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Sève P, Pacheco Y, Durupt F, Jamilloux Y, Gerfaud-Valentin M, Isaac S, Boussel L, Calender A, Androdias G, Valeyre D, El Jammal T. Sarcoidosis: A Clinical Overview from Symptoms to Diagnosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040766. [PMID: 33807303 PMCID: PMC8066110 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a multi-system disease of unknown etiology characterized by the formation of granulomas in various organs. It affects people of all ethnic backgrounds and occurs at any time of life but is more frequent in African Americans and Scandinavians and in adults between 30 and 50 years of age. Sarcoidosis can affect any organ with a frequency varying according to ethnicity, sex and age. Intrathoracic involvement occurs in 90% of patients with symmetrical bilateral hilar adenopathy and/or diffuse lung micronodules, mainly along the lymphatic structures which are the most affected system. Among extrapulmonary manifestations, skin lesions, uveitis, liver or splenic involvement, peripheral and abdominal lymphadenopathy and peripheral arthritis are the most frequent with a prevalence of 25-50%. Finally, cardiac and neurological manifestations which can be the initial manifestation of sarcoidosis, as can be bilateral parotitis, nasosinusal or laryngeal signs, hypercalcemia and renal dysfunction, affect less than 10% of patients. The diagnosis is not standardized but is based on three major criteria: a compatible clinical and/or radiological presentation, the histological evidence of non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammation in one or more tissues and the exclusion of alternative causes of granulomatous disease. Certain clinical features are considered to be highly specific of the disease (e.g., Löfgren's syndrome, lupus pernio, Heerfordt's syndrome) and do not require histological confirmation. New diagnostic guidelines were recently published. Specific clinical criteria have been developed for the diagnosis of cardiac, neurological and ocular sarcoidosis. This article focuses on the clinical presentation and the common differentials that need to be considered when appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Sève
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lyon University Hospital, 69007 Lyon, France; (Y.J.); (M.G.-V.); (T.E.J.)
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Research on Healthcare Performance (RESHAPE), INSERM U1290, 69007 Lyon, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Yves Pacheco
- Faculty of Medicine, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69007 Lyon, France;
| | - François Durupt
- Department of Dermatology, Lyon University Hospital, 69004 Lyon, France;
| | - Yvan Jamilloux
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lyon University Hospital, 69007 Lyon, France; (Y.J.); (M.G.-V.); (T.E.J.)
| | - Mathieu Gerfaud-Valentin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lyon University Hospital, 69007 Lyon, France; (Y.J.); (M.G.-V.); (T.E.J.)
| | - Sylvie Isaac
- Department of Pathology, Lyon University Hospital, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France;
| | - Loïc Boussel
- Department of Radiology, Lyon University Hospital, 69004 Lyon, France
| | - Alain Calender
- Department of Genetics, Lyon University Hospital, 69500 Bron, France;
| | - Géraldine Androdias
- Department of Neurology, Service Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-Inflammation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Lyon University Hospital, F-69677 Bron, France;
| | - Dominique Valeyre
- Department of Pneumology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Avicenne et Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 93008 Bobigny, France;
| | - Thomas El Jammal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lyon University Hospital, 69007 Lyon, France; (Y.J.); (M.G.-V.); (T.E.J.)
