawrence J. Appel, MD, MPH, Alan S. Go, MD, James P. Lash, MD, Robert G. Nelson, MD, PhD, MS, Mahboob Rahman, MD, Panduranga S. Rao, MD, Vallabh O Shah, PhD, MS, Mark L. Unruh, MD, MS
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Serial Changes in Exercise Capacity, NT-proBNP, and Adiponectin in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome before and after Phase II Rehabilitation as well as at the 12-Month Follow-Up. Cardiol Res Pract 2022; 2022:6538296. [PMID: 35111341 PMCID: PMC8803453 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6538296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) causes pathophysiological changes in exercise capacity, N-terminal part of pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and adiponectin that impact the course of coronary artery disease and clinical outcomes after cardiac rehabilitation (CR). However, the serial changes and the relationship between the changes in these parameters for a prolonged term remain uninvestigated. Methods. Eighty-one patients with ACS underwent a three- or four-week CR program after acute care and were followed up for 12 months. Exercise capacity on a cycle ergometer and blood levels of NT-proBNP and adiponectin were determined before and after CR as well as at the 12-month follow-up. Results. Exercise capacity increased from 100 watts (in median) before CR to 138 watts after CR and 150 watts at 12 months. The NT-proBNP level (526 pg/ml before CR) remained almost unchanged after CR (557 pg/ml) and then decreased at 12 months (173 pg/ml). The adiponectin level (14.5 µg/ml before CR) increased after CR (16.0 µg/ml) and at 12 months (17.2 µg/ml). There was no significant correlation among the changes in these parameters at each observation time point. Conclusion. During the observation period from before CR to the 12-month follow-up, exercise capacity, NT-proBNP, and adiponectin underwent significant changes; however, these changes were independent from each other and not correlated linearly, and they provide complementary information in clinical practice. Thus, all these parameters should be included and determined at different time points for a prolonged period of time.
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De Bacquer D, van de Luitgaarden IAT, De Smedt D, Vynckier P, Bruthans J, Fras Z, Jankowski P, Dolzhenko M, Kotseva K, Wood D, De Backer G. Socioeconomic characteristics of patients with coronary heart disease in relation to their cardiovascular risk profile. Heart 2020; 107:799-806. [PMID: 33067329 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE People's socioeconomic status (SES) has a major impact on the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in primary prevention. In patients with existing ASCVD these associations are less documented. Here, we evaluate to what extent SES is still associated with patients' risk profile in secondary prevention. METHODS Based on results from a large sample of patients with coronary heart disease from the European Action on Secondary and Primary Prevention through Intervention to Reduce Events study, the relationship between SES and cardiovascular risk was examined. A SES summary score was empirically constructed from the patients' educational level, self-perceived income, living situation and perception of loneliness. RESULTS Analyses are based on observations in 8261 patients with coronary heart disease from 27 countries. Multivariate logistic regression analyses demonstrate that a low SES is associated (OR, 95% CI) with lifestyles such as smoking in men (1.63, 1.37 to 1.95), physical activity in men (1.51, 1.28 to 1.78) and women (1.77, 1.32 to 2.37) and obesity in men 1.28 (1.11 to 1.49) and women 1.65 (1.30 to 2.10). Patients with a low SES have more raised blood pressure in men (1.24, 1.07 to 1.43) and women (1.31, 1.03 to 1.67), used less statins and were less adherent to them. Cardiac rehabilitation programmes were less advised and attended by patients with a low SES. Access to statins in middle-income countries was suboptimal leaving about 80% of patients not reaching the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol target of <1.8 mmol/L. Patients' socioeconomic level was also strongly associated with markers of well-being. CONCLUSION These results illustrate the complexity of the associations between SES, well-being and secondary prevention in patients with ASCVD. They emphasise the need for integrating innovative policies in programmes of cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk De Bacquer
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Inge A T van de Luitgaarden
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Delphine De Smedt
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vynckier
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Bruthans
- Centre for Cardiovascular Prevention, First Faculty of Medicine and Thomayer Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Fras
- Preventive Cardiology Unit, Department of Vascular Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Piotr Jankowski
- Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marina Dolzhenko
- Shupik's Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Kornelia Kotseva
- National Institute for Prevention and Cardiovascular Health, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - David Wood
- National Institute for Prevention and Cardiovascular Health, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Guy De Backer
