1
|
Nakamura F, Valadon C, Cope Z, Talluri S, Chou B, Thompson J, Ankem M, Choi K. A Contemporary Review of Barriers and Methods to Fostering Academic Urologists. Cureus 2023; 15:e50173. [PMID: 38186507 PMCID: PMC10771805 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Urology has shown a gradual decrease in the number of graduating residents who plan to pursue a career in academic medicine. Our objective was to identify barriers to academic urology, present options to mitigate those barriers, and explore strategic ways to encourage trainees to seek careers in academic urology. The authors performed a contemporary review of relevant articles through PubMed assessing prior survey studies, editorials, and expert opinion articles that evaluated academic urology, perceptions of academic medicine, physician burnout, and barriers that have been identified to pursuing careers in academic medicine. Selected articles were then independently reviewed by three authors for relevance and application of factors mitigating perceived barriers to pursuing a career in academic medicine, specifically academic urology. Barriers at the academic levels of medical school and residency were found to consist of the following: lack of exposure to research early in their medical careers, inadequate mentorship, all-specialty leading levels of burnout, current average levels of medical school indebtedness contrasted to perceptions of pay disparity when compared to private practice urologists' income, and perceptions of difficulty in maintaining the academic "triple threat." More acutely, the decision to make Step 1 a pass/fail exam, with the addition of historically low match rates in urology, have resulted in additional complications and concerns for aspiring academic urologists. There are clear barriers that graduating urology residents encounter when considering a career in academic medicine. In this review, we present possible mitigating factors that may be instituted at the individual, medical school, and postgraduate levels to increase the number of practicing academics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Nakamura
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, USA
| | - Crystal Valadon
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, USA
| | - Zebulun Cope
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, USA
| | - Sriharsha Talluri
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, USA
| | - Brandon Chou
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, USA
| | - Jannah Thompson
- Department of Urology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, USA
| | - Murali Ankem
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, USA
| | - Kellen Choi
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Walsh MN, Arrighi JA, Cacchione JG, Chamis AL, Douglas PS, Duvernoy CS, Foody JM, Hayes SN, Itchhaporia D, Parmacek MS, Stefanescu Schmidt AC, Vetrovec GW, Waites TF, Warner JJ. 2022 ACC Health Policy Statement on Career Flexibility in Cardiology: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022; 80:2135-2155. [PMID: 36244862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.08.748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
3
|
Blalock AE, Leal DR. Redressing injustices: how women students enact agency in undergraduate medical education. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2022:1-18. [PMID: 36394683 PMCID: PMC9672615 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-022-10183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study presents descriptions of epistemic injustice in the experiences of women medical students and provides accounts about how these students worked to redress these injustices. Epistemic injustice is both the immediate discrediting of an individual's knowledge based on their social identity and the act of persistently ignoring possibilities for other ways of knowing. Using critical narrative interviews and personal reflections over an eight-month period, 22 women students during their first year of medical school described instances when their knowledge and experience was discredited and ignored, then the ways they enacted agency to redress these injustices. Participants described three distinct ways they worked to redress injustices: reclaiming why they belong in medicine, speaking up and calling out the curriculum, and uplifting one another. This study has implications for recognizing medical students as whole individuals with lived histories and experiences and advocates for recognizing medical students' perspectives as valuable sources of knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Emiko Blalock
- Office of Medical Education Research and Development, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, 964 Wilson Road, Fee Hall A214, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Dianey R Leal
- Michigan State University College of Education, East Lansing, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Blalock AE, Smith MC, Patterson BR, Greenberg A, Smith BRG, Choi C. "I might not fit that doctor image": Ideal worker norms and women medical students. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 56:339-348. [PMID: 34862660 DOI: 10.1111/medu.14709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increasing numbers of women students in medical schools, focused attention on their perceptions about medical school and the medical profession remain underexamined. These perceptions are important to understand, particularly since women students are likely burdened with a host of gender norms related to work, family, and their future roles as physicians. Early experiences in medical school offer important insights into the larger student experience and are tied to academic outcomes and feelings of belonging. To examine early experiences of women medical students, this qualitative study used sensemaking theory to describe the current context and "story" of ideal worker norms. Critical qualitative interviews of 38 women students were performed during their first 2 months of medical school and explored both how the students perceived and experienced ideal worker norms, and how they made sense of the "story" of ideal worker norms. The participants described ways they encountered gendering and ideal worker norms through displays of nurturing behaviour, expectations to balance a future family, and whether they looked or acted the part of a doctor. This article highlights the challenges women medical students are already aware they will face, the opportunities they look forward to, and the strengths they anticipate leaning on to navigate their profession. Results from this study have implications for women medical students' learning experiences and transitions into medical school and for faculty, staff, and scholars concerned with challenging gendering norms that shape medical education.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Emiko Blalock