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Narula N, Iannuzzi M. Sarcoidosis: Pitfalls and Challenging Mimickers. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 7:594275. [PMID: 33505980 PMCID: PMC7829200 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.594275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis, a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology, may mimic other conditions at presentation often resulting in delayed diagnosis. These conditions include infections, neoplasms, autoimmune, cardiovascular, and drug-induced diseases. This review highlights the most common sarcoidosis mimics that often lead to pitfalls in diagnosis and delay in appropriate treatment. Prior to invasive testing and initiating immunosuppressants (commonly corticosteroids), it is important to exclude sarcoid mimickers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naureen Narula
- Staten Island University Hospital, New York, NY, United States
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El Jammal T, Jamilloux Y, Gerfaud-Valentin M, Valeyre D, Sève P. Refractory Sarcoidosis: A Review. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2020; 16:323-345. [PMID: 32368072 PMCID: PMC7173950 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s192922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a multi-system disease of unknown etiology characterized by granuloma formation in various organs (especially lung and mediastinohilar lymph nodes). In more than half of patients, the disease resolves spontaneously. When indicated, it usually responds to corticosteroids, the first-line treatment, but some patients may not respond or tolerate them. An absence of treatment response is rare and urges for verifying the absence of a diagnosis error, the good adherence of the treatment, the presence of active lesions susceptible to respond since fibrotic lesions are irreversible. That is when second-line treatments, immunosuppressants (methotrexate, leflunomide, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, hydroxychloroquine), should be considered. Methotrexate is the only first-line immunosuppressant validated by a randomized controlled trial. Refractory sarcoidosis is not yet a well-defined condition, but it remains a real challenge for the physicians. Herein, we considered refractory sarcoidosis as a disease in which second-line treatments are not sufficient to achieve satisfying disease control or satisfying corticosteroids tapering. Tumor necrosis alpha inhibitors, third-line treatments, have been validated through randomized controlled trials. There are currently no guidelines or recommendations regarding refractory sarcoidosis. Moreover, criteria defining non-response to treatment need to be clearly specified. The delay to achieve response to organ involvement and drugs also should be defined. In the past ten years, the efficacy of several immunosuppressants beforehand used in other autoimmune or inflammatory diseases was reported in refractory cases series. Among them, anti-CD20 antibodies (rituximab), repository corticotrophin injection, and anti-JAK therapy anti-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody (tocilizumab) were the main reported. Unfortunately, no clinical trial is available to validate their use in the case of sarcoidosis. Currently, other immunosuppressants such as JAK inhibitors are on trial to assess their efficacy in sarcoidosis. In this review, we propose to summarize the state of the art regarding the use of immunosuppressants and their management in the case of refractory or multidrug-resistant sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas El Jammal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Yvan Jamilloux
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | | | - Dominique Valeyre
- Department of Pneumology, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Avicenne et Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France
| | - Pascal Sève
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle IMER, Lyon, F-69003, France, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, HESPER EA 7425, LyonF-69008, France
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Cerri S, Fontana M, Balduzzi S, Potenza L, Faverio P, Luppi M, D'Amico R, Spagnolo P, Clini E, Luppi F. Clinical differences in sarcoidosis patients with and without lymphoma: a single-centre retrospective cohort analysis. Eur Respir J 2019; 54:13993003.02470-2018. [PMID: 31346006 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02470-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Cerri
- Dept of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Center for Rare Lung Diseases, Respiratory Disease Unit, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Matteo Fontana
- Dept of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Center for Rare Lung Diseases, Respiratory Disease Unit, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Sara Balduzzi
- Dept of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Statistics Unit, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Leonardo Potenza
- Dept of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Hematology Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Paola Faverio
- Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Dept, Respiratory Unit, University of Milan Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - Mario Luppi
- Dept of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Hematology Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Roberto D'Amico
- Dept of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Statistics Unit, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Paolo Spagnolo
- Dept of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Section of Respiratory Diseases, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Enrico Clini
- Dept of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Center for Rare Lung Diseases, Respiratory Disease Unit, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Luppi
- Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Dept, Respiratory Unit, University of Milan Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy
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Chavarriaga-Restrepo A, López-Amaya JE, Mesa-Navas MA, Velásquez-Franco CJ. Sarcoidosis: muchas caras, una enfermedad. Revisión narrativa de la literatura. IATREIA 2019. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.iatreia.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
La sarcoidosis es una enfermedad granulomatosa sistémica de etiología desconocida. Esta puede afectar a pacientes de todas las latitudes y edades, siendo más frecuente entre la tercera y cuarta década de la vida con un segundo pico alrededor de los 50 años en las poblaciones escandinava y japonesa. Es más frecuente en mujeres y grave en la población afrodescendiente.Los antígenos que inician esta respuesta granulomatosa son desconocidos, pero se presume que son aerotransportados por la alta frecuencia de compromiso pulmonar en esta enfermedad. Su presentación clínica abarca una amplia gama de manifestaciones, desde formas agudas y limitadas hasta el compromiso crónico con daño orgánico progresivo y muerte. Su diagnóstico se basa en la existencia de los granulomas no caseificantes en los tejidos, con la exclusión de otras enfermedades, entre ellas infección por micobacterias.