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Kjesbu IE, Mikkelsen N, Sibilitz KL, Wilhelm M, Pena-Gil C, González-Salvado V, Iliou MC, Zeymer U, Meindersma EP, Ardissino D, van der Velde AE, Van 't Hof AWJ, de Kluiver EP, Prescott E. Greater burden of risk factors and less effect of cardiac rehabilitation in elderly with low educational attainment: The Eu-CaRE study. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2020; 28:513-519. [PMID: 33989388 DOI: 10.1177/2047487320921485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Socioeconomic status is a strong predictor of cardiovascular health. The aim of this study was to describe the immediate and long-term effects of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) across socioeconomic strata in elderly cardiac patients in Europe. METHODS AND RESULTS The observational EU-CaRE study is a prospective study with eight CR sites in seven European countries. Patients ≥65 years with coronary heart disease or heart valve surgery participating in CR were consecutively included. Data were obtained at baseline, end of CR and at one-year follow up. Educational level as a marker for socioeconomic status was divided into basic, intermediate and high. The primary endpoint was exercise capacity (peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak)). Secondary endpoints were cardiovascular risk factors, medical treatment and scores for depression, anxiety and quality of life (QoL). A total of 1626 patients were included; 28% had basic, 48% intermediate and 24% high education. A total of 1515 and 1448 patients were available for follow-up analyses at end of CR and one-year, respectively. Patients with basic education were older and more often female. At baseline we found a socioeconomic gradient in VO2peak, lifestyle-related cardiovascular risk factors, anxiety, depression and QoL. The socioeconomic gap in VO2peak increased following CR (p for interaction <0.001). The socioeconomic gap in secondary outcomes was unaffected by CR. The use of evidence-based medication was good in all socioeconomic groups. CONCLUSIONS We found a strong socioeconomic gradient in VO2peak and cardiovascular risk factors that was unaffected or worsened after CR. To address inequity in cardiovascular health, the individual adaption of CR according to socioeconomic needs should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn E Kjesbu
- Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai Mikkelsen
- Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirstine L Sibilitz
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Matthias Wilhelm
- Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Pena-Gil
- Department of Cardiology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, SERGAS CIBER CV, IDIS, Spain
| | - Violeta González-Salvado
- Department of Cardiology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, SERGAS CIBER CV, IDIS, Spain
| | - Marie Christine Iliou
- Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Uwe Zeymer
- Institut für Herzinfarktforschung Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Esther P Meindersma
- Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Diego Ardissino
- Department of Cardiology, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Arnoud W J Van 't Hof
- Isala Heart Centre, Zwolle, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Zuyderland Medical Center, Department of Cardiology, Heerlen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Eva Prescott
- Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jae SY, Kurl S, Bunsawat K, Franklin BA, Choo J, Kunutsor SK, Kauhanen J, Laukkanen JA. Impact of cardiorespiratory fitness on survival in men with low socioeconomic status. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2020; 28:450-455. [PMID: 33966081 DOI: 10.1177/2047487319901057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Although both low socioeconomic status (SES) and poor cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are associated with increased chronic disease and heightened mortality, it remains unclear whether moderate-to-high levels of CRF are associated with survival benefits in low SES populations. This study evaluated the hypothesis that SES and CRF predict all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality and that moderate-to-high levels of CRF may attenuate the association between low SES and increased mortality. METHODS This study included 2368 men, who were followed in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Study cohort. CRF was directly measured by peak oxygen uptake during progressive exercise testing. SES was characterized using self-reported questionnaires. RESULTS During a 25-year median follow-up, 1116 all-cause mortality and 512 cardiovascular disease mortality events occurred. After adjusting for potential confounders, men with low SES were at increased risks for all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.49, 95% confidence interval: 1.30-1.71) and cardiovascular disease mortality (hazard ratio1.38, 1.13-1.69). Higher levels of CRF were associated with lower risks of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 0.54, 0.45-0.64) and cardiovascular disease mortality (hazard ratio 0.53, 0.40-0.69). In joint associations of SES and CRF with mortality, low SES-unfit had significantly higher risks of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 2.15, 1.78-2.59) and cardiovascular disease mortality (hazard ratio 1.95, 1.48-2.57), but low SES-fit was not associated with a heightened risk of cardiovascular disease mortality (hazard ratio 1.09, 0.80-1.48) as compared with their high SES-fit counterparts. CONCLUSION Both SES and CRF were independently associated with subsequent mortality; however, moderate-to-high levels of CRF were not associated with an excess risk of cardiovascular disease mortality in men with low SES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Young Jae
- Department of Sport Science, University of Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Urban Social Health, Graduate School of Urban Public Health, University of Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sudhir Kurl
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Kanokwan Bunsawat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, USA
| | - Barry A Franklin
- Preventive Cardiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation, William Beaumont Hospital, USA
| | - Jina Choo
- College of Nursing, Korea University, Republic of Korea
| | - Setor K Kunutsor