- Office of Medical Education Research and Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - B R Patterson
- Premed, University of North Carolina System, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amy Greenberg
- Office of Medical Education Research and Development, Office of Academic Affairs, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Brandon R G Smith
- Higher Adult and Lifelong Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Christine Choi
- Student Affairs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tricco AC, Bourgeault I, Moore A, Grunfeld E, Peer N, Straus SE. Advancing gender equity in medicine. CMAJ 2021; 193:E244-E250. [PMID: 33593950 PMCID: PMC8034331 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.200951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Tricco
- Knowledge Translation Program (Tricco, Peer, Straus), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Epidemiology Division and Institute for Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation (Tricco), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Sociology and Anthropology (Bourgeault), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Moore), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Grunfeld), and Department of Geriatric Medicine (Straus), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
| | - Ivy Bourgeault
- Knowledge Translation Program (Tricco, Peer, Straus), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Epidemiology Division and Institute for Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation (Tricco), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Sociology and Anthropology (Bourgeault), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Moore), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Grunfeld), and Department of Geriatric Medicine (Straus), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Ainsley Moore
- Knowledge Translation Program (Tricco, Peer, Straus), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Epidemiology Division and Institute for Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation (Tricco), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Sociology and Anthropology (Bourgeault), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Moore), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Grunfeld), and Department of Geriatric Medicine (Straus), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Eva Grunfeld
- Knowledge Translation Program (Tricco, Peer, Straus), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Epidemiology Division and Institute for Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation (Tricco), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Sociology and Anthropology (Bourgeault), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Moore), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Grunfeld), and Department of Geriatric Medicine (Straus), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Nazia Peer
- Knowledge Translation Program (Tricco, Peer, Straus), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Epidemiology Division and Institute for Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation (Tricco), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Sociology and Anthropology (Bourgeault), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Moore), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Grunfeld), and Department of Geriatric Medicine (Straus), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Sharon E Straus
- Knowledge Translation Program (Tricco, Peer, Straus), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Epidemiology Division and Institute for Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation (Tricco), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Sociology and Anthropology (Bourgeault), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Moore), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Grunfeld), and Department of Geriatric Medicine (Straus), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tricco AC, Bourgeault I, Moore A, Grunfeld E, Peer N, Straus SE. Promouvoir l’équité entre les genres en médecine. CMAJ 2021; 193:E664-E671. [PMID: 33941530 PMCID: PMC8112631 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.200951-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Tricco
- Programme d'application des connaissances (Tricco, Peer, Straus), Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing, Hôpital St. Michael, Unity Health Toronto; Division d'épidémiologie et Institut de gestion, d'évaluation et de politiques de santé (Tricco), École de santé publique Dalla Lana, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; École de sociologie et d'anthropologie (Bourgeault), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Moore), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Grunfeld) et Département de médecine gériatrique (Straus), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
| | - Ivy Bourgeault
- Programme d'application des connaissances (Tricco, Peer, Straus), Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing, Hôpital St. Michael, Unity Health Toronto; Division d'épidémiologie et Institut de gestion, d'évaluation et de politiques de santé (Tricco), École de santé publique Dalla Lana, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; École de sociologie et d'anthropologie (Bourgeault), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Moore), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Grunfeld) et Département de médecine gériatrique (Straus), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Ainsley Moore