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Seve P, Jamilloux Y, Gerfaud-Valentin M, El-Jammal T, Pavic M. [Should we look for neoplasia in a patient with unexplained granulomatosis?]. Rev Med Interne 2019; 40:487-490. [PMID: 31133330 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Seve
- Service de médecine interne, hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, 69317 Lyon cedex 04, France; Pôle IMER, hospices civils de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France; HESPER EA 7425, University Lyon, University Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Y Jamilloux
- Service de médecine interne, hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, 69317 Lyon cedex 04, France; Inserm U1111, centre international de recherche en infectiologie (CIRI), université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - M Gerfaud-Valentin
- Service de médecine interne, hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, 69317 Lyon cedex 04, France
| | - T El-Jammal
- Service de médecine interne, hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, 69317 Lyon cedex 04, France
| | - M Pavic
- Département de médecine, université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Schmidt LH, Huss S, Schuelke C, Schulze A, Evers G, Schliemann C, Hansmeier A, Schilling B, Lauterbach B, Barth P, Wiebe K, Goerlich D, Berdel WE, Puehse G, Mohr M. Noncaseating granulomatous diseases in germ cell cancer patients-A single-center experience. Urol Oncol 2019; 37:531.e17-531.e25. [PMID: 31053525 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In patients with testicular Germ Cell Tumors (GCT) noncaseating granulomatous diseases such as Sarcoid Like Lesions (SLL) or Sarcoidosis can mimic metastasis due to hilar or mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Due to the clinical and prognostic impact, exclusion of malignant diseases is mandatory. MATERIAL AND METHODS Retrospectively, data from 636 GCT patients, who were seen in the course of tumor surveillance/follow-up were collected. Focus was put on the detection of tumor relapse vs. noncaseating granulomatous reactions. For the differential diagnosis of thoracic lymphadenopathy or pulmonary infiltrates either bronchoscopy (e.g., endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration, endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration) or thoracic surgery was performed. Both GCT patients with either tumor relapse or coexisting SLL were compared to GCT patients without SLL and tumor relapse. RESULTS Twenty-nine patients suffered from suspected tumor relapse. Whereas thoracic relapses were suspected in 15 patients on chest computed tomography, thoracic relapse was confirmed in 5 cases by open surgery. In 2 cases open surgery yielded reactive lymphadenitis, and in 8 cases SLL was diagnosed either via EBUS-TBNA (n = 7) or thoracoscopic wedge resection plus lymphadenectomy (n = 1). With focus on overall survival, no relevant difference was found between all tested subgroups (P = 0.265; logrank test). CONCLUSIONS In GCT patients, the coexistence of noncaseating granulomatous disease is common. Minimal invasive bronchoscopic techniques can serve for the cytopathologic exclusion of malignant thoracic manifestations. In our monocenter patient group the coexistence of SLL did not have any prognostic impact on overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Henning Schmidt
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Huss
- Gerhard-Domagk-Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christoph Schuelke
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Arik Schulze
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Georg Evers
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christoph Schliemann
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Anna Hansmeier
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Bengt Schilling
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Berit Lauterbach
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Peter Barth
- Gerhard-Domagk-Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Karsten Wiebe
- Division of Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Dennis Goerlich
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E Berdel
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Gerald Puehse
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Michael Mohr
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Shima H, Okamoto T, Tashiro M, Inoue T, Masaki C, Tada H, Takamatsu N, Kawahara K, Okada K, Doi T, Minakuchi J, Kawashima S. Alogliptin-Induced Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome and Interstitial Nephritis. Kidney Med 2019; 1:75-78. [PMID: 32734188 PMCID: PMC7380391 DOI: 10.1016/j.xkme.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alogliptin is one of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes. Little is known about the nephrotoxicity associated with alogliptin, such as nephrotic syndrome or interstitial nephritis. We report a biopsy-proven rare case of minimal change nephrotic syndrome and interstitial nephritis induced by alogliptin. A 68-year-old man who had been prescribed alogliptin was hospitalized for nephrotic syndrome. On admission, serum creatinine level was elevated with increased urinary β2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase excretion. Kidney biopsy revealed minor glomerular abnormalities and interstitial nephritis, and gallium-67 scintigraphy showed uptake in both kidneys. A drug lymphocyte stimulation test for alogliptin was positive. With discontinuation of alogliptin treatment alone, serum creatinine level normalized in parallel with urine β2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase levels. In addition, complete remission of nephrotic syndrome was observed. Drug-induced dual pathology has not been previously reported with alogliptin. In summary, clinicians should keep in mind that alogliptin can induce minimal change nephrotic syndrome and interstitial nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Shima