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, UK.,Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, UK
| | - Jussi Kauhanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Jari A Laukkanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland.,Faculty of Sport and Health Science, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
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Verma AK, Schulte PJ, Bittner V, Keteyian SJ, Fleg JL, Piña IL, Swank AM, Fitz-Gerald M, Ellis SJ, Kraus WE, Whellan DJ, O'Connor CM, Mentz RJ. Socioeconomic and partner status in chronic heart failure: Relationship to exercise capacity, quality of life, and clinical outcomes. Am Heart J 2017; 183:54-61. [PMID: 27979042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prognosis in patients with heart failure (HF) is commonly assessed based on clinical characteristics. The association between partner status and socioeconomic status (SES) and outcomes in chronic HF requires further study. METHODS We performed a post hoc analysis of HF-ACTION, which randomized 2,331 HF patients with ejection fraction ≤35% to usual care ± aerobic exercise training. We examined baseline quality of life and functional capacity and outcomes (all-cause mortality/hospitalization) by partner status and SES using adjusted Cox models and explored an interaction with exercise training. Outcomes were examined based on partner status, education level, annual income, and employment. RESULTS Having a partner, education beyond high school, an income >$25,000, and being employed were associated with better baseline functional capacity and quality of life. Over a median follow-up of 2.5 years, higher education, higher income, being employed, and having a partner were associated with lower all-cause mortality/hospitalization. After multivariable adjustment, lower mortality was seen associated with having a partner (hazard ratio 0.91, 95% CI 0.81-1.03, P=.15) and more than a high school education (hazard ratio 0.91, CI 0.80-1.02, P=.12), although these associations were not statistically significant. There was no interaction between any of these variables and exercise training on outcomes (all P>.5). CONCLUSIONS Having a partner and higher SES were associated with greater functional capacity and quality of life at baseline but were not independent predictors of long-term clinical outcomes in patients with chronic HF. These findings provide information that may be considered as potential variables impacting outcomes.
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8
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Strizhakov LA, Lebedeva MV, Fomin VV, Muhin NA. Occupational factors and a risk of cardiovascular diseases. TERAPEVT ARKH 2016. [DOI: 10.17116/terarkh2016889125-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The paper gives Russian and foreign authors’ data on a relationship between occupational factors and cardiovascular diseases. It considers the impact of psychosocial stress on the risk of hypertension, coronary heart disease, and cardiovascular events in representatives of different professional groups.
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Shmueli H, Rogowski O, Toker S, Melamed S, Leshem-Rubinow E, Ben-Assa E, Shapira I, Berliner S, Steinvil A. Effect of socioeconomic status on cardio-respiratory fitness: data from a health screening program. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2015; 15:435-40. [PMID: 23702946 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0b013e3283629c87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AIM Lower socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with reduced cardio-respiratory fitness (CRF) and predicts adverse cardiovascular outcomes. We questioned whether this association remains significant among an apparently healthy population with a presumed higher SES. METHODS This cross-sectional study enrolled attendees of a health screening program between September 2002 and November 2010. Linear regression models included the metabolic equivalents achieved during an exercise treadmill stress test as the dependent variable and adjusted for self-reported SES parameters (level of education, occupational status, financial strain and a combined variable), cardiovascular risk factors, as well as to multiple potential confounders. RESULTS Data on 8471 individuals (5463 men and 3008 women) with a mean (SD) age of 44 (11) years were collected. We found a statistically significant difference in mean exercise capacity between the categories of SES, especially for the level of education and occupation, when adjusted for age, sex, cardiovascular risk factors, SES variables and multiple confounders. CONCLUSIONS Multiple factors affect CRF in apparently healthy screened individuals. When adjusted for those factors, SES correlates with CRF even within a more specific highly educated cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hezzy Shmueli
- aThe Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine bFaculty of Management cNational Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health, Raanana and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel *Hezzy Shmueli and Ori Rogowski should be considered as equal contributors