- Programme d'application des connaissances (Tricco, Peer, Straus), Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing, Hôpital St. Michael, Unity Health Toronto; Division d'épidémiologie et Institut de gestion, d'évaluation et de politiques de santé (Tricco), École de santé publique Dalla Lana, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; École de sociologie et d'anthropologie (Bourgeault), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Moore), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Grunfeld) et Département de médecine gériatrique (Straus), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Eva Grunfeld
- Programme d'application des connaissances (Tricco, Peer, Straus), Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing, Hôpital St. Michael, Unity Health Toronto; Division d'épidémiologie et Institut de gestion, d'évaluation et de politiques de santé (Tricco), École de santé publique Dalla Lana, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; École de sociologie et d'anthropologie (Bourgeault), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Moore), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Grunfeld) et Département de médecine gériatrique (Straus), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Nazia Peer
- Programme d'application des connaissances (Tricco, Peer, Straus), Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing, Hôpital St. Michael, Unity Health Toronto; Division d'épidémiologie et Institut de gestion, d'évaluation et de politiques de santé (Tricco), École de santé publique Dalla Lana, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; École de sociologie et d'anthropologie (Bourgeault), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Moore), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Grunfeld) et Département de médecine gériatrique (Straus), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Sharon E Straus
- Programme d'application des connaissances (Tricco, Peer, Straus), Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing, Hôpital St. Michael, Unity Health Toronto; Division d'épidémiologie et Institut de gestion, d'évaluation et de politiques de santé (Tricco), École de santé publique Dalla Lana, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; École de sociologie et d'anthropologie (Bourgeault), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Moore), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Grunfeld) et Département de médecine gériatrique (Straus), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jopson JL, Ireland AJ, Fowler PV, Sandy JR, Neville P. Are dentists considering a career in orthodontic clinical academia? A qualitative study into the factors influencing a career in orthodontics. Br Dent J 2021; 230:308-313. [PMID: 33712787 DOI: 10.1038/s41415-021-2696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Dental clinical academics are essential members of the dental workforce with roles in teaching, research and scholarship. There is currently a national shortage of UK dental clinical academics, with difficulties recruiting to all grades. In addition, there is evidence of gender inequality within academia, with segregation at a horizontal and vertical level.Aim To investigate the factors that influence a career in orthodontic clinical academia and highlight ways to improve recruitment and retention.Method A qualitative research study utilising focus groups. Purposive sampling was carried out to recruit participants at different stages of an orthodontic career. A total of eight face-to-face focus groups were conducted with 26 participants. Focus groups were split by gender and career stage. An inductive thematic analysis was used to generate themes.Results Three major themes were generated: academic career options, motivations and barriers to pursuing a clinical academic career.Conclusion This paper sheds light on the current factors affecting a career in orthodontic clinical academia. Worryingly, most dentists do not strive for an academic career and the barriers to pursuing this career option are discussed. Ways of addressing the issues facing recruitment and retention of individuals to orthodontic clinical academia are suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer L Jopson
- Speciality Training Registrar in Orthodontics, Bristol Dental Hospital, UK.
| | | | - Peter V Fowler
- Senior Clinical Lecturer in Orthodontics, Bristol Dental Hospital, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jones RD, Miller J, Vitous CA, Krenz C, Brady KT, Brown AJ, Daumit GL, Drake AF, Fraser VJ, Hartmann KE, Hochman JS, Girdler S, Kalet AL, Libby AM, Mangurian C, Regensteiner JG, Yonkers K, Jagsi R. From Stigma to Validation: A Qualitative Assessment of a Novel National Program to Improve Retention of Physician-Scientists with Caregiving Responsibilities. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2020; 29:1547-1558. [PMID: 32286931 PMCID: PMC7864110 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2019.7999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Research is needed to improve understanding of work-life integration issues in academic medicine and to guide the implementation of the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation's Fund to Retain Clinical Scientists (FRCS), a national initiative offering financial support to physician-scientists facing caregiving challenges. Materials and Methods: In 2018, as part of a prospective program evaluation, the authors conducted a qualitative study to examine FRCS program participants' initial impressions, solicit descriptions of their career and caregiving experiences, and inquire how such factors might influence their professional advancement. The authors invited all 33 awardees who had been granted FRCS funding in the first year of the program to participate in the study, of whom 28 agreed to complete an interview. Analysts evaluated de-identified transcripts and explicated the data using a thematic analysis approach. Results: While participants described aspects of a culture that harbor stigma against caregivers and impede satisfactory work-life integration, they also perceived an optimistic cultural shift taking place as a result of programs like the FRCS. Their comments indicated that the FRCS has the potential to influence culture if institutional leadership simultaneously fosters a community that validates individuals both as caregivers and as scientists. Conclusions: Insights garnered from this qualitative study suggest that there is a pressing need for institutional leaders to implement programs that can foster awareness and normalization of caregiving challenges. In addition to providing funding and other tangible resources, interventions should strive to reinforce a broader culture that affirms the presence of work-life integration challenges and openly embraces solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle D. Jones
- Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Miller
- Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - C. Ann Vitous
- Center for Healthcare Outcomes and Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Chris Krenz
- Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kathleen T. Brady
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ann J. Brown
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gail L. Daumit
- Departments of Health Policy and Management and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amelia F. Drake
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Victoria J. Fraser
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Katherine E. Hartmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Judith S. Hochman
- Division of Cardiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Susan Girdler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adina L. Kalet
- Stephen and Shelagh Roell Endowed Chair of the Kern Institute for the Transformation of Medical Education, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anne M. Libby
- CU School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christina Mangurian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Judith G. Regensteiner
- CU School of Medicine, Judith and Joseph Wagner Chair of Women's Health Research, and University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Center for Women's Health Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kimberly Yonkers
- Departments of Psychiatry, Epidemiology, and of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Reshma Jagsi
- Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kalet A, Lusk P, Rockfeld J, Schwartz K, Fletcher KE, Deng R, Bickell NA. The Challenges, Joys, and Career Satisfaction of Women Graduates of the Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program 1973-2011. J Gen Intern Med 2020; 35:2258-2265. [PMID: 32096079 PMCID: PMC7403242 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-020-05715-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To ensure a next generation of female leaders in academia, we need to understand challenges they face and factors that enable fellowship-prepared women to thrive. We surveyed woman graduates of the Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program (CSP) from 1976 to 2011 regarding their experiences, insights, and advice to women entering the field. METHODS We surveyed every CSP woman graduate through 2012 (n = 360) by email and post. The survey, 12 prompts requiring open text responses, explored current work situation, personal definitions of success, job negotiations, career regrets, feelings about work, and advice for others. Four independent reviewers read overlapping subsets of the de-identified data, iteratively created coding categories, and defined and refined emergent themes. RESULTS Of the 360 cohort, 108 (30%) responded. The mean age of respondents was 45 (range 32 to 65), 85% are partnered, and 87% have children (average number of children 2.15, range 1 to 5). We identified 11 major code categories and conducted a thematic analysis. Factors common to very satisfied respondents include personally meaningful work, schedule flexibility, spousal support, and collaborative team research. Managing professional-personal balance depended on career stage, clinical specialty, and children's age. Unique to women who completed the CSP prior to 1995 were descriptions of "atypical" paths with career transitions motivated by discord between work and personal ambitions and the emphasis on the importance of maintaining relevance and remaining open to opportunities in later life. CONCLUSIONS Women CSP graduates who stayed in academic medicine are proud to have pursued meaningful work despite challenges and uncertain futures. They thrived by remaining flexible and managing change while remaining true to their values. We likely captured the voices of long-term survivors in academic medicine. Although transferability of these findings is uncertain, these voices add to the national discussion about retaining clinical researchers and keeping women academics productive and engaged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adina Kalet
- The Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Institute for the Transformation of Medical Education, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI, USA.
| | - Penelope Lusk
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Rockfeld
- Frank Netter School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT, USA
| | - Kate Schwartz
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Deng
- Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nina A Bickell
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai School, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Papanicolaou Address: Why the next generation should take this journey and overcome constraint. J Am Soc Cytopathol 2018; 7:205-211. [PMID: 31043278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasc.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytopathology is experiencing many forces that are changing and constraining current practice, including the need for cost efficiencies, new technologies, expectations for higher quality and faster turnaround time, and a diminishing workforce. Two "hot topics" that will have considerable influence on the changes in the future practice of cytopathology are artificial intelligence and optimization of cervical screening intervals and methods. The future growth and success of the cytopathology subspecialty will require using constraint as a catalyst to achieve transformative solutions, as well as an optimistic "we can if…" entrepreneurial attitude. Success will also require living the field's traditions and values: mentorship, sponsorship, innovation and creativity, a willingness to assume new roles, and the ability to network and support career journeys through active participation in a professional society.
Collapse
|