- Department of Kidney Disease, Kawashima Hospital, Tokushima
| | | | - Manabu Tashiro
- Department of Kidney Disease, Kawashima Hospital, Tokushima
| | - Tomoko Inoue
- Department of Kidney Disease, Kawashima Hospital, Tokushima
| | - Chiaki Masaki
- Department of Laboratory, Kawashima Hospital, Tokushima
| | - Hiroaki Tada
- Department of Laboratory, Kawashima Hospital, Tokushima
| | | | | | | | - Toshio Doi
- Department of Kidney Disease, Kawashima Hospital, Tokushima
| | - Jun Minakuchi
- Department of Kidney Disease, Kawashima Hospital, Tokushima
| | - Shu Kawashima
- Department of Kidney Disease, Kawashima Hospital, Tokushima
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Shima H, Nishitani M, Tashiro M, Inoue T, Kawahara K, Okada K, Minakuchi J, Kawashima S. Pulmonary sarcoidosis as a cause of intermittent fever of unknown origin in a hemodialysis patient with renal cell carcinoma: A case report and literature review. Hemodial Int 2019; 23:E53-E58. [PMID: 30729655 DOI: 10.1111/hdi.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hemodialysis patients have weakened immune systems and can exhibit fever due to various causes. Herein, we describe the case of a 61-year-old hemodialysis patient who exhibited intermittent low-grade fever after a pacemaker had been implanted 2 months before due to sick sinus syndrome. She had a medical history of subcutaneous sarcoidosis and uveitis. Active pulmonary sarcoidosis was diagnosed based on elevated soluble interleukin-2 receptor, elevated lysozyme level, and gallium-67 scintigraphy uptake in hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes. She was also diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma via contrast computed tomography. However, because her C-reactive protein level remained normal, the possibility of neoplastic fever was considered low. After the initiation of prednisolone administration, her fever gradually disappeared. Her serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor and lysozyme level improved in parallel with the enlargement of the mediastinal lymph node and gallium-67 scintigraphy uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Shima
- Department of Kidney Disease, Kawashima Hospital, 1-39 Kitasakoichiban-cho, Tokushima, 770-0011, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nishitani
- Department of Urology, Kawashima Hospital, 1-39 Kitasakoichiban-cho, Tokushima, 770-0011, Japan
| | - Manabu Tashiro
- Department of Kidney Disease, Kawashima Hospital, 1-39 Kitasakoichiban-cho, Tokushima, 770-0011, Japan
| | - Tomoko Inoue
- Department of Kidney Disease, Kawashima Hospital, 1-39 Kitasakoichiban-cho, Tokushima, 770-0011, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kawahara
- Kamojima-Kawashima Clinic, 396-3 Iioazahukui, Kamojima-cho, Yoshinogawa, Tokushima, 776-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Okada
- Department of Kidney Disease, Kawashima Hospital, 1-39 Kitasakoichiban-cho, Tokushima, 770-0011, Japan
| | - Jun Minakuchi
- Department of Kidney Disease, Kawashima Hospital, 1-39 Kitasakoichiban-cho, Tokushima, 770-0011, Japan
| | - Shu Kawashima
- Department of Kidney Disease, Kawashima Hospital, 1-39 Kitasakoichiban-cho, Tokushima, 770-0011, Japan
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Shamaei M, Mortaz E, Pourabdollah M, Garssen J, Tabarsi P, Velayati A, Adcock IM. Evidence for M2 macrophages in granulomas from pulmonary sarcoidosis: A new aspect of macrophage heterogeneity. Hum Immunol 2017; 79:63-69. [PMID: 29107084 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. Macrophages play a key role in granuloma formation with the T cells, having a significant impact on macrophage polarization (M1 and M2) and the cellular composition of the granuloma. This study evaluates macrophage polarization in granulomas in pulmonary sarcoidosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue specimens from the Department of Pathology biobank at the Masih Daneshvari Hospital were obtained. Paraffin sections from 10 sarcoidosis patients were compared with those from 12 cases of tuberculosis using immunohistochemical staining. These sections consisted of mediastinal lymph nodes and transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) for sarcoidosis patients versus pleural tissue, neck, axillary lymph nodes and TBLB for tuberculosis patients. The sections were stained for T-cells (CD4+, CD8+) and mature B lymphocytes (CD22+). CD14+ and CD68+ staining was used as a marker of M1 macrophages and CD163+ as a marker for M2 macrophages. RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining revealed a 4/1 ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T-cells in sarcoidosis granuloma sections and a 3/1 ratio in tuberculosis sections. There was no significance difference in single CD4+, CD8+, CD22+, CD14+ and CD68+ staining between sarcoidosis and tuberculosis sections. CD163 expression was significantly increased in sarcoidosis sections compared with those from tuberculosis subjects. CONCLUSION Enhanced CD163+ staining indicates a shift towards M2 macrophage subsets in granulomas from sarcoidosis patients. Further research is required to determine the functional role of M2 macrophages in the immunopathogenesis of sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Shamaei
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Mortaz
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mihan Pourabdollah
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Nutricia Research Centre for Specialized Nutrition, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Payam Tabarsi
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Velayati
- Mycobacteriology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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11