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Canetti D, Russ E, Luborsky J, Gerhart J, Hobfoll S. Inflamed by the flames? The impact of terrorism and war on immunity. J Trauma Stress 2014; 27:345-52. [PMID: 24948537 PMCID: PMC4394763 DOI: 10.1002/jts.21920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The physiological impact on citizens of prolonged exposure to violence and conflict is a crucial, yet underexplored, issue within the political science and biology literature. We examined the effect of high levels of exposure to rocket and terrorist attacks on biological markers of immunity and inflammation in a sample of 92 Israelis. A stratified random sample of individuals was drawn from a pool of subjects in Israel who had previously been interviewed regarding their stress exposure and psychological distress during a period of active rocket and terrorist attacks. These individuals were reinterviewed and blood samples were collected to assess antibodies to cytomegalovirus (CMV antibodies) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was significantly related to CRP, β = .33, p = .034, with body mass index, depression, and exposure to terrorism included in the model. Depression scores were not significantly associated with CRP or CMV antibody levels. In contrast to the established convention that psychological distress is the sole outcome of terrorism exposure, these findings reveal that individuals exposed to terrorism experience higher levels of both PTSD/depression, and inflammation. This study has important ramifications for how policy makers and medical health professionals should formulate public health policies and medically treat individuals living in conflict zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphna Canetti
- School of Political Science, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Eric Russ
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Louisville, U.S.A
| | | | - James Gerhart
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush Medical College, U.S.A
| | - Stevan Hobfoll
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush Medical College, U.S.A
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11
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Alter DA, Franklin B, Ko DT, Austin PC, Lee DS, Oh PI, Stukel TA, Tu JV. Socioeconomic status, functional recovery, and long-term mortality among patients surviving acute myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65130. [PMID: 23755180 PMCID: PMC3670842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To examine the relationship between socio-economic status (SES), functional recovery and long-term mortality following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Background The extent to which SES mortality disparities are explained by differences in functional recovery following AMI is unclear. Methods We prospectively examined 1368 patients who survived at least one-year following an index AMI between 1999 and 2003 in Ontario, Canada. Each patient was linked to administrative data and followed over 9.6 years to track mortality. All patients underwent medical chart abstraction and telephone interviews following AMI to identify individual-level SES, clinical factors, processes of care (i.e., use of, and adherence, to evidence-based medications, physician visits, invasive cardiac procedures, referrals to cardiac rehabilitation), as well as changes in psychosocial stressors, quality of life, and self-reported functional capacity. Results As compared with their lower SES counterparts, higher SES patients experienced greater functional recovery (1.80 ml/kg/min average increase in peak V02, P<0.001) after adjusting for all baseline clinical factors. Post-AMI functional recovery was the strongest modifiable predictor of long-term mortality (Adjusted HR for each ml/kg/min increase in functional capacity: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.87–0.94, P<0.001) irrespective of SES (P = 0.51 for interaction between SES, functional recovery, and mortality). SES-mortality associations were attenuated by 27% after adjustments for functional recovery, rendering the residual SES-mortality association no longer statistically significant (Adjusted HR: 0.84; 95% CI:0.70–1.00, P = 0.05). The effects of functional recovery on SES-mortality associations were not explained by access inequities to physician specialists or cardiac rehabilitation. Conclusions Functional recovery may play an important role in explaining SES-mortality gradients following AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Alter
- The Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Gerber Y, Myers V, Goldbourt U, Benyamini Y, Drory Y. Neighborhood socioeconomic status and leisure-time physical activity after myocardial infarction: A longitudinal study. Am J Prev Med 2011; 41:266-73. [PMID: 21855740 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Area-level SES is independently associated with myocardial infarction (MI) prognosis, yet the mechanisms for this association remain speculative. PURPOSE Using a population-based cohort of MI patients, this study examined whether neighborhood SES predicts long-term trajectory of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), an established prognostic factor. METHODS Patients aged ≤65 years (n=1410) admitted to hospital in central Israel with first MI in 1992-1993, were followed up through 2005. LTPA was reported on five successive occasions: at baseline, 3-6 months, 1-2 years, 5 years, and 10-13 years post-MI. Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) with ordinal outcome variable (LTPA classified as regular, irregular, or none) were used to determine the independent predictive role of neighborhood SES in LTPA trajectory post-MI. Analyses were conducted in 2010-2011. RESULTS Engagement in LTPA was poor, with point prevalence rates ranging from 33% to 37% for inactivity and from 19% to 27% for irregular activity throughout follow-up. The GEE-derived ORs (95% CIs) for decreased LTPA level in the lower and middle vs upper neighborhood SES tertiles were 2.49 (2.05, 3.02) and 1.60 (1.33, 1.92) after age and gender adjustment, and 1.55 (1.26, 1.90) and 1.23 (1.02, 1.49) after multivariable adjustment for individual SES measures, cardiovascular risk factors, MI characteristics, and disease-severity indices, respectively (p for trend <0.001). CONCLUSIONS Low neighborhood SES is a powerful predictor of poor LTPA uptake in MI survivors, even after extensive adjustment for individual SES and baseline clinical profile. LTPA may thus represent an intermediate mechanism between neighborhood SES and post-MI outcome, which provides prevention opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yariv Gerber
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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