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Boltezar L, Zagar I, Novakovic BJ. Granulomatosis after autologous stem cell transplantation in nonHodgkin lymphoma - experience of single institution and a review of literature. Radiol Oncol 2016; 50:355-359. [PMID: 27904442 PMCID: PMC5120571 DOI: 10.1515/raon-2015-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sarcoidosis before and after treatment of malignancy is an important differential diagnosis that has to be distinguished from lymphoma. Patients and methods Hodgkin lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and aggressive follicular lymphoma are being staged and treatment effect is evaluated with PET-CT. We report three cases of aggressive lymphoma after high dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation with positive lymph nodes on PET-CT, which were histologically diagnosed as sarcoidosis/granulomatosis. In the literature, we found that false positive lymph nodes were more common after allogeneic than after autologous transplantation. Conclusions Post-treatment PET-CT positive lymph nodes should always be examined histologically prior to any further treatment decision to avoid unnecessary toxic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucka Boltezar
- Division of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ivana Zagar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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12
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Ramirez GA, Della-Torre E, Campochiaro C, Bozzolo E, Berti A, Praderio L, Dagna L, Sabbadini MG. Juxta-vertebral lesions in granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2016; 46:356-360. [PMID: 27586405 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the clinical, pathological, serological, and radiological characteristics of juxta-vertebral masses occurring in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). METHODS We analyzed the clinical records of patients with juxta-vertebral lesions from our GPA study cohort and reviewed the English literature for other cases of GPA with juxta-vertebral localization. RESULTS Out of 74 patients in our GPA study cohort, six (8%) had juxta-vertebral lesions. We found 10 cases of juxta-vertebral GPA described in the English literature. Overall, juxta-vertebral lesions were detected at GPA onset in 11/16 (69%) patients, and preferentially occurred on the right side of the spine (12/15 patients, 80%). Fifteen patients (94%) with juxta-vertebral lesions had systemic GPA. Juxta-vertebral lesions were associated with back pain at GPA onset in 8/16 (50%) patients. In all of them juxta-vertebral lesions resolved or improved after treatment. CONCLUSIONS Preference for the right-anterior side of the spine, increased 18FDG uptake on PET scan, low or absent invasiveness of the surrounding tissues, and occurrence in the context of systemic disease were the main features of juxta-vertebral GPA. Symptomatic lesions showed a better response to immunosuppressive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe A Ramirez
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Unit of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, IRCCS-San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Emanuel Della-Torre
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Unit of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, IRCCS-San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Corrado Campochiaro
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Unit of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, IRCCS-San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Enrica Bozzolo
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, IRCCS-San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Alvise Berti
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Unit of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, IRCCS-San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Praderio
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, IRCCS-San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Dagna
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Unit of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, IRCCS-San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Sabbadini
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Unit of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, IRCCS-San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disorder characterised by tissue infiltration by mononuclear phagocytes and lymphocytes with associated non-caseating granuloma formation. Originally described as a disorder of the skin, sarcoidosis can involve any organ with wide-ranging clinical manifestations and disease course. Recent studies have provided new insights into the mechanisms involved in disease pathobiology, and we now know that sarcoidosis has a clear genetic basis largely involving human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes. In contrast to Mendelian-monogenic disorders--which are generally due to specific and relatively rare mutations often leading to a single amino acid change in an encoded protein--sarcoidosis results from genetic variations relatively common in the general population and involving multiple genes, each contributing an effect of varying magnitude. However, an individual may have the necessary genetic profile and yet the disease will not develop unless an environmental or infectious factor is encountered. Genetics appears also to contribute to the huge variability in clinical phenotype and disease behaviour. Moreover, it has been established that sarcoidosis granulomatous inflammation is a highly polarized T helper 1 immune response that starts with an antigenic stimulus followed by T cell activation via a classic HLA class II-mediated pathway. A complex network of lymphocytes, macrophages, and cytokines is pivotal in the orchestration and evolution of the granulomatous process. Despite these advances, the aetiology of sarcoidosis remains elusive and its pathogenesis incompletely understood. As such, there is an urgent need for a better understanding of disease pathogenesis, which hopefully will translate into the development of truly effective therapies.
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"The Great Mimicker": An Unusual Etiology of Cytopenia, Diffuse Lymphadenopathy, and Massive Splenomegaly. Case Rep Med 2015; 2015:637965. [PMID: 26579198 PMCID: PMC4633558 DOI: 10.1155/2015/637965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is an idiopathic multisystem disease characterized by the formation of noncaseating granulomas. It frequently presents with pulmonary infiltrates and bilateral hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Splenic involvement is common, but massive splenomegaly is a rare occurrence. Sarcoidosis is known as "the great mimicker" (or "the great imitator") since it exhibits a myriad of symptoms, mimicking other inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic conditions, including lymphoma. Herein, we report the case of a 44-year-old male patient who was found to have bicytopenia, hypercalcemia, diffuse lymphadenopathy, and massive splenomegaly, a constellation of findings suggestive of underlying lymphoma. Interestingly, lymph node biopsy showed noncaseating granulomas suggestive of sarcoidosis, without evidence of malignancy.
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15
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcoid-like reactions have been reported and confirmed by histopathology in patients with malignant disease. This series demonstrates the complex relationship of malignancy and sarcoidosis as pertaining to the eye, which, to the best of our knowledge, has not been previously reported in the literature. METHODS Retrospective case study of five patients with sarcoid-like reactions. Patients 1 to 4 represent patients with ocular sarcoid-like reaction and systemic malignant disease. Patient 5 had ocular malignancy and systemic sarcoid-like reaction; workup revealed renal cell cancer. For each patient, other etiologies of nonnecrotizing granulomatous inflammation were excluded. RESULTS Sarcoid-like reactions have been described in the literature when nonnecrotizing granulomas occur in association with malignancy and in the absence of multiorgan involvement as seen with systemic sarcoid. In our series, sarcoid-like reactions involved the vitreous in three patients, retina in one patient, and the choroid and lung in one patient. Sarcoid-like reaction preceded the diagnosis of malignancy in two patients, was found concomitantly with malignancy in one patient, and followed malignancy in two patients. Two patients had hematologic malignancy, one patient had endometrial carcinoma, one had renal cell carcinoma, and one patient had both renal cell carcinoma and uveal melanoma. Four patients had findings of nonnecrotizing granulomas confirmed by histopathology. CONCLUSION Sarcoid-like reactions can occur in the eye, and ocular malignancies may incite sarcoid-like reaction. Ocular sarcoid-like reactions have paraneoplastic features in that they can occur at a site distant from malignancy and may precede, occur simultaneously with, or follow malignancy.
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Søgaard KK, Sværke C, Thomsen RW, Nørgaard M. Sarcoidosis and subsequent cancer risk: a Danish nationwide cohort study. Eur Respir J 2014; 45:269-72. [PMID: 25102965 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00084414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirstine Kobberøe Søgaard
- Dept of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Claus Sværke
- Dept of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Reimar Wernich Thomsen
- Dept of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Nørgaard
- Dept of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Jamilloux Y, Bonnefoy M, Valeyre D, Varron L, Broussolle C, Sève P. Elderly-onset sarcoidosis: prevalence, clinical course, and treatment. Drugs Aging 2014; 30:969-78. [PMID: 24197607 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-013-0125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a systemic disorder of unknown cause characterized by its pathological hallmark, the non-caseating granulomas, and by variable clinical course. While most of the cases affect people aged between 25 and 40 years, approximately 30 % of cases occur in older patients. Elderly-onset sarcoidosis (EOS) is defined as the onset of sarcoidosis in people over 65 years of age. Specific studies on the incidence and prevalence of sarcoidosis in this subgroup are scarce. Several studies suggest that the clinical features of EOS differ from those of sarcoidosis in younger patients. Compared with younger patients, fatigue, uveitis and specific skin lesions are more common, while erythema nodosum and chest x-ray abnormalities are less frequent. The diagnosis of EOS is challenging and may be delayed for many months because of its insidious onset, low prevalence and similarity to other more common disorders. When there is a granulomatous reaction in the elderly, clinicians should doubt the diagnosis and first think of tuberculosis, neoplasia or rare settings such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis or granulomatous reaction due to interferon and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) blockers. A minor salivary gland biopsy also has a higher accuracy for diagnosis in the elderly. The current management of EOS remains empiric because of the lack of randomized, controlled studies. However, the approach to treatment is similar, regardless of the age of the patient. The treatment may be complicated by co-morbidities and increased risk of toxicities from usual treatments, particularly steroids. This review discusses the epidemiology, clinical course, prognosis and treatment of EOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Jamilloux
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hopital de la Croix-Rousse, Claude Bernard University Lyon I, 103 Grande rue de la Croix-Rousse, 69004, Lyon, France
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18
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[Löfgren syndrome: a study of 80 cases]. Med Clin (Barc) 2014; 143:166-9. [PMID: 24855899 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2014.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Löfgren's syndrome is characterized by hiliar adenopathies, erythema nodosum and arthritis. It is a benign variant of sarcoidosis, common in the Mediterranean area. To describe the clinical characteristics, treatment and outcome of a series of patients diagnosed with Löfgren's syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS Retrospective design (1984-2013). SETTING Two university hospitals with a reference population of 1,015,000 inhabitants. RESULTS Eighty patients were diagnosed: 29 men and 51 women (mean age 42.3 years). Forty eight patients (60%) presented with the classical triad: hiliar adenopathies, erythema nodosum and arthritis; 18 (22%) with hiliar adenopathy and arthritis; 13 (16%) hiliar adenopathies and erythema nodosum. All showed abnormalities in the chest study. According to the radiological pattern, patients were classified in stage i-ii. Biopsy was performed in 39 patients and was diagnostic in 28. Treatment was based on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (54 patients, 67%) and corticosteroids (33 patients, 41%). Fourteen patients (17%) suffered a recurrence of the disease. CONCLUSIONS Löfgren's syndrome is a benign form of sarcoidosis with a well defined clinical pattern. Biopsy is usually not required. Recurrence is scarce. The disease has a good prognosis.
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Morais A, Lima B, Peixoto M, Melo N, Alves H, Marques JA, Delgado L. Annexin A11 gene polymorphism (R230C variant) and sarcoidosis in a Portuguese population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 82:186-91. [PMID: 24032725 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A recent genome-wide association study detected a protective effect for the annexin A11 rs1049550*T allele (R230Cvariant) in susceptibility to sarcoidosis. We evaluated the association between rs1049550 C/T and sarcoidosis susceptibility, distinct disease phenotypes and evolution in a Portuguese population. We performed a case-control study of 208 patients and 197 healthy controls. Samples were genotyped for rs1049550 C/T using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The frequency of the annexin A11 rs1049550*T allele was significantly lower in patients than in controls (33.2 vs 44.9%, P < 0.001). Odds ratio of 0.52 and 0.44 were obtained, respectively for carriers of one (CT) and two (TT) copies normalized to the CC wild-type genotype (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in patients with and without Löfgren syndrome. A significant increase in the frequency of the T allele was observed in patients with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid neutrophilia (P = 0.04). No significant associations were seen for lung function pattern, radiological stages or different forms of disease evolution. Our study confirms that rs1049550*T allele exerts a significant protective effect on sarcoidosis susceptibility. Given the role of annexin A11 in cell division, apoptosis and neutrophil function, this polymorphism may affect key elements of granulomatous and interstitial inflammation in sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Morais
- Department of Pneumology, Hospital São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Sarcoidosis vs. Sarcoid-like reactions: The Two Sides of the same Coin? Wien Med Wochenschr 2014; 164:247-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s10354-014-0269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Spagnolo P, Sverzellati N, Wells AU, Hansell DM. Imaging aspects of the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Eur Radiol 2014; 24:807-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-013-3088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Kis A, Eszes N, Tamasi L, Losonczy G, Csekeo A, Csomor J, Muller V. Sarcoidosis lymphoma syndrome - the value of PET-CT in the diagnosis. World J Surg Oncol 2013; 11:235. [PMID: 24047276 PMCID: PMC3850938 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-11-235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a 52-year-old patient who developed B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma subsequent to sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis was diagnosed 16 years ago and remained asymptomatic for 14 years after steroid treatment. She presented with new symptoms of arthralgia, photosensitivity, butterfly erythema, autoimmune antibodies (ANA, chromatin positivity) associated with progression of the known left upper lobe lesion on the chest X-ray suggesting primary autoimmune disease (systemic lupus erythematosus). As steroid treatment was not effective, we started bolus cyclophosphamide therapy after which progression was seen on the chest X-ray. Computed tomography (CT)-guided needle biopsy confirmed malignancy of indefinable origin. Despite of the well-known fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) avidity in active sarcoidosis, a FDG-positron emission tomography (PET) scan was performed to stage the primary tumour. Intensive FDG uptake was detected in the affected lung segment, with moderate uptake in mediastinal lymph nodes. The patient underwent left upper lobectomy. The histology showed pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoma (bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) lymphoma) in the lung tissue, while only sarcoidosis was present in the mediastinal lymph nodes. Bone marrow biopsy was negative. The association between sarcoidosis and lymphoma is known as sarcoidosis lymphoma syndrome, which is a rare disease. PET-CT was helpful in the differentiation of sarcoidosis and malignancy in this patient. It is important to be aware of the risk of lymphoma in sarcoidosis and FDG-PET, used for adequate purpose, can help the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Kis
- Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, 1125, Diós árok 1/C, Budapest, Hungary.
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Han EJ, Jang YS, Lee IS, Lee JM, Kang S, Kim HS. Muscular sarcoidosis detected by F-18 FDG PET/CT in a hypercalcemic patient. J Korean Med Sci 2013; 28:1399-402. [PMID: 24015050 PMCID: PMC3763119 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2013.28.9.1399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology that involves many organs, occasionally mimicking malignancy. We herein report a 50-yr-old woman of muscular sarcoidosis of chronic myopathic type, manifested by hypercalcemia and muscle wasting. Besides insignificant hilar lymphadenopathy, her sarcoidosis was confined to generalized atrophic muscles and therefore, F-18 FDG PET/CT alone among conventional imaging studies provided diagnostic clues for the non-parathyroid-related hypercalcemia. On follow-up PET/CT during low-dose steroid treatment, FDG uptake in the muscles disappeared whereas that in the hilar lymph nodes remained. PET/CT may be useful in the evaluation of unexpected disease extent and monitoring treatment response in suspected or known sarcoidosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ji Han
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yi Sun Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Suk Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Min Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Siwon Kang
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Sarcoidosis lung nodules in colorectal cancer follow-up: sarcoidosis or not? Am J Med 2013; 126:642-5. [PMID: 23787197 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sarcoidosis is a multisystem chronic granulomatous disease found predominantly in the lungs and lymph nodes. Its pathologic hallmark is the presence of noncaseating granulomas. Sarcoidosis is a chronic inflammatory condition that may increase the risk of cancer, yet at the same time, cancer can be associated with a sarcoid-like reaction. METHODS It is difficult to distinguish between sarcoidosis and sarcoid-like reactions because their imaging characteristics are identical. We report on 3 cases of sarcoidosis or sarcoid-like reactions in patients with colorectal cancer and highlight the diagnosis process. RESULTS Systemic symptoms observed in patients with sarcoidosis commonly can be masked or mimicked by symptoms related to the malignancy. Moreover, it is important to distinguish between the 2 entities to give patients adequate therapy. CONCLUSION Our cases focused on the usefulness of histologic proof in patients with cancer with sarcoidosis.
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García García G, Pérez Palacio R, González García S, Pardo Magro E, Peña González R, Magro Ledesma D. Sarcoidosis y neoplasias hematológicas. Rev Clin Esp 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rce.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2013; 25:275-83. [DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e32835eb755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Reich JM. Neoplasia in the etiology of sarcoidosis. Am J Med 2013; 126:e17. [PMID: 23260510 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Spagnolo P, Tonelli R, Cocconcelli E, Stefani A, Richeldi L. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: diagnostic pitfalls and therapeutic challenges. Multidiscip Respir Med 2012; 7:42. [PMID: 23146172 PMCID: PMC3537555 DOI: 10.1186/2049-6958-7-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the most common of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, is a devastating condition that carries a prognosis worse than that of many cancers. As such, it represents one of the most challenging diseases for chest physicians. The diagnostic process is complex and relies on the clinician integrating clinical, laboratory, radiologic, and/or pathologic data. Therefore, a close collaboration between chest physicians, radiologists, and pathologists experienced in the diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) is necessary in order to minimize diagnostic uncertainty. Similarly, the management of IPF continues to pose major difficulties. However, while there are no proven effective therapies for IPF beyond lung transplantation, recent trials of novel agents suggest that pharmacological treatment may retard the progression of the disease. In this regard, enrolment of patients into clinical trials is considered the "best current practice"by the most recent guidelines as it offers IPF patients the chance to receive new agents that may be more effective than current therapies. A more recent trend focusing on improving quality of life in IPF patients has also been gaining ground.The diagnosis and management of IPF remains a constant challenge for even the most experienced of clinicians. However, a multidisciplinary approach to this complex disease is steadily improving diagnostic accuracy, while recent advances in the pharmacological therapy offer the genuine promise of future treatments for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Spagnolo
- Center for Rare Lung Disease, University Hospital of Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy.
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Dual diagnosis of sarcoidosis and lymphoma. Ir J Med Sci 2012; 182:283-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11845-012-0854-